The history of England, from the accession of Henry III. to the death of Edward III. (1216-1377)
CHAPTER IV.
POLITICAL RETROGRESSION and NATIONAL PROGRESS.
1248-58. Characteristics of the history of these ten years Decay of Henry's power in Gascony 1248-52. Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony Aug., 1253. Henry III. in Gascony 1254. Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son Edward's position in Gascony Edward's position in Cheshire 1254. Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales 1257. Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward Revival of the baronial opposition 1255. Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily 1257. Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the Romans Leicester as leader of the opposition Progress in the age of Henry III The cosmopolitan and the national ideals French influence The coming of the friars 1221. Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in England 1224. Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans in England Other mendicant orders in England The influence of the friars The universities Prominent English schoolmen Paris and Oxford The mendicants at Oxford Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus Academic influence in public life Beginnings of colleges Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century Literature in Latin and French Literature in English Art Gothic architecture The towns and trade