CHAPTER XX.

ISOLATION IN EUROPE AND THE IRISH UNION.

1799. Campaign of Suvorov 425 A French fleet in the Mediterranean 426 June. Nelson and the Neapolitan jacobins 427 Aug.-Oct. The expedition to the Helder 429 Paul of Russia deserts the coalition 431 9 Oct. Bonaparte returns to France 432 Jan., 1800. The convention of El Arish 432 25 Dec, 1799. Bonaparte's letter to the king 433 April. Payment of the income tax 434 Scarcity of wheat 435 April, 1800. Investment of Genoa 436 14 June. The battle of Marengo 437 Bonaparte proposes a naval armistice 438 Unprofitable expeditions 439 9 Feb., 1801. The Treaty of Luneville: isolation of England 440 Paul's anger against England 440 Dec., 1800. The armed neutrality 441 Great Britain's maritime supremacy 443 Scarcity and desire for peace 443 Irish independence a source of weakness 445 Oct., 1798. Pitt contemplates union on a protestant basis 446 1799. Hopes of the catholics excited 447 How the government secured a majority 448 1 Aug., 1800. The union enacted 450 Sept. Pitt proposes catholic emancipation 451 Feb., 1801. The king refuses his assent: Pitt will resign 452 20. The king's insanity 453 Mar. Pitt's promise to the king 454 14. Pitt resigns office 455

APPENDIX I. On Authorities 459 II. Administrations of Great Britain, 1760-1801 470 III. The Grenvilles 476

MAPS.

(AT THE END OF THE VOLUME.)

1. Great Britain, showing the parliamentary representation.

2. The United States of America (northern section) {illustrating the War 3. " " " (southern section) {of Rebellion and the {Treaty of Sept. 3, {1783.

ERRATA.

[Transcribers' Note: These corrections to errata have been applied to the e-book]

Page 4, line 25, _for_ "George" _read_ "William".

" 10, note, _for_ "From about 1760" _read_ "From the Revolution".

" 49, line 23, _for_ "of state in Egremont's place" _read_ "and took the northern department".

" 55 " 4, _for_ "1657" _read_ "1660".

" " " 9, _for_ "cotton" _read_ "grain".

" 71, lines 8, 9, _omit_ comma after "matters," and _for_ "including taxation. The court party" _read_ "whatsoever. Some of the king's household".

" 115, line 23, _for_ "northern" _read_ "southern".

" " " 24, _for_ "southern" _read_ "northern".

" 121 " 3, _for_ "cousin" _read_ "aunt".

" 130, lines 11, 12, _for_ "French laws and customs were swept away" _read_ "The administration of the law was confused".

" 135, line 7, _for_ "astride on iron rails" _read_ "to ride upon a rail".

" 144 " 29, _for_ "up" _read_ "down".

" 220 " 29, _for_ "stony" _read_ "strong".

" 245 " 36, _for_ "1788" _read_ "1778".

" 259 " 33, _for_ "1774" _read_ "1770".

" 263 " 5, _for_ "steel" _read_ "copper".

" 282 " 12, _for_ "than" _read_ "to".

" 351 " 31, _for_ "1,500 (Austrians)," _read_ "11,000".

" 394 " 27, _for_ "Commander" _read_ "captain".

" 467 " 40, _for_ "Karl von Martens" _read_ "F. de Martens".

" 468 " 41, _for_ "Clerque" _read_ "Clergue".

" 470. Newcastle's administration, _secs. of state_, E. of Egremont, _for_ "_succ._ March, 1761," _read_ "_succ._ Oct., 1761"; _for_ E. of Bute, "_succ._ Oct., 1761," _read_ "_succ._ March, 1761". _Ld. privy seal_, _after_ "E. Temple" _read_ "D. of Bedford _succ._ Nov., 1761".

" 471. Grenville's administration, _secs. of state, s. dept._ _for_ "E. of Sandwich" _read_ "E. of Halifax, _succ._ Sept., 1763"; _n. dept._ _for_ "E. of Halifax" _read_ "E. of Sandwich, _succ._ Sept., 1763".

Rockingham's administration, _secs. of state, s. dept._ after Conway _read_ "D. of Richmond, _succ._ May, 1766"; _n. dept._ _for_ "D. of Richmond" _read_ "H. S. Conway, _succ._ May, 1766".

" 473. North's administration, _secs. of state, s. dept._ _for_ "E. of Sandwich, E. of Halifax, E. of Suffolk, Visct. Stormont" _read_ "E. of Rochford, _succ._ Dec, 1770, Viscount Weymouth, _succ._ Nov., 1775, E. of Hillsborough, _succ._ Nov., 1779"; _n. dept._ _for_ "Viscount Weymouth, E. of Hillsborough," _read_ "E. of Sandwich, _succ._ Dec, 1770, E. of Halifax _succ._ Jan., 1771, E. of Suffolk _succ._ June, 1771, Viscount Stormont _succ._ Oct., 1779".

" 475. Pitt's administration, _admiralty_, _for_ "Hood" _read_ "Howe".

" 478, col. 1, line 32, _for_ "afterwards" _read_ "previously".

" " " 2 " 50, Bridgewater, _for_ "Earl of" _read_ "Duke of".

" 481 " 1 " 27, Cumberland, _for_ "George" _read_ "William".

" 482 " 1 " 26, Emmet, _for_ "Robert" _read_ "Thomas".

" 487 " 1 " 51, Lincoln, _for_ "Earl of (Clinton), 195, 197, 198" _read_ "American general, 195, 198".

" 491 " 2 " 25, Queensberry, _for_ "Earl of" _read_ "Duke of".