CHAPTER XXVIII

It was the inscrutable irony of fate that Cuba should remain so negligible a quantity during one of the most momentous and progressive periods of human history. No other era since man began his career had been on the whole so marked with greatness. Discovery and exploration had doubled the known area of the globe, and the intellectual achievements of the race had even more than kept pace with the material. The era of which we have been writing in this volume saw the completion of Columbus's work in his fourth voyage, the exploits of Magellan, Balboa and Cabot, the enterprises of Cortez and Pizarro, of Cartier and Raleigh. It saw the rise of religious liberty, and of modern philosophy and science. It saw the art of printing, invented in the preceding century, developed into world-wide significance.

This was the era of genius. Its annals were adorned with the names of Shakespeare and Cervantes, of Rafael and Titian and Michael Angelo, of Holbein and Durer, of Luther and Erasmus, of Ariosto and Rabelais, of Tyndale and Knox, of Calvin, Loyola and Xavier, of Copernicus and Vesalius, of Montaigne and Camoens, of Tycho Brahe and Kepler, of Tasso and Spenser, of Bacon and Jonson, of Sidney and Lope de Vega. It was a wondrous company that passed along the world's highway while Cuba was struggling in obscurity to lay the foundations of a future state.

Nor did Spain herself lag behind her neighbor nations. The sixteenth century saw her swift rise to the greatest estate she has ever known, and her development of many of the greatest names in her history. She began the century a newly-formed kingdom uncertain of herself and timorously essaying an ambitious career; and she reached its close one of the most extensive and most powerful empires in the world. We commonly think of her chiefly as a conquering power. But in fact that century of her marvellous conquests of empire was also her golden age in intellect. We may imagine that the swiftness of her rise to primacy among the nations, and the dazzling splendor of her conquests, stimulated and inspired the minds of her people to comparable achievements in the intellectual world. The sixteenth century was indeed to Spain what the Augustan Age was to Rome, and what the Elizabethan and Victorian ages were to England, and for some of the same reasons.

It was then that three great universities were founded: Salamanca, Alcala for science, Valladolid for law; and a noteworthy school of navigation at Seville. There flourished the philosopher Luis Vives, the tutor of Mary Stuart. In jurisprudence there were Victoria and Vazquez, from whom Grotius received his inspiration; and Solorzano, with his monumental work of the Government of the Indies. The drama was adorned by Lope de Rueda, Lope de Vega, Gabriel Tellez, and Juan del Enzina. The greatest name of all in literature was that of Miguel Cervantes y Saavedra. There were the poets Garcilaso de Vega, and Luis de Argote y Gongora. There were the painters Ribera, and Domenico Theotocopuli, who inspired Velazquez.

Above all, there was one of the most remarkable groups of historians of any land or age. Paez de Castro was more than any other man the founder of history as a philosophical study as distinguished from mere polite letters; the forerunner of Voltaire and Hume. There were Florian de Ocampo, Jeronimo Zurita, Ambrosio de Morales, and the famous Jesuit Mariana. Then there was a remarkable company of historians inspired by the American conquests of Spain, who gave their attention to writing of the lands thus added to her empire: Oviedo, Gomara, Bernal Diaz, Lopez de Velasco, Las Casas, and many more. Cortez, Pizarro, Velasquez and others might conquer lands for Spain. These others would see to it that their deeds were fittingly chronicled.

There was something more, still more significant. There arose distinguished writers, producing notable works, in the countries of Spanish America; some born there, some travelling thither from the peninsula. It was in 1558 that the University of Santo Domingo was founded, which for a time served all the Spanish Indies and was a great centre of learning. How many poets and dramatists, not to mention historians and other writers, there were in America in that century, we are reminded in Cervantes's "Viaje de Parnaso" and Lope de Vega's "Laurel de Apolo." These writers were chiefly in Mexico and Peru, for obvious reasons. Those were Spain's chief colonies, and they were those which had themselves the most noteworthy past, a past marked with a high degree of civilization. The first book ever printed in the Western Hemisphere was the "Breve y Compendiosa Doctrina Cristiana," published by Juan de Zumarraga, the first Bishop of Mexico, in Mexico in 1539.

It was about the middle of the century that there appeared the first American book of real literary merit. This was "La Araucana," a Chilean epic poem, by Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga. Another epic, with Hernando Cortez for its hero, was "Cortez Valeroso," by Gabriel Lasso de la Vega, in 1588. The next year saw Juan de Castellanos's prodigious historical and biographical poem of 150,000 lines, "Elegias de Varones Ilustres de Indias." Another epic of Cortez was Antonio de Saavedra Guzman's "Peregrino Indiano," in 1599.

In all these things Cuba had no part. In later centuries that island could boast of poets and other writers worthy to rank with their best contemporaries of other lands. But in that marvellous sixteenth century she seems to have produced not a single name worthy of remembrance. In the rich productivity of Spanish intellect Cuba remained unrepresented. In Oriente, in Camaguey and in Havana there may be found legends and ballads of unknown but ancient origin, which are assumed to have been composed perhaps in the days of Velasquez, and to have been passed down orally from generation to generation. _Quien sabe?_ It is quite probable that such was their origin; but it is quite certain that their authors are unknown.

For this lack of intellectual productivity in the first century of Cuba's history, and indeed the lack of any noteworthy achievements, the reason is not difficult to perceive. As we observed at the beginning of this volume, Cuba, at the advent of Europeans, was a country without a civilization and without a past. Mexico, Yucatan and Peru had enjoyed civilizations not unworthy of comparison with those of Europe and Asia, the remains of which attracted thither the intellects of Spain, and inspired them. But Cuba had nothing of the sort. Again, the vast wealth of Mexico and Peru attracted to those countries many more explorers, conquerors and colonists than Cuba could draw to herself. And there was also the partiality which was shown to them by royal favor and in royal interest. We shall have reviewed the annals of the first Cuban century to little purpose if we do not perceive that during the greater part of that time the "Queen of the Antilles," the "Pearl of the West Indies," as she was even then occasionally and afterward habitually called, was the Cinderella of the Spanish Empire; a Cinderella destined, however, one day to meet her Fairy Prince and thus to be wakened into splendor not surpassed by the finest of her sisters.

The close of the sixteenth century marked, then, approximately a great turning point in Cuban history. Thitherto she had been exclusively identified with Spain. She had developed no individuality and had exercised no influence upon other lands and their relationships, or indeed upon the empire of which she was a part. It was left for later years to make her an important factor in international affairs and to develop in her an individuality worthy of an independent sovereign among the nations of the world.

Yet in these very circumstances which we have recounted, and which upon the face of them appeared to be and indeed were for the time so unfavorable, there were developed the influences which unerringly led to the subsequent greatness of the island. The earliest settlers were not only of Spanish origin but also of Spanish sympathies. They could not be expected to have any affection for or any pride in the land to which they had come as to a mere "Tom Tiddler's ground," on which to pick up silver and gold. They valued Cuba for only what they could get out of her; many of them glad, after thus gaining wealth, to return to Spain, or to go to Mexico, Venezuela or Peru, there the better to enjoy it and to mingle in social pleasures which the primitive life of Cuba did not yet afford.

There were, however, some even in the first generation who were exceptions to this rule, who loved Cuba for her own sake, who wished to identify themselves permanently with her, and who wished to see her developed to the greatness and the splendor for which her natural endowments seemed to them to have designed her. In the second generation the number of such was of course greatly multiplied, and in succeeding generations their increase proceeded at a constantly increasing ratio. Thus by the end of the first century of Cuban history the great majority of residents of the island regarded themselves as Cubans rather than as Spaniards. They were Spaniards in race and tongue, and they were ready to stand with the peninsular kingdom and the rest of its world-circling empire against any of other tongues and races. But while thus to the outside world they were Spaniards, to Spain itself and to the people of the peninsula they were Cubans; differentiated from Spain much more than the Catalonian was from the Castilian, or the Andalusian from the Navarrais.

This sentiment of differentiation, and of insular individuality, was naturally strengthened by the treatment which the peninsular government accorded to the island. The Cubans were made to feel that Spain regarded them as apart from her, just as much as they themselves so regarded her. They felt, too, that she was treating them with injustice and with neglect; that instead of nourishing her young plantation and giving it the support of her wealth and strength she was drawing upon it for her own nourishment and support. They would have been either far more or far less than human if they had not thus been incited to a certain degree of resentment and to an assertion of independence.

In brief, it was with the Cubans even at that early day as it was with the British colonists in North America a century and a half later; though indeed the Cubans determined upon separation from the mother country at a comparatively earlier date than the people of the Thirteen Colonies, or certainly much longer before their achievement of that independence. We know that the British colonists were dissatisfied and protesting for nearly a score of years before their Declaration of Independence, but that down to within a few months of the latter transcendent event scarcely any of them thought of separation from England. Lexington and Concord, and even Bunker Hill, were fought not for independence but for the securing of the same rights for the colonists that their fellow subjects in the British Isles enjoyed. But the Cubans resolved upon separation from Spain not only years but at least two full generations before they were able to achieve it.

This spirit belongs to a much later date in Cuban history than that of which we are now writing, and to refer to it here is an act of anticipation. But it is desirable to some extent to scan the end from the beginning; to see from the outset to what end we shall come as well as to see at the end from what beginning we have come. Moreover, it cannot be too well remembered that even as soon as the latter part of the sixteenth century the people of Cuba regarded themselves as Cubans, and so called themselves, and had begun the cultivation of a social order and a sentiment of patriotism quite distinct from though not yet necessarily antagonistic to that of Spain.

The transition from the sixteenth to the seventeenth century was marked, then, with a significant change in the temper and character of Cuba, especially by a great accession of the spirit of insular integrity and independence. While Spain was great and apparently growing greater, there was a gratifying pride in identification with her. But when her decline began, and showed signs of being as rapid as her rise had been, that pride waned, and there began to arise in its place a pride in Cuba, or perhaps we might say at that early date a determination to develop in Cuba cause for pride. From that time forward Cuba was destined to be more American than European; and though for nearly three centuries she might continue to be a European possession, yet her lot was decided. Unconsciously, perhaps, but not the less surely she was drawn into the irresistible current which was drawing all the American settlements away from the European planters of them. It was one of the interesting eccentricities of history that the first important land acquired by Spain in the western hemisphere should be the last to leave her sway; and that the first European colonists in America to have cause for complaint against their overlords should be the longest to suffer and the last to secure abatement of their wrongs. Such is the reflection caused by consideration of this first era in the history of the Queen of the Antilles.

THE END OF VOLUME ONE

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INDEX

Abarzuza, Sr. proposes reforms for Cuba, IV, 6.

Abreu. Marta and Rosalie, patriotism of, IV, 25.

Academy of Sciences, Havana, picture of, IV, 364.

Adams, John Quincy, enunciates American policy toward Cuba, II, 258; portrait, 259; on Cuban annexation, 327.

Aglona, Prince de. Governor, II, 363.

Agramonte, Aristide, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Agramonte, Enrique, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12.

Agramonte, Eugenio Sanchez, sketch and portrait, IV, 362.

Agramonte, Francisco, IV, 41.

Agramonte, Ignacio, portrait, facing. III, 258.

Agriculture, early attention to, I, 173, 224; progress, 234; II, 213; absentee landlords, 214; statistics, 223; discussed in periodicals, 250; rehabilitation of after War of Independence, IV, 147.

Aguayo, Geronimo de, I, 161.

Aguero, Joaquin de, organizes revolution, III, 72; final defeat, 87.

Aguiar, Luis de, II, 60.

Aguiera, Jose, I, 295.

Aguila, Negra, II, 346.

Aguilera, Francisco V., sketch and portrait, III, 173.

Aguirre, Jose Maria, filibuster, IV, 55; death, 85.

Albemarle, Earl of, expedition against Havana, II, 46; occupies Havana, 78; controversy with Bishop Morell, 83.

Alcala, Marcos, I, 310.

Aldama, Miguel de, sketch and portrait, III, 204.

Aleman, Manuel, French emissary, II, 305.

Algonquins, I, 7.

Allen, Robert, on "Importance of Havana," II, 81.

Almendares River, tapped for water supply, I, 266; view on, IV, 167.

Almendariz, Alfonso Enrique, Bishop, I, 277.

Alquiza, Sancho de, Governor, I, 277.

Altamarino, Governor, I, 105; post mortem trial of Velasquez, 107; attacked by the Guzmans, 109; removed, 110.

Altamirano, Juan C., Bishop, I, 273; seized by brigands, 274.

Alvarado, Luis de, I, 147.

Alvarado, Pedro de, in Mexico, I, 86.

Amadeus, King of Spain, III, 260.

America, relation of Cuba to, I, 1; II, 254. See United States .

American Revolution, effect of upon Spain and her colonies, II, 138.

American Treaty, between Great Britain and Spain, I, 303.

Andrea, Juan de, II, 9.

Angulo, Francisco de, exiled, I, 193.

Angulo, Gonzales Perez de, Governor, I, 161; emancipation proclamation, 163; quarrel with Havana Council, 181; flight from Sores, 186; end of administration, 192.

Anners, Jean de Laet de, quoted, I, 353.

Annexation of Cuba to United States, first suggested, II, 257, 326; campaign for, 380; sought by United States, III, 132, 135; Marcy's policy, 141; Ostend Manifesto, 142; Buchanan's efforts, 143; not considered in War of Independence, IV, 19.

Antonelli, Juan Bautista, engineering works in Cuba, I, 261; creates water supply for Havana, 266.

Apezteguia. Marquis de, Autonomist leader, IV, 94.

Apodaca, Juan Ruiz, Governor, II, 311.

Arana, Martin de, warns Prado of British approach, II, 53.

Arana, Melchior Sarto de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 237.

Arana, Pedro de, royal accountant, I, 238.

Aranda, Esquival, I, 279.

Arango, Augustin, murder of, III, 188.

Arango, Napoleon, treason of, III, 226.

Arango y Pareno, Francisco, portrait, frontispiece, Vol. II; organizes Society of Progress, II, 178; leadership in Cuba, 191; attitude toward slavery, 208; his illustrious career, 305 et seq.

Aranguren, Nestor, revolutionist, IV, 85; death, 92.

Araoz, Juan, II, 181.

Arias, A. R., Governor, III, 314.

Arias, Gomez, I, 145.

Arignon, Villiet, quoted, II, 26, 94.

Armona, Jose de, II, 108.

Army, Cuban, organization of, III, 178; reorganized, 263; under Jose Miguel Gomez, IV, 301.

Army, Spanish, in Cuba, III, 181, 295.

Aroztegui, Martin de, II, 20.

Arrate, Jose Martin Felix, historian, II, 17, 179.

Arredondo, Nicolas, Governor at Santiago, II, 165.

Asbert, Gen. Ernesto, amnesty case, IV, 326.

"Assiento" compact on slavery, II, 2.

Assumption, Our Lady of the, I, 61.

Astor, John Jacob, aids War of Independence, IV, 14.

Asylums for Insane, II, 317.

Atares fortress, picture, II, 103.

Atkins, John, book on West Indies, II, 36.

Atrocities, committed by Spanish, III, 250; Cespedes's protest against, 254; "Book of Blood," 284; Spanish confession of, 286; war of destruction, 295; Weyler's "concentration" policy, IV, 85.

Attwood's Cay. See Guanahani .

Autonomist party, III, 305; IV, 34; attitude toward Campos in War of Independence, 59; Cabinet under Blanco, 94; earnest efforts for peace, 101; record of its government, 102.

Avellanda, Gertrudis Gomez de, III, 331; portrait, facing, 332.

Avila, Alfonso de, I, 154.

Avila, Juan de, Governor, I, 151; marries rich widow, 154; charges against him, 157; convicted and imprisoned, 158.

Avila. See Davila .

Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, See Menendez .

Ayala, Francisco P. de, I, 291.

Ayilon, Lucas V. de, strives to make peace between Velasquez and Cortez, I, 98.

Azcarata, Jose Luis, Secretary of Justice, sketch and portrait, IV, 341.

Azcarate, Nicolas, sketch and portrait, III, 251, 332.

Azcarraga, Gen., Spanish Premier, IV, 88.

"Barbeque" sought by Columbus, I, 18.

Bachiller, Antonio, sketch and portrait, III, 317.

Bacon, Robert, Assistant Secretary of State of U. S., intervenes in revolution, IV, 272.

Bahia Honda, selected as U. S. naval station, IV, 256.

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, I, 55, 91.

Bancroft, George, quoted, I, 269; II, 1, 24, 41, 117, 120, 159.

Banderas, Quintin, revolutionist, IV, 34; raid, 57; death, 84.

Baracoa, Columbus at, I, 18; Velasquez at, 60; picture, 60; first capital of Cuba, 61, 168.

Barreda, Baltazar, I, 201.

Barreiro, Juan Bautista, Secretary of Education, IV, 160.

Barrieres, Manuel Garcia, II, 165.

Barrionuevo, Juan Maldonado, Governor, I, 263.

Barsicourt, Juan Procopio. See Santa Clara , Conde.

Bayamo, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168; Cuban Republic organized there, III, 157.

Bayoa, Pedro de, I, 300.

Bay of Cortez, reached by Columbus, I, 25.

Bees, introduced by Bishop Morell, II, 104; increase of industry, 132.

"Beggars of the Sea," raid Cuban coasts, I, 208.

Bells, church, controversy over, II, 82.

Bembrilla, Alonzo, I, 111.

Benavides, Juan de, I, 280.

Berrea, Esteban S. de, II, 6.

Betancourt, Pedro, Civil Governor of Matanzas, IV, 179; loyal to Palma, 271.

Betancourt. See Cisneros .

"Bimini," Island of, I, 139.

Bishops of Roman Catholic Church in Cuba, I, 122.

"Black Eagle," II, 346.

Black Warrior affair, III, 138.

Blanchet, Emilio, historian, quoted, II, 9, 15, 24; on siege of Havana, 57, 87.

Blanco, Ramon, Governor, IV, 88; undertakes reforms, 89; plans Cuban autonomy, 93; on destruction of Maine , 99; resigns, 121.

Blue, Victor, observations at Santiago, IV, 110.

Bobadilla, F. de, I, 54.

Boca de la Yana, I, 18.

"Bohio" sought by Columbus, I, 18.

Bolivar, Simon, II, 333; portrait, 334; "Liberator," 334 et seq.; influence on Cuba, 341; "Soles de Bolivar," 341.

Bonel, Juan Bautista, II, 133.

"Book of Blood," III, 284.

Bourne, Edward Gaylord, quoted, on slavery, II, 209; on Spanish in America, 226.

Brinas, Felipe, III, 330.

British policy toward Spain and Cuba, I, 270; aggressions in West Indies, 293; slave trade, II, 2; war of 1639, 22; designs upon Cuba, 41; expedition against Havana, 1762, 46; conquest of Cuba, 78; relinquishment to Spain, 92. See Great Britain .

Broa Bay, I, 22.

Brooke, Gen. John R., receives Spanish surrender of Cuba, IV, 122; proclamation to Cuban people, 145; retired, 157.

Brooks, Henry, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Buccaneers, origin of, I, 269.

Buccarelli, Antonio Maria, Governor, II, 110; retires, 115.

Buchanan, James, on U. S. relations to Cuba, II, 263; III, 135; Minister to Great Britain, 142; as President seeks annexation of Cuba to U. S., 143.

Bull-fighting, II, 233.

Burgos, Juan de, Bishop, I, 225.

Burtnett, Spanish spy against Lopez, III, 65.

Bustamente, Antonio Sanchez de, jurist, sketch and portrait, IV, 165.

Caballero, Jose Agustin, sketch and portrait, III, 321.

Caballo, Domingo, II, 173.

Cabanas, defences constructed, II, 58; Laurel Ditch, view, facing, 58.

Caballero, Diego de, I, 111.

Cabezas, Bishop, I, 277.

Cabrera, Diego de, I, 206.

Cabrera, Luis, I, 198.

Cabrera, Lorenzo de, Governor, I, 279; removed, 282.

Cabrera, Rafael, filibuster, IV, 70.

Cabrera, Raimundo, conspirator in New York, IV, 334; warned, 339.

Cadreyta, Marquis de, I, 279.

Cagigal, Juan Manuel de, Governor, II, 154; defence of Havana, 155; removed and imprisoned, 157.

Cagigal, Juan Manuel, Governor, II, 313; successful administration, 315.

Cagigal de la Vega, Francisco, defends Santiago, II, 29; Governor, 32; Viceroy of Mexico, 34.

Caguax, Cuban chief, I, 63.

Calderon, Gabriel, Bishop, I, 315.

Calderon, Garcia, quoted, II, 164, 172.

Calderon de la Barca, Spanish Minister, on La Verdad , III, 19; on colonial status, 21; negotiations with Soule, 140.

Calhoun, John C., on Cuba, III, 132.

Calleja y Isisi, Emilio, Governor, III, 313; proclaims martial law, IV, 30; resigns, 35.

Camaguey. See Puerto Principe , I, 168.

Campbell, John, description of Havana, II, 14.

Campillo, Jose de, II, 19.

Campos, Martinez de, Governor, III, 296; proclamations to Cuba, 297, 299; makes Treaty of Zanjon and ends Ten Years War, 299; in Spanish crisis, IV, 36; Governor again, 37; establishes Trocha, 44; defeated by Maceo, 46; conferences with party leaders, 59, 63; removed, 63.

Cancio, Leopoldo, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 161, 320.

Canizares, Santiago J., Minister of Interior, IV, 48.

Canning, George, policy toward Cuba, II, 257; portrait, 258.

Canoe, of Cuban origin, I, 10.

Canon, Rodrigo, I, 111.

Canovas del Castillo, Spanish Premier, IV, 36; assassinated, 88.

Cape Cruz, Columbus at, I, 20.

Cape Maysi, I, 4.

Cape of Palms, I, 17.

Capote, Domingo Menendez. Vice-President, IV, 90; Secretary of State, 146; President of Constitutional Convention. 189.

Carajaval, Lucas, defies Dutch, I, 290.

Cardenas, Lopez lands at, III, 49.

Caribs, I, 8.

Carillo, Francisco, filibuster, IV, 55.

Carleton, Sir Guy, at Havana, II, 47.

Carranza, Domingo Gonzales, book on West Indies, II, 37.

Carrascesa, Alfonso, II, 6.

Carreno, Francisco, Governor, I, 219; conditions at his accession, 228; dies in office, 229; work in rebuilding Havana, 231.

Carroll, James, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Casa de Beneficienca, founded, I, 335; II, 177.

Casa de Resorgiamento, founded, II, 31.

Casares, Alfonso, codifies municipal ordinances, I, 207.

Castellanos, Jovellar, last Spanish Governor of Cuba, IV, 121; surrenders Spanish sovereignty, 123.

Castillo, Demetrio, Civil Governor of Oriente, IV, 180.

Castillo, Ignacio Maria del, Governor, III, 314.

Castillo, Loinaz, revolutionist. IV, 269.

Castillo, Pedro del, Bishop, I, 226.

Castro, Hernando de, royal treasurer, I, 115.

Cathcart Lord, expedition to West Indies, II, 28.

Cathedral of Havana, picture, facing I, 36; begun, I, 310.

Cat Island. See Guanahani .

Cayo, San Juan de los Remedios del, removal of, I, 319.

Cazones, Gulf of, I, 21.

Cemi, Cuban worship of, I, 55.

Census, of Cuba, first taken, by Torre, II, 131; by Las Casas, 176; of slaves, 205; of 1775, 276; of 1791, 277; Humboldt on, 277; of 1811, 280; of 1817, 281; of 1827, 283; of 1846, 283; of 1899, IV, 154; of 1907, 287.

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, III, 157; portrait, facing 158; in Spain, 158; leads Cuban revolution, 158; President of Republic, 158; proclamation, 168; negotiations with Spain, 187; removed from office, 275.

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, filibuster, IV, 55.

Cespedes, Enrique, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Cervera, Admiral, brings Spanish fleet to Cuba, IV, 110; portrait, 110; surrenders, 114.

Chacon, Jose Bayoma, II, 13.

Chacon, Luis, I, 331, 333.

Chalons, Sr., Secretary of Public Works, IV, 297.

Chamber of Commerce founded, II, 307.

Charles I, King, I, 74; denounces oppression of Indians, 128.

Chaves, Antonio, Governor, I, 157; prosecutes Avila, 157; ruthless policy toward natives, 159; controversy with King, 160; dismissed from office, 161.

Chaves, Juan Baton de, I, 331.

Chilton, John, describes Havana, I, 349.

Chinchilla, Jose, Governor, III, 314.

Chinese, colonies in America, I, 7; laborers imported into Cuba, II, 295.

Chorrera, expected to be Drake's landing place, I, 248.

Chorrera River, dam built by Antonelli, I, 262.

Christianity, introduced into Cuba by Ojeda, I, 55; urged by King Ferdinand, 73.

Church, Roman Catholic, organized and influential in Cuba, I, 122; cathedral removed from Baracoa to Santiago, 123; conflict with civil power, 227; controversy with British during British occupation, II, 84; division of island into two dioceses, 173; attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 26; controversy over property, 294.

Cienfuegos, Jose, Governor, II, 311.

Cimmarones, "wild Indians," I, 126; revolt against De Soto, 148.

Cipango, Cuba identified with, by Columbus, I, 5.

Cisneros, Gaspar Betancourt, sketch and portrait, II, 379.

Cisneros, Pascal Jiminez de, II, 110, 127.

Cisneros, Salvador, III, 167; sketch and portrait, 276; President of Cuban Republic, 277; President of Council of Ministers, IV, 48; in Constitutional Convention, 190.

Civil Service, law, IV, 325; respected by President Menocal, 325.

Clay, Henry, policy toward Cuba, II, 261.

Clayton, John M., U. S. Secretary of State, issues proclamation against filibustering, III, 42.

Cleaveland, Samuel, controversy over church bells, II, 83.

Cleveland, Grover. President of United States, issues warning against breaches of neutrality, IV, 70; reference to Cuba in message of 1896, 79; its significance, 80.

Coat of Arms of Cuba, picture, IV, 251; significance, 251.

Cobre, copper mines, I, 173, 259.

"Cockfighting and Idleness" campaign, IV, 291.

Coffee, cultivation begun, II, 33, 113.

Coinage, reformed, II, 142; statistics of, 158.

Collazo, Enrique, filibuster, IV, 55.

Coloma, Antonio Lopez, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Colombia, designs upon Cuba, II, 262; III, 134; attitude toward Cuban revolution, 223.

Columbus, Bartholomew, recalled to Spain, I, 57.

Columbus, Christopher, portrait, frontispiece, Vol. I; discoverer of America, I; i; first landing in America, 2; monument on Watling's Island, picture, 3; arrival in Cuba, 11; question as to first landing place, 12; first impressions of Cuba and intercourse with natives, 14; exploration of north coast, 16; end of first visit, 18; second visit, 19; exploration of south coast, 21; at Bay of Cortez, 25; turns back from circumnavigation, 26; at Isle of Pines, 26; final departure from Cuba, 27; diary and narrative, 28 et seq.; death and burial, 33; tomb in Havana cathedral, 34; removal to Seville, 36; removal from Santo Domingo to Havana, II, 181; epitaph, 182.

Columbus, Diego, plans exploration and colonization of Cuba, I, 57; attempts mediation between Velasquez and Cortez, 97; replaces Velasquez with Zuazo, 100; rebuked by King, 100.

Comendador, Cacique, I, 55.

Commerce, begun by Velasquez, I, 68; rise of corporations, II, 19; after British occupation, 98; under Torre, 132; reduction of duties, 141; extension of trade, 163; Tribunal of Commerce founded, 177; Real Compania de Havana, 199; restrictive measures, 200; Chamber of Commerce founded, 307; commerce with United States, III, 2; during American occupation, IV, 184; present, 358.

Compostela, Diego E. de, Bishop, I, 318; death, 332.

Concepcion, Columbus's landing place, I, 3.

Concessions, forbidden under American occupation, IV, 153.

Concha, Jose Gutierrez de la, Governor, III, 62, 290.

Conchillos, royal secretary, I, 59.

Congress, Cuban, welcomed by Gen. Wood, IV, 246; turns against Palma, 269; friendly to Gomez, 303; hostile to Menocal, 323; protects the lottery, 324.

Constitution: Cuban Republic of 1868, III, 157; of 1895, IV, 47; call for Constitutional Convention, 185; meeting of Convention, 187; draft completed, 192; salient provisions, 193; Elihu Root's comments, 194; Convention discusses relations with United States, 197; Platt Amendment, 199; amendment adopted, 203; text of Constitution, 304 et seq.; The Nation, 205; Cubans, 205; Foreigners, 207; Individual Rights, 208; Suffrage, 211; Suspension of Guarantees, 212; Sovereignty, 213; Legislative Bodies, 214; Senate, 214; House of Representatives, 216; Congress, 218; Legislation, 221; Executive, 222; President, 222; Vice-President, 225; Secretaries of State, 226; Judiciary, 227; Supreme Court, 227; Administration of Justice, 228; Provincial Governments, 229; Provincial Councils, 230; Provincial Governors, 231; Municipal Government, 233; Municipal Councils, 233; Mayors, 235; National Treasury, 235; Amendments, 236; Transient Provisions, 237; Appendix (Platt Amendment), 238.

"Constitutional Army," IV, 268.

Contreras, Andres Manso de, I, 288.

Contreras, Damien, I, 278.

Convents, founded, I, 276; Nuns of Santa Clara, 286.

Conyedo, Juan de, Bishop, II, 35.

Copper, discovered near Santiago, I, 173; wealth of mines, 259; reopened, II, 13; exports, III, 3.

Corbalon, Francisco R., I, 286.

Cordova de Vega, Diego de, Governor, I, 239.

Cordova, Francisco H., expedition to Yucatan, I, 84.

Cordova Ponce de Leon, Jose Fernandez, Governor, I, 316.

Coreal, Francois, account of West Indies, quoted, I, 355.

Coronado, Manuel, gift for air planes, IV, 352.

Cortes, Spanish, Cuban representation in, II, 308; excluded, 351; lack of representation, III, 3; after Ten Years' War, 307.

Cortez, Hernando, Alcalde of Santiago de Cuba, I, 72; sent to Mexico by King, 74; agent of Velasquez, 86; early career, 90; portrait, 90; quarrel with Velasquez, 91; marriage, 92; commissioned by Velasquez to explore Mexico, 92; sails for Mexico, 94; final breach with Velasquez, 96; denounced as rebel, 97; escapes murder, 99.

Cosa, Juan de la, geographer, I, 6, 53.

Councillors, appointed for life, I, 111; conflict with Procurators, 113.

Creoles, origin of name, II, 204.

Crittenden, J. J., protests against European intervention in Cuba, III, 129.

Crittenden, William S., with Lopez, III, 96; captured, 101; death, 105.

Crombet, Flor, revolutionist, IV, 41, 42.

Crooked Island. See Isabella .

Crowder, Gen. Enoch H., head of Consulting Board, IV, 284.

Cuba: Relation to America, I, 1; Columbus's first landing, 3; identified with Mangi or Cathay, 4; with Cipango, 5; earliest maps, 6; physical history, 7, 37 et seq.; Columbus's discovery, 11 et seq.; named Juana, 13; other names, 14; Columbus's account of, 28; geological history, 37-42; topography, 42-51; climate, 51-52; first circumnavigation, 54; colonization, 54; Velasquez at Baracoa, 60; commerce begun, 68; government organized, 69; named Ferdinandina, 73; policy of Spain toward, 175; slow economic progress, 215; land legislation, 232; Spanish discrimination against, 266; divided into two districts, 275; British description in 1665, 306; various accounts, 346; turning point in history, 363; close of first era, 366; British conquest, II, 78; relinquished to Spain, 92; great changes effected, 94; economic condition, 98; reoccupied by Spain, 102; untouched by early revolutions, 165; effect of revolution in Santo Domingo, 190; first suggestion of annexation to United States, 257; "Ever Faithful Isle," 268; rise of independence, 268; censuses, 276 et seq.; representation in Cortes, 308; "Soles de Bolivar," 341; representatives rejected from Cortes, 351; transformation of popular spirit, 383; independence proclaimed, III, 145; Republic organized, 157; War of Independence, IV, 15; Spanish elections held during war, 67; Blanco's plan of autonomy, 93; sovereignty surrendered by Spain, 123; list of Spanish Governors, 123. See Republic of Cuba .

Cuban Aborigines; I, 8; manners, customs and religion, 8 et seq.; Columbus's first intercourse, 15, 24; priest's address to Columbus, 26; Columbus's observations of them, 29; hostilities begun by Velasquez, 61; subjected to Repartimiento system, 70; practical slavery, 71; Key Indians, 125; Cimmarones, 126; new laws in their favor, 129; Rojas's endeavor to save them, 130; final doom, 133; efforts at reform, 153; oppression by Chaves, 159; Angulo's emancipation proclamation, 163.

"Cuba-nacan," I, 5.

"Cuba and the Cubans," quoted, II, 313.

"Cuba y Su Gobierno," quoted, II, 354.

Cuellar, Cristobal de, royal accountant, I, 59.

Cushing, Caleb, Minister to Spain, III, 291.

Custom House, first at Havana, I, 231.

Dady, Michael J., & Co., contract dispute, IV, 169.

Davila, Pedrarias, I, 140.

Davis, Jefferson, declines to join Lopez, III, 38.

Del Casal, Julian, sketch and portrait, IV, 6.

Del Cueta, Jose A., President of Supreme Court, portrait, IV, 359.

Delgado, Moru, Liberal leader, IV, 267.

Del Monte, Domingo, sketch, portrait, and work, II, 323.

Del Monte, Ricardo, sketch and portrait, IV, 2.

Demobilization of Cuban army, IV, 135.

Desvernine, Pablo, Secretary of Finance, IV, 146.

Diaz, Bernal, at Sancti Spiritus, I, 72; in Mexico, 86.

Diaz, Manuel, I, 239.

Diaz, Manuel Luciano, Secretary of Public Works, IV, 254.

Diaz, Modeste, III, 263.

Divino, Sr., Secretary of Justice, IV, 297.

Dockyard at Havana, established, II, 8.

Dolz, Eduardo, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 96.

Dominguez, Fermin V., Assistant Secretary of Foreign Affairs, IV, 50.

Dorst, J. H., mission to Pinar del Rio, IV, 107.

"Dragado" deal, IV, 310.

Drake, Sir Francis, menaces Havana, I, 243; in Hispaniola, 246; leaves Havana unassailed, 252; departs for Virginia, 255.

Duany, Joaquin Castillo, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12; Assistant Secretary of Treasury, 50; filibuster, 70.

Dubois, Carlos, Assistant Secretary of Interior, IV, 50.

Duero, Andres de, I, 93, 115.

Dulce y Garay, Domingo, Governor, III, 190, 194; decree of confiscation, 209; recalled, 213.

Dupuy de Lome, Sr., Spanish Minister at Washington, IV, 40; writes offensive letter, 98; recalled, 98.

Duque, Sr., Secretary of Sanitation and Charity, IV, 297.

Durango, Bishop, I, 225.

Dutch hostilities, I, 208, 279; activities in West Indies, 283 et seq.

Earthquakes, in 1765, I, 315; II, 114.

Echeverria, Esteban B., Superintendent of Schools, IV, 162.

Echeverria, Jose, Bishop, II, 113.

Echeverria, Jose Antonio, III, 324.

Echeverria, Juan Maria, Governor, II, 312.

Education, backward state of, II, 244; progress under American occupation, IV, 156; A. E. Frye, Superintendent, 156; reorganization of system, 162; Harvard University's entertainment of teachers, 163; achievements under President Menocal, 357.

Elections: for municipal officers under American occupation, IV, 180; law for regulation of, 180; result, 181; for Constitutional Convention, 186; for general officers, 240; result, 244; Presidential, 1906, 265; new law, 287; local elections under Second Intervention, 289; Presidential, 290; for Congress in 1908, 303; Presidential, 1912, 309; Presidential, 1916, disputed, 330, result confirmed, 341.

Enciso, Martin F. de, first Spanish writer about America, I, 54.

Epidemics: putrid fever, 1649, I, 290; vaccination introduced, II, 192; small pox and yellow fever, III, 313; at Santiago, IV, 142; Gen. Wood applies Dr. Finlay's theory of yellow fever, 171; success, 176; malaria, 177.

Escudero, Antonio, de, II, 10.

Espada, Juan Jose Diaz, portrait, facing II, 272.

Espagnola. See Hispaniola .

Espeleta, Joaquin de, Governor, II, 362.

Espinosa, Alonzo de Campos, Governor, I, 316.

Espoleto, Jose de, Governor, II, 169.

Estenoz, Negro insurgent, IV, 307.

Estevez, Luis, Secretary of Justice, IV, 160; Vice-President, 245.

Evangelista. See Isle of Pines .

Everett, Edward, policy toward Cuba, III, 130.

"Ever Faithful Isle," II, 268, 304.

Exquemeling, Alexander, author and pirate, I, 302.

"Family Pact," of Bourbons, effect upon Cuba, II, 42.

Felin, Antonio, Bishop, II, 172.

Fels, Cornelius, defeated by Spanish, I, 288.

Ferdinand, King, policy toward Cuba, I, 56; esteem for Velasquez, 73.

Ferdinandina, Columbus's landing place, I, 3; name for Cuba, 73.

Ferrara, Orestes, Liberal leader, IV, 260; revolutionist, 269; deprecates factional strife, 306; revolutionary conspirator in New York, 334; warned by U. S. Government, I, 239.

Ferrer, Juan de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 239.

Figueroa, Vasco Porcallo de, I, 72; De Soto's lieutenant, 142; returns from Florida in disgust, 145.

Figuerosa, Rojas de, captures Tortuga, I, 292.

Filarmonia, riot at ball, III, 119.

Filibustering, proclamation of United States against, III, 42; after Ten Years' War, 311, in War of Independence, IV, 20; expeditions intercepted, 52; many successful expeditions, 69; warnings, 70.

Fine Arts, II, 240.

Finlay, Carlos G., theory of yellow fever successfully applied under General Wood, IV, 171; portrait, facing, 172.

Fish, Hamilton, U. S. Secretary of State, prevents premature recognition of Cuban Republic, III, 203; protests against Rodas's decree, 216; on losses in Ten Years' War, 290; seeks British support, 292; states terms of proposed mediation, 293.

Fish market at Havana, founder for pirate, II, 357.

Fiske, John, historian, quoted, I, 270.

Flag, Cuban, first raised, III, 31; replaces American, IV, 249; picture, 250; history and significance, 250.

Flores y Aldama, Rodrigo de, Governor, I, 301.

Florida, attempted colonization by Ponce de Leon, I, 139; De Soto's expedition, 145. See Menendez .

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, Bishop of Seville, I, 59.

Fonts-Sterling, Ernesto, Secretary of Finance, IV, 90; urges resistance to revolution, 270.

Fornaris, Jose, III, 230.

Forestry, attention paid by Montalvo, I, 223; efforts to check waste, II, 166.

Foyo, Sr., Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, IV, 297.

France, first foe of Spanish in Cuba, I, 177; "Family Pact," II, 42; interest in Cuban revolution, III, 126.

Franquinay, pirate, at Santiago, I, 310.

French refugees, in Cuba, II, 189; expelled, 302.

French Revolution, effects of, II, 184.

Freyre y Andrade, Fernando, filibuster, IV, 70; negotiations with Pino Guerra, 267.

Frye, Alexis, Superintendent of Schools, IV, 156; controversy with General Wood, 162.

Fuerza, La: picture, facing I, 146; building begun by De Soto, I, 147; scene of Lady Isabel's tragic vigil, 147, 179; planned and built by Sanchez, 194; work by Menendez, and Ribera, 209; slave labor sought, 211; bad construction, 222; Montalvo's recommendations, 223; Luzan-Arana quarrel, 237; practical completion, 240; decorated by Cagigal, II, 33.

Galvano, Antony, historian, quoted, I, 4.

Galvez, Bernardo, seeks Cuban aid for Pensacola, II, 146; Governor, 168; death, 170.

Galvez, Jose Maria, head of Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Garaondo, Jose, I, 317.

Garay, Francisco de, Governor of Jamaica, I, 102.

Garcia, Calixto, portrait, facing III, 268; President of Cuban Republic, III, 301; joins War of Independence, IV, 69; his notable career, 76 et seq.; joins with Shafter at Santiago, 111; death, 241.

Garcia, Carlos, revolutionist, IV, 269.

Garcia, Esequiel, Secretary of Education, IV, 320.

Garcia, Marcos, IV, 44.

Garcia, Quintiliano, III, 329.

Garvey, Jose N. P., II, 222.

Gastaneta, Antonio, II, 9.

Gelder, Francisco, Governor, I, 292.

Gener y Rincon, Miguel, Secretary of Justice, IV, 161.

Geraldini, Felipe, I, 310.

Germany, malicious course of in 1898, IV, 104; Cuba declares war against, 348; property in Cuba seized, 349; aid to Gomez, 350.

Gibson. Hugh S., U. S. Charge d'Affaires, assaulted, IV, 308.

Giron. Garcia, Governor, I, 279.

Godoy, Captain, arrested at Santiago, and put to death, I, 203.

Godoy, Manuel, II, 172.

Goicouria, Domingo, sketch and portrait, III, 234.

Gold, Columbus's quest for, I, 19; Velasquez's search, 61; the "Spaniards' God," 62; early mining, 81; value of mines, 173.

Gomez, Jose Antonio, II, 18.

Gomez, Jose Miguel, Civil Governor of Santa Clara, IV, 179; aspires to Presidency, 260, 264; turns from Conservative to Liberal party, 265; compact with Zayas, 265; starts revolution, 269; elected President, 290; becomes President, 297; Cabinet, 297; sketch and portrait, 298; acts of his administration, 301; charged with corruption, 304; conflict with Veterans' Association, 304; quarrel with Zayas, 306; suppresses Negro revolt, 307; amnesty bill, 309; National Lottery, 310; "Dragado" deal, 310; railroad deal, 310; estimate of his administration, 311; double treason in 1916, 332; defeated and captured, 337; his orders for devastation, 337; aided by Germany, 350.

Gomez, Juan Gualberto, revolutionist, IV, 30; captured and imprisoned, 52; insurgent, 269.

Gomez, Maximo, III, 264; succeeds Gen. Agramonte, 275; makes Treaty of Zanjon with Campos, 299; in War of Independence, IV, 15; commander in chief, 16, 43; portrait, facing 44; plans great campaign of war, 53; controversy with Lacret, 84; opposed to American invasion, 109; appeals to Cubans to accept American occupation, 136; impeachment by National Assembly ignored, 137; influence during Government of Intervention, 149; considered by Constitutional Convention, 191; proposed for Presidency, 240; declines, 241.

Gonzalez, Aurelia Castillo de, author, sketch and portrait, IV, 192.

Gonzales, William E., U. S. Minister to Cuba, IV, 335; watches Gomez's insurrection, 336.

Gorgas, William C., work for sanitation, IV, 175.

Government of Cuba: organized by Velasquez, I, 69; developed at Santiago, 81; radical changes made, 111; revolution in political status of island, 138; codification of ordinances, 207; Ordinances of 1542, 317; land tenure, II, 12; reforms by Governor Guemez, 17; reorganization after British occupation, 104; great reforms by Torre, 132; budget and tax reforms, 197; authority of Captain-General, III, 11; administrative and judicial functions, 13 et seq.; military and naval command, 16; attempted reforms, 63; concessions after Ten Years' War, 310.

Governors of Cuba, Spanish, list of, IV, 123.

Govin, Antonio, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95; sketch and portrait, 95.

Grammont, buccaneer, I, 311.

Gran Caico, I, 4.

Grand Turk Island. See Guanahani .

Grant, U. S., President of United States, III, 200; inclined to recognize Cuban Republic, 202; prevented by his Secretary of State, 203; comments in messages, 205, 292.

Great Britain, interest in Cuban revolution, III, 125; protection sought by Spain, 129; declines cooperation with United States, 294; requires return of fugitives, 310.

Great Exuma. See Ferdinandina .

Great Inagua, I, 4.

Great War, Cuba enters, IV, 348; offers 10,000 troops, 348; German intrigues and propaganda, 349; attitude of Roman Catholic clergy, 349; ships seized, 350; cooperation with Food Commission, 351; military activities, 352; liberal subscriptions to loans, 352; Red Cross work, 352; Senora Menocal's inspiring leadership, 353.

Grijalva, Juan de, I, 65; expedition to Mexico, 66; names Mexico New Spain, 97; unjustly recalled and discredited, 88.

Guajaba Island, I, 18.

Guama, Cimmarron chief, I, 127.

Guanabacoa founded, II, 21.

Guanahani, Columbus's landing place, I, 2.

Guanajes Islands, source of slave trade, I, 83.

Guantanamo, Columbus at, I, 19; U. S. Naval Station, IV, 256.

Guardia, Cristobal de la, Secretary of Justice, IV, 320.

Guazo, Gregorio, de la Vega, Governor, I, 340; stops tobacco war, 341; warnings to Great Britain and France, 342; military activity and efficiency, II, 5.

Guemez y Horcasitas, Juan F., Governor, II, 17; reforms, 17; close of administration, 26.

Guerra, Amador, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Guerra, Benjamin, treasurer of Junta, IV, 3.

Guerro, Pino, starts insurrection, IV, 267, 269; commander of Cuban army, 301; attempt to assassinate him, 303.

Guevara, Francisco, III, 265.

Guiteras, Juan, physician and scientist, sketch and portrait, IV, 321.

Guiteras, Pedro J., quoted, I, 269; II, 6; 42; 207.

Guzman, Gonzalez de, mission from Velasquez to King Charles I, I, 85; vindicates Velasquez, 108; Governor of Cuba, 110; marries rich sister-in-law, 116; litigation over estate, 117; tremendous indictment by Vadillo, 120; appeals to King and Council for Indies, 120; seeks to oppress natives, 128; second time Governor, 137; makes more trouble, 148; trouble with French privateers, 178.

Guzman, Nunez de, royal treasurer, I, 109; death and fortune, 115.

Guzman, Santos, spokesman of Constitutionalists, IV, 59.

Hammock, of Cuban origin, I, 10.

Hanebanilla, falls of, view, facing III, 110.

Harponville, Viscount Gustave, quoted, II, 189.

Harvard University, entertains Cuban teachers, IV, 163.

Hatuey, Cuban chief, leader against Spaniards, I, 62; death, 63.

Havana: founded by Narvaez, I, 69; De Soto's home and capital, 144; rise in importance, 166; Governor's permanent residence, 180; inadequate defences, 183; captured by Sores, 186; protected by Mazariegos, 194; sea wall proposed by Osorio, 202; fortified by Menendez, 209; "Key of the New World," 210; commercial metropolis of West Indies, 216; first hospital founded, 226; San Francisco church, picture, facing 226; building in Carreno's time, 231; custom house, 231; threatened by Drake, 243; preparations for defence, 250; officially called "city," 262; coat of arms, 202; primitive conditions, 264; first theatrical performance, 264; capital of western district, 275; great fire, 277; attacked by Pit Hein, 280; described by John Chilton, 349; first dockyard established, II, 8; attacked by British under Admiral Hosier, 9; University founded, 11; described by John Campbell, 14; British expedition against in 1762, 46; journal of siege, 54; American troops engaged, 66; surrender, 69; terms, 71; British occupation, 78; great changes, 94; description, 94; view from Cabanas, facing, 96; reoccupied by Spanish, 102; hurricane, 115; improvements in streets and buildings, 129; view in Old Havana, facing 130; street cleaning, and market, 169; slaughter house removed, 194; shopping, 242; cafes, 243; Tacon's public works, 365; view of old Presidential Palace, facing III, 14; view of the Prado, facing IV, 16; besieged in War of Independence, 62; view of bay and harbor, facing, 98; old City Wall, picture, 122; view of old and new buildings, facing 134; General Ludlow's administration, 146; Police reorganized, 150; view of University, facing 164; view of the new capitol, facing 204; view of the President's home, facing 268; view of the Academy of Arts and Crafts, facing 288; new railroad terminal, 311.

Hay, John, epigram on revolutions, IV, 343

Hayti. See Hispaniola .

Hein, Pit, Dutch raider, I, 279.

Henderson, John, on Lopez's expedition, III, 64.

Herald , New York, on Cuban revolution, III, 89.

Heredia, Jose Maria. II, 274; exiled, 344; life and works, III, 318; portrait, facing 318.

Hernani, Domingo, II, 170.

Herrera, historian, on Columbus's first landing, I, 12; on Hatuey, 62; description of West Indies, 345.

Herrera, Geronimo Bustamente de, I, 194.

Hevea, Aurelio, Secretary of Interior, IV, 320.

Hispaniola, Columbus at, I, 19; revolution in, II, 173; 186; effect upon Cuba, 189.

Hobson, Richmond P., exploit at Santiago, IV, 110.

Holleben, Dr. von, German Ambassador at Washington, intrigues of, IV, 104.

Home Rule, proposed by Spain, IV, 6; adopted, 8.

Horses introduced into Cuba, I, 63.

Hosier, Admiral, attacks Havana, I, 312; II, 9.

Hospital, first in Havana, I, 226; Belen founded, 318; San Paula and San Francisco, 195.

"House of Fear," Governor's home, I, 156.

Humboldt, Alexander von, on slavery, II, 206; on census, 277; 282; on slave trade, 288.

Hurricanes, II, 115, 176, 310.

Hurtado, Lopez, royal treasurer, I, 116; has Chaves removed, 162.

Ibarra, Carlos, defeats Dutch raiders, I, 288.

Incas, I, 7.

Independence, first conceived, II, 268; 326; first revolts for, 343; sentiment fostered by slave trade, 377; proclaimed by Aguero, III, 72; proclaimed by Cespedes at Yara, 155; proposed by United States to Spain, 217; War of Independence, IV, 1; recognized by Spain, 119. See War of Independence .

Intellectual life of Cuba, I, 360; lack of productiveness in Sixteenth Century, 362; Cuban backwardness, II, 235; first important progress, 273; great arising and splendid achievements, III, 317.

Insurrections. See Revolutions , and Slavery .

Intervention, Government of: First, established, IV, 132; organized, 145; Cuban Cabinet, 145; saves island from famine, 146; works of rehabilitation and reform, 148; marriage law, 152; concessions forbidden, 153; census, 154; civil governments of provinces, 179; municipal elections ordered, 180; electoral law 180; final transactions, 246; Second Government of Intervention, 281; C. E. Magoon, Governor, 281; Consulting Board, 284; elections held, 289, 290; commission for revising laws, 294; controversy over church property, 294.

Intervention sought by Great Britain and France, III, 128; by United States, IV, 106.

Iroquois, I, 7.

Irving, Washington, on Columbus's landing place, I, 12.

Isabella, Columbus's landing place, I, 3.

Isabella, Queen, portrait, I, 13.

Isidore of Seville, quoted, I, 4.

Islas de Arena, I, 11.

Isle of Pines, I, 26; recognized as part of Cuba, 224; status under Platt Amendment, IV, 255.

Italian settlers in Cuba, I, 169.

Ivonnet, Negro insurgent, IV, 307.

Jamaica, Columbus at, I, 20.

Japan. See Cipango .

Jaruco, founded, II, 131.

Jefferson, Thomas, on Cuban annexation, II, 260; III, 132.

Jeronimite Order, made guardian of Indians, I, 78; becomes their oppressor, 127.

Jesuits, controversy over, II, 86; expulsion of, 111.

Jordan, Thomas, joins Cuban revolution, III, 211.

Jorrin, Jose Silverio, portrait, facing III, 308.

Jovellar, Joachim, Governor, III, 273; proclaims state of siege, 289; resigns, 290.

Juana, Columbus's first name for Cuba, I, 13.

Juan Luis Keys, I, 21.

Judiciary, reforms in, II, 110; under Navarro, 142; under Unzaga, 165; under Leonard Wood, IV, 177.

Junta, Cuban, in United States, III, 91; New York, IV, 2; branches elsewhere, 3; policy in enlisting men, 19.

Junta de Fomento, II, 178.

Juntas of the Laborers, III, 174.

Keppel, Gen. See Albemarle .

Key Indians, I, 125; expedition against, 126.

"Key of the New World and Bulwark of the Indies," I, 210.

Kindelan, Sebastian de, II, 197, 315.

Lacoste, Perfecto, Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, IV, 160.

Land tenure, II, 12; absentee landlords, 214.

Lanuza, Gonzalez, Secretary of Justice, IV, 146; portrait, 146.

Lares, Amador de, I, 93.

La Salle, in Cuba, I, 73.

Las Casas, Bartholomew, Apostle to the Indies, arrival in Cuba, I, 63; portrait, 64; denounces Narvaez, 66; begins campaign against slavery, 75; mission to Spain, 77; before Ximenes, 77.

Las Casas, Luis de, Governor, II, 175; portrait, 175; death, 182.

Lasso de la Vega, Juan, Bishop, II, 17.

Lawton, Gen. Henry W., leads advance against Spanish, IV, 112; Military Governor of Oriente, 139.

Lazear, Camp, established, IV, 172.

Lazear, Jesse W., hero and martyr in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Ledesma, Francisco Rodriguez, Governor, I, 310.

Lee, Fitzhugh, Consul General at Havana, IV, 72; reports on "concentration" policy of Weyler, 86; asks for warship to protect Americans at Havana, 97; Maine sent, 98; commands troops at Havana, 121.

Lee, Robert Edward, declines to join Lopez, III, 39.

Legrand, Pedro, invades Cuba, I, 302.

Leiva, Lopez, Secretary of Government, IV, 297.

Lemus, Jose Morales, III, 333.

Lendian, Evelio Rodriguez, educator, sketch and portrait, IV, 162.

Liberal Party, III, 306; triumphant through revolution, IV, 285; dissensions, 303; conspiracy against election, 329.

Liberty Loans, Cuban subscriptions to, IV, 352.

Lighthouse service, under Mario G. Menocal, IV, 168.

Linares, Tomas de, first Rector of University of Havana, II, 11.

Lindsay, Forbes, quoted, II, 217.

Linschoten, Jan H. van, historian, quoted, I, 351.

Liquor, intoxicating, prohibited in 1780, II, 150.

Literary periodicals: El Habanero , III, 321; El Plantel , 324; Cuban Review , 325; Havana Review , 329.

Literature, II, 245; early works, 252; poets, 274; great development of activity, III, 315 et seq.

Little Inagua, I, 4.

Llorente, Pedro, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 188, 190.

Lobera, Juan de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 182; desperate defence against Sores, 185.

Lolonois, pirate, I, 296.

Long Island. See Ferdinandina .

Lopez, Narciso, sketch and portrait, III, 23; in Venezuela, 24; joins the Spanish army, 26; marries and settles in Cuba, 30; against the Carlists in Spain, 31; friend of Valdez, 31; offices and honors, 33; plans Cuban revolution, 36; betrayed and fugitive, 37; consults Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee, 38; first American expedition, 39; members of the party, 40; activity in Southern States, 43; expedition starts, 45; proclamation to his men, 46; lands at Cardenas, 49; lack of Cuban support, 54; reembarks, 56; lands at Key West, 58; arrested and tried, 60; second expedition organized, 65; betrayed, 67; third expedition, 70; final expedition organized, 91; lands in Cuba, 98; defeated and captured, 112; death, 114; results of his works, 116.

Lorenzo, Gen., Governor at Santiago, II, 347.

Lorraine, Sir Lambton, III, 280.

Los Rios, J. B. A. de, I, 310.

Lottery, National, established by Jose Miguel Gomez, IV, 310.

Louisiana, Franco-Spanish contest over, II, 117; Ulloa sent from Cuba to take possession, 118; O'Reilly sent, 123; Uznaga sent, 126.

Louverture, Toussaint, II, 186.

Luaces, Joaquin Lorenzo, sketch and portrait, III, 330.

Ludlow, Gen. William, command and work at Havana, IV, 144.

Lugo, Pedro Benitez de, Governor, I, 331.

Luna y Sarmiento, Alvaro de, Governor, I, 290.

Luz y Caballero, Jose de la, "Father of the Cuban Revolution," III, 322; great work for patriotic education, 323; Portrait, frontispiece, Vol III.

Luzan, Gabriel de, Governor, I, 236; controversy over La Fuerza, 237; feud with Quinones, 241; unites with Quinones to resist Drake, 243; energetic action, 246; tenure of office prolonged, 250; end of term, 260.

Macaca, province of, I, 20.

Maceo, Jose Antonio, proclaims Provisional Government, IV, 15; leader in War of Independence, 41; commands Division of Oriente, 43; defeats Campos, 46; plans great campaign, 53; invades Pinar del Rio, 61; successful campaign, 73; death, 74; portrait, facing 74.

Maceo, Jose, IV, 41; marches through Cuba, 76.

Machado, Eduard, treason of, III, 258.

Machete, used in battle, IV, 57.

Madison, James, on status of Cuba, III, 132.

Madriaga, Juan Ignacio, II, 59.

Magoon, Charles E., Provisional Governor, IV, 281; his administration, 283; promotes public works, 286; takes census, 287; election law, 287; retires, 295.

Mahy, Nicolas, Governor, II, 315.

Mail service established, II, 107; under American occupation, IV, 168.

Maine sent to Havana, IV, 98; destruction of, 98; investigation, 100.

Maldonado, Diego, I, 146.

Mandeville, Sir John, I, 20.

Mangon, identified with Mangi, I, 20.

Manners and Customs, II, 229 et seq.; balls, 239; shopping, 242; relations of black and white races, 242; cafes, 243; early society, 248.

Monosca, Juan Saenz, Bishop, I, 301.

Manrique, Diego, Governor, II, 109.

Manzaneda y Salines, Severino de, Governor, I, 320.

Manzanillo, Declaration of Independence issued, III, 155.

Maraveo Ponce de Leon, Gomez de, I, 339.

Marco Polo, I, 4, 20.

Marcy, William L., policy toward Cuba, III, 136.

Mar de la Nuestra Senora, I, 18.

Mariguana. See Guanahani .

Marin, Sabas, succeeds Campos in command, IV, 63.

Markham, Sir Clements, on Columbus's first landing, I, 12.

Marmol, Donato, III, 173, 184.

Marquez, Pedro Menendez, I, 206.

Marriage law, reformed under American occupation, IV, 152; controversy over, 153.

Marti, Jose, portrait, frontispiece, Vol IV; leader of War of Independence, IV, 2; his career, 9; in New York, 11; organizes Junta, 11; goes to Cuba, 15; death, 16; his war manifesto, 17; fulfilment of his ideals, 355.

Marti, Jose, secretary of War, portrait, IV, 360.

Marti, the pirate, II, 357.

Martinez Campos. See Campos.

Martinez, Dionisio de la Vega, Governor, II, 8; inscription on La Punta, 14.

Martinez, Juan, I, 192.

Martyr, Peter, I, 53.

Maso, Bartolome, revolutionist, IV, 34; rebukes Spotorno, 35; President of Cuban Republic, 43; Vice President of Council, 48; President of Republic, 90; candidate for Vice President, 242; seeks Presidency, 243.

Mason, James M., U. S. Minister to France, III, 141.

Masse, E. M., describes slave trade, II, 202; rural life, 216; on Spanish policy toward Cuba, 227; social morals, 230.

Matanzas, founded, I, 321; meaning of name, 321.

Maura, Sr., proposes Cuban reforms, IV, 5.

McCullagh, John B., reorganizes Havana Police, IV, 150.

McKinley, William, President of United States, message of 1897 on Cuba, IV, 87; declines European mediation, 103; message for war, 104.

Maza, Enrique, assaults Hugh S. Gibson, IV, 308.

Mazariegos, Diego de, Governor, I, 191; a scandalous moralist, 193; defences against privateering, 193; takes charge of La Fuerza, 195; controversy with Governor of Florida, 196; replaced by Sandoval, 197.

Medina, Fernando de, I, 111.

Mendez-Capote, Fernando, Secretary of Sanitation, portrait, IV, 360.

Mendieta, Carlos, candidate for Vice President, IV, 328; rebels, 338.

Mendive, Rafael Maria de, III, 328.

Mendoza, Martin de, I, 204.

Menendez, Pedro de Aviles, I, 199; commander of Spanish fleet, 200; clash with Osorio, 201; Governor of Cuba, 205; dealing with increasing enemies, 208; fortifies Havana, 209; recalled to Spain, 213; conflict with Bishop Castillo, 226.

Menocal, Aniceto G., portrait, IV, 50.

Menocal, Mario G., Assistant Secretary of War, IV, 49; Chief of Police at Havana, 144, 150; in charge of Lighthouse Service, 168; candidate for President, 290; slandered by Liberals, 291; elected President, 312; biography, 312; portrait, facing 312; view of birthplace, 313; Cabinet, 320; opinion of Cuba's needs, 321; first message, 322; conflict with Congress, 323; important reforms, 324; suppresses rebellion, 327; candidate for reelection, 328; vigorous action against Gomez's rebellion, 335; declines American aid, 337; escapes assassination, 339; reelection confirmed, 341; clemency to traitors, 342; message on entering Great War, 346; fulfilment of Marti's ideals, 355; estimate of his administration, 356; achievements for education, 357; health, 357; industry and commerce, 358; finance, 359; "from Velasquez to Menocal," 365.

Menocal, Senora, leadership of Cuban womanhood in Red Cross and other work, IV, 354; portrait, facing 352.

Mercedes, Maria de las, quoted, II, 174; on slave insurrection, 368.

Merchan, Rafael, III, 174; patriotic works, 335.

Merlin, Countess de. See Mercedes .

Merrimac , sunk at Santiago, IV, 111.

Mesa, Hernando de, first Bishop, I, 122.

Mestre, Jose Manuel, sketch and portrait, III, 326.

Meza, Sr., Secretary of Public Instruction and Arts, IV, 297.

Mexico, discovered and explored from Cuba, I, 87; designs upon Cuba, II, 262; Cuban expedition against, 346; warned off by United States, III, 134; fall of Maximilian, 150.

Milanes, Jose Jacinto, sketch, portrait and works, III, 324.

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., prepares for invasion of Cuba, IV, 111.

Miranda, Francisco, II, 156; with Bolivar, 335.

Miscegenation, II, 204.

Molina, Francisco, I, 290.

Monastic orders, I, 276.

Monroe Doctrine, foreshadowed, II, 256; promulgated, 328.

Monroe, James, interest in Cuba, II, 257; promulgates Doctrine, 328; portrait, 329.

Monserrate Gate, Havana, picture, II, 241.

Montalvo, Gabriel, Governor, I, 215; feud with Rojas family, 218; investigated and retired, 219; pleads for naval protection for Cuba, 220.

Montalvo, Lorenzo, II, 89.

Montalvo, Rafael, Secretary of Public Works, urges resistance to revolutionists, IV, 270.

Montanes, Pedro Garcia, I, 292.

Montano See Velasquez , J. M.

Montes, Garcia, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 254.

Montesino, Antonio, I, 78.

Montiel, Vasquez de, naval commander, I, 278.

Montoro, Rafael, Representative in Cortes, III, 308; spokesman of Autonomists, IV, 59; in Autonomist Cabinet, 95; candidate for Vice President, 290; attacked by Liberals, 291; biography, 317; portrait, facing 320.

Morales case, IV, 92.

Morales. Pedro de, commands at Santiago, I, 299.

Morals, strangely mixed with piety and vice, II, 229.

Morell, Pedro Augustino, Bishop, II, 53; controversy with Albemarle, 83; exiled, 87; death, 113.

Moreno, Andres, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, IV, 90.

Moret law, abolishing slavery, III, 243.

Morgan, Henry, plans raid on Havana, I, 297; later career, 303.

Morro Castle, Havana, picture, facing I, 180; site of battery, 180; tower built by Mazariegos, 196; fortified against Drake, 249; planned by Antonelli, 261; besieged by British, II, 55.

Morro Castle, Santiago, built, I, 289; picture, facing 298.

Mucaras, I, 11.

Muenster, geographer, I, 6.

Mugeres Islands, I, 84.

Munive, Andres de, I, 317.

Murgina y Mena, A. M., I, 317.

Music, early concerts at Havana, II, 239.

Nabia, Juan Alfonso de, I, 207.

Nancy Globe, I. 6.

Napoleon's designs upon Cuba, II, 203.

Naranjo, probable landing place of Columbus, I, 12.

Narvaez, Panfilo de, portrait, I, 63; arrival in Cuba, 63; campaign against natives, 65; explores the island, 67; errand to Spain, 77; sent to Mexico to oppose Cortez, 98; secures appointment of Councillors for life, 111.

Naval stations, U. S., in Cuba, IV, 255.

Navarrete, quoted, I, 3, 12.

Navarro, Diego Jose, Governor, II, 141, 150.

Navy, Spanish, in Cuban waters, III, 182, 225.

Negroes, imported as slaves, I, 170; treatment of, 171; slaves and free, increasing numbers of, 229. See Slavery .

New Orleans, anti-Spanish outbreak, III, 126.

New Spain. See Mexico .

Newspapers: Gazeta , 1780, II, 157; Papel Periodico , 179; 246; publications in Paris, Madrid and New York, 354; El Faro Industrial, III, 18; Diario de la Marina, 18; La Verdad, 18; La Vos de Cuba, 260; La Vos del Siglo, 232; La Revolucion, 333; El Siglo, 334; El Laborante, 335.

Norsemen, American colonists, I, 7.

Nougaret, Jean Baptiste, quoted, II, 26.

Nunez, Emilio, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12; in war, 57; Civil Governor of Havana, 179; head of Veterans' Association, 305; Secretary of Agriculture, 320; candidate for Vice President, 328; election confirmed, 341.

Nunez, Enrique, Secretary of Health and Charities, IV, 320.

Ocampo, Sebastian de, circumnavigates Cuba, I, 54.

O'Donnell, George Leopold, Governor, II, 365; his wife's sordid intrigues, 365.

Oglethorpe, Governor of Georgia, hostile to Spain, II, 24, 30.

O'Hara, Theodore, with Lopez, III, 46.

Ojeda, Alonzo de, I, 54; introduces Christianity to Cuba, 55.

Olid, Christopher de, sent to Mexico, I, 88.

Olney, Richard. U. S. Secretary of State, attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 71.

Oquendo, Antonio de, I, 281.

Orejon y Gaston, Francisco Davila de, Governor, I, 301, 310.

O'Reilly, Alexandre, sent to occupy Louisiana, II, 123; ruthless rule, 125.

Orellano, Diego de, I, 86.

Ornofay, province of, I, 20.

Ortiz, Bartholomew, alcalde mayor, I, 146; retires, 151.

Osorio, Garcia de Sandoval, Governor, I, 197; conflict with Menendez, 199, 201; retired, 205; tried, 206.

Osorio, Sancho Pardo, I, 207.

Ostend Manifesto, III, 142.

Ovando, Alfonso de Caceres, I, 214; revises law system, 233.

Ovando, Nicolas de, I, 54.

Palma, Tomas Estrada, head of Cuban Junta in New York, IV, 3; Provisional President of Cuban Republic, 15; Delegate at Large, 43; rejects anything short of independence, 71; candidate for Presidency, 241; his career, 241; elected President, 245; arrival in Cuba, 247; portrait, facing 248; receives transfer of government from General Wood, 248; Cabinet, 254; first message, 254; prosperous administration, 259; non-partisan at first, 264; forced toward Conservative party, 264; reelected, 266; refuses to believe insurrection impending, 266; refuses to submit to blackmail, 268; betrayed by Congress, 269; acts too late, 270; seeks American aid, 271; interview with W. H. Taft, 276; resigns Presidency, 280; estimate of character and work, 282; death, 284.

Palma y Romay, Ramon, III, 327.

Parra, Antonio, scientist, II, 252.

Parra, Maso, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Parties, political, in Cuba, IV, 59; origin and characteristics of Conservative and Liberal, 181, 261.

Pasalodos, Damaso, Secretary to President, IV, 297

Pasamonte, Miguel, intrigues against Columbus, I, 58.

Paz, Dona de, marries Juan de Avila, I, 154.

Paz, Pedro de, I, 109.

Penalosa, Diego de, Governor, II, 31.

Penalver. See Penalosa .

Penalver, Luis, Bishop of New Orleans, II, 179.

"Peninsulars," III, 152.

Pensacola, settlement of, I, 328; seized by French, 342; recovered by Spanish, II, 7; defended by Galvez, 146.

Pereda, Gaspar Luis, Governor, I, 276.

Perez, Diego, repels privateers, I, 179.

Perez, Perico, revolutionist, IV, 15, 30, 78.

Perez de Zambrana, Luisa, sketch and portrait, III, 328.

Personal liberty restricted, III, 8.

Peru, good wishes for Cuban revolution, III, 223.

Philip II, King, appreciation of Cuba, I, 260.

Pieltain, Candido, Governor, III, 275.

Pierce, Franklin, President of United States, policy toward Cuba, III, 136.

Pina, Severo, Secretary of Finance, IV, 48.

Pinar del Rio, city founded, II, 131; Maceo invades province, IV, 61; war in, 73.

Pineyro, Enrique, III, 333; sketch and portrait, 334.

Pinto, Ramon, sketch and portrait, III, 62.

"Pirates of America," I, 296.

Pizarro, Francisco de, I, 54, 91.

Platt, Orville H., Senator, on relations of United States and Cuba, IV, 198; Amendment to Cuban Constitution, 199; Amendment adopted, 203; text of Amendment, 238.

Pococke, Sir George, expedition against Havana, II, 46.

Poey, Felipe, sketch and portrait, III, 315.

Point Lucrecia, I, 18.

Polavieja, Gen., Governor, III, 314.

Police, reorganized, II, 312; under American occupation, IV, 150; police courts established, 171.

Polk, James K., President of the United States, policy toward Cuba, III, 135.

Polo y Bernabe, Spanish Minister at Washington, IV, 98.

Ponce de Leon, in Cuba, I, 73; death, 139.

Ponce de Leon, of New York, in Cuban Junta, IV, 13.

Pope, efforts to maintain peace, between United States and Spain, IV, 104.

Porro, Cornelio, treason of, III, 257.

Port Banes, I, 18.

Port Nipe, I, 18.

Port Nuevitas, I, 3.

Portuguese settlers, I, 168.

Portuondo, Rafael, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, IV, 48; filibuster, 70.

Prado y Portocasso, Juan, Governor, II, 49; neglect of duty, 52; sentenced to degradation, 108.

Praga, Francisco de, I, 282.

Presidency, first candidates for, IV, 240; Tomas Estrada Palma elected, 245; Jose Miguel Gomez aspires to, 260; candidates in 1906, 265; Palma's resignation, 280; Jose Miguel Gomez elected, 290; fourth campaign, 312; Mario G. Menocal elected, 312; fifth campaign, 328; General Menocal reelected, 341.

Prim, Gen., Spanish revolutionist, III, 145.

Printing, first press in Cuba, II, 245.

Privateers, French ravage Cuba, I, 177; Havana and Santiago attacked, 178; Havana looted, 179; Jacques Sores, 183; Havana captured, 186; Santiago looted, 193; French raids, 220, et seq.

Proctor, Redfield, Senator, investigates and reports on condition of Cuba in War of Independence, IV, 87.

Procurators, appointment of, I, 112.

Protectorate, tripartite, refused by United States, II, 261; III, 130, 133.

Provincial governments organized, IV, 179, confusion in, 292.

Public Works, promoted by General Wood, IV, 166; by Magoon, 286.

Puerto Grande. See Guantanamo .

Puerto Principe, I, 18, 167.

Punta, La, first fortification, I, 203; strengthened against Drake, 249; fortress planned by Antonelli, 261; picture, IV, 33.

Punta Lucrecia, I, 3.

Punta Serafina, I, 22.

Queen's Gardens, I, 20.

Quero, Geronimo, I, 277.

Quesada, Gonzalo de, Secretary of Cuban Junta, IV, 3; Minister to United States, 275.

Quesada, Manuel, sketch and portrait, III, 167; proclamation, 169; death, 262.

Quezo, Juan de, I, 113.

Quilez, J. M., Civil Governor of Pinar del Rio, IV, 179.

Quinones, Diego Hernandez de, commander of fortifications at Havana, I, 240; feud with Luzan, 241; unites with Luzan to resist Drake, 243.

Quinones, Dona Leonora de, I, 117.

Rabi, Jesus, revolutionist, IV, 34, 42.

Railroads, first in Cuba, II, 343.

Raja, Vicente, Governor, I, 337.

Ramirez, Alejandro, sketch and portrait, II, 311.

Ramirez, Miguel, Bishop, partisan of Guzman, I, 120; political activities and greed, 124.

Ramos, Gregorio, I, 274.

Ranzel, Diego, I, 295.

Recio, R. Lopez, Civil Governor of Camaguey, IV, 180.

Recio, Serafin, III, 86.

Reciprocity, secured by Roosevelt for Cuba, IV, 256.

"Reconcentrados," mortality among, IV, 86.

Red Cross, Cuban activities, IV, 353.

Redroban, Pedro de, I, 201.

Reed, Walter, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Reformists, Spanish, support Blanco's Autonomist policy, IV, 97.

Reggio, Andreas, II, 32.

Reno, George, in War of Independence, IV, 12; running blockade, 21; portrait, 21; services in Great War, 351.

Renteria, Pedro de, partner of Las Casas, I, 75; opposes slavery, 76.

Repartimiento, I, 70.

Republic of Cuba: proclaimed and organized, III, 157; first representative Assembly, 161; Constitution of 1868, 164; first House of Representatives, 176; Judiciary, 177; legislation, 177; army, 178; fails to secure recognition, 203; Government reorganized, 275; after Treaty of Zanjon, 301; reorganized in War of Independence, IV, 15; Maso chosen President, 43; Conventions of Yara and Najasa, 47; Constitution adopted, 47; Government reorganized, Cisneros President, 48; capital at Las Tunas, 56; removes to Cubitas, 72; exercises functions of government, 72; reorganized in 1897, 90; after Spanish evacuation of island, 134; disbanded, 135; Constitutional Convention called, 185; Constitution completed, 192; relations with United States, 195; Platt Amendment, 203; enters Great War, 346.

Revolutions: Rise of spirit, II, 268; in South America, 333; "Soles de Bolivar," 341; attempts to revolt, 344; "Black Eagle," 346; plans of Lopez, III, 36; Lopez's first invasion, 49; Aguero's insurrection, 72; comments of New York Herald , 89; Lopez's last expedition, 91; results of his work, 116; European interest, 125; beginning of Ten Years' War. 155; end of Ten Years' War, 299; insurrection renewed, 308, 318; War of Independence, IV, 1; Sartorius Brothers, 4; end of War of Independence, 116; revolt against President Palma, 266; ultimatum, 278; government overthrown, 280; Negro insurrection, 307; conspiracy against President Menocal, 327; great treason of Jose Miguel Gomez, 332; Gomez captured, 337; warnings from United States Government, 338; revolutions denounced by United States, 343.

Revolutionary party, Cuban, IV, 1, 11.

Rey, Juan F. G., III, 40.

Riano y Gamboa, Francisco, Governor, I, 287.

Ribera, Diego de, I, 206; work on La Fuerza, 209.

Ricafort, Mariano, Governor, II, 347.

Ricla, Conde de, Governor, II, 102; retires, 109.

Rio de la Luna, I, 16.

Rio de Mares, I, 16.

Riva-Martiz, I, 279.

Rivera, Juan Ruiz, filibuster, IV, 70; succeeds Maceo, 79.

Rivera, Ruiz, Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, IV, 160.

Roa, feud with Villalobos, I, 323.

Rodas, Caballero de, Governor, III, 213; emancipation decree, 242.

Rodney, Sir George, expedition to West Indies, II, 153.

Rodriguez, Alejandro, suppresses revolt, IV, 266.

Rodriguez, Laureano, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Rojas, Alfonso de, I, 181.

Rojas, Gomez de, banished, I, 193; Governor of La Fuerza, 217; rebuilds Santiago, 258.

Rojas, Hernando de, expedition to Florida, I, 196.

Rojas, Juan Bautista de, royal treasurer, I, 218.

Rojas, Juan de, aid to Lady Isabel de Soto, I, 145; commander at Havana, 183.

Rojas, Manuel de, Governor, I, 105; adopts policy of "Cuba for the Cubans," 106; second Governorship, 121; dealings with Indians, 126; noble endeavors frustrated, 130; resigns, 135; the King's unique tribute to him, 135.

Roldan, Francisco Dominguez, Secretary of Public Instruction, sketch and portrait, IV, 357.

Roldan, Jose Gonzalo, III, 328.

Roloff, Carlos, revolutionist, IV, 45; Secretary of War, 48; filibuster, 70.

Romano Key, I, 18.

Romay, Tomas, introduces vaccination, II, 192; portrait, facing 192.

Roncali, Federico, Governor, II, 366; on Spanish interests in Cuba, 381.

Roosevelt, Theodore, at San Juan Hill, IV, 113; portrait, 113; President of United States, on relations with Cuba, 245; estimate of General Wood's work in Cuba, 251; fight with Congress for Cuban reciprocity, 256; seeks to aid President Palma against revolutionists, 275; letter to Quesada, 275.

Root, Elihu, Secretary of War, on Cuban Constitution, IV, 194; on Cuban relations with United States, 197; explains Platt Amendment, 201.

Rowan, A. S., messenger to Oriente, IV. 107.

Rubalcava, Manuel Justo, II, 274.

Rubens, Horatio, Counsel of Cuban Junta, IV, 3.

Rubios, Palacios, I, 78.

Ruiz, Joaquin, spy, IV, 91; death, 92. See Aranguren .

Ruiz, Juan Fernandez, filibuster, IV, 70.

Rum Cay. See Conception .

Rural Guards, organized by General Wood, IV, 144; efficiency of, 301.

Ruysch, geographer, I, 6.

Saavedra, Juan Esquiro, I, 278.

Sabinal Key, I, 18.

Saco, Jose Antonio, pioneer of Independence, II, 378; portrait, facing 378; literary and patriotic work, III, 325, 327.

Sagasta, Praxedes, Spanish Premier, proposes Cuban reforms, IV, 6; resigns, 36.

Saint Augustine, expedition against, I, 332.

Saint Mery, M. de, search for tomb of Columbus, I, 34.

Salamanca, Juan de, Governor, I, 295; promotes industries, 300.

Salamanca y Negrete, Manuel, Governor, III, 314.

Salaries, some early, I, 263.

Salas, Indalacio, IV, 21.

Salazar. See Someruelos .

Salcedo, Bishop, controversy with Governor Tejada, I, 262.

Sama Point, I, 4.

Samana. See Guanahani .

Sampson, William T., Admiral, in Spanish-American War, IV, 110; at Santiago, 114; portrait, 115.

Sanchez, Bartolome, makes plans for La Fuerza, I, 194; begins building, 195; feud with Mazariegos, 197.

Sanchez, Bernabe, II, 345.

Sancti Spiritus, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168.

Sandoval, Garcia Osorio, Governor, I, 197. See Osario .

Sanitation, undertaken by Guemez, II, 18; vaccination introduced by Dr. Romay. 192; bad conditions, III, 313; General Wood at Santiago, IV, 142; achievements under President Menocal, 357.

Sanguilly, Julio, falls in leading revolution, IV, 29, 55.

Sanguilly, Manuel, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 190.

San Lazaro watchtower, picture, I, 155; fortified against Drake, 248.

San Salvador. See Guanahani .

Santa Clara, Conde de, Governor, II, 194, 300.

Santa Crux del Sur, I, 20.

Santa Cruz, Francisco, I, 111.

Santiago de Cuba, Columbus at, I, 19; founded by Velasquez, 68; second capital of island, 69; seat of gold refining, 80; site of cathedral, 123; condition in Angulo's time, 166; looted by privateers, 193; fortified by Menendez, 203; raided and destroyed by French, 256; rebuilt by Gomez de Rojas, 258; capital of Eastern District, 275; Morro Castle built, 289; captured by British, 299; attacked by Franquinay, 310; attacked by Admiral Vernon, II, 29; literary activities, 169; great improvements made, 180; battles near in War of Independence, IV, 112; naval battle, 114; General Wood's administration, 135; great work for sanitation, 142.

Santiago, battle of, IV, 114.

Santiago, sunset scene, facing III, 280.

Santillan, Diego, Governor, I, 205.

Santo Domingo See Hispaniola .

Sanudo, Luis, Governor, I, 336.

Sarmiento. Diego de, Bishop, makes trouble, I, 149, 152.

Saunders, Romulus M., sounds Spain on purchase of Cuba, III, 135.

Sartorius, Manuel and Ricardo, revolutionists, IV, 4.

Savine, Albert, on British designs on Cuba, II, 40.

Schley, Winfield S., Admiral, in Spanish-American War, IV, 110; portrait, 110; at Santiago, 114.

Schoener's globe, I, 5.

Schools, backward condition of, II, 174, 244, 312. See Education .

Shafter, W. R., General, leads American army into Cuba, IV, 111.

Shipbuilding at Havana, II, 8, 33, 113, 300.

Sickles, Daniel E., Minister to Spain, offers mediation, III, 217.

Silva, Manuel, Secretary of Interior, IV, 90.

Slave Insurrection, II, 13; III, 367, et seq.

Slavery, begun in Repartimiento system, I, 70; not sanctioned by King, 82; slave trading begun, 83; growth and regulation, 170; oppressive policy of Spain, 266; the "Assiento," II, 2; great growth of trade, 22; gross abuses, 202; described by Masse, 202; census of slaves, 204; rise of emancipation movement, 206; rights of slaves defined by King, 210; African trade forbidden, 285; Negro census, 286; early records of trade, 288; Humboldt on, 288; statistics of trade, 289 et seq.; domestic relations of slaves, 292; dangers of system denounced, 320; official complicity in illegal trade, 366; slave insurrection, 367; inhuman suppression by government, 374 et seq.; emancipation by revolution of 1868, 159; United States urges Spain to abolish slavery, 242; Rodas's decrees, 242; Moret law, 243.

Smith, Caleb. publishes book on West Indies, II, 37.

Smuggling, II, 133.

"Sociedad de Amigos," II, 169.

"Sociedad Patriotica," II, 166.

"Sociedad Patriotica y Economica," II, 178.

Society of Progress, II, 78.

Solano, Jose de, naval commander, II, 147.

"Soles de Bolivar," II, 341; attempts to suppress, 343.

Solorzano, Juan del Hoya, I, 337; II, 10.

Someruelos, Marquis of, Governor, II, 196, 301.

Sores, Jacques, French raider, II, 183; attacks Havana, 184; captures city, 186.

Soto, Antonio de, I, 292.

Soto, Diego de, I, 109, 217.

Soto, Hernando de, Governor and Adelantado, I, 140; portrait, 140; arrival in Cuba, 141; tour of island, 142; makes Havana his home, 144; chiefly interested in Florida, 144; sails for Florida, 145; his fate in Mississippi, 147; trouble with Indians, 148.

Soto, Lady Isabel de, I, 141; her vigil at La Fuerza, 147; death, 149.

Soto, Luis de, I, 141.

Soule, Pierre, Minister to Spain, III, 137; Indiscretions, 138; Ostend Manifesto, 142.

South Sea Company, II, 21, 201.

Spain: Fiscal policy toward Cuba, I, 175; wars with France, 177; discriminations against Cuba, 266, 267; protests against South Sea Company, II, 22; course in American Revolution, 143; war with Great Britain, 151; attitude toward America, 159; peace with Great Britain, 162; restrictive laws, 224; policy under Godoy, 265; decline of power, 273; seeks to pawn Cuba to Great Britain for loan, 330; protests to United States against Lopez's expedition, III, 59; seeks British protection, 129; refuses to sell Cuba, 135; revolution against Bourbon dynasty, 145 et seq.; rejects suggestion of American mediation in Cuba, 219; seeks American mediation, 293; strives to placate Cuba, IV, 5; crisis over Cuban affairs, 35; attitude toward War of Independence, 40; considers Autonomy, 71; Cabinet crisis of 1897, 88; proposes joint investigation of Maine disaster, 100; at war with United States, 106; makes Treaty of Paris, relinquishing Cuba, 118.

Spanish-American War: causes of, IV, 105; declared, 106; blockade of Cuban coast, 110; landing of American army in Cuba, 111; fighting near Santiago, 112; fort at El Caney, picture, 112; San Juan Hill, battle, 113; San Juan Hill, picture of monument, 114; naval battle of Santiago, 115; peace negotiations, 116; "Peace Tree," picture, 116; treaty of peace, 118.

Spanish literature in XVI century, I, 360.

Spotorno, Juan Bautista, seeks peace, rebuked by Maso, IV, 35.

Steinhart, Frank, American consul, advises President Palma to ask for American aid, IV, 271; correspondence with State Department, 272.

Stock raising, early attention to, I, 173, 224; development of, 220.

Stokes, W. E. D., aids War of Independence, IV, 14.

Students, murder of by Volunteers, III, 260.

Suarez y Romero, Anselmo, III, 326.

Sugar, Industry begun under Velasquez, I, 175, 224; growth of industry, 265; primitive methods, II, 222; growth, III, 3; great development under President Menocal, IV, 358.

"Suma de Geografia," of Enciso, I, 54.

Sumana, Diego de, I, 111.

Tacon, Miguel, Governor, II, 347; despotic fury, 348; conflict with Lorenzo, 349; public works, 355; fish market, 357; melodramatic administration of justice, 359.

Taft, William H., Secretary of War of United States, intervenes in revolution, IV, 272; arrives at Havana, 275; negotiates with President Palma and the revolutionists, 276; portrait, 276; conveys ultimatum of revolutionists to President Palma, 279; accepts President Palma's resignation, 280; pardons revolutionists, 280; unfortunate policy, 283.

Tainan, Antillan stock, I, 8.

Tamayo, Diego, Secretary of State, IV, 159; Secretary of Government, 254.

Tamayo, Rodrigo de, I, 126.

Tariff, after British occupation, II, 106; reduction, 141; oppressive duties. III, 5; under American occupation, IV, 183.

Taxation, revolt against, II, 197; "reforms," 342; oppressive burdens, III, 6; increase in Ten Years' War, 207; evasion of, 312; under American intervention, IV, 151.

Taylor, Hannis, American Minister at Madrid, IV, 33.

Tejada, Juan de, Governor, I, 261; great works for Cuba, 262; resigns, 263.

Teneza, Dr. Francisco, Protomedico, I, 336.

Ten Years' War, III, 155 et seq.; first battles, 184; aid from United States, 211; offers of American mediation, 217; rejected, 219; campaigns of destruction, 222; losses reported, 290; end in Treaty of Zanjon, 299; losses, 304.

Terry, Emilio, Secretary of Agriculture, IV, 254.

Theatres, first performance in Cuba, I, 264; first theatre built, II, 130, 236.

Thrasher, J. S., on census, II, 283.

Tines y Fuertes, Juan Antonio, Governor, II, 31.

Tobacco, early use, I, 9; culture promoted, 300; monopoly, 334; "Tobacco War," 338; effects of monopoly, II, 221.

Tobar, Nunez, I, 141, 143.

Tolon, Miguel de, III, 330.

Toltecs, I, 7.

Tomayo, Esteban, revolutionist, IV, 34.

Torquemada, Garcia de, I, 239; investigates Luzan, 241.

Torre, Marquis de la, Governor, II, 127; work for Havana, 129; death, 133.

Torres Ayala, Laureano de, Governor, I, 334; reappointed, 337.

Torres, Gaspar de, Governor, I, 234; conflict with Rojas family, 235; absconds, 235.

Torres, Rodrigo de, naval commander, II, 34.

Torriente, Cosimo de la, Secretary of Government, IV, 320.

Toscanelli, I, 4.

Treaty of Paris, IV, 118.

Tres Palacios, Felipe Jose de, Bishop, II, 174.

Tribune, New York, describes revolutionary leaders, III, 173.

Trinidad, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168; great fire, II, 177.

Trocha, begun by Campos, IV, 44; Weyler's, 73.

Troncoso, Bernardo, Governor, II, 168.

Turnbull, David, British consul, II, 364; complicity in slave insurrection, 372.

Ubite, Juan de, Bishop, I, 123.

Ulloa, Antonio de, sent to take possession of Louisiana, II, 118; arbitrary conduct, 120.

Union Constitutionalists, III, 306.

United States, early relations with Cuba, II, 254; first suggestion of annexation, 257; John Quincy Adams's policy, 258; Jefferson's policy, 260; Clay's policy, 261; representations to Colombia and Mexico, 262; Buchanan's policy, 263; Monroe Doctrine, 328; consuls not admitted to Cuba, 330; Van Buren's policy, 331; growth of commerce with Cuba, III, 22; President Taylor's proclamation against filibustering, 41; course toward Lopez, 60; attitude toward Cuban revolutionists, 123; division of sentiment between North and South, 124; policy of Edward Everett, 130; overtures for purchase of Cuba, 135; end of Civil War, 151; new policy toward Cuba, 151; recognition denied to revolution, 172; aid and sympathy given secretly, 195; Cuban appeals for recognition, 200; recognition denied, 203; protests against Rodas's decrees, 216; offers of mediation, 217; rejected by Spain, 219; increasing interest and sympathy with revolutionists, 273; warning to Spanish Government, 291; effect of reciprocity upon Cuba, 313; attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 27, 70; Congress favors recognition, 70; tender of good offices, 71; President Cleveland's message of 1896, 79; appropriation for relief of victims of "concentration" policy, 86; President McKinley's message of 1897, 87; sensation at destruction of Maine , 99; declaration of war against Spain, 106; Treaty of Paris, 118; establishment of first Government of Intervention, 132; relations with Republic of Cuba, 195; protectorate to be retained, 196; Platt Amendment, 199; mischief-making intrigues, 200; naval stations in Cuba, 255; reciprocity, 256; second Intervention, 281; warning to Jose Miguel Gomez, 305; asks settlement of claims, 308; Charge d'Affaires assaulted, 308; supervision of Cuban legislation, 326; warning to revolutionists, 339; attitude toward Gomez revolution, 343.

University of Havana, founded, II, 11.

Unzaga, Luis de, Governor, II, 157.

Urrutia, historian, quoted, I, 300.

Urrutia, Sancho de, I, 111.

Utrecht, Treaty of, I, 326; begins new era, II, 1.

Uznaga, Luis de, sent to rule Louisiana, II, 126; reforms, 165.

Vaca, Cabeza de, I, 140.

Vadillo, Juan, declines to investigate Guzman, I, 118; temporary Governor, 119; tremendous indictment of Guzman, 120; retires after good work, 121; clash with Bishop Ramirez, 124.

Valdes, historian, quoted, II, 175.

Valdes, Gabriel de la Conception, III, 325.

Valdes, Jeronimo, Bishop, I, 335.

Valdes, Pedro de, Governor, I, 202, 272; retires, 276.

Valdes, Geronimo, Governor, II, 364.

Valdueza, Marquis de, I, 281.

Valiente, Jose Pablo, II, 170, 180.

Valiente, Juan Bautista, Governor of Santiago, II, 180.

Vallizo, Diego, I, 277.

Valmaseda, Count, Governor, proclamation against revolution, III, 171, 270; recalled for barbarities, 273.

Van Buren, Martin, on United States and Cuba, II, 331.

Vandeval, Nicolas C., I, 331, 333.

Varela, Felix, sketch and portrait, III, 320; works, 321.

Varnhagen, F. A. de, quoted, I, 2.

Varona, Bernabe de, sketch and portrait, III, 178.

Varona, Jose Enrique, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 159; Vice President, 312; biography, 316; portrait, facing 316.

Varona, Pepe Jerez, chief of secret service, IV, 268.

Vasquez, Juan, I, 330.

Vedado, view in, IV, 176.

Vega, Pedro Guerra de la, I, 243; asks fugitives to aid in defence against Drake, 248.

Velasco, Francisco de Aguero, II, 345.

Velasco, Luis Vicente, defender of Morro against British, II, 58; signal valor, 61; death, 67.

Velasquez, Antonio, errand to Spain, I, 77

Velasquez, Bernardino, I, 115.

Velasquez, Diego, first Governor of Cuba, I, 59; portrait, 59; colonizes Cuba, 60; hostilities with natives, 61, explores the island, 67; marriage and bereavement, 68; founds various towns, 68; begins Cuban commerce, 68; organizes government, 69; favored by King Ferdinand, 73; appointed Adelantado, 74; seeks to rule Yucatan and Mexico, 85; recalls Grijalva, 88; quarrels with Cortez, 91; sends Cortez to explore Mexico, 92, 94; seeks to intercept and recall Cortez, 97; sends Narvaez to Mexico, 98; removed from office by Diego Columbus, 100; restored by King, 102; death and epitaph, 103; posthumous arraignment by Altamarino, 107; convicted and condemned, 108.

Velasquez, Juan Montano, Governor, I, 293.

Velez Garcia, Secretary of State, IV, 297.

Velez y Herrera, Ramon, III, 324.

Venegas, Francisco, Governor, I, 278.

Vernon, Edward, Admiral, expedition to Darien, II 27; Invasion of Cuba, 29.

Viamonte, Bitrian, Governor, I, 286.

Viana y Hinojosa, Diego de, Governor, I, 317.

Victory loan, Cuban subscriptions to, IV, 353.

Villa Clara, founded, I, 321.

Villafana, attempts to assassinate Cortez, I, 99.

Villafana, Angelo de, Governor of Florida, controversy with Mazariegos, I, 196.

Villalba y Toledo, Diego de, Governor, I, 290.

Villalobos, Governor, feud with Roa, I, 323.

Villalon, Jose Ramon, in Cuban Junta, IV, 13; Secretary of Public Works, 160, 330.

Villalon Park, scene in, IV, 247.

Villanueva, Count de, II, 342.

Villapando, Bernardino de, Bishop, I, 225.

Villarin, Pedro Alvarez de, Governor, I, 333.

Villaverde, Cirillo, III, 327.

Villaverde, Juan de, Governor of Santiago, I, 276.

Villegas, Diaz de, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 297; resigns, 302.

Villuendas, Enrique, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 188; secretary, 189.

Virginius, capture of, III, 277; butchery of officers and crew, 278 et seq.; British intervention, 280; list of passengers, 281; diplomatic negotiations over, 283.

Vives, Francisco, Governor, II, 317; despotism, 317; expedition against Mexico, 346.

Viyuri, Luis, II, 197.

Volunteers, organized, III, 152; murder Arango, 188; have Dulce recalled, 213; cause murder of Zenea, 252; increased activities, 260; murder of students, 261.

War of Independence, IV, i, 8; circumstances of beginning, 9; finances, 14; Republic of Cuba proclaimed, 15; attitude of Cuban people, 22; actual outbreak, 29; martial law proclaimed, 30; Spanish forces in Cuba, 31; arrival and policy of Martinez Campos, 38; Gomez and Maceo begin great campaign, 53; Spanish defeated, and reenforced, 55; campaign of devastation, 60; entire island involved, 61; fall of Campos, 63; Weyler in command, 66; destruction by both sides, 68; losses, 90; entry of United States, 107; attitude of Cubans toward American intervention, 108; end of war, 116.

Watling's Island. See Guanahani .

Wax, development of Industry, II, 132.

Webster, Daniel, negotiations with Spain, III, 126.

Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, Governor, IV, 65; portrait, 66; harsh decree, 66; conquers Pinar del Rio. 83; "concentration" policy, 85; recalled, 88.

Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, at Santiago, IV, 113, 115.

White, Col. G. W., with Lopez, III, 40.

Whitney, Henry, messenger to Gomez, IV, 107.

Williams, Ramon O., United States consul at Havana, IV, 32; acts in behalf of Americans in Cuba, 72; opposes sending Maine to Havana, 100.

Wittemeyer, Major, reports on Gomez revolution to Washington government, IV, 336; offers President Menocal aid of United States, 337.

Wood, General Leonard, at San Juan Hill, IV, 113; Military Governor of Santiago, 135; his previous career, 140; unique responsibility and power, 141; dealing with pestilence, 142; organizes Rural Guards, 144; portrait, facing 158; Military Governor of Cuba, 158; well received by Cubans, 158; estimate of La Lucha , 158; his Cabinet, 159; comments on his appointments, 160; reorganization of school system, 161; promotes public works, 166; Dady contract dispute, 171; applies Finlay's yellow fever theory with great success, 171; reform of jurisprudence, 177; organizes Provincial governments, 179; holds municipal elections, 180; promulgates election law, 181; calls Constitutional Convention, 185; calls for general election, 240; his comments on election, 245; announces end of American occupation, 246; surrenders government of Cuba to Cubans, 249; President Roosevelt's estimate of his work, 251; view of one of his mountain roads, facing 358.

Woodford, Stewart L., United States Minister to Spain, IV, 103; presents ultimatum and departs, 106.

Xagua, Gulf of, I, 21.

Ximenes, Cardinal and Regent, gives Las Casas hearing on Cuba, I, 77.

Yanez, Adolfo Saenz, Secretary of Agriculture and Public Works, IV, 146.

Yellow Fever, first invasion, II, 51; Dr. Finlay's theory applied by General Wood, IV, 171; disease eliminated from island, 176.

Yero, Eduardo, Secretary of Public Instruction, IV, 254.

Ynestrosa, Juan de, I, 207.

Yniguez, Bernardino, I, 111.

Yucatan, islands source of slave trade, I, 83; explored by Cordova, 84.

Yznaga, Jose Sanchez, III, 37.

Zaldo, Carlos, Secretary of State, IV, 254.

Zambrana, Ramon, III, 328.

Zanjon, Treaty of, III, 299.

Zapata, Peninsula of, visited by Columbus, I, 22.

Zarraga, Julian, filibuster, IV, 70.

Zayas, Alfredo, secretary of Constitutional Convention, IV, 189; compact with Jose Miguel Gomez, 265; spokesman of revolutionists against President Palma, 277; elected Vice President, 290; becomes Vice President, 297; sketch and portrait, 300; quarrel with Gomez, 306; candidate for President, 328; hints at revolution, 330.

Zayas, Francisco, Lieutenant Governor, I, 205; resigns, 206.

Zayas, Francisco, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Zayas, Juan B., killed in battle, IV, 78.

Zayas, Lincoln de, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12; Superintendent of Schools, 162.

Zenea, Juan Clemente, sketch and portrait, III, 252; murdered, 253; his works, 332.

Zequiera y Arango, Manuel, II, 274.

Zipangu. See Cipanoo .

Zuazo, Alfonso de, appointed second Governor of Cuba, I, 100; dismissed by King, 102.