Chapter XX. vol. ii. p. 192.) The horizontal lines indicate the periods
(mentioned in vol. ii. p. 14) of the organic history of the earth during which the deposition of the strata containing fossils took place. The vertical lines separate the classes and sub-classes of vertebrata from one another. The tree-shaped and branching lines, by their greater or lesser number and thickness, indicate the approximate degree of development, variety, and perfection, which each class probably attained in each geological period. In those classes which, on account of the soft nature of their bodies, could not leave any fossil remains (which is especially the case with Prochordata, Acrania, Monorrhina, and Dipneusta) the course of development is hypothetically suggested on the ground of arguments derived from the three records of creation—comparative anatomy, ontogeny, and palæontology. The most important starting-points for the hypothetical completion of the palæontological gaps are here, as in all cases, furnished by the _fundamental law of biogeny_, which asserts the inner _causal-nexus existing between ontogeny and phylogeny_. (Compare vol. i. p. 310, and vol. ii. p. 200; also Plates VIII.-XIII.) In all cases we have to regard the individual development (determined by the laws of Inheritance but modified by the laws of Adaptation) as short and quick repetitions of the palæontological development of the tribe. This proposition is the “ceterum censeo” of our theory of development.
The statements of the first appearance, or the period of the origin of the individual classes and sub-classes of vertebrate animals (apart from the hypothetical filling in mentioned just now), are taken as strictly as possible from palæontological facts. It must, however, be observed, that in reality the origin of most of the groups probably took place one or two periods earlier than fossils now indicate. In this I agree with Huxley’s views; but on Plates V. and XIV. I have disregarded this consideration in order not to go too far from palæontological facts.
The numbers signify as follows (compare also Chapter XX. and vol. ii. pp. 204, 206):—1. Animal Monera; 2. Animal Amœbæ; 3. Community of Amœbæ (Synamœbæ); 4. Ciliated Infusoria without mouths; 5. Ciliated Infusoria with mouths; 6. Gliding worms (Turbellaria); 7. Sea-sacks (Tunicata); 8. Lancelet (Amphioxus); 9. Hag (Myxinoida); 10. Lamprey (Petromyzontia); 11. Unknown forms of transition from single-nostriled animals to primæval fishes; 12. Silurian primæval fish (Onchus, etc.); 13. Living primæval fishes (sharks, rays, Chimæræ); 14. Most ancient (Silurian) enamelled fishes (Pteraspis); 15. Turtle fishes (Pamphracti); 16. Sturgeons (Sturiones); 17. Angular-scaled enamelled fishes (Rhombiferi); 18. Bony pike (Lepidosteus); 19. Finny pike (Polypterus); 20. Hollow-boned fishes (Cœloscolopes); 21. Solid boned fishes (Pycnoscolopes); 22. Bald pike (Amia); 23. Primæval boned fishes (Thrissopida); 24. Bony fishes with air passage to the swimming bladder (Physostomi); 25. Bony fishes without air passage to the swimming bladder (Physoclisti); 26. Unknown forms of transition between primæval fishes and amphibious fishes; 27. Ceratodus; 27_a_. Extinct Ceratodus from the Trias; 27_b_. Living Australian Ceratodus; 28. African amphibious fishes (Protopterus) and American amphibious fishes (Lepidosiren); 29. Unknown forms of transition between primæval fishes and amphibia; 30. Enamelled heads (Ganocephala); 31. Labyrinth toothed (Labyrinthodonta); 32. Blind burrowers (Cæciliæ); 33. Gilled amphibia (Sozobranchia); 34. Tailed amphibia (Sozura); 35. Frog amphibia (Anura); 36. Dichthacantha (Proterosaurus); 37. Unknown forms of transition between Amphibia and Protamnia; 38. Protamnia (common primary form of all Amnion animals); 39. Primary mammals (Promammalia); 40. Primæval reptiles (Proreptilia); 41. (Thecodontia); 42. Primæval dragons (Simosauria); 43. Serpent dragons (Plesiosauria); 44. Fish dragons (Ichthyosauria); 45. Teleosauria (Amphicœla); 46. Steneosauria (Opisthocœla); 47. Alligators and Crocodiles (Prosthocœla); 48. Carnivorous Dinosauria (Harpagosauria); 49. Herbivorous Dinosauria (Therosauria); 50. Mæstricht lizards (Mosasauria); 51. Common primary form of Serpents (Ophidia); 52. Dog-toothed beaked lizards (Cynodontia); 53. Toothless beaked lizards (Cryptodontia); 54. Long-tailed flying lizards (Rhamphorhynchi); 55. Short-tailed flying lizards (Pterodactyli); 56. Land tortoises (Chersita); 57. Birds—reptiles (Tocornithes), transition form between reptiles and birds; 58. Primæval griffin (Archæopteryx); 59. Water beaked-animal (Ornithorhynchus); 60. Land beaked-animal (Echidna); 61. Unknown forms of transition between Cloacals and Marsupials; 62. Unknown forms of transition between Marsupials and Placentals; 63. Tuft Placentals (Villiplacentalia); 64. Girdle Placentals (Zonoplacentalia); 65. Disc Placentals (Discoplacentalia); 66. Man (Homo pithecogenes, by Linnæus erroneously called, Homo sapiens.)
PLATE XV. (_After page 369, Vol. II._)
_Hypothetical Sketch of the Monophyletic Origin and the Diffusion of the Twelve Species of Men from Lemuria over the earth._ The _hypothesis_ here geographically sketched of course only claims an entirely _provisional value_, as in the present imperfect state of our anthropological knowledge it is simply intended to show how the distribution of the human species, from a single primæval home, may be _approximately_ indicated. The probable primæval home, or “Paradise,” is here assumed to be _Lemuria_, a tropical continent at present lying below the level of the Indian Ocean, the former existence of which in the tertiary period seems very probable from numerous facts in animal and vegetable geography. (Compare vol. i. p. 361, and vol. ii. p. 315.) But it is also very possible that the hypothetical “cradle of the human race” lay further to the east (in Hindostan or Further India), or further to the west (in eastern Africa). Future investigations, especially in comparative anthropology and palæontology, will, it is to be hoped, enable us to determine the probable position of the primæval home of man more definitely than it is possible to do at present.
If in opposition to our monophyletic hypothesis, the polyphyletic hypothesis—which maintains the origin of the different human species from several different species of anthropoid ape—be preferred and adopted, then, from among the many possible hypotheses which arise, the one deserving most confidence seems to be that which assumes a double pithecoid root for the human race namely, an Asiatic and an African root. For it is a very remarkable fact, that the African man-like apes (gorilla and chimpanzee) are characterized by a distinctly long-headed, or dolichocephalous, form of skull, like the human species peculiar to Africa (Hottentots, Caffres, Negroes, Nubians). On the other hand, the Asiatic man-like apes (especially the small and large orang), by their distinct, short-headed, or brachycephalous, form of skull agree with human species especially characteristic of Asia (Mongols and Malays). Hence, one might be tempted to derive the latter (the Asiatic man-like apes and primæval men) from a common form of brachycephalous ape, and the former (the African man-like apes and primæval men) from a common dolichocephalous form of ape.
In any case, tropical Africa and southern Asia (and between them Lemuria, which formerly connected them) are those portions of the earth which deserve the first consideration in the discussion as to the primæval home of the human race; America and Australia are, on the other hand, entirely excluded from it. Even Europe (which is in fact but a western peninsula of Asia) is scarcely of any importance in regard to the “Paradise question.”
It is self-evident that the migrations of the different human species from their primæval home, and their geographical distribution, could on our Plate XV. be indicated only in a very general way, and in the roughest lines. The numerous migrations of the many branches and tribes in all directions, as well as the very important re-migrations, had to be entirely disregarded. In order to make these latter in some degree clear, our knowledge would, in the first place, need to be much more complete, and secondly, we should have to make use of an atlas with a number of plates showing the various migrations. Our Plate XV. claims no more than to indicate, in a very general way, the approximate geographical dispersion of the twelve human species as it existed in the fifteenth century (before the general diffusion of the Indo-Germanic race), and as it can be sketched out approximately, so as to harmonize with our hypothesis of descent. The geographical barriers to diffusion (mountains, deserts, rivers, straits, etc.), have not been taken into consideration in this general sketch of migration, because, in earlier periods of the earth’s history, they were quite different in size and form from what they are to-day. The gradual transmutation of catarrhine apes into pithecoid men probably took place in the tertiary period in the hypothetical Lemuria, and the boundaries and forms of the present continents and oceans must then have been completely different from what they are now. Moreover, the mighty influence of the ice period is of great importance in the question of the migration and diffusion of the human species, although it as yet cannot be more accurately defined in detail. I here, therefore, as in my other hypotheses of development, expressly guard myself against any dogmatic interpretation; they are nothing but _first attempts_.
INDEX.
A
ABYSSINIANS, ii. 323, 330
Acalephæ, ii. 141
Acœlomi, ii. 148, 151
Acrania, ii. 196, 198, 200, 204
Acyttaria, ii. 51, 62
Adaptation, i. 90, 156, 219
—— actual, i. 225, 231
—— correlative, i. 241
—— cumulative, i. 233
—— direct, i. 225, 231
—— divergent, i. 247
—— indirect, i. 224, 227
—— individual, i. 228
—— irregular, i. 229
—— monstrous, i. 229
—— potential, i. 224, 227
—— sexual, i. 230
—— universal, i. 231
—— unlimited, i. 249
Agassiz, Louis, i. 61
Agassiz’s conception of the universe, i. 65
—— essay on classification, i. 61
—— history of creation, i. 63
—— history of development, i. 64
—— idea of species, i. 65
Albuminous bodies, i. 331
Algæ, ii. 81, 82, 83
Alluvial system, ii. 15
Altaians, ii. 309, 317
Alternation of generations, i. 206
Americans, ii. 309, 318
Amnion animals, ii. 204, 219
Amniota, ii. 204, 219
Amœbæ, ii. 53, 279
Amœboidea, ii. 53
Amphibia, ii. 209, 216
Amphioxus, ii. 198, 285
Amphirrhina, ii. 203, 205
Anamnionata, ii. 204
Animal Plants, ii. 144
Angiospermæ, ii. 83, 111
Annelida, ii. 133, 149, 151
Anorgana, i. 5, 328
Anorganology, i. 6
Anthozoa, ii. 143
Anthropocentric conception of the universe, i. 38
Anthropoides, ii. 270, 275, 292
Anthropolithic period, ii. 15, 17
Anthropology, i. 7
Anthropomorphism, i. 18, 66
Ape-like men, ii. 293, 300
Apes, ii. 241, 268, 270
Arabians, ii. 323, 330
Arachnida, ii. 180, 182
Archelminthes, ii. 148
Archezoa, ii. 132, 134
Archigony, i. 183, 338
Archilithic period, ii. 8, 14
Arians, ii. 323, 331
Aristotle, i. 55, 76
Arthropoda, ii. 132
Articulata, ii. 119
Ascidia, ii. 152, 200
Ascones, ii. 141
Asterida, ii. 164, 166
Atavism, i. 207
Australians, ii. 308, 314
Autogeny, i. 339
B
BÄR, CARL ERNST, i. 109
—— doctrine of filiation, i. 109
—— theory of development, i. 294
—— types of animals, i. 53; ii. 119
Basques, ii. 322
Bathybius, i. 184, 344; ii. 53
Batrachians, ii. 204
Bats, ii. 240, 261
Beaked mammals, ii. 233, 239
—— reptiles, ii. 224, 226
Belief, i. 9; ii. 335
Berbers, ii. 323, 330
Biogenesis, fundamental law of, i. 309; ii. 33
Biology, i. 6
Birds, ii. 204, 226
Brachiopoda, ii. 157
Brain, bladder of, in man, i. 304
—— development of, i. 303
Bruno Giordano, i. 22, 70
Bryozoa, ii. 150, 152
Buch, Leopold, i. 107
Büchner, Louis, i. 110
Buds, formation of, i. 192
C
CAFFRES, ii. 312, 333
Calcispongiæ, ii. 140, 144
Cambrian system, ii. 9, 15
Carbon, i. 330, 335
—— theory of, i. 335
Carboniferous system, ii. 11, 15
Carus Victor, i. 110
Catallacta, i. 51, 59
Catarrhini, ii. 270, 272
Caucasians, ii. 309, 321
Causa finalis, i. 34, 75
Causal conception of the universe, i. 18, 74
Cells, i. 187, 346
—— formation of, i. 347
—— theory of, i. 346
Cell-kernel, i. 188
—— membrane, i. 188
—— substance, i. 186
Cænolithic period, ii. 14, 16
Cephalopoda, ii. 160, 162
Chamisso, Adalbert, i. 206
Change of climate, i. 363
Chelophora, ii. 240, 257
Chinese, ii. 309, 317
Chorology, i. 351
Cloacal animals, ii. 234, 239
Cochlides, ii. 159, 160
Cœlenterata, ii. 136, 144
Cœlomati, ii. 148, 151
Coniferæ, ii. 82, 110
Constructive forces, i. 90, 253, 337
Copernicus, i. 39
Corals, ii. 142, 144
Coreo-Japanese, ii. 309, 317
Cormophytes, ii. 80
Correlation of parts, i. 218
Cosmogeny, i. 321
Cosmological gas theory, i. 323
Crabs, ii. 174, 176
Craniota, ii. 198, 204
Creation, centres of, i. 352
—— the, i. 8
Creator, the, i. 64, 70
Cretaceous system, ii. 12, 15
Crinoides, ii. 166, 171
Crocodiles, ii. 223, 224
Crustacea, ii. 173, 176
Cryptogamia, ii. 80, 82
Ctenophera, ii. 142, 144
Cultivated plants, i. 137
Curly-haired men, ii. 310, 333
Cuttles, ii. 160, 162
Cuvier, George, i. 50
Cuvier’s dispute with Geoffroy, i. 88
—— history of creation, i. 59
—— palæontology, i. 54
—— idea of species, i. 50
—— theory of cataclysms, i. 58
—— theory of revolutions, i. 58
—— types of animals, i. 53; ii. 118
Cycadeæ, ii. 82, 110
Cyclostoma, ii. 202, 204
Cytod, i. 346
D
DARWIN, CHARLES, i. 131
Darwinism, i. 149
Darwin’s life, i. 132
—— travels, i. 132
—— theory of corals, i. 133
—— theory of selection, i. 150
—— study of pigeons, i. 141
Darwin, Erasmus, i. 118
Deciduata, ii. 240, 255
Deduction, i. 85; ii. 357
Democritus, i. 22
Devonian system, ii. 11, 14
Diatomeæ, ii. 51, 60
Dicotylæ, ii. 82, 112
Didelphia, ii. 239
Differentiation, i. 270, 283
Diluvial system, ii. 15
Dipneusta, ii. 204, 212
Divergence, i. 270
Division of labour, i. 247
Domestic animals, i. 137
Dragons, ii. 225
Dravidas, ii. 308, 319
Dualistic conception of the universe, i. 20, 75
Dysteleology, i. 15; ii. 353
E
ECHINIDA, ii. 166, 171
Echinoderma, ii. 163, 166
Edentata, ii. 240, 254
Egg Animals, ii. 132, 134
Eggs, i. 190, 198
Egg of man, i. 190, 297; ii. 279
Egg, cleavage of the, i. 190, 299; ii. 280
Egyptians, ii. 323, 330
Elephants, ii. 257
Empiricism, i. 79; ii. 349
Eocene system, ii. 15, 16
Ethiopians, ii. 323, 330
Explanation of phenomena, i. 29
F
FERNS, ii. 82, 101
Fibrous plants, ii. 82
Final cause, i. 22
Fins, ii. 309, 317
Fishes, ii. 206, 208
Flagellata, ii. 51, 57
Flat-nosed apes, ii. 270, 272
Flat worms, ii. 148, 150
Flint cells, ii. 51, 60
Flowering plants, ii. 82, 108
Flower animals, ii. 143
Flowerless plants, ii. 80, 82
Flying animals, ii. 240, 261
Freke, i. 119
Fulatians, ii. 308, 320
Fungi, ii. 82
G
GANOID FISH, ii. 208, 210
Gastræa, ii. 127, 128, 281
Gastrula, ii. 126, 127
Gegenbaur, i. 312; ii. 179, 193
Gemmation, i. 192
Generation, i. 209
Genus, i. 41
Geocentric conception of the universe, i. 38
Geoffroy S. Hilaire, i. 86, 116
Germans, ii. 323, 331
Germ buds, formation of, i. 193
—— cells, formation of, i. 194
Gibbon, ii. 270, 275
Gilled insects, ii. 174, 176
Gill-arches in man, i. 307
God, conception of, i. 70
Goethe, Wolfgang, i. 80
Goethe’s conception of nature, i. 22
—— discovery of mid-jaw bone, i. 84
—— formative tendency i. 91, 253
—— idea of God, i. 71
—— investigations in nature, i. 81
—— materialism, i. 23
—— metamorphosis, i. 90
—— metamorphosis of plants, i. 82
—— philosophy of nature, i. 81
—— theory of development, i. 92
—— vertebræ of skull, i. 83
Genochoristus, i. 196
Gonochorism, i. 196
Gorilla, ii. 270
Grant, i. 119
Greeks, ii. 323, 331
Gregarinæ, ii. 133, 134
Gynmosperms, ii. 82, 109
H
HALISAURIA, ii. 204, 214
Hare-rabbit, i. 148, 275
Heliozoa, ii. 64
Herbert, i. 119
Heredity, i. 176
Hermaphrodites, i. 196
Herschel’s cosmogeny, i. 321
Holothuriæ, ii. 166, 172
Hoofed animals, ii. 249, 252
Hooker, i. 119
Hottentots, ii. 311, 333
Human races, ii. 296, 305, 308
—— soul, ii. 361
Huxley, i. 119, 145; ii. 268
Hybridism, i. 145, 210, 275
Hydromedusæ, ii. 143, 145
I
ICE PERIOD, i. 367; ii. 17
Indecidua, ii. 241, 249
Individual development, ii. 293
Indo-Chinese, ii. 309, 317
Indo-Germanic, ii. 323, 331
Induction, i. 85; ii. 357
Infusoria, ii. 132, 135
Inheritance, abridged, i. 212
Inheritance, acquired, i. 213
—— adapted, i. 213
—— amphigonous, i. 210
—— conservative, i. 204
—— constituted, i. 216
—— contemporaneous, i. 217
—— continuous, i. 205
—— established, i. 216
—— homochronous, i. 217
—— interrupted, i. 205
—— latent, i. 205
—— mixed, i. 210
—— progressive, i. 213
—— sexual, i. 209
—— simplified, i. 212
—— uninterrupted, i. 205
—— laws of, i. 204
Inophyta, ii. 82, 93
Insects, ii. 184
Insectivora, ii. 241, 259
Instinct, ii. 343
Invertebrata, ii. 118, 195
Iranians, ii. 323, 331
J
JAPANESE, ii. 309, 317
Jews, ii. 323, 330
Jura system, ii. 12, 14
K
KANT, IMMANUEL, i. 101, 321
Kant’s Criticism of the faculty of judgment, i. 105
—— mechanisms, i. 37, 102
—— philosophy of nature, i. 101
—— theory of descent, i. 103
—— theory of development, i. 321
—— theory of the formation of the universe, i. 101
Knowledge, à posteriori, i. 31; ii. 345
—— à priori, i. 31; ii. 344
L
LABYRINTHULEÆ, ii. 51
Lacertilia, ii. 223
Lamarck, Jean, i. 111
Lamarck’s anthropology, i. 115; ii. 264
—— philosophy of nature, i. 112
—— theory of descent, i. 113
Lamarckism, i. 150
Lamellibranchia, ii. 158, 160
Lancelet, ii. 198, 204, 285
Laplace’s cosmogeny, i. 321
Laurentian system, ii. 9, 14
Lemuria, i. 361; ii. 326
Leonardo da Vinci, i. 56
Leptocardia, ii. 196, 204
Leucones, ii. 141
Linnæus, Charles, i. 39
Linnæus’ classification of animals, ii. 118
—— classification of plants, ii. 78
—— designation of species, i. 41
—— history of creation, i. 44
—— system, i. 40
Lubbock, Sir John, ii. 298
Lyell, Charles, i. 126
Lyell’s history of creation, i. 128
M
MAGYARS, ii. 309, 316
Malays, ii. 308, 315
Malthus’ theory of population, i. 161
Mammalia, ii. 231, 239
Man-apes, ii. 271, 275, 292
Marsupials, ii. 236, 239, 290
Matagenesis, i. 206
Materialism, i. 35
Matter, i. 22; ii. 360
Mechanical causes, i. 34, 74
Mechanical conception of the universe, i. 17, 74
Mechanism, i. 37, 102
Mediterranese, ii. 308, 321
Medusæ, ii. 143, 144
Mesolithic period, ii. 14, 20
Metamorphosis of the earth’s strata, ii. 25
Metamorphosis, i. 90
Migration, laws of, i. 373
—— of organisms, i. 354
—— of the human species, ii. 325
—— theory of, i. 367
Mind, i. 22; ii. 360
—— development of the, ii. 344, 360
Miocene period, ii. 15, 16
Miracles, i. 22
Molluscs, ii. 155, 160
Monera, i. 184, 343; ii. 52, 278
Mongols, ii. 308, 316
Monism, i. 34
Monistic conception of the universe, i. 20, 74
Monocottylæ, ii. 82, 112
Monoglottonic, ii. 327, 333
Monogony, i. 183
Monophylites, ii. 44
Monophyletic hypothesis of descent, ii. 44
Monorrhina, ii. 203, 204
Monosporogonia, i. 194
Monotrema, ii. 234, 239
Morphology, i. 21
Morula, ii. 125, 127
Moses’ history of creation, i. 37
Moss animals, ii. 150, 152
Mosses, ii. 82, 97
Müller, Fritz, i. 49, 73; ii. 174
Müller, Johannes, i. 312; ii. 203
Muscinæ, ii. 82, 99
Mussels, ii. 159, 160
Myriapoda, ii. 182, 184
Myxomycetes, ii. 51, 60
N
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, i. 78
Negroes, ii. 309, 313, 333
Nemathelminthes, ii. 149, 150
Newton, i. 25, 106
Non-amnionate, ii. 204, 209
Nubians, ii. 308, 320
O
ŒCOLOGY, ii. 354
Oken, Lorenz, i. 95
Oken’s history of development, i. 293
—— philosophy of nature, i. 96
—— theory of infusoria, i. 97
—— —— protoplasm, i. 97
Olynthus, ii. 141
Ontogenesis, i. 293
Ontogeny, i. 10; ii. 33
Orang, ii. 271, 275
Organisms, i. 5, 328
Organs, i. 5
Origin of language, ii. 302, 327
Osseous fishes, ii. 208, 211
Ovularia, ii. 132, 134
P
PACHYCARDIA, ii. 201
Palæolithic period, ii. 11, 14
Palæontology, i. 54
Palissy, i. 56
Palm ferns, ii. 82, 110
Pander, Christian, i. 294
Papuans, ii. 310, 333
Paradise, ii. 325
Parallelism of development, i. 313
Parthenogenesis, i. 197
Pedigree of amphibia, ii. 209
—— anamnia, ii. 209
—— apes, ii. 270
Permean system, ii. 11, 14
Petrifactions, i. 54
Phanerogama, ii. 80, 82, 108
Philosophy, i. 79; ii. 350
Phylogeny, i. 10; ii. 33
Phylum, ii. 42
Physiology, i. 21
Pithecoid, theory, ii. 356
Placentalia, ii. 240, 244
Planula, ii. 126, 135, 281
Planæa, ii. 125, 127
Planæada, ii. 280
Plasma, i. 185, 330
Plasmogony, i. 339
Plastids, i. 347
Plastids, theory of, i. 347
Platyelminthes, ii. 148, 150
Platyrrhini, ii. 270, 272
Pleistocene system, ii. 15
Pliocene system, ii. 15, 16
Polar man, ii. 308, 317
Polyglottal, ii. 327, 333
Polynesians, ii. 308, 315
Polyphyletic theory of descent, ii. 45
Polyphylites, ii. 45, 303
Polyps, ii. 142
Polyp jellies, ii. 143, 144
Polysporogonia, i. 193
Population, number of, ii. 333
Porifera, ii. 139, 144
Primary mammals, ii. 239, 290
Primary period, ii. 11, 14
Primæval algæ, ii. 82, 84
—— animals, ii. 131, 132
—— history of man, ii. 298
—— men, ii. 325
Primordial period, ii. 9, 14
Prochordata, ii. 278
Progenitors of man, ii. 279, 295
Progress, i. 277, 283
Promammalia, ii. 233, 239
Propagation, i. 183
—— amphigonic, i. 195
—— monogonic, i. 183
—— non-sexual, i. 183
Propagation, sexual, i. 195
—— virginal, i. 197
Protamnia, ii. 289, 295
Protamœbæ, ii. 52
Prothallophytes, ii. 80, 97
Prothallus plants, ii. 80, 97
Protista, ii. 48
Protophyta, ii. 82, 85
Protoplasma, i. 185, 330
Protoplasts, ii. 51, 53
Protozoa, ii. 121, 131, 132
Purpose in nature, i. 19
Purposelessness in nature, i. 20
R
RADIATA, ii. 120
Radiolaria, i. 333, 371; ii. 65
Rapacious animals, ii. 240, 260
Recent system, ii. 15
Reptiles, ii. 222, 224
Rhizopoda, ii. 51, 61
Ringed worms, ii. 149, 150
Rodentia, ii. 241, 257
Romans, ii. 323, 331
Rotatoria, ii. 149, 150
Rotifera, ii. 150, 152
Round worms, ii. 149, 150
Rudimentary eyes, i. 13
—— gristle, i. 12
—— legs, i. 14
—— lungs, i. 289
—— mammary glands, i. 290
—— muscles, i. 12
—— nictitating membrane, i. 13
—— organs, i. 12
—— pistils, i. 15
—— stamens, i. 15
—— tails, i. 289
—— teeth, i. 12
—— wings, i. 287
S
SACK WORMS, ii. 283, 295
Sauria, ii. 222
Schaaffhausen, i. 110
Schleicher, August, i. 108; ii. 301
Schleiden, J. M., i. 109
Science, i. 9; ii. 335
Scolecida, ii. 283, 295
Sea stars, ii. 164, 166
—— cucumbers, ii. 166, 171
Sea dragons, ii. 204
—— lilies, ii. 166, 177
—— nettles, ii. 141, 144
—— urchins, ii. 166, 171
Secondary period, ii. 14, 20
Selection æsthetic, i. 268
—— artificial, i. 152, 170, 254
—— homochromic, i. 263
—— medical, i. 173
—— military, i. 171
—— musical, i. 267
—— natural, i. 168, 255
—— psychical, i. 269
—— sexual, i. 265
—— Spartan, i. 170
Self-division, i. 191
Semites, ii. 322, 330
Serpents, ii. 223
Sexes, separation of, i. 244
Sexual characters, i. 209, 265
Silurian system, ii. 8, 14
Slavonians, ii. 323, 331
Snails, ii. 159, 160
Soul, the, i. 71; ii. 343, 362
Species, i. 41, 273, 304, 311
Specific development, i. 311
Spencer, Herbert, i. 119; ii. 367
Sperma, i. 197
Spiders, i. 180, 182
Spirobranchia, ii. 157, 160
Sponges, ii. 139, 144
Spores, formation of, i. 194
Stemmed plants, ii. 280
Straight-haired men, ii. 309, 314
Struggle for life, i. 161, 252
Synamœba, ii. 125, 280
Systematic development, i. 313
System of animals, ii. 132
—— apes, ii. 270
—— Arabians, ii. 330
—— arachnida, ii. 182
—— Arians, ii. 331
—— arthropoda, ii. 132
—— articulata, ii. 177, 183
—— catarrhini, ii. 270
—— cœlenterata, ii. 144
—— crustacea, ii. 176
—— didelphia, ii. 239
—— echinoderma, ii. 166
—— Egyptians, ii. 330
—— fishes, ii. 208
—— formations, ii. 15
—— Germans, ii. 331
—— gilled Insects, ii. 177
—— Græco-Romans, ii. 331
—— Hamites, ii. 330
—— hoofed animals, ii. 252
—— human ancestors, ii. 295
—— human races, ii. 308
—— human species, ii. 308, 309
—— Indians, ii. 331
—— Indo-Germani, ii. 331
—— insects, ii. 182
—— mammalia, ii. 239
—— mankind, ii. 295
—— marsupials, ii. 239
—— men and apes, ii. 271
—— molluscs, ii. 160
—— monodelphia, ii. 241
—— organisms, ii. 74, 75
—— placentalia, ii. 240
—— plants, ii. 82
—— platyrrhini, ii. 270
—— protista, ii. 51
—— reptiles, ii. 224
—— Semites, ii. 330
—— Slavonians, ii. 331
—— spiders, ii. 182
—— star fishes, ii. 167
—— strata of the earth, ii. 15
—— tracheata, ii. 182
—— ungulata, ii. 252
—— vegetable kingdom, ii. 83
—— vertebrata, ii. 204
—— worms, ii. 150
—— zoophytes, ii. 144
T
TAIL OF MAN, i. 289, 308
Tangles, ii. 61, 82
Tartars, ii. 209, 317
Teleology, i. 100, 291
Teleostei, ii. 208, 211
Teleological conception of the universe, i. 20, 75
Tertiary period, ii. 14, 16
Thallophytes, ii. 80, 82
Thickness of the earth’s crust, ii. 19
Thought, ii. 364
Thread plants, ii. 82, 93
Tocogony, i. 183
Tortoises, ii. 225
Tracheata, ii. 182
Transition forms, ii. 338
Transmutation, theory of, i. 4
Treviranus, i. 92
Trias system, ii. 12, 14
Tuft-haired men, ii. 307, 309
Tunicata, ii. 152, 200
Turbellaria, ii. 283
Turks, ii. 309, 316
U
UNGER, FRANZ, i. 109
Ungulata, ii. 249, 252
Unity in nature, i. 22, 338
Uralians, ii. 309, 317
V
Variability, i. 220
Variation, i. 219
Varieties, i. 276
Vertebrata, ii. 195, 205
Vital force, i. 22, 334
Vitalistic conception of the universe, i. 18
W
Wagner, Andreas, i. 138
Wagner, Moritz, i. 369
Wallace, Alfred, i. 135
Wallace’s chorology, i. 361, 373
—— theory of selection, i. 136
Well’s theory of selection, i. 150
Whales, ii. 240, 251
Will, freedom of the, i. 113, 237, 364
Wolff’s theory of development, i. 293
Woolly-haired men, ii. 307, 309
Worms, ii. 147, 150
Z
ZOOPHYTES, ii. 136, 144
WORKS OF H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, M.D.
I.
Text-Book of Zoology, for Schools and Colleges. 12mo. Half roan, $1.50.
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Herbert Spencer’s Late Works
ON THE
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