Part 19

Even so late as the year 1462, when the sun of chivalry was nearly set, at a high festival which the Duke of Burgundy gave, at Brussels, to the lords and ladies of the country, two heralds entered the hall, introducing a stranger, who declared that he brought with him letters of credence from the noble lady his mistress. The letters were then delivered by him to the officer of the Duke, who read them aloud. Their purport was, that the lady complained of a certain powerful neighbour, who had threatened to dispossess her of her lands, unless she could find some knight that, within a year, would successfully defend her against him in single combat. The stranger then demanded a boon of the Duke; and His Grace, like a true son of chivalry, accorded it, without previously requiring its nature. The request was, that he should procure for the lady three knights, to be immediately trained to arms; that out of these three the lady should be permitted to choose her champion. Then, and not before, she would disclose her name. As soon as the stranger concluded, a burst of joyful approval rang through the hall. Three knights (and the famous Bastard of Burgundy was of the number) immediately declared themselves candidates for the honour of defending the unknown fair. Their prowess was acknowledged by all the cavaliers present, and they affixed their seals to the articles.[243]

Except the knights were actually engaged in foreign countries, on martial chevisance, all the festivals, particularly those which succeeded the graceful pastime of the tournament, were frequented by dames and damsels, whose presence calling on the knights to discharge the offices of high courtesy, chased away the god of wine. The games of chess and tables, or the dance, succeeded; while the worthy monks, Pierre of Blois, and John of Salisbury, having no such rich delights in their refectory, were compelled to continue their carousals.

How gay and imaginative were the scenes of life when chivalry threw over them her magic robe! At a ball in Naples, Signor Galeazzo of Mantua was honoured with the hand of the Queen Joanna. The dance being concluded, and the Queen reseated on her throne, the gallant knight knelt before her, and, confessing his inability with language adequately to thank her for the honour she had done him, he vowed that he would wander through the world, and perform chivalric duties, till he had conquered two cavaliers, whom he would conduct into her presence, and leave at her disposal. The Queen was pleased and flattered by this mark of homage, and assured him that she wished him joy in accomplishing a vow which was so agreeable to the customs of knighthood. The knight travelled, the knight conquered; and, at the end of a year, he presented to the Queen two cavaliers. The Queen received them; but, instead of exercising the power of a conqueror, she graciously gave them their liberty, recommending them, before their departure, to view the curiosities of the rich city of Naples. They did so; and when they appeared before the Queen to thank her for her kindness, she made them many noble presents, and they then departed, seeking adventures, and publishing the munificence and courtesy of Joanna.[244]

But the charge of cowardice which the monks brought against the knights is the most vain and foolish of all their accusations, and throws a strong shade of contempt and suspicion on the rest. If they had said that chivalric daring often ran wild into rashness, we could readily enough credit the possibility of the fact; but nothing could be more absurd than to charge with cowardice men who, from the dauntlessness of their minds, and the hardy firmness of their bodies, had been invested with the military belt.

The reason of all this vituperative declamation against chivalry may be gathered from a very curious passage in a writer during the reign of Stephen. "The bishops, the bishops themselves, I blush to affirm it, yet not all, but many, (and he particularises the bishops of Winchester, Lincoln, and Chester,) bound in iron, and completely furnished with arms, were accustomed to mount war-horses with the perverters of their country, to participate in their prey; to expose to bonds and torture the knights whom they took in the chance of war, or whom they met full of money; and while they themselves were the head and cause of so much wickedness and enormity, they ascribed it to their knights."[245] Hence, then, it appears that many of the bishops were robbers, and that they charged their own offences on the heads of the chivalry. The remark of the writer on the cruelty of the bishops to their prisoners is extremely curious, considering it in opposition to the general demeanour of knights to those whom the fortune of war threw into their hands. But these wars and jealousies between the knighthood and the priesthood, while they account for all the accusations which one class were perpetually making against the other, compel us to despise their mutual criminations.

Nothing more, perhaps, need be said to deface the pictures of the knightly character as drawn by Pierre de Blois and John of Salisbury; and they should not have met with so much attention from me if they had not always formed the van of every attack upon chivalry. But there is one passage in Dr. Henry's History of England so closely applicable to the present part of my subject, that I cannot forbear from inserting it. "It would not be safe," observes that judicious historian, "to form our notions of the national character of the people of England from the pictures which are drawn of it by some of the monkish historians. The monk of Malmsbury, in particular, who wrote the life of Edward II., paints his countrymen and contemporaries in the blackest colours. 'What advantage,' says he, 'do we reap from all our modern pride and insolence? In our days the lowest, poorest wretch, who is not worth a halfpenny, despises his superiors, and is not afraid to return them curse for curse. But this, you say, is owing to their rusticity. Let us see, then, the behaviour of those who think themselves polite and learned. Where do you meet with more abuse and insolence than at court? There, every one swelling with pride and rancour, scorns to cast a look on his inferiors, disdains his equals, and proudly rivals his superiors. The squire endeavours to outshine the knight, the knight the baron, the baron the earl, the earl the king, in dress and magnificence. Their estates being insufficient to support this extravagance, they have recourse to the most oppressive acts, plundering their neighbours and stripping their dependents almost naked, without sparing even the priests of God. I may be censured for my too great boldness, if I give an ill character of my own countrymen and kindred; but if I may be permitted to speak the truth, the English exceed all other nations in the three vices of pride, perjury, and dishonesty. You will find great numbers of this nation in all the countries washed by the Greek sea; and it is commonly reported that they are infamous over all these countries for their deceitful callings.' But, we must remember, (as Dr. Henry comments on this passage,) that this picture was drawn by a _peevish monk_, in very unhappy times, when faction raged with the greatest fury, both in the court and country."

It would not alter the nature of chivalry, or detract any thing from its merits, if many instances were to be adduced of the recreancy of knights, of their want of liberality, courtesy, or any other chivalric qualities; for nothing is more unjust than to condemn any system for actions which are hostile to its very spirit and principles. One fair way of judging it, is to examine its natural tendencies. A character of mildness must have been formed wherever the principles of chivalry were acknowledged. A great object of the order was protection; and therefore a kind and gentle regard to the afflictions and misfortunes of others tempered the fierceness of the warrior. In many points chivalry was only a copy of the Christian religion; and as that religion is divine, and admirably adapted to improve and perfect our moral nature, so the same merit cannot in fairness be denied to any of its forms and modifications. Chivalry embraced much of the beautiful morality of Christianity,--its spirit of kindness and gentleness; and men were called upon to practise the laws of mercy and humanity by all the ties which can bind the heart and conscience; by the sanctions of religion, the love of fame, by a powerful and lofty sense of honour. On the other hand, the Christianity of the time was not the pure light of the Gospel, for it breathed war and homicide; and hence the page of history, faithful to its trust, has sometimes painted the knights amidst the gloomy horrors of the crusades ruthlessly trampling on the enemies of the cross, and at other times generously sparing their prostrate Christian foes, and gaily caracoling about the lists of the tournament.

But these are not the only means of showing the general beneficial nature of the institutions of chivalry. The character of modern Europe is the result of the slow and silent growth of ages informed with various and opposite elements. The impress of the Romans is not entirely effaced; and two thousand years have not destroyed all the superstitions of our Pagan ancestors. We must refer to past ages for the origin of many of those features of modern society which distinguish the character of Europe from that of the ancient world, and of the most polished states of Asia. We boast our generousness in battle, the bold display of our animosity, and our hatred of treachery and the secret meditations of revenge. To what cause can these qualities be assigned? Not to any opinions which for the last few hundred years have been infused into our character, for there is no resemblance between those qualities and any such opinions; but they can be traced back to those days of ancient Europe when the knight was quick to strike, and generous to forgive; and when he would present harness and arms to his foe rather than that the battle should be unfairly and unequally fought. This spirit, though not the form, of the chivalric times has survived to ours, and forms one of our graces and distinctions. The middle ages, as we have shown, were not entirely ages of feudal power; for the consequence of the personal nobility of chivalry was felt and acknowledged. The qualities of knighthood tempered and softened all classes of society, and worth was the passport to distinction. Thus chivalry effected more than letters could accomplish in the ancient world; for it gave rise to the personal merit which in the knight, and in his successor, the gentleman of the present day, checks the pride of birth and the presumption of wealth.

But it is in the polish of modern society that the graces of chivalry are most pleasingly displayed. The knight was charmed into courtesy by the gentle influence of woman, and the air of mildness which she diffused has never died away. While such things exist, can we altogether assent to the opinion of a celebrated author, that "the age of chivalry is gone?" Many of its forms and modes have disappeared; fixed governments and wise laws have removed the necessity for, and quenched the spirit of, knight-errantry and romance; and, happily for the world, the torch of religious persecution has long since sunk into the ashes. But chivalric imagination still waves its magic wand over us. We love to link our names with the heroic times of Europe; and our armorial shields and crests confess the pleasing illusions of chivalry. The modern orders of military merit (palpable copies of some of the forms of middle-age distinctions) constitute the cheap defence of nations, and keep alive the personal nobility of knighthood. We wage our wars not with the cruelty of Romans, but with the gallantry of cavaliers; for the same principle is in influence now which of old inspired courage while it mitigated ferocity. Courtesy of manners, that elegant drapery of chivalry, still robes our social life; and liberality of sentiment distinguishes the gentleman, as in days of yore it was wont to distinguish the knight.

INDEX.

_Accolade_, meaning of the, I. 53. note.

_Adelais_, tale of her imprisonment, rescue by an adventurous knight, and subsequent marriage, II. 322.

_Albigenses_, romance of, I. 48. note.

_Alcantara_, order of, its principles, and its comparative rank with other Spanish orders, I. 353.

_Alfonso_, story of his chivalric bearing, II. 258.

_Allegories_, fantastic, made on knights and their armour, I. 108. 110.

_Amys and Amylion_, Romance of, I. 121.

_Anglo-Saxons_, state of chivalry among, I. 6. 9. 11. 383.

_Antharis_, a Lombard king, story of his romantic gallantry, II. 321.

_Arabian horses_, their repute in chivalric times, I. 111.

_Arabic_, Spanish historians, account of, II. 242. note.

_Archers_, excellence of English, II. 12. Fine passage from Halidon Hill expressive of, II. 13. note. An English archer in the days of Edward III., 14. Importance of at battles of Cressy and Poictiers, 15.

_Argonautes_, order of, purpose of its institution, I. 358.

_Aristotle_, lay of, I. 215.

_Armorial bearings_, historical and philosophical sketch of the principles of, I. 86, 87. 89.

_Armour_, beauty of ancient, I. 65. Value of enquiries into the minutiæ of, I. 94. Uncertainty of the subject, I. 95. Its general features, I. 99, &c. Golden armour, 102.

_Array_, general nature of chivalric, I. 118.

_Arthur_, his knightly honour, I. 132. note. Discovery of his remains at Glastonbury, account of, I. 375. His court the school of chivalric virtue, 376. His generosity to his knights, 376. note. See _Round Table_.

_Athenæus_, his singular testimony to a state of chivalry, I. 6.

_Auberoch_, beleagured by the French, and chivalrously relieved by the English, II. 31.

_Audley_, Sir James, interesting story of his heroic achievements and of his generosity, II. 43.

_Axe_, the battle, I. 67. Description of King Richard's, 68. note.

B.

_Bachelor_, various meanings of the word, I. 19. 45.

_Bacinet_, I. 91.

_Baked meats_, fondness of people for them in the olden time, I. 191. and note.

_Ball_, the, after a tournament, I. 284.

_Band_, Spanish order of the, objects of the order, I. 367. Interesting, as descriptive of the state of Spanish manners, ib. Its fine chivalry to woman, I. 369.

_Banneret_, qualification of a knight, I. 16. His privileges, 17. See _Chandos_.

_Bannockburn_, battle of, I. 407.

_Barriers_, description of, I. 124. note. Singular battles at the, I. 124. 127.

_Bath_, order of, ceremonies used at the ancient creation of knights of, II. 150. 91, &c. Modern ceremonies, I. 364. Absurdity of our heralds' dogmatic positiveness regarding the æra of the order's foundation, II. 91. note.

_Batre_, Claude de, a French knight. His joust with Maximilian I. of Germany, II. 315.

_Bauldrick_, description of the, I. 73.

_Bayard_, the chivalric, his early years, II. 217. Enters the service of the kings of France, 218. His valiancy, ib. His humanity, 219. His gallantry, ib. Holds a tournament in honour of the ladies, 220. His death, 222.

_Beauty_, knights fought to assert the superiority of their mistress's beauty, I. 209. The practice apparently absurd, but reason why it should not be too severely censured, II. 211.

_Black Prince_, his conduct at Limoges, I. 132. His courtesy, II. 11. 16. His liberality, II. 45. His deportment to Peter the Cruel, II. 185. Not a favorite with the nobility in the English possessions in France, II. 191. His cruelty to Du Guesclin, ib.

_Blois_, Charles of, his contention with Jane de Mountfort for the duchy of Brittany, I. 239.

_Blue_, the colour of constancy in days of chivalry, I. 275. note. See _Stocking_.

_Bonaparte_, his generousness to a descendant of Du Guesclin, II. 203.

_Bonnelance_, Sir John, his remarkable courtesy to the ladies, I. 199.

_Boucmell_, John, his joust with an English squire, I. 294.

_Bourbon_, singular mode by which a Duke of, gained a fortress, I. 59.

----, order of, account of, I. 371.

_Boucicant_, Marshal, his outrageous reverence for women, I. 223. note. His joust at St. Ingelbertes, near Calais, 303, &c.

_Bovines_, importance of squires at the battle of, I. 47.

_Break-across_, to, meaning of the phrase, I. 278, 279. note.

_Britomart_, the perfection of chivalric heroines, I. 253.

_Brittany_, revered for its chivalric fame, II. 174.

_Bruce_, Robert, his chivalric humanity, II. 69.

_Burgundy_, Bastard of, his joust with Lord Scales, I. 314. His skill in other jousts, II. 214.

----, court of, splendour of its tournaments, II. 213. The most chivalric country in Europe during middle of fifteenth century, ib. Chivalric circumstance at the court of, II. 351.

C.

_Calais_, stories regarding, II. 17-21.

_Calatrava_, order of, its origin and history, I. 349.

_Calaynos_, the Moor, praised by the Spaniards, II. 234.

_Carlisle_, Sir Anthony Harclay, Earl of, ceremonies of his degradation from knighthood, I. 62-64.

_Carpet-knights_, meaning of the term, II. 156.

_Carpio_, Bernardo del, account of, II. 243.

_Cavalry_, the principal arm of military power during the middle ages, I. 2.

_Caxton_, his lamentation over the decline of chivalry, II. 99. His exaggeration of the evil, 102.

_Celts_, humility of Celtic youths, I. 6.

_Cervantes_, curious error made by, I. 20. Censures the chivalric custom of making vows, 129. note. Satirises chivalric contempt of bodily pain, 368. note. Ridicules the vigil of arms, I. 49. note. and the pride of knights, I. 393. note. Accuracy of his pictures, II. 297.

_Cesena_, noble defence of, by Marzia degl' Ubaldini, I. 249.

_Chandos_, Sir John, story with the Earl of Oxenford, I. 38. History of his heroism, II. 46. Gallantry, 47. Tenacious of his armorial bearings, ib. Exploits at Auray, 49. Tries to dissuade the Black Prince from the Spanish war, 50. Ceremonies on his becoming a knight-banneret, ib. His remarkable generousness, 52. His death before the bridge of Lusac, 60, &c. General grief thereat, 63.

_Character_, bluntness of the old English, shown at the creation of knights of the Bath, II. 165.

_Charity_, a great chivalric virtue, instance of, I. 161.

_Charter-house_, the, founded by Sir Walter Manny, II. 42. and note.

_Charlemagne_, state of chivalry in his time, I. 10. His expedition into Spain, II. 244.

_Chargny_, Lord of, a famous jouster, II. 298. His passage of arms near Dijon, I. 328.

_Cherbury_, Edward Herbert, Lord of, memoir of him, II. 138. Chivalric fame of his family, ib. His vanity, 140-145. Made a knight of the Bath, 141. His curious adventures in France, 142. The disgusting vanity of his infidelity, 147. His general character, 148. His inferiority to the heroes of the reign of Edward III., 149.

_Chess_, the high favour of this game in days of chivalry, I. 163. A story of a knight's love of chess, 164.

_Chivalry_, general oath of, I. 50. Form used in Scotland, II. 70. Exhortations to perform chivalric obligations, I. 51, 52. Beauty of chivalric costume, I. 65. First ages of, interesting to the reason, but not pleasing to the fancy, I. 1. Difference between feudal and moral chivalry, I. 3. Origin of, ib. Nature of, 2. Modified by Christianity, 9, 13. Early ceremonies of inauguration, 4. 11, 12. Personal nobility of, not to be confounded with feudal territorial nobility, 16. Morals of chivalric times unjustly censured, 229. Real state of them, ib. &c. Peculiar fineness of chivalric feeling, 277. note. Declined in France before the common use of gunpowder, II. 213. Recapitulation of the circumstances which gave birth to, 341. Its general nature, 342. Exact time of its influence difficult to mark, 346. Its merits, 348. Its effects, 358. Application of chivalric honours to men in civil stations, 155. Connected with feudalism, I. 384. A compulsory honour in England, 386.

_Christianity_, its improvements on Gothic chivalry, I. 10.

_Cid_, the, his birth, II. 246. His early ferocious heroism, ib. His singular marriage, 247. Enters the service of King Ferdinand, 249. His chivalric gallantry, ib. Ceremony of his being knighted, 251. Death of the King ib. Becomes the knight of Sancho, King of Castile, and his campeador, 252. Mixture of evil and good in his character, ib. Supports the King in his injustice, 253. His romantic heroism, ib. His virtuous boldness, 256. His second marriage, 260. Is banished from the court of Alfonso, the brother of Sancho, 261.; but recalled ib. Is banished again, 263. Story of his unchivalric meanness, ib. His history in exile, 264. His nobleness and generosity, 267. Is recalled, 269. Captures Toledo, 270.; and Valentia, 271. Unjust conduct to the Moors, 274. Marriage of his daughters, 276. His death, 284.; and character, 285.

_Claremont_, the Lord of, his dispute with Sir John Chandos regarding armorial cognisances, II. 47.

_Clary_, the Lord of, singular story of the censure on him by the court of France for want of courtesy to Sir Peter Courtenay, I. 154-157.

_Clergy_, the weapons they used in battle, I. 68. A gallant fighting priest promoted to an archdeaconry, II. 80. Often turned knights, I. 350.

_Clermont_, council of, sanctions chivalry, I. 12.

_Clifford_, Nicholas, his joust with John Boucmell, I. 294, &c.

_Cloth of gold_, chivalric circumstances at the field of, II. 111.

_Cochetel_, battle of, II. 178.

_Cognisances_, I. 87.

_Coliseum_, Moorish and chivalric sports in, II. 329. Inferiority of the old Roman games in, to those of chivalry, I. 260.

_Colombe_, Ernalton of Sainte, bravery of him and his esquire, I. 46.

_Companions_ in arms, nature of such an union, I. 118-123.

_Conde_, D. José Antonio, value of his searches into Arabic Spanish historians, II. 242. note.

_Constancy_, a greater virtue in chivalric times than in the present day, I. 206. Spenser's exhortation to, 207.

_Constantine_, fabulous order of, I. 374.

_Conversation_ of knights, its subjects, I. 175.

_Courage_ of the knight, I. 124-130.

_Courtenay_, Sir Peter, his adventures in France, I. 154, &c.

_Courtesy_, a knightly virtue, I. 160. Courtesy of a dragon, 161. note. At tournaments, 268.

_Cousines_, dame des belle, her reproof of a young page for his not being in love, I. 32.

_Crawford_, Sir David de Lindsay, Earl of, his joust with Lord Wells, I. 290.

_Cross_, every military order had its, I. 362. Wretched taste in concealing the cross of the order of the Bath by a star, ib.

_Cyclas_, I. 85.

_Cyneheard_, his story, I. 5.

D.

_Dagger_ of mercy, description of it, I. 92. Story of its use, 93.

_Dambreticourt_, Lord Eustace, his chivalry inspired by the lady Isabella, I. 204. His valour at the battle of Poictiers, II. 44.

_Dames_ and _Damsels_. See _Lady_.

_Degradation_, ceremonies of, I. 60.

_Derby_, Earl of, the sort of death he desired, I. 147.

_Devices_, what they were, I. 78. Worn in tournaments, 272-275.

_Discipline_, chivalric array not inconsistent with feudal discipline, I. 145.