The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 2 of 2
book II. ch. 3. § 7.
* Eratus, king of Argos, expels the Asinæans from their town, b. I. ch. 7, § 14. above, p. 112. note g. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Persian war,” starting “Herod. VII. 149.”]
772. 2. _Antimachus of Elis._
1. Theopompus the Eurypontid according to Sosibius.
768. 3. _Androcles of Messenia._
Cinæthon the epic poet of Laconia flourishes, according to Eusebius.
* Pheidon, prince of Argos, attempts to conquer Corinth.
764. 4. _Polychares of Messenia._
4. Telestas at Corinth.
760. 5. _Æschines of Elis._
2. The Chalcidians erect an altar to Apollo Archegetas in Sicily (b. II. ch. 3. § 7.) and, together with some Naxians, found Naxos.
3. Archias at Corinth founds Syracuse,(1997) Chersicrates Corcyra (b. I. ch. 6. § 8.). Eumelus, also a Bacchiad, who composed an ode (προσόδιον) for the Messenians, to be sung at the procession to Delos, and had contended at the Ithomæa, lives with Archias at Syracuse. Phintas the Æpytid reigns in Messenia.
4. Ephors in Sparta (Euseb.).
Croton founded by Myscellus (the Heraclid) and some Achæans, and Locri shortly after (according to Strabo, with whom Pausanias nearly agrees with respect to time).
756. 6. _Œbotas of Dyme._
4. The Chalcidians found Leontini. Lamis the Megarian lands and founds Trotilus.
752. 7. _Daicles the Messenian_, the first conqueror in the ἀγὼν στεφανίτης, b. IV. ch. 5. § 5.
3. Death of Alcamenes,(1998) succeeded by Polydorus the Agid. Polydorus and Theopompus limit the power of the popular assembly, b. III. ch. 5. § 8.
4. Automenes at Corinth.
748. 8. _Anticles the Messenian._ Pheidon the Argive president of the games with the Pisatans. Metal wares and silver coins at Ægina.
1. Yearly Prytanes at Corinth.
744. 9. _Xenocles the Messenian._
1. The Androclidæ, banished from Messenia, fly to Sparta. Euphaes, son of Antiochus, the Æpytid, king of Messenia.
2. Beginning of the first Messenian war, according to Pausanias and Eusebius.
740. 10. _Dotadas the Messenian._
1. [Death of Theopompus the Eurypontid,(1999) according to Eusebius.]
736. 11. _Leochares the Messenian._
732. 12. _Oxythemis of Coronea._
728. 13. _Diocles of Corinth_, the favourite of Philolaus the Bacchiad, legislator of Thebes.
1. Hyblean Megara founded, vol. I. p. 135. note r.
724. 14. _Dasmon of Corinth._ _Hypenus of Pisa_ the first conqueror in the δίαυλος.
1. The Spartans reduce Ithome, and finish the first Messenian war. The Dryopes build a new Asine, the Androclidæ receive Hyamia from Sparta. Messenians at Rhegium, b. I. ch. 7. § 11.
720. 15. _Orsippus of Megara_ is the first who runs naked in the stadium, and _Acanthus the Lacedæmonian_ in the δίαυλος, see above, p. 272. note a. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “naked to the goal,” starting “According to Plato.”]
War of Megara against Corinth, b. I. ch. 5. § 10.
The war between the Spartans and Argives respecting the possession of Cynuria breaks out afresh, b. I. ch. 7. § 16.
716. 16. _Pythagoras the Laconian._
4. Gela founded by Rhodians and Cretans.(2000)
* Theopompus dies (Euseb.), succeeded by Zeuxidamus the Eurypontid.
712. 17. _Polus of Epidaurus._
1. Megara founded by Astacus (according to Memnon; Olymp. 17. 3. according to Hieron. Scal.; Olymp. 18. 2. Cod. Arm.), b. I. ch. 6. § 9.
3. Croton founded according to Dion. Halicar. and Eusebius, Cod. Arm. (Olymp. 18. 1. according to Euseb. Cod. Arm. Olymp. 19. 2. according to Scaliger.)
* Polydorus killed by Polemarchus;(2001) succeeded by Eurycrates the Agid.
708. 18. _Tellis of Sicyon._ Eurybatus, the Laconian, first conqueror in the wrestling match: Lampis the Laconian in the Pentathlon.
1. The Partheniæ at Tarentum, Eusebius.
4. * Ameinocles, the Corinthian, builds the Samian triremes (Thucyd.).
704. 19. _Menon of Megara._
700. 20. _Atheradas of Laconia._
696. 21. _Pantacles of Athens._
692. 22. _Pantacles_ a second time.
688. 23. _Icarius of Hyperesia._ Onomastus of Smyrna the first conqueror in the pugilistic contest.
1. Acræ and Enna founded from Syracuse.(2002)
4. [Commencement of the second Messenian war, according to Pausanias; but, according to Corsini, Fast. Att. II. 1. p. 37. this date should be altered to Olymp. 24. 4.]
Anaxander the Agid, Anaxidamus the Eurypontid, kings of Sparta.
684. 24. _Cleoptolemus the Laconian._
2. Locri founded, according to Eusebius (Ol. 26. 4. Cod. Arm.) above, b. I. ch. 6. § 12.
680. 25. _Thalpis the Laconian._ Pagondas of Thebes the first conqueror in the chariot race.
676. 26. _Callisthenes the Laconian._
The Pisatans render themselves independent of Elis (Strabo).
2. Megara founds Chalcedon, b. I. ch. 6. § 9.
The musical contests at the Carnea are first introduced (Africanus and Sosibius, above, p. 324. note e [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “commencing with Terpander,” starting “According to the important.”]), and Terpander is victorious as a harp-player. The same musician is four times victorious in the musical contests at Pytho, at that time still celebrated every nine years; from about Olymp. 27. to Olymp. 33. Doric, Phrygian, and Lydian styles of music.
Orthagoras, tyrant of Sicyon.(2003)
672. 27. _Eurybates of Athens._
4. Victory of the Argives over the Spartans at Hysiæ, b. I. ch. 7. § 16.
* Megalostrata, b. IV. ch. 7. § 10.
668. 28. _Chionis the Laconian_ (Corsini Fast. Hell. II. 1. pag. 44.). The Pisatans preside at the games, whilst Elis is at war with Dyme (Euseb.).
1. Syracuse founds Casmenæ.
End of the second Messenian war, according to Pausanias. Aristomenes goes to Damagetus the Eratid, prince of Ialysus; the Lacedæmonians give Mothone to the expelled Nauplians. Damocratidas king of Argos (above, p. 112. note g [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Persian war,” starting “Herod. VII. 149.”]).
4. Gymnopædia at Sparta (Euseb.).
* Sea-fight between the Corinthians and Corcyræans.(2004)
664. 29. _Chionis_ for the second time.
660. 30. _Chionis_ for the third time. [The Pisatans, according to Eusebius, celebrate this and the twenty-two following Olympiads.]
1. Zaleucus legislator of Locri (Euseb.).
2. Phigalia captured by Sparta, b. I. ch. 7. § 12.
3. Byzantium founded from Megara, b. I. ch. 6. § 9.
Cypselus expels the Bacchiadæ from Corinth,(2005) and becomes king.
* Second Messenian war (b. I. ch. 7. § 10.). Pantaleon, tyrant of Pisa, Aristocrates of Trapezus, king of Orchomenus (vol. I. p. 185 note t). Tyrtæus of Aphidna at Sparta.
656. 31. _Chionis_ for the fourth time.
652. 32. _Cratinus the Megarian_, (above, p. 272. note a [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “naked to the goal,” starting “According to Plato.”]).
4. Himera founded by Chalcidians and Syracusans (Diod. XIII. 62.).
* Eurycratidas (Eurycrates II.) the Agid, Archidamus the Eurypontid.
648. 33. _Gyges the Laconian._ Lygdamis of Syracuse is the first conqueror in the Pancratium, Crauxidas the Crannonian victorious κέλητι. Myron, son of Andreas, tyrant of Sicyon, in the quadriga, b. I. ch. 8. § 2.
4. Terpander’s musical legislation at Sparta.
644. 34. _Stomas of Athens._ Pantaleon, son of Omphalion, tyrant of Pisa, president of the games, b. I. ch. 7. § 11.
640. 35. _Sphærus the Laconian._ Cylon of Athens victorious in the δίαυλος.
3. Beginning of the second Messenian war according to Diodorus and Eusebius. Compare Justin, cited vol. I. p. 161. note o.
The Theræans found the first settlement in Libya on the island of Platea. Orchomenos, p. 344. Chionis, the conqueror at Olympia, among the adventurers.
* Procles tyrant of Epidaurus, Aristodemus king of Orchomenus, vol. I. p. 185. note s.
636. 36. _Phrynon of Athens._
632. 37. _Eurycleidas the Laconian._ Hipposthenes the Laconian first conqueror in the boys’ wrestling match, Polyneites of Elis in the stadium as a boy.
Founding of Cyrene. Reign of Battus I. Peisander, the epic poet of Rhodes.
628. 38. _Olynthus the Laconian._ Eutelidas the Laconian victorious in the boys’ pentathlon.
1. Pammilus of Megara on the Isthmus, with some Sicilian Megarians, founds Selinus, b. I. ch. 6. § 10. (Olymp. 32. 2. according to Diodorus.)
Periander, tyrant of Corinth, vol. I. p. 185. note s.
2. Corinthians and Corcyræans found Epidamnus, b. I. ch. 6. § 8.
* Gorgus, son of Cypselus, tyrant of Ambracia, ibid. b. III. ch. 9. § 6.
* Thaletas, the Elyrian musician, in Sparta, b. IV. ch. 6. § 3.
624. 79. _Rhipsolcus the Laconian._
2. Camarina founded by the Syracusans.(2006)
620. 40. _Olyntheus the Laconian_, for the second time.
* Theagenes, tyrant of Megara, b. I. ch. 8. § 4. Arion of Methymna, in Peloponnesus.
616. 41. _Cleondas of Thebes._ Philotas of Sybaris, first conqueror in the boxing match of the boys.
612. 42. _Lycotas the Laconian._
1. Cylon, son-in-law of Theagenes, aims at the tyranny of Athens, Corsini Fast. Att. II. 1. p. 64.
Alcman, lyric poet at Sparta, above, p. 328. note q. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “earlier than Polymnestus,” starting “Polymnestus wrote.”]
608. 43. _Cleon of Epidaurus._
2. Phrynon of Athens, the conqueror at Olympia, and Pittacus of Mytilene, contend for the possession of Sigeum. (Euseb.)
* Periander decides the subject of dispute, vol. I. p. 191. note s.
4. The inhabitants of Gela found Agrigentum.(2007)
604. 44. _Gelon the Laconian._
* Agasicles, the Eurypontid, at Sparta.
Solon conquers Salamis from the Megarians.
600. 45. _Anticrates of Epidaurus._
* Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, at war with Argos, vol. I. p. 179. note k.
Pheidon II. king of Argos, above, p. 112. note g. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Persian war,” starting “Herod. VII. 149.”]
596. 46. _Chrysamaxus the Laconian._
The Megarians reconquer Salamis and Nisæa, b. I. ch. 8. § 8.
Epimenides in Athens, according to Diogenes Laertius.
* Leon the Agid at Sparta unsuccessful in a war against Tegea.
592. 47. _Eurycles the Laconian._
3. The Amphictyons under Eurylochus the Aleuad, and Cleisthenes of Sicyon, conquer Cirrha, and institute prizes for the gymnastic contest at Pytho. Gylidas Archon (Prytanis) at Delphi, b. I. ch. 8. § 2.
Nebrus and Chrysus the Asclepiadæ of Cos.
Sacadas, the Argive flute-player, victorious in this and the two following Pythian games. Hierax, also an Argive flute-player, probably his contemporary, b. IV. ch. 6. § 8. Second epoch of music at Sparta, b. IV. ch. 6. § 3.
Arcesilaus I. king of Cyrene.
588. 48. _Glaucias of Croton._
4. Death of Periander, b. I. ch. 8. § 3.
Damophon, son of Pantaleon, tyrant of Pisa, makes war upon Elis.
584. 49. _Lycinus of Croton._ Cleisthenes of Sicyon victorious in the chariot race; he invites the suitors of his daughter Agariste.(2008)
2. Megacles, son of Alcmæon, marries Agariste.
3. Second Pythian games, first ἀγὼν στεφανίτης. Diodorus Archon (Prytanis) at Delphi. Cleisthenes victorious with the quadriga.(2009)
The Cypselidæ expelled from Corinth, b. I. ch. 8. § 3.
Restoration of the Isthmian games, according to Solinus.
* Lacedes king of Argos, b. III. ch. 6. § 10.
580. 50. _Epitelidas the Laconian._
Lipara peopled from Cnidos, b. I. ch. 6.
* Periander, tyrant of Ambracia, banished, b. III. ch. 9. § 6.
Conquest of Orneæ by Argos, b. I. ch. 7. ad fin.
Pyrrhus, son of Pantaleon, tyrant of Pisa, at war with Elis. The victorious Eleans destroy Pisa, Scillus, Macistus, Dyspontium, and extend their dominion towards Triphylia.(2010)
Dipœnus and Scyllis the Cretan descendants of Dædalus, in Peloponnesus.
Cleobulus, son of Evagoras, a Heraclide, governor of Lindus, a lyric poet and seer.(2011) Riddles of Cleobulina, b. IV. ch. 8. § 4.
576. 51. _Eratosthenes of Croton._
3. Pythocritus of Sicyon victorious in flute-playing at this and the five following Pythiads, b. IV. ch. 6. § 5.
The family of the tyrants banished from Sicyon, b. I. ch. 8. § 2.
Battus II. king of Cyrene. Enlargement of the Cyrenæan territory.
* Susarion of Tripodiscus, a comic poet in the Attic Icaria. (Marm. Par.)
572. 52. _Agis of Elis._
568. 53. _Agnon of Peparethus._
2. Argos conquers Nemea, and celebrates the first winter festival of the Nemean games noticed by chronologists.
3. Eugammon, the epic poet, in Cyrene. (Euseb.)
4. Phalaris of Astypalæa, tyrant of Agrigentum, (Euseb. Hieron; Olymp. 52. 3. Cod. Arm.) b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
4. Stesichorus, the lyric poet of Himera flourishes.
564. 54. _Hippostratus of Croton._
Æsop of Cotyæ, pursuant to the sentence of the court of the temple at Delphi, is precipitated from the Phædriadian rocks of Hyampeia. (Suidas.)
* Anaxandridas the Agid.
560. 55. _Hippostratus_ for the second time.
2. Death of Stesichorus, Euseb. according to Suidas, Olymp. 56.
* Meltas, son of Lacedes, king of Argos, deposed. The family of the Heraclides expires,(2012) and Ægon, of another family, obtains the royal dignity, b. III. ch. 6. § 7.
556. 56. _Phœdrus of Pharsalus._
1. Cheilon Ephor at Lacedæmon, (above, p. 115. note g. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “and Xenophon,” starting “De Rep. Lac. 8. 3.”])
3. Camarina destroyed by the Syracusans.
552. 57. _Ladromus the Laconian._
3. Phalaris overthrown by Telemachus the Emmenide. Orchomenos, p. 338.
Alcmanes becomes king of Agrigentum.
* _Ariston the Eurypontid._
548. 58. _Diognetus of Croton._
1. The temple at Pytho burnt, (Pausan. Euseb.) The Amphictyons appoint the Alcmæonidæ to rebuild it: Spintharus the Corinthian is the architect.
The Spartans find the bones of Orestes, (Solinus I. 90.) and defeat the Tegeates, b. I. ch. 7. § 12.
* Battle of the 300 at Thyrea.(2013)
544. 59. _Archilochus of Corcyra._ Praxidamas of Ægina conquers in the boxing match, and dedicates the first statue of a wrestler at Olympia. The Æginetan school of brass-founders begins to flourish (Callon); contemporary we find the Spartan artists Dorycleidas, Dontas, Chartas, Syadras, Gitiadas, &c.
540. 60. _Apellæus of Elis._
* Victory of the Megarians and Argives over Corinth.(2014) vol. I. p. 98, note h.
Pythagoras at Croton. Aristocleia, Pythian priestess. Leo tyrant of Phlius.
536. 61. _Agatharchus of Corcyra._
532. 62. _Eryxias of Chalcis._ Milo of Croton victorious in wrestling, perhaps the first of his six victories.
528. 63. _Parmenides of Camarina._ (This town was however at this time in ruins.)
* Naval expedition of the Peloponnesians against Polycrates of Samos, b. I. ch. 8. § 5.
524. 64. _Evander the Thessalian._
Cleomenes the Agid. Dorieus goes to Libya. The great victory of Cleomenes over Argos, (according to Pausanias, see b. I. ch. 8. § 6; but comp. b. III. ch. 4. § 2.)
520. 65. _Acochas_ (read _Anochus_) _of Tarentum_. Demaretus of Heræa the first conqueror as a heavy-armed runner (_Hoplitodromeus_); Eutelidas and Chrysothemis the Argives make statues of him and his son Theopompus.
1. Cleomenes refers the Platæans to Athens, (vol. I. p. 190, note b, B. I. ch. 9. § 5.)
2. The Æginetans colonize Cydonia.
Dorieus goes to Sicily, and founds Heraclea, but falls in a battle against the Carthaginians and Egestæans. Euryleon of Sparta succeeds Peithagoras on the throne of Selinus.(2015)
* The ancient constitution of Sicyon restored, b. I. ch. 8. § 5.
516. 66. _Ischyrus of Himera._ Cleosthenes of Epidamnus conquers in the chariot race. Ageladas of Argos makes a statue of the latter and Anochus, victorious in Olymp. 65.
Aristophylidas tyrant of Tarentum, b. I. ch. 8. § 15.
512. 67. _Phanas of Pellene._
1. Pretended maritime sovereignty of the Lacedæmonians. Eusebius.
3. Cleomenes expels the Peisistratidæ from Athens. (Thuc. VI. 59.)
Lygdamis of Naxos is deposed at the same time, b. I. ch. 8. § 5.(2016)
The Crotoniats under Milo defeat the Sybarites, and destroy Sybaris.
Dissension at Croton respecting the division of the territory.
* Demaratus the Eurypontid.
508. 68. _Ischomachus of Croton._
1. Cleomenes expels Cleisthenes and supports the aristocracy of Athens; Isagoras archon. Insurrection at Athens, and recall of Cleisthenes.
3. Third expedition of Cleomenes against Athens; dispute with Demaratus.
4. Cleandrus tyrant at Gela, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
League of Ægina and Thebes against Athens.
504. 69. _Ischomachus_ for the second time.
1. Ionia revolts.
Overthrow of the Pythagorean league, b. III. ch. 9. § 15.
Cleinias tyrant of Croton. Dion. Hal. Exc. p. 2358. ed. Reiske.
500. 70. _Nicias of Opus._ Thersias the Thessalian the first conqueror with the ἀπήνη.
1. Pratinas of Phlius, a satyric poet at Athens.
2. Death of Pythagoras, according to Eusebius. Cod. Arm.
3. Conquest of Miletus (according to Petavius, Olymp. 71. 2.; according to Corsini), compare Thucyd. IV. 102. with Herod. V. 126.
Hippocrates tyrant of Gela, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
4. The Samians, at the invitation of Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, conquer Zancle. Sythes of Zancle goes to Persia, and receives the sovereignty of Cos from the king, vol. I. p. 187. note a. b. III. ch. 9. § 2.
The Byzantians found Mesambria.(2017)
Lasus of Hermione flourishes as a lyric poet.
496. 71. _Tisicrates of Croton._ Patæcus of Dyme first conquers in the κάλπη; the elder Empedocles, son of Exænetus of Agrigentum, κέλητι.
4. The Æginetans give earth and water to Darius.
* The Geomori expelled from Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, subdues Zancle, and changes its name to Messana.(2018)
492. 72. _Tisicrates of Croton_ for the second time.
1. * Hippocrates of Gela defeats the Syracusans on the river Helorus, and restores Camarina.
Cleomenes, king of Sparta, at Ægina.
Leotychidas king in the room of Demaratus; Cleomenes with him in Ægina a second time.
2. Gelon, tyrant of Gela.
Cleomenes banished from Sparta; returns, and dies raving mad; succeeded by Leonidas.
Demaratus goes, after the Gymnopædia, in the beginning of summer, to Persia.
War between Ægina and Athens.
3. Battle of Marathon.
The Spartans arrive at Athens on the 19th of Metageitnion (Carneius), immediately after the battle.
4. Panyasis of Rhodes, the epic poet. (Euseb.)(2019)
488. 73. _Astylus of Croton._ Gelon victorious in the chariot race: Hieron κέλητι.
1. Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.
4. Gelon takes Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.(2020)
* Cadmus, son of Sythes, tyrant of Cos, returns to Messana, accompanied by Epicharmus.
Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis, takes Cos, and reigns at Halicarnassus, Nisyrus, and Calydna.(2021)
Canachus, brass-founder of Sicyon, flourishes.
484. 74. _Astylus as a Syracusan._
1. Herodotus born, according to Pamphila.
Gelon destroys Camarina, Herod. VII. 156. Schol. Pind. Ol. V. 19.
2. Gelon conquers Megara, (vol. I. p. 135 note r.) and strengthens Syracuse with the population of the ruined cities. On this occasion Epicharmus, who had formerly lived at Megara, appears to have come to Syracuse.
Theognis, the elegiac poet, still composes at an advanced age.
4. From the beginning of the year to summer, Xerxes’ march from Sardis to Thermopylæ. Formation of a Grecian confederacy. Embassy of the Greeks to Gelon. (See Appendix IV.)
480. 75. _Astylus as a Syracusan_ for the second time.
1. Battle of Thermopylæ at the same time with the Olympic festival.
Pleistarchus the Agid, Cleombrotus his πρόδικος.
After the Carnean festival, the Spartans, with the rest of the Peloponnesians, encamp at the Isthmus.
Battle of Salamis on the 20th of Boëdromion.
Gelon and Theron defeat the Carthaginians on the Himeras.
Cleombrotus leads the army back from the Isthmus after the eclipse of the sun (2d Octob.), and dies not long after, Herod. IX. 10.
Pausanias succeeds as regent, and with Euryanax(2022) the Agid advances to meet Mardonius in the month Thargelion or Scirophorion.
2. Battles of Platæa and Mycale (in Metageitnion(2023)). Pausanias’s Greek confederacy. Surrender of Thebes.
Chrysis priestess of Juno at Argos.
3. Hieron at Syracuse.
* Pausanias in the north of Greece.
4. Hieron defends Locri against Anaxilaus, b. IV. ch. 7. § 4.
Pausanias, on his return, brings the bones of Leonidas to Sparta.(2024)
Timocreon of Rhodes a lyric and comic poet.
476. 76. _Scamander of Mytilene._ Theron victorious in the chariot race.
1. Death of Anaxilaus. Pausanias commander of the Greeks in Cyprus.
3. Great victory of the Iapygians over Tarentum, b. III. ch. 9. § 15.
Victory of Hieron over the Etruscans at Cuma, and at the Pythian games in the chariot race.
* Pausanias takes Byzantium.
4. Death of Theron. Thrasydæus expelled from Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
472. 77. _Dates of Argos._ Hieron victorious κέλητι.
2. The population of Elis collected into one town. Diodor. XI. 54. Strabo VIII. 336. B. III. ch. 4. § 8.
The allies in Asia refuse to follow Pausanias, according to Dodwell’s Ann. Thucyd.
3. Expedition of Leotychidas against the Aleuadæ. Dorcis commander of the Spartans in Asia. Assessment of Aristides.
4. Leotychidas goes into exile at Tegea, vol. I, p. 189. note i. p. 207. note l. Archidamus the Eurypontid.(2025)
The Spartans determine to send no more commanders into Asia. Pausanias goes in his own trireme to Byzantium, and there meditates treason.
War in Peloponnesus between Sparta and the Arcadians.
Epicharmus the comic poet flourishes.
468. 78. _Parmenides of Poseidonia._ Hieron victorious in the chariot race.
* Pausanias dies in the temple of Minerva Chalciœcus.
Death of Hieron.
* Arcesilaus IV. of Cyrene conquers in the chariot race of Pytho.
Thrasybulus expelled from Syracuse. Democracy established there, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
* The ἄγος Ταινάριον.(2026)
4. Earthquake at Sparta; revolt of the Messenian helots.
* Lygdamis, son of Pisindelis, uncle of Artemisia, tyrant of Halicarnassus, kills Panyasis. Herodotus leaves his native town.
Onatas, the head of the Æginetan school of sculpture, flourishes.
464. 79. _Xenophon of Corinth._ Diagoras of Rhodes in the boxing match.
1. Battle of Ithome, and siege of the fortress, to which the Spartans summon the allies.
The Argives destroy Mycenæ, and other adjacent places, b. I. ch. 8. § 7.
Re-establishment of the ancient government in the towns of Sicily, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
3. After the termination of the Thasian war (Thuc. I. 101. Plutarch Cimon. 14.) Cimon leads Athenian auxiliaries to Sparta; which however are soon dismissed; on which Athens dissolves the alliance with Sparta, and forms one with Argos.
4. The Geloans restore Camarina. (Diodorus.)
* Megara withdraws from the Peloponnesian alliance, and joins that of Athens.
Pleistarchus dies about this time. Pleistoanax the Agid; Nicomedes his προδικος.(2027)
460. 80. _Torymbas the Thessalian._ Arcesilaus of Cyrene in the chariot race.
3. Sparta undertakes an expedition against Phocis in behalf of the Doric Tetrapolis.
In the spring, war of Athens with the maritime powers of Peloponnesus. Battles at Haliæ and Cecryphalea.
In Munychion. The Pythian games. Aristomenes of Ægina victorious.
Pindar’s eighth Pythian ode may be referred to this time.
The Æginetans are defeated by the Athenians, and Ægina besieged.
The Peloponnesians attempt to relieve the island, and encounter the Athenians in the Megarid.
4. League of the Spartans on their return with Thebes.
Victory of the Spartans and Thebans over the Athenians and Argives at Tanagra.
Four months’ truce between Sparta and Athens.
Expedition of Myronides (sixty days after the battle of Tanagra) and victory at Coronea.
Ægina surrenders in the spring, after a siege of nine months.
The race of the princes of Cyrene becomes extinct after the 80th Olympiad, b. III. ch. 9. § 13.
456. 81. _Polymnastus of Cyrene._
1. Expedition of Tolmides against the coasts of Peloponnesus.
2. Ithome surrenders; treaty between Sparta and the Arcadians; Messenians at Naupactus.
Proceedings of Pericles in the Crisæan gulph.
* 3. Petalismus established at Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
552. 82. _Lycus the Thessalian._
Thirty years’ truce between Sparta and Argos (Thuc. V. 14.); five years’ truce with Athens.(2028)
4. The Lacedæmonians restore the independence of Delphi; the Athenians again reduce it under the yoke of the Phocians.
448. 83. _Crison of Himera._
3. The Megarians throw off their dependence upon Athens, and defeat the Athenians at Nisæa, b. III. ch. 9. § 10.(2029) Pleistonax invades Attica, but retreats without any reason.
The elder Andocides and nine other ambassadors from Athens at Sparta.
Thirty years’ truce between Athens and Sparta in the winter of this year. Colony of the allied Greeks at Thurii.
4. Pleistonax leaves Sparta. He is succeeded by his son Pausanias, still an infant, and Cleomenes is appointed regent.
444. 84. _Crison_ for the second time.
* The younger Empedocles, grandson of the elder, and son of Meton, presides over the state of Agrigentum, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus, overthrown by Herodotus and the Samians, Suidas.
440. 85. _Crison_ for the third time.
436. 86. Theopompus the Thessalian.
1. Epidamnus applies to Corinth for assistance against its banished citizens.
2. The Corinthians defeated by the Corcyræans.
2/3 and 3/4 Preparations of Corinth. Defensive league of Corcyra with Athens.
4. Cleandridas exiled from Sparta, founds Heraclea with Tarentines, b. III. ch. 10. § 11.
Second sea-fight between Corinth and Corcyra.
Defection of Potidæa from the alliance of Athens.
432. 87. _Sophron of Ambracia._ Dorieus, son of Diagoras, victorious in the Pancration.
1. Ænesias Ephor Eponymus at Sparta, Sthenelaidas one of the others.
Lacedæmon with its confederates determines upon war with Athens.
In the beginning of the spring the Thebans attempt to surprise Platæa.
The Peloponnesians before Œnoë.
Brasidas Ephor. The Peloponnesians (in the middle of June) invade the territory of Eleusis and the Thriasian plain.
INDEX.
When the Roman numeral is omitted the first volume is meant.
Abdera, 244
Abia, nurse of Glenus, 58
Acanthus of Lacedæmon, ii. 272
Achæans, 12. retire to the coast of the Peloponnese and Attica, 71
Achæan Phratria at Sparta, 52
Achaia described, 80
Acosmia, ii. 136
Acrisius, 397
Acte, 90
Acyphas, 40. 43
Admetus, 224. 327
Adonis, 406
Æacidæ, 20
Ægidæ, 102. 362
Ægys, 104
Ægimius of Hesiod, 31. ii. 12
Ægina, constitution, ii. 150 money, ii. 222 character, ii. 412
Æginetan drachma, ii. 109
Ægoneia, 42
Æneas, 242. founder of Rome, 243
Ænianes, 48. 278
Æolis, ii. 65
Æpytus, 110, 111
Æpytidæ, ib.
Æsculapius, 297. 328. 407 worship of, 114
Ætolians, 234. connected with the Eleans, 68
Agæus, 90
Agrigentum, constitution of, ii. 168
ἀΐτης, 5. ii. 301
Alcæeus, 285
Alcestis, 414
Alcman, date of, ii. 328. ii. 380
Aletes, 94
ἀληθεία, 343
Aletiadæ, 96
Aleuadæ, 121
ἁλία, ii. 88
Almopia, 458. 469
Alpenus, 42
Alpheus, 74. 379
Althamenes, 98
Altis, 271
Amazons, 390
Ambracia, constitution of, ii. 158
Ambracian bay, 7
Ametor, ii. 381
Amnisus, 227
Amphanæa, 42
Amphicæa, 38
Amphictyonic league, 279
Amphilochus, 125
Amphipolus, 394. ii. 166
ἀμπίτταρες, ii. 35
Amyclæ, 101
Anactorium, 130
Anaphe, 116
Anaxilas, 164
Andania, religious ceremonies of, restored by Epaminondas, 111
Angites, 453
Antæus, 442
Anthes, 118
Antiphemus, 122
Antiphus, 419
Apaturia, festival of, 91
ἀπενιαυτισμὸς, 341
Aphamiotæ, ii. 51
Aphidnæ, 167. 431
Ἀπέλλων, 312
Aphrodite, 322. 405
Apollo, etymology of the name, 311 ἀγυιεὺς, 310. 363 ἀκήσιος, 307 ἀλεξίκακος, 307 ἀποτροπαῖος, 308 of Belvidere, 368 of Calamis, 366 of Canachus, ibid. ii. 383 of Citharœdus, 368 γενέτωρ, 302 δεκατηφόρος, 247 Delphinius, 227. 245 ἐλελεὺς, 309 ἐπικούριος, 307 ἐρέσιος, 248 Erythibius, 238. 299 Gryneus, 247 ἰατρὸς, 308 Καρνεῖος, 360 Κισσεὺς, 361 καταιβάσιος, 307 λεσχηνόριος, 263 λεπιτύμνιος, 248 λοίμιος, 308 of the Lycæum, 368 Lycius, 240. 313 Malloeis, 248 ναπαῖος, ibid. νεομήνιος, 299 Nomius, 295 of Onatas, 366 πασπάριος, 240 πατρῷος, 257. 263 Philesius, 245 προστάτης, 308 προστατήριος, ibid. Pythaëus, 93. 267 Σμίνθειος, 240. 298 Thyrxeus, 238
Apollonia, 131. in Crete, 227. 283 constitution of, ii. 160
Apophthegms, ii. 386
Arcadia, 75
Arcadians, 197
Architecture, Doric, style of, ii. 269
Areopagus, 340
Ares, 406
Arethusa, 380
Argos, colonies, 112 constitution, ii. 145 courts of justice, ii. 229 history, 169. 172. 175. 190. 197 kings, ii. 111 slaves, ii. 54 tribes, ii. 76 character, ii. 407 dialect, ii. 435, 436
Ἀργεῖοι, a name of the Helots, ii. 43
Argolis described, 78
Argura, 26
Arion, ii. 372. ii. 375
Ariphron, ii. 378
Aristæus, 295
Aristeas, 290
Aristocrates, 165
Aristodemus, 99. ii. 443
Aristomachus, 65
Aristomenes, 157. 165. 168
Artemis, 374 Ætolian, 374 Arcadian, 376 Attic, 383 Doric, 372 Ephesian, 389 Leucophrynè, 392 Orthia, 383 ποταμία, 380 Pergæan, 393 of Sipylus, 392
Asine, 46
Asopus, 89
Aspendus, 124
Astæus, 133
Asteria, 321
Astypalæa, 116. ii. 177
Athamanes, 7
Athenè ὀπτιλέτις, 397 ὀξυδέρκης, ibid. ἀκρία, ibid.
Atintanes, 457
Atrax, 26. 29
Attica, 256
Axius, 451
Azorum, 23. 25. 30
Babyca, ii. 90
Bacchiadæ, ii. 138. ii. 451
Βαλλὴν, 10
Barnus, 453
Baths of Lacedæmon, ii. 283
Bermius, 453.
Bessi, 10
Bibasis, ii. 345
Bidiæi, ii. 131. ii. 228
Bisaltia, 454
Black broth of Sparta, ii. 285
Blæsus, ii. 369
Bœotia, 262
Bœum, 39. 44
Bottiais, 455
Βοῦαι, ii. 310
Branchidæ. 246
Brasidas, 218. ii. 406
Brass, pound of, unit of the Italian money system, ii. 224
Bryallicha, ii. 346
Brygians, 8. 481
Buagi, ii. 131
Bucolic poetry, ii. 350
Busiris, 442
Bulis, 49
Byzantium, 133. 250 slaves, ii. 62 constitution, ii. 174 character, ii. 411 dialect, ii. 437
Cadmus, 255 of Cos, 187
Cænidæ, 97
Callicratidas, ii. 405
Callisto, 377
Calydna, 114. 116
Camarina, 129
κάναθρα, ii. 292
Carmanor, 228. 234. 350
Carnean games, list of conquerors at, 144
Carnus, 66
Carpathus, 116. 120
Carphæa, 44
Caryatides, ii. 348
Carystus, 47
Casmene, 129
καστόριον, ii. 341
Casus, 120
Ceadas, 157
Celts, 2
Centaurs, 417
Cephalus, 251
Cephisus, 38
Cercopes, 422. 447
Ceronia, 139
Ceyx, 59. 416
Chalcedon, 133. 250
Chalcidians, 278
Chalcis in Ætolia, 130
Chaonians, 6
Charadra, 39
Charinus, ii. 361
Charites, 407
Charondas, laws of, ii. 230. 234. 241
Χιτὼν, ii. 274. ii. 277
Χλαῖνα, ii. 277
Chlamys, 478
Chones, 6
Choral poetry, ii. 374
Χωρίτης, ii. 22
Chorus, ii. 262. 334
Chronology and history, early materials for, 142
Chryse, 386
Chrysothemis, 228. 350. 355. ii. 379
Cimon, treaty of, 205
Cinadon, ii. 232
Cinæthon, 156
Cirrha, 272. 276
Claros, 246
κλεινὸς, ii. 302
Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 178
Cleobulus, ii. 378
Cleodæus, 65
Cleonæ, 79. 90
Cleosthenes, 153. ii. 445
κλῆρος, ii. 32
Clytiadæ, 272
Cnacion, ii. 90
Cnidos, 137 constitution of, ii. 177
Cnosus, 493. ii. 137
Comedy, ii. 354 introduction of at Athens, ii. 355 Sicilian, ii. 356
Community of property in Sparta, ii. 197 of husbands, ii. 201
Congress of the Greeks, 203
Conquest of the Peloponnese, 85
Contoporia, 79
Corcyra, 130
Corcyra, Black, 138
Corybas, 229
Corinth, history, 94, 95. 181 colonies, 127 slaves, ii. 58 kings, ii. 112 courtesans, ii. 300 character, ii. 408 prytanes, ii. 138 constitution, ii. 150. ii. 155
Cos, 114. 120
Cosmus, ii. 2
Craugallidæ, 47. 276
Cresphontes, 70
Crestonica, 454
Crete, character, ii. 406 Cosmi, ii. 134 Doric migration to, 34 later migrations, 36 education, ii. 311 gerusia, ii. 98 laws, ii. 237 music, ii. 333 princes, ii. 113 public assembly, ii. 92 slaves, ii. 50 dialect, ii. 436
Crissa, or Cirrha, 230. 281
Crissæans, 47
Crœsus, 347
Crotona, 140. 281. 286. 439 constitution, ii. 184 character, ii. 413
Cryassa, 116
Cultivation, proofs of in the Peloponnese, 81 carried on by the conquered races, 83
Curetes, 229
Curium, 124
Cyclopian hall, 87
Cycnus, 225. 414
Cynosura, ii. 48
Cynuria, 171. 174. 190
Cyphus, 28. 31
Cypselus, 97. 181
Cyrene, 136. 283 constitution, ii. 178 ephors, ii. 114 tribes, 62 character, 412 dialect, 438
Cytinium, 40. 44
Damastes, 291
Δαμοσία, ii. 251
Daphne, 302
Daphnephorus, 223
Decelea, 431
Deianira, 68. 416
Δεικηλίκται, ii. 348
Deimalea, ii. 348
Deipnias, 224
Deiphontes, 90. 119
Delians, 207
Delos, 229. 287. 320. 343
Delphi, temple of, 225. 231 constitution, ii. 274. 372. 188 kings, ii. 114. ii. 138 laws, ii. 237 character, ii. 414 dialect, ii. 439
Delphine, 324
Delphinia, 262
Demeter, 398 Cabirian worship of at Andania, 111 Syracusan, 401 Triopian, 115 Χθονία, 402 worship of, ii. 339
Demiurgi, ii. 144
Democracy, ii. 9
Δῆμος, ii. 8
Dercylidas, ii. 405
Deucalion, 20
Deuriopus, 459
Dexamenus, 417
Diagoridæ, 119
Dionysus, 403
Dioscuri, tombs of, 103. 408
Dipæa, battle of, 207
Dipodia, ii. 345
Dirges, 354
Dithyramb, 405
Dium, 24
Doberus, 460
Dodona, 6. 28
δόκανα, 408
Doliche, 23. 25
Dorians, migration of to different parts of the north of Greece, 36 to the Peloponnese, 58 to Crete, 34. 493 probable number at the invasion, 84 jocularity of, ii. 370
Doric constitution, ii. 11 epic poets, ii. 378 dialect, 417
Doridas, 96
Dorieus, 141. ii. 151
Doris, or Doric Tetrapolis, 38. 43
Dorium, 43
Dorus, 43. 490
Dowry of Spartan women, ii. 204
Drymea, 38
Dryope, 44
Dryopians, 45. 93
Dymanes, ii. 76
Ἑβδομαὶ, 338
Echemus, 63
Edessa, 479
Edonians, 465
Εἴλως, derivation of, ii. 30
Eilythyia, 262
Eion, 46
εἰσπνήλας, ii. 300
ἔκκλητοι, 201
Eleusinia, 402
Eleutherolacones, ii. 19
Elis, hollow, 80. 202 periœci of, ii. 57. ii. 74 gerusia of, ii. 99
Ἐλωὸς, 319
Elymea, 457
Elyrus, 228
Emathia, 473. 479
Ἐμβατήριον, ii. 342
Empelori, ii. 131
ἔμφρουρος, ii. 243
Encheleans, 7. 37
ἐνιαυτὸς, 329. 341. 429
ἐνναετηρὶς, 261. 337. 429. ii. 103
Enomoty, ii. 245
Ἠοῖαι of Hesiod, 58. 491
Eordians, 459. 468. 482
ἐπευνακταὶ, ii. 44
Ephetæ, 340
Ephors, ii. 114
Ephyra, when changed to Corinth, 96 in Thesprotia, 96. 121. 317. 419
Epicharmus, ii. 356. ii. 358. 360-363
Epidamnus, 131. ii. 217 constitution of, ii. 159
Epidaurus, 79. 91 constitution of, ii. 149 kings of, ii. 113 slaves of, ii. 57
Epidemiurgi of Corinth, ii. 144
Epigenes of Sicyon, ii. 371
Epimenides, 355. ii. 394
Epirus, 6. 477.
Epitadeus, law of, ii. 202
Equals, ὅμοιοι, ii. 84
Eratidæ, 113
Erigon, 451
Erineus, 40. 43
Eros, 407
ἐρυκτὴρ, ii. 35. 43
Erysichthon, 400
Erytheia, 420
ἑστιοπάμων, ii. 199
Euæchme, 58
Eumelus, 129. 156
Eurotas, 76. 81 plain of, 76
Euryanax, ii. 461
Eurysthenes and Procles, 100. 107. 144
Eurystheus, 59 tomb of, 61
Eurytus, 411.
Expiations, 332. 342
Families, preservation of, in Sparta, ii. 198
Fate, 330. 345
Flute, 351
Gagæ, 122
Gargettus, 60
Gela, 122. ii. 168
Geography of the Peloponnese, 73
Geomori of Samos, ii. 7
Γέρανος, 358
Gergis, 242
Gerusia in Doric states, ii. 93. ii. 156. ii. 228
Geryoneus, 420
Glaucus, 111
Goat, a symbol of Alollo, 325
Gomphi, 27
Gonnocondylum, 22
Gonnus, 22, 23
Gortyna, 136. 227
Government, ancient notion of, ii. 1
Gryneum, 280
Gylippus, 218
Gymnastic exercises, ii. 313
Gymnesii, 191. ii. 54
Hair, Spartan mode of wearing the, ii. 281
Haliacmon, 452
Halicarnassus, 115 by whom colonized, 115. 118
Harma, 259
Harmosyni, ii. 131
Hecatæus of Abdera, 293
Hecatus, 268
Heiresses, Athenian and Spartan laws respecting, ii. 205
Helice, 71
Hellen, 20. 490
Hellenes, 11. 20. 471
Helos, 100
Helots, ii. 29 dress of, ii. 37 indecent dances of, ii. 39 military service of, ii. 34 number of, ii. 44 rent of, ii. 31 treatment of, ii. 43
Hephæstus, 406
Heraclea on the Pontus, 49. 140 constitution, ii. 116 public offices, ii. 120 slaves, ii. 62
Heraclea Sciritis, constitution, ii. 183 ephors, ii. 115 dialect, ii. 438
Heraclidæ, whether Dorians or not, 54 defeated at Tegea, 63 their final expedition, 65. ii. 443
Hercules, account of in Homer, 51 ἀλεξίκακος, 445 costume, 434 ἱποκτόνος, 445 κορνοπίων, ibid. labours, 433 fabulous right to the Peloponnese, 51. 275. 410 purification of, 436 Sandon, 440 servitude of, 414. 429 subdues the Dryopians, 46
Here, 395
Hermes, 307. 311
Hermione, 46. 193 dialect, ii. 437
Herodotus, ii. 385
Heroic age, constitution of, ii. 6
Hexapolis, Doric, 115
Hieromnamon, ii. 173
Hierapytna, 398
ἱλαροτραγῳδία, ii. 368
ἱμάτιον, ii. 274
Himera, 129
Hippodamus of Miletus, ii. 266
Hippotes, 66. 94
Historians, Doric, ii. 385
Homer, dialect of, ii. 378
ὁμόκαποι, ii. 199
ὁμοσίπυοι, ibid.
Horæo-castro, 22
Horus, 300
Hyacinthus, worship of, 139. 360
Hyamia, 163
Hybla, 135
Hydra of Lerna, 434
Hylas, 361. 441
Hylleans, 13. 53. ii. 76
Hyllus, 53. 59 at Thebes, 62 slain by Echemus, 63. 413
Hyperboreans, 230. 262. 271. 284. 298. 323. 329. 337. 373
Hyporchema, 357. ii. 337
Iambists, choruses of, ii. 339
Iamidæ, 128. 272. 380
Iasians, 118
Ichnæ, 455
Ἴλη, ii. 310
Illyrian Athamanes, 48
Illyrians, 471
Inachus, 79
Inalienability of land, ii. 208
Inferiors, ὑπομείονες, ii. 84
Iolaus, 57
Ion, 258. 264 of Euripides, 265
Ione, 124
Ionians, 256 degeneracy of, ii. 5
Iphigenia, 383
Iphitus, 153. 155. 270. 413 quoit of, 143
Ἴρην, ii. 309
Ismenium, 254
Isthmius, 111
Ithome, siege of, 209
καυσία, 4. 479
κατωνάκη, ii. 38
κηληδόνες, 350. 365
κιθάρα, 349
Κοίλη Λακεδαίμων, explained, 76. 104
κονίποδες, ii. 57
κορυθάλεια, 343
κορυνηφόροι, ii. 54
κρεμβαλιαστὺς, 358
κρυπτεία, ii. 240
κυθηροδίκης, ii. 27
Κυλλύριοι, ii. 61. 161
κυνέη, 478
Lacius, 125
Lacmon, 452
Laconia, 75 divided into six provinces, 106 domestic economy, ii. 213 money, ii. 214 dialect, ii. 434
Laomedon, 241
Lapathus, 24. 139
Lapithæ, 29
Larissa, 22. 25 Phriconis, 42
Lasus, ii. 378
Latin language, 17
Laurel, 343
Λεχέρνα, 396
Leogoras, 275
Lepreum, 202
Lesche, ii. 396
Letters, considered as Phœnician symbols, 143
Leucadia, constitution, ii. 159
Leucatas, 251
Lichas, ii. 406
Lilæa, 39. 44
Limnæ, ii. 48
Linus, 353. 427
Lipara, 137
Lochus, ii. 246
Locri, 140. ii. 238
Logographi, 56
Λόμβαι, 382
Long walls, 215
Leucæ, 247
Lycia, 236
Lycorea, 49. 233
Lyctus,227
Lycurgus, 146. 152. 270. ii. 12
Lydia, kings of, 441
Lydias or Ludias, 451
Lyncestis, 458
Lyre, ii. 377
Lysander, ii. 219. 404
Macaria, 60 valley of, 78
Macedon, 172
Macedonians, 2 their dialect, 3. 485 not Dorians, 37 but Illyrians, 479 their customs, 482 religion, 483
Macedonis, 455
Maceta, 474
Magnesians, 276
Malians, 47
Mallus, 124. 126
Mantinea, battle of, ii. 244
Manufactures of Lacoma, ii. 25
Marsyas, 351
Medea, 396
Megara, 97 one of five hamlets, 99 colonies, 132 comedy, ii. 354 comic poets, ibid constitution, ii. 171 history, 186. 194. 212. 249 kings, ii. 113 dialect, ii. 437
Melampodidæ, 272
Melcart, 443
Melia, 79
Melos, 136 constitution of, ii. 178
Mesambria, 134
Mesoa, ii. 48
Messenia divided into six provinces, 106 history, 108 kings, ii. 113 character, ii. 413 dialect, ii. 435
Messenian wars, 156 third war, 208
Messenians, 209
Metapontum, 281. 286
Meteora, 26
Miletus, 244
Military games, ii. 313 at Crete, ii. 320
Minos, 35
Minyans, 12
Μνοία, ii. 51
Molycreium, 127
Mora, ii. 248
Mopsium, 25
Mopsuestia, 124. 126
Mopsuerene, 124. 126
Mopsus, 125
μοθάκες, ii. 43
Music, Doric, ii. 323
Musical contests, ii. 338
Mycenæ, 79
Myceneans, 192
Mygdonia, 454
Mygdonians, 8
Mylasa, 116
Myndus, ibid
Myron, 154. 178
Myscellus, 140
Myson, ii. 26
Narcissus, 353
Naupactia, 156
Naupactus, 65
Nemea, 79. 433 lion, ibid
νεοδαμώδεις, ii. 43
νεολαία, ii. 307
Nisyrus, 120
Nome, ii. 337
Nomophylaces, ii. 131
Nomus, 355
Νόμος, _numus_, ii. 224
Noricum, 117. 138
Oba, ii. 78. 249
Œchalia, 28 taking of, 411 situation, 412
Œnöe, 258
Œnophyta, battle of, 211
Œta, mount, 41
Œtæans, 48
Olen, ii. 379
Olympic games, list of victors at, 143. 270. 436. ii. 315
ὦπις, 373
Orestæ, 458
Orneatæ, 92. 176. ii. 55
ὅροι, 150
Orsippus of Megara, ii. 272
Oxylus, 68. 71
Pæan, the god, 308 the song, 309. 325. 370
Pæonia, 459
Pæonians, 471, 472
Pagasæ, 224
παιδεραστία, ii. 300 of Crete, ii. 302 of Sparta, ii. 300
παιδόνομος, ii. 310
Palm tree of Delos, 303. 322
Pamphyli, ii. 76
Pantaleon, 165
Panthus, 241
Parauæa, 457
Παρθενίαι, ii. 294
Paroria, 457
Patara, 237
Patronomi, ii. 132
Pausanias, 204. 489
Pedaritus, ii. 406
Pelagonia, 460
Pelagonian Tripolis, 25
Pelasgi, 6. 7. 15. 36. 220
Pelinna, 26, 27
Pella, 452. 455
Peloponnese, division of, 70
Peloponnesian league, 196
Peloria, festival of, 27
Perinthus, 135
Penestæ, ii. 65
Penthelidæ, 72
Perdiccas, 463
Periatider, 182. ii. 158. ii. 222. ii. 276
Periœci of Laconia, ii. 18
περφέρεες, 288
Persian war, 497
Petalism, ii. 163
πέτασος, 478
Petra, 24
Phaëthon, 301
Phæstus, 89. 227
Phalanna, 25
Phalanthus, 139
Phalces, 89
Phallophori, 404. ii. 352
Pharcedon, 26
Pharis, 104
Phaselis, 122
φειδίτια, ii. 288
Pheidon, 172. 464
Phidippus, 120. 419
Philammon, 356. ii. 377
Phlegyans, 234
Phlegyas, 234. 297
Phlius, 79. 89 constitution of, ii. 170 its satiric drama, ii. 373 character, ii. 410
Phocis, plain of, 38
Phœbus, 312
φοιβάζειν, ibid
Phormis, ii. 357
φούαξιρ, 384. ii. 326. 491
Phricium, 422
Phrygians, 8. 480 their language, 9
Phthiotis, 20. 490
Πίτανα, ii. 48
Plautus, ii. 362
πόλις, ii. 71
Polybœa, 361
Polycaon son of Butes, 58
Polycrates, 189
Polydorus, ii. 449
πόρπαξ, ii. 256
Poseidon, 258. 402
Potidæa, 132
Pratinas of Phlius, ii. 373
Praxilla, 405
Priestesses of Here at Argos, catalogue of, 144
πρόβουλοι, 206
Procles, 186
Procris, 251
προστάτης τοῦ δήμον, ii. 147
Prytanes of Lacedæmon, 145 of Athens, ii. 140
Psammetichus, 185
Purification, 264. 370
Pydna, 456
Pylæa, ii. 396
Pylos, Nelean, 104 Nestorian, 82. 435 Triphylian, 81
Pyrrhic dance, ii. 342
Pythagoras, league of, ii. 182. ii. 316. ii. 393 philosophy of, ii. 186 government of, ii. 184. 193
Pythiad, ii. 454
Pythian strain, 325
Pythians, ii. 15
Pythium, 24. 258
Registers, public, of Lacedæmon, 144
Rents of the Helots, ii. 31
Rhacius, 247
Rhadamanthus, 427
Rhegium, 164. 278
Rhetoric of Sparta, ii. 386
Rhetra, 148 of Agis, ii. 47 of Lycurgus, ii. 86 of Theopompus and Polydorus, ii. 87. 118
Rhianus, 158
Rhinthon, ii. 368
Rhipæan mountains, 291
Rhodes, colonies, 122 constitution, ii. 151 Prytanes of, ii. 139 character, ii. 408 dialect, ii. 437
Rhodia, 126
Rhoduntia, 42
Riddles, ii. 392
Sacadas of Argos, ii. 328. 338
Sacred road of Apollo, 223
Sacred slaves, 274. 392. 405
Sagalassus, 139
Salamis, 194
Sarpedon, 237
Sciras, ii. 369
Sciritæ, ii. 253
Sculpture, Doric, ii. 382
Scythians, 288
Selge, 138
Selinus, 136. 406
Selymbria, 134
Sibyls, ii. 346
Sicyon, constitution, ii. 169 history, 177 music, ii. 330 tribes, ii. 58 slaves, ii. 583 character, ii. 410
σιδεῦναι, ii. 309
σκυταλισμὸς, ii. 149
Slavery, kinds of, ii. 36
Socrates the poet, ii. 335
Soli, 122. 125
Solium, 130
Solygius, hill of, 95
Sopatrus, ii. 369
Sophron, mimes of, ii. 364-7
Soüs, 108. 147
Sovereignty, Doric, ii. 100
Sparta, once an inconsiderable town, 102 colonies, 136 courts of justice, ii. 228 education, ii. 307 ephors, ii. 114 gerusia, ii. 94. ii. 236 infantry, ii. 253 kings, ii.100 succession, ii. 105 king’s house, ii. 266 military system, ii. 242 marriage, ii. 292 public assembly, ii. 88 stealing, ii. 319 taxes, ii. 221
Spartans number of, ii. 203 character of, ii. 402
Spartan brevity of speech, ii. 387
σφαιρεῖς, ii. 309
Στεμματιαῖα, festival of, 66
Stenyclarus, battle of, 208
Stesichorus, ii. 375
Strymon, 453
Stymphæa, 457
Styra, 47
Subject classes, dress of, ii. 73
Syme, 137
Synedrion, during the Persian war, 498
Synnada, 117
Syracuse, 128. 380 character, ii. 409 constitution, ii. 161 slaves, ii. 61 date of foundation, ii. 447
Syssitia of Sparta, ii. 210. ii. 283 of Crete, ii. 211. ii. 286
Tænarum, 248
Taleclus, 101
Talthybiadæ, ii. 28
Tarentum, 139. 164. 439 constitution, ii. 181 princes, ii. 113 character, ii, 413 dialect, ii. 438
Tarrha, 228
Tarsus, 124
Tauria, 386
Taygetus, mount, 77
Tegea, 207. 269
Tegyra, 254
Teichius, 42
Telesilla, 381. ii. 377
Telliadæ, 272
Temenus, 88
Temenidæ, 463
Tempe, 21. 30. 222. 290
Tenea, 239
Tenedos, ibid
Tenure of land in Laconia, ii. 196
Terpander, ii. 376
Tetrapolis, why spared by the Spartans, 61. 430
Teucrians, 11
Teutamus, 35
Thaletas, 350. 359. ii. 14. ii. 328
Thapsus, 136
Theagenes, 92
Θεαροδοκία, 280
Thebes, 254
Themistocles, 206
Theoclus, 157
Theopompus, 162. ii. 448
Thera, 136 ephors, ii. 115
Therapne, 103
Θεράπων, ii. 35
Theseus, 229. 257. 262. 263
Thessalians, 4. ii. 64
Thirty tyrants of Athens, u. 98
Thoricus, 250
Thrace, 244
Thracians, 10. 470. 484
Tilphossa, 253
Timocracy, ii. 8
Timotheus, Spartan decree concerning, ii. 330
Tiresias, 255. 343
Tiryns, 192
Tisamenus, 69
Titacidæ, 431
Tityrus, ii. 351
Tityus, 254. 329
Tlepolemus, 119, 120
Tolmides, 212
Trachis, 42
Tragedy, 404. ii. 371
Treasury of Atreus, ii. 267
Triacon, 91
Tricca, 26
τριχάϊκες, 33, 34
τριόφθαλμος, oracle respecting, 68
Triopian promontory, 115
Triopium, 279
Tripod, robbery of by Hercules, 426
Tripolis and Tetrapolis, Doric, 43
Trœzen, 91. 118. 248
Trogilus, 136
τύρβη, 404
Tyndaridæ, 431
Typhaon, 320
Tyrtæus, 156. 160. 164. 166. ii. 15. 198
Vases, illustrating ancient comedies, ii. 359-361
Vejovis, 307
Ver sacrum, 276
War, how carried on by the Dorians in the conquest of the Peloponnese, 85
Wise men of Greece, ii. 39
Wolf, symbol of Apollo, 264. 314
Writing, art of, when introduced into Greece, 143
Xanthus, 237. 313
Xenelasia, ii. 4
Xenodamus, 359
Xerxes, 300
Xuthus, 258
Zaleucus, laws of, ii. 227. ii. 231. ii. 236. ii. 239
Zeus, of the Dorians, 318. 394
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Vol. I.
P. 19. l. 18. In the explanation of Melia, the ash has been confounded with the alder. It seems that the ash, which probably reached a greater height than any other tree in Greece, is used in this genealogy, as in Hesiod Theog. 187, for the force of vegetation generally.
P. 80. l. 11. It may be objected that the countries in which commerce and manufactures have flourished most, have not possessed mines of the precious metals. This remark is true of modern Europe; but in Greece the copper of Chalcis appears to be connected with the Chalcidean trade and colonies, and the gold of Thasos with the maritime pursuits of the Thasians and their large navy before the time of Cimon. The silver of Laurion likewise contributed to the industry and foreign commerce of Attica. The prosperity of the maritime cities of Asia Minor was at least assisted by the gold mines in Lydia; as may be seen in the very ancient golden staters (partly made of electron, which according to Soph. Ant. 1025 came from Sardis) of Phocæa, Lampsacus, Clazomenæ, &c.
P. 82. l. 2. It now appears to me that Leake, Morea, vol. III. ch. 30. is right in considering the _Contoporia_ as a footpath over the hills, which required the use of long sticks or poles. The road in the valley between the rocks bore the name of _Tretos_.
P. 127. l. 25. _for_ all its colonies _read_ all its early colonies.
P. 209. notes, col. 2. l. 10. _for_ Platæon _read_ Platæan.
P. 212. notes, col. 2. l. 10. _for_ εἰρένης, _read_ εἰρήνης.
P. 252 note t add—The emendation of Dobree, Adv. vol. I. p. 599. of ἐρασταὶ for ἱερεῖς is not needed, since it is proved that the leap from the Leucadian rock was originally a religious rite.
P. 384. note c add—The identification of Artemis with the moon is earlier than that of Apollo with the sun (B. II. ch. 5. § 5.) The former occurs not only in Æschyl. Xant. fr. 158. ed. Dindorf, but is also manifest in the worship of the Munychian and Brauronian Artemis. The name Αἰθοπία designates her shining countenance or orb; and a cake surrounded with lights, called for that reason ἀμφιφῶν or ἀμφιφῶς, was offered to the goddess on the 16th of Munychion, because the moon was full on that day. See Callim. fr. 417. ed. Bentl. Eratosth. ap. Steph. Byz. in Αἰθοπία, Hesych. in Αἰθιοπαῖδα, Apollod. fr. p. 402. Heyne.
P. 390. note r add—I cannot approve of Lobeck’s emendation of Ἑρμῆς for Ἡρακλῆς in Etymol. Mag. et Gud. in κηρυκεῖον (Aglaoph. vol. II. p. 1166); since the mythical system there alluded to is very different from that of the ordinary Greek mythology.
P. 475. note o. In the passage of Constantinus, read καὶ τὴν Ὀρέστειαν δὲ. Ὀρέστεια is used by Appian, quoted in the following note.
Vol. II.
P. 5. notes col. 1. l. 8. after the parenthesis add: with Cimon (Plut. Cim. 14.)
P. 8. note p _for_ Zeeob _read_ Zenob.
P. 131. l. 15. It does not appear that the Spartan nomophylaces were guardians of _written_ laws. The Athenian and Olympian nomophylaces were not obviously connected with the written legislation. By nomophylaces in Greece were generally understood _guardians of manners_. See p. 240. note s.
P. 132. l. 7. _for_ nomophylaces _read_ nomothetæ.
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FOOTNOTES
1 II. 11.
2 Herod. I. 65. Concerning the expression κόσμος, with regard to the constitution of Sparta, see also Clearchus ap. Athen. XV. p. 681 C.
3 Pausan. III. 16. 5. See above, vol. I. p. 69, note g.
4 That is, of the Pythagorean philosophy. See below, ch. 9. § 16.
5 Thucyd. II. 11. cf. I. 70. 71. Athen. XIV. p. 624 C. &c.
6 Plat. Protag. p. 342 C. Xenoph. Rep. Lac. 14, 4. Plutarch. Inst. Lac. p. 252. and particularly Isocrat. Busir. p. 225 A. The Spartans were ἐνδημότατοι, according to Thucyd. I. 70. See below, ch. 11. § 7.
7 From Thucyd. I. 144. compared with Plutarch’s Life of Agis, it may be seen that the ξενηλασία was only practised against tribes of different usages, particularly Athenians and Ionians. See Valer. Max. II. 6. ext. 1. Yet at the Gymnopædia (Plut. Ages. 29. cf. Cimon. 10. Xenoph. Mem. Socrat. I. 2. 61.) and other festivals, Sparta was full of foreigners, Cragius de Rep. Lac. III. p. 213. Poets, such as Thaletas, Terpander, Nymphæus of Cydonia, Theognis (who celebrates his hospitable reception in the ἀγλαὸν ἄστυ, v. 785.); philosophers, such as Pherecydes and Anaximander and Anacharsis the Scythian, were willingly admitted; other classes of persons were excluded. Thus there were regulations concerning persons, and the time of admitting foreigners: and hence the earlier writers, such as Thucydides, Xenophon, and Aristotle, always speak of ξενηλασίαι in the plural number. (Compare Plut. Inst. Lac. 20.) See also Plut. Lyc. 27. who refers to Thuc. II. 24. Aristoph. Av. 1013. and the Scholiast (from Theopompus), and Schol. Pac. 622. Suid. in διειρωνόξενοι and ξενηλατεῖν, who, as usual, has copied from the Scholiast to Aristophanes, that the Xenelasia was introduced ποτὲ ΣΠΟΔΙΑΣ γενομένης, for which we should clearly write ΣΙΤΟΔΕΙΑΣ. Theophil. Instit. I. tit. 2. Comp. de la Nauze Mem. de l’Acad. des Inscript. tom. XII. p. 159. It may be added that the numerous ξενίαι and προξενίαι, the hospitable connexions of states and individuals, served to alleviate the harshness of the institution. Thus the Lacedæmonians were connected with the Pisistratidæ (vol. I. p. 188, note c), and with the family of Callias (Xen. Symp. 8. 39); Endius with Clinias, the father of Alcibiades (Thuc. VIII. 6); king Archidamus with Pericles (ib. II. 13); Xenias the Elean with king Agis, the son of Archidamus, and the state of Sparta. (Paus. III. 8. 2.) See B. III. ch. 6. § 7, and vol. I. p. 209, n. z. The exchange of names, occasioned by προξενίαι, might be made the subject of a distinct investigation. See the note last cited, and Paus. III. 6. 41. Moreover the Spartans sometimes gave freedom from custom duties, and the privilege of occupying a seat of honour at the games at Sparta, to strangers, even of Athenian race; for example, to the Deceleans, according to Herod. IX. 73.
8 p. 100. ed. Frank.
9 See Naeke’s Chœrilus, p. 74.
10 Archiloch. p. 226. Liebel. Lycoph. 1385. and Tzetzes, Etym. in ἀσελγαίνειν and Ἐλεγηΐς. Concerning the effeminacy of the Codridæ, see Heraclid. Pont. I.
11 ἄριστοι, ἀριστεῖς, ἄνακτες, βασιλεῖς, ἐπικρατέοντες, κοιρανέοντες.
12 On the Gerontes, see below, ch. 6. § 1-4.
13 We should particularly observe the assembly in the second book of the Odyssey, in which, however, Mentor (v. 239.) wishes to bring about a declaration of the people not strictly constitutional. But that the Homeric Ἀγορὰ independently exercised the rights of government, I cannot allow to Platner, _De Notione Juris apud Homerum_, p. 108. and Tittmann _Griechischen Staatsverfassungen_, p. 63. It was a species of Wittenagemote, in which none but the thanes had the right of voting, as among the Saxons in England. The people composed a _concio_, but no _comitia_. My opinion more nearly coincides with that of Wachsmuth, _Jus Gentium apud Græcos_, p. 18, sq.
_ 14 Æginetica_, p. 133.
15 Χρήματα χρήματ᾽ ἀνὴρ, Pindar. Isth. II. 11. See Dissen Explic. p. 493. Alcæus ap. Schol. et Zeeob. Prov.
16 V. 190.
17 Ap. Aristot. Pol. IV. 8. 7, 10.
18 See Hüllmann, _Staatsrecht_, p. 103.
19 Plutarch. Qu. Gr. 32. The emendation Πλοῦτις is confirmed by the comparison of Athenæus XII. p. 524 A.B.
20 See book I. ch. 8.
21 See Aristot. Pol. V. 10. 4. Panætius of Leontini was a demagogue in a previously oligarchical state, of which the constitution was similar to that of the Hippobotæ. See Polyænus V. 47.
22 Herod. VI. 43.—Pindar (Pyth. II. 87.) supposes three constitutions, Tyranny, Dominion of the unrestrained Multitude, and Government of the Wise.
23 Aristot. Pol. V. 4.
24 Aristot. Pol. V. 2. 9. V. 3. 6. with Schneider’s notes.
25 VI. 46.
26 Plut. Comp. Lycurg. 4. According to Livy XXXVIII. 34. 700 years up to 190 B.C. Cicero pro Flacco 26. also reckons 700 years, but to a different period.
27 Isocrat. Panath. p. 285 C.
28 Thus Schiller severely censures this lawgiver, for having so selfishly for ever destined his people to that course, which appeared to his own narrow and prejudiced mind to be the best.
29 Θεοδμάτῳ σὺν ἐλευθερίᾳ Ὕλλίδος στάθμας Ἱέρων ἐν νόμοις ἔκτισσ᾽; ἐθέλοντι δὲ Παμφύλου καὶ μὰν Ἡρακλειδᾶν ἔκγονοι ὄχθαις ὕπο Ταυγέτου ναίοντες αἰεὶ μένειν τεθμοῖσιν ἐν Αἰγιμίου Δωρίοις. Pyth. I. 61. see Boeckh’s Explic.
30 Plutarch. Comp. Timol. 2. Dion. 53. Λακωνικὸν σχῆμα—κοσμεῖν. He was himself a citizen of Sparta, Plut. Dion. 17. 49.
31 Yet Herodotus cannot have been acquainted with his work, since he considered himself as the first writer on the subject, Herod. VI. 55.
32 Strabo VIII. p. 366. On the other hand, Ephorus is probably alluded to by Heraclides Ponticus 2. when he says τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων πολίτειαν ΤΙΝΕΣ Λυκούργῳ προσάπτουσι πᾶσαν.
33 I. 65. Aristotle Pol. V. 10. 3. also calls the kings of Sparta before Lycurgus _tyrants_. On the other hand, Strabo VIII. p. 365. states, that “the conquerors of Laconia were _from the beginning_ a nation subject to legal and moral restraints; but when they had intrusted the regulation of their government to Lycurgus, they so far excelled all others, that alone among the Greeks they ruled by land and sea.” That this is the meaning of the passage, is proved by the word καὶ in the clause καὶ κατ᾽ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἐσωφρόνουν. Isocrates de Pace, p. 178 C. also contradicts indirectly the supposed anarchy of the Spartans. But in Panath. p. 270 A. he follows Thucydides I. 18. στασιάσαι φασὶν αὐτοὺς οἱ τὰ ἐκείνων ἀκριβοῦντες ὡς οὐδένας ἄλλους τῶν Ἑλλήνων.
34 B. I. ch. 7 § 3, 5.
35 Herod. I. 65 Ephorus ap. Strab. VIII. p. 366. Plut. Lycurg. 31. Nicol. Damasc. p. 449.
36 B. I. ch. 1. § 9. Comp. b. II. ch. 2. § 2.
37 According to Aristot. Pol. II. 7. 1. The meaning of this writer appears to be, that the Dorians had received these laws from the early inhabitants, as the Periœci had retained them most truly; but from the account given in the text, we must reject that idea.
38 Plat. Leg. III. p. 685.
39 This statement appears more correct than of Gortyna or Cnosus. Comp. Meursius, Creta, IV. 12.
40 See Aristot. Pol. II. 8. 5. Ælian. V. H. XII. 50. Diog. Laërt. I. 38. Plut. Lyc. 3. Philos. cum princ. 4. p. 88. Pausan. I. 14. 3. Philod. de Mus. Col. 18, 19. Boeth. de Mus. I. 1. p. 174. Sext. Empir. adv. Math. p. 68 B. Suid. vol. II. p. 163. Compare b. II. ch. 8. § 11.
41 Xenoph. Rep. Laced. 8. 5. According to whom Lycurgus asked the god, εἰ λῷον καὶ ἄμεινον εἴη τῇ Σπάρτῃ—doubtless a regular formula. This coincides with the dictum of the Pythian priestess in Plut. Quæst. Rom. 28. p. 329.
42 See below, ch. 5. § 8.
43 B. II. ch. 7. § 4. Later historians, from a mistaken explanation, suppose that the whole correspondence was a delusion, or a fraud of Lycurgus, Polyæn. I. 16. 1. Justin. III. 3.
44 Called in the Lacedæmonian dialect Ποίθιοι, Photius in v.
45 That this could not always be said of the θεοπρόποι, may be seen from Theognis, v. 783.
46 This, I infer, nearly agreeing with Cragius, from Cicero de Div. I. 13. Conf. Herod. VI. 57. Xenoph. Rep. Lac. 15.
47 See particularly Timæus Lex. Plat. in v. ἐξηγηταὶ Πυθόχρηστοι.
48 See Æginetica, p. 135. Compare Dissen Expl. Pind. Nem. III. p. 376. In the Thearion at Trœzen there were expiatory sacrifices, book II. ch. 2. § 8. In Thasos they were called Θεῦροι, Inscript. ap. Choiseul. Gouff. Voyage pittoresque, I. 2. p. 156. Here also they were in connexion with the temple of the Pythian Apollo.
49 See Thuc. I. 84. Plat. Alcib. I. c. 38.
50 VII. 2. 5. Engel _de Rep. mil. Spart._, a Göttingen prize Essay for 1790., where Cossacks, Spartans, and Cretans are classed together. Compare Heyne _de Spartan. Rep._ Comment. Götting. tom. IX. p. 8. It appears, indeed, from Aristotle Pol. VII. 14 (13) to have been the opinion of the writers who treated of the constitution of Sparta during the predominance of that state, that “the Lacedæmonians owed their external dominion to their constitution, according to which they had been trained to dangers and exertions from their youth (ὅτι διὰ τὸ γεγυμνάσθαι πρὸς τοῦς κινδύνους πολλῶν ἦρχον.)” But the _intended_ effect of these institutions cannot be safely inferred from their _actual_ consequences.
51 IV. 126.
52 Pausan. IV. 3. 3. συγχωροῦσιν ἈΝΑΔΑΣΑΣΘΑΙ πρὸς τοὺς Δωριέας τὴν γῆν. Pausanias, however, very frequently makes use of this expression, and often perhaps without any historical ground.
53 Why I take no further notice of the account of Ephorus is explained in book I. ch 5. § 13.
54 Pausan. III. 22. 7.
55 Polyb. XX. 12. 2. with Schweighæuser’s note, Liv. XXXIV. 29. XXXVIII. 30.
56 αὐτόνομοι, Pausan. III. 21. 6.
57 III. 21. 6. cf. 26. 6. The other six were at the time of Pausanias either again comprised in Messenia, as Pharæ, which Augustus had annexed to Laconia, Paus. IV. 30. 2. after it had at an earlier period been separated with Thuria and Abea from Messenia, Polyb. XXV, 1. 1, or they had fallen to decay, and were then uninhabited, as Pephnos, Helos, Cyphanta, and Leucæ. Whether Abea was included by Augustus in Laconia is doubtful, but it is probable from the situation of the place. This, with the other five mentioned above, would therefore make the number twenty-four complete. As proofs of the late independence of these towns we may mention decrees of Abea, Geronthræ, Gytheium, Œtylus, and Tænarus (Boeckh Corp. Inscript. Nos. 1307, 1334, 1325, 1336, 1391, 1392, 1323, 1321, 1322, 1393, 1394). There are also inscriptions of the Eleutherolacones jointly, τὸ κοινὸν τῶν Ἑλευθερολακώνων (ib. 1389). Likewise, according to Eckhel, there are genuine coins, belonging to this and the Roman period, of Asine, Asopus, Bœæ, Gytheium, and Las; those of Taletum and Cythera are doubtful.
58 Pausan. III. 26. 5. Sparta must, however, have retained some outlet to the sea. The Lacedæmonian coast is also called the territory of the Periœci in Thucyd. III. 16.
59 Thucyd. I. 101. The Θουριᾶται of Thuria, near Calamæ. Welcker (Alcmanis Fragment, p. 87.) proposes Αἰθαίῳ for Ληθαίῳ in Theognis v. 1216. Bekker.
60 Androtion ap. Steph. Byz. in v.
61 See also in Αἰτωλία. They are also mentioned by Strabo, VIII. p. 362. (Eustath. ad Il. B. p. 293, 19. ad Dion. Perieg. 418). They had not however any connexion with the Hecatombæa; for Argos had the same festival.
62 See book I. ch. 7. § 16. Lysias ap. Harpocrat. also calls Anthana a Lacedæmonian city. See _Æginetica_, p. 46, note q, p. 185. note v. Siebelis ad Pausan. II. 38. 6.
63 Book I. ch. 5. § 10.
64 See Manso, Sparta, vol. I. p. 93. Tittmann, vol. I. p. 89. That even the Lacedæmonian πλῆθος did not comprise the Periœci, is shown, _e.g._, by Polybius IV. 34. 7, where it rejects the alliance of the Ætolians, chiefly on account of the fear that they would ἐξανδραποδίζεσθαι τοὺς Περιοίκους. The name Λακεδαιμόνιοι, which signifies all, Periœci and Spartans, and frequently the former, as the early inhabitants, in opposition to the latter, is no more a proof of political equality than the appellation Θεσσαλοὶ of the freedom of the Penestæ.
65 Χωρίτης, as the Lacedæmonians are often called, is probably identical with περίοικος, Ælian. V. H. IX. 27. Compare χωριτίδες Βάκχαι, in Hesychius. Οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας in Athen. XV. p. 674 A. from Sosibius are opposed τοῖς ἐκ τῆς ἀγωγῆς παισὶν (those educated in Sparta), and see Casaubon’s note. The education of the Periœci was therefore entirely different from that of the Spartans.
66 Isocrates Panath. p. 271 A. speaking of the Lacedæmonians having compelled the Periœci κατ᾽ ἄνδρα συμπαρατάττεσθαι σφίσιν αὐτοῖς, confounds the Periœci with the Helots, as also in what follows.
67 In later times very different proportions occur, _e.g._, a very small number of Spartans in the army, when the city stood in need of its own citizens, and could not send them to a distance, or from other causes.
68 Herod. VII. 234.
69 No _disobedience_ of the Periœci can be inferred from Thucyd. IV. 8. _Some_ Periœci deserted to Epaminondas, Xenoph. Hell. VI. 5. 25. 23. Xenophon expresses himself more strongly, Hellen. VII. 2. 2.
70 Xenoph. Hell. V. 3. 9.
71 Thuc. IV. 53. cf. VII. 57.
72 See Plin. H. N. IX. 36, 60. 21, 8. 36, 5. Comp. Meurs. Misc. Lac. II. 19. Mitscherlisch ad Hor. Carm. II. 18. 7.
73 Plutarch, Lyc. 4. Ælian, V. H. VI. 6. Nicolaus Damascenus, and others.
74 Herod. II. 167. cf. Cic. de Rep. II. 4. _Corinthum pervertit aliquando—hic error ac dissipatio civium, quod mercandi cupiditate et navigandi, et agrorum et armorum cultum reliquerant_. Compare Hüllmann _Staatsrecht_, p. 128.
75 Aristot. Pol. II. 4. 13.
76 This follows from Xenoph. Rep. Lac. II. 2. καὶ ἱππεῦσι καὶ ὁπλίταις, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τοῖς χειροτέχναις.
77 Critias Λακεδ. πολιτ. ap. Athen. XI. p. 483 B. and Plutarch, Lycurg. 9. Pollux, VI. 46, 97. Hesych. Suid. Xenoph. Cyrop. I. 2. 8.
78 Athen. V. 198 D. 199 E.
79 κύλιξ Λάκαινα, Hesych. in χῖον.
80 Plut. Lyc. ubi sup.
81 Meurs. II. 17.
82 Theoph. Hist. Plant. III. 17. 3.
83 Daimachus ap. Steph. Byz. in Λακεδ. and from him Eustath. II. p. 294, 5. Rom.
84 Salmas. Exer. Plin. p. 653 B. Moser in Creuzer’s Init. Philos. vol. II. p. 152. Compare also Liban. Or. p. 87. e cod. August. ed. Reiske.
85 Xenoph. Hell. III. 3. 7. Plin. H. N. VII. 56. ξυήλη Λακωνικὴ Pollux, I. 10, 137. concerning which see Phot. and Suid. in v., who refer to Xen. Anab. IV. 8. 25. ἐγχειρίδιον, I. 10, 149. _ferrei annuli_, Plin. XXXIII. 4. μάστιγες, Steph. Eust. ubi sup.
86 Theocrit. X. 35. et Schol. Athen. XI. p. 483 B. V. p. 215 C. Steph. ubi sup. Hesych. in ἀμυκλαΐδες λακωνικὰ ὑποδήματα, cf. in ἐννήυσκλοι. Compare the shoes of the Amyclæan priestesses upon the monument of Amyclæ in Walpole’s Memoirs, p. 454. Lacedæmonian men’s shoes (ἁπλαῖ) are often mentioned elsewhere, Aristoph. Thesm. and Wasps. Schol. and Suidas, Critias ubi sup. Pollux, VII. 22, 80. cf. Meurs. I. 18.
87 Λάκωνες ἐΰπεπλοι Epig. ap. Suid. in Λακωνικαί. Athen. V. 198. XI. 483 C. Compare book IV. ch. 2. § 3.
88 These mines are not indeed anywhere expressly mentioned, but we must infer their existence from the number of iron fabrics, and the cheapness of iron. See below, ch. 10. § 9. and book I. ch. 4. § 3.
89 The stone quarries upon mount Taygetus were, however, according to Strabo VIII. p. 367, first opened by the Romans. Compare Xenoph. ubi sup. Pollux, VII. 23, 100. Interp. Juven. XI. 173. Meurs. II. 18. Pliny also mentions Lacedæmonian _cotes_ and _smaragdi_.
90 Compare Thiersch, Ueber die Kunstepochen, Abhandlung II. p. 51.
91 My opinion is, that in the oracle (Diog. Laërt. I. 106. Comp. Casaubon and Menage) Ἠτεῖος was the correct reading, for which Οἰταῖος was long ago substituted from ignorance.—The point was doubted at an early period in antiquity; even Plato, Protag. p. 343, appears not to consider Myson as a Lacedæmonian. See also Diod. de Virt. et Vit. p. 551. Paus. X. 24. 1. Clem. Alex. Strom. I. p. 299. Sylb. Steph. Byz. in Χὴν and Ἠτία. There is a story in Plutarch, Quæst. Rom. 84, of Myson making in winter a fork for tossing the corn, and, when Chilon wondered at it, of his justifying himself by an apposite answer; where Myson is opposed, as a Periœcian farmer, to the noble Spartan.
92 Paus. III. 22. 4.
93 In a very rhetorical passage, Panathen. p. 270 D.
94 Thuc. IV. 53. 54. Hesych. in Κυθηροδίκης.
95 Thuc. VIII. 22. Manso, Sparta, vol. II. p. 516. It does not indeed follow that this Periœcus had authority over Lacedæmonians; but Sparta must have sent him out as a commander to the Chians.
96 Herod. VI. 60. οὐ κατὰ λαμπροφωνίην (in the ἀγῶνες κηρύκων, comp. Faber Agonist. II. 15. Boeckh, Staatshaushaltung, vol. II. p. 359.) ἐπιτιθέμενοι ἄλλοι σφέας παρακληίουσιν ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἐπιτελέουσι.
97 Herod. VII. 134. τοῖσιν αἱ κηρυκηίαι αἱ ἐκ Σπάρτης πᾶσαι γέρας δίδονται.
98 Θεοκήρυκες γένος τὸ ἀπὸ Ταλθυβίου παρὰ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΟΙΣ. Hesych. Perhaps Ἐλευθερολάκωσι. Hemsterhuis supposes that Eleutherna in Crete is alluded to. The common name of the herald in Sparta was Μούσαξ. See Valck. ad Adoniaz. p. 379.
99 Pausan. III. 12. 6, 7. III. 23. 7.
100 Herod. ubi sup.
101 Herod. VII. 137.
102 VI. 60. Concerning the ὀψοποιοὶ see Agatharch. ap. Athen. XII. p. 550 C. Perizonius ad Ælian. V. H. XIV. 7.
103 Compare Athen. II. 39 C. with IV. 173 F.
104 The Periœci also took part in the colonies of Sparta, _e.g._, of Heraclea Trachinia, where they probably belonged to the πολλοί; Thuc. III. 92, 93.
105 Concerning the condition of the Helots, see, besides the more well-known books, Caperonnier, Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscript. tom. XXIII. p. 271. Schlaeger, Dissert. Helmst. 1730.
106 Ephorus ap. Strab. VIII. p. 365, according to Valckenær’s emendation, Theopompus ap. Athen. VI. p. 272. Even Hellanicus in Harpocration uses the word εἱλωτεύειν p. 15. Fragm. 54. ed. Sturz.; it is, however, uncertain whether the etymology there given is from Hellanicus. Cf. Steph. Byz.
107 This derivation was known in ancient times, _e.g._, Schol. Plat. Alcib. I. p. 78. Apostol. VII. 62. Εἵλωτες οἱ ἐξ αἰχμαλωτῶν δοῦλοι. So also Δμῶς comes from δαμάω (ΔΕΜΩ). For the δμῶες, of whom there were large numbers (μάλα μύριοι, Od. XVII. 422. XIX. 78.) in the house of every prince (I. 397. VII. 225. Il. XIX. 333.), and who chiefly cultivated the land, cannot have been bought slaves (for the single examples to the contrary are rather exceptions), as this would suppose a very extensive traffic in slaves; nor could they have been persons taken accidentally in expeditions of plunder and war, as in that case there could not have been so large a number in _every_ house; but they are probably persons who were taken at the original conquest of the soil. The passage, Od. I. 298. οὔς μοι ληίσσατο may be variously applied.—Concerning the etymology of Εἵλως, compare Lennep, Etymol. p. 257.
108 Ap. Athen. VI. p. 265.
109 See book I. ch. 4. § 7.
110 Ap. Strab. VIII. p. 365. So also Pausanias III. 20. 6. calls the Helots δοῦλοι τοῦ κοινοῦ. Comp. Herod. VI. 70. where the θεράποντες are Helots.
111 Ephorus ubi sup. _Ilotæ sunt jam inde antiquitus castellani, agreste genus_. Liv. XXXIV. 27.
112 Plut. Instit. Lac. p. 255. where μισθῶσαι is an inaccurate expression.
113 See book I. ch. 4. § 3. comp. particularly Polyb. V. 19.—Hesiod the poet of the Helots, according to the saying of the Spartan.
114 Herod. IX. 80.
115 Plutarch, Cleomen. 23. Manso, vol. I. p. 134.
116 Plut. Lyc. 8. seventy for the master, twelve for the mistress of the house: compare ib. 24.
117 ὡσπερ ὄνοι μεγάλοις ἄχθεσι τειρόμενοι, δεσποσύνοισι φέροντες ἀναγκαίης ὑπὸ λυγρῆς ἥμισυ πᾶν, ὅσσον καρπὸν ἄρουρα φέρει.
Fragm. 6. Gaisford. The passage is given in prose by Ælian V. II. VI. 1.
118 Of the two lines of Tyrtæus afterwards cited by Pausanias, δεσπότας οἰμώζοντες, ὁμῶς ἄλοχοί τε καὶ αὐτοὶ, εὖτέ τιν᾽ οὐλομένη μοῖρα κίχοι θανάτου, it may be observed, that this duty of lamenting the king is attributed to the Periœci as well as the Helots in Herod. VI. 58.
119 See Boeckh’s Public Economy of Athens, vol. I. p. 109. eighty-two is about the fifth of four hundred. In Athens the θῆτες, πελάται, paid a sixth of the produce to the Eupatridæ. (This is without a doubt the corrupt supposition.) See Plutarch, Solon. 13. comp. Hemsterh. ad Hesych. in ἐπίμορτος.
120 Athen. IV. 141 D. from Molpis on the Lacedæmonian state.
121 Sphærus, ibid. p. 141 C. Compare also Myron ap. Athen. XIV. p. 657. παραδόντες αὐτοῖς τὴν χῶραν ἔταξαν ΜΟΙΡΑΝ ἣν αὐτοῖς ἀνοίσουσιν ἀεὶ, and Hesychius, γαβεργὸς (_i.e._ ΓΑϜΡΓΟΣ, γεωργὸς) ἔργου μισθωτὸς (which must be understood as in the passage quoted above, p. 32, note h. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “very early period,” starting “Plut. Instit. Lac.”]) Λάκωνες.
122 In the time of Xenophon, however, Spartans resided upon the κλῆροι; see Hell. III. 3. 5. In the time of Aristotle (Polit. II. 2. 11.) individuals had already begun to attend to agriculture; Maxim. Tyr. Diss. XIII. p. 139, calls the Spartans and Cretans in general γεωργοί.
123 Plutarch, Comp. Num. 2. Nepos, Paus. 3.
124 Xen. Rep. Lac. 6. 3. Arist. Pol. II. 2. 5. Plut. Inst. Lac. p. 252.
125 Compare Thuc. VII. 19. with IV. 80. and V. 34.
126 Herod. IX. 10. 28.
127 Herod. IX. 28. Thuc. III. 8.
128 I. q. ἀμφιστάντες Hesych. in v. cf. Voss. Valcken. Adoniaz, p. 289.
129 Herod. VII. 229. compare the passages quoted by Sturz. Lex. Xenoph. in Θεράπων.
130 Θεραπων δοῦλον ὁπλοφόρον δηλοῖ κατὰ τὴν Κρητῶν γλῶτταν. Eustath. ad Il. p. 1240, 32. Bas. ad Dion. Perieg. 533. Eustathius frequently mentions this peculiarity of the Cretan idiom, and the names of slaves in general; also the Glossary in Iriarte, Reg. Bibl. Matritensis cod. Gr. p. I. p. 146, states that the expression θεράπων for δοῦλος is Cretan.
131 Athen. p. 271 F, from Myron. These are the persons of whom Xenophon says (Hell. IV. 5. 14.) τούτους ἐκέλευον τοὺς ὑπασπιστὰς ἀραμένους ἀποφέρειν.
132 Herod. VI. 80, 81. cf. 75.
133 Xenoph. Hell. VII. 1. 12.
134 Timæus ap. Polyb. XII. 6. 7. frag. 17. p. 224. ed. Goetter. Theopompus ap. Athen. VI. p. 265. compare _Orchomenos_, p. 242.
135 The wives and children of Helots are often mentioned, _e.g._ in Thucyd. I. 103. At Athens the marriage of slaves was an uncommon event, and is usually found among the χωρὶς οἰκοῦντες. It was cheaper to purchase than to bring up slaves. (See Hume on the Populousness of Ancient Nations, Works, vol. III. p. 431-440. See p. 438, on the marriages of the Helots.)
136 See Heraclides Ponticus.
137 Welcker Alcman, Fragm. p. 6.
138 Ap. Athen. XIV. p. 657 D. The κυνῆ is also probably signified as belonging to the dress of the Helots, in the account of the signal for conspiracy given by Antiochus of Phalanthus (Strab. VI. p. 278), although other writers (Æneas Poliorc. II.) mention a πῖλος in its stead.
139 Κυνῆ Ἀρκὰς, Sophocl. Inachus ap. Schol. Aristoph. Av. 1203. Valcken. ad Theocrit. Adoniaz. p. 345. the same as the πῖλος Ἀρκὰς in Polyæn. IV. 14. _galerus Arcadicus_, Stat. Theb. IV. 299. VII. 39. Κυνῆ Βοιωτία as the country-dress, Hesychius. The Arcadians went into the fields in goats’ and sheep-skins, Pausan. IV. 11. 1.
140 Od. XXIV. 230.
141 Pollux, VII. 4. 68. Compare Hesychius, Moeris, and Suidas in κατωνάκη. Theopompus and Menæchmus ἐν τοῖς Σικυωνιακοῖς ap. Athen. VI. p. 271 D. (cf. Schweigh.) call the Κατωνακοφόροι Sicyonian bondsmen. Comp. Ruhnken. ad Tim. p. 212.
142 Aristoph. Lysistr. 1157. cf. Palmer. Exercit. p. 506.
143 V. 53. Bekker.
144 De rep. Ath. I. 10.
145 Lycurg. 28. and elsewhere.
146 Duris ap. Plutarch. Ages. 3.
147 Theopomp. ap. Athen. XIV, p. 657 C.
148 Plutarch, ubi sup.
149 μόθων φορτικὸν ὄρχημα, Pollux, IV. 14. 101.
150 Plutarch. c. 28. Comp. Num. I. Concerning the Crypteia, see Manso, vol. I. part 2. p. 141. Heyne, Comment. Gotting. vol. IX. p. 30.
151 Panathen. p. 271 A. See above, p. 22. note q. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “troops of the line,” starting “Isocrates Panath. p. 271 A.”]
152 Ap. Plutarch. Lyc. 28. Heraclid. Pont. 2.
153 I. p. 633 C. Justin says of the same thing, III. 3. _pueros puberes non in forum, sed in agrum deduci præcepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria, sed in opere et laboribus agerent,—neque prius in urbem redire quam viri facti essent_. The same, with a few deviations, is stated in Schol. Plat. Leg. I. p. 225. Ruhn.
154 VI. p. 763 B. Compare Barthélemy, Anacharsis, tom. IV. p. 461.
155 Damoteles a Spartan, ἐπὶ τῆς κρυπτείας τεταγμένος, Plut. Cleomen. 28.
156 IV. 80.
157 Leg. VI. p. 776. cited by Athen. VI. p. 264. Comp. Plutarch, Lycurg. 28. See Philological Museum, vol. II. p. 68. note 40. Critias the Athenian also said, with more wit than truth, that in Sparta the free were most free (cf. Diogen. Prov. IV. 87. Apostol. VIII. 12.); and that the slaves were most slaves, ap. Liban. Or. XXIV. vol. II. p. 85. Reisk.
158 Thuc. I. 118. V. 14, 23. Cf. Aristot. Pol. II. 6. 2.
159 Although it is denied by Dio Chrys. Or. XXXVI. p. 448 B. Compare Manso I. 2. p. 153. and I. 1. p. 234.
160 Hesych. in v.
161 Boeckh’s Economy of Athens, vol. I. p. 349. transl.
162 Thuc. V. 34. cf. IV. 80.
163 VII. 58. δύναται δὲ τὸ νεοδαμώδες ἐλεύθερον ἤδη εἶναι. The opposite is δαμώσεις (Steph. ΔΑΜΩΔΕΙΣ) δημόται ἢ οἱ ἐντελεῖς παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίους, Hesychius.
164 Cf. Plut. Ages. 6.
165 Athen. VI. 271 E. Schol. Aristoph. Plut. 279. Harpocration, Hesychius. The derivation from the town Mothone is like that of the name of the Helots from Helos. The Τρόφιμοι became Spartans from aliens by education, Xenoph. Hell. V. 3. 9. To these the confused account in Plut. Lacon. Inst. p. 252. probably refers.
166 In Athenæus they are called free, in reference to their _future_, not their _past_ condition. See Hemsterhuis ap Lennep. Etymol. vol. I. p. 575.
167 Athen. ubi sup. Ælian, V. H. XII. 43. Two σύντροφοι or μόθακες of Cleomenes III. in Plut. Cleom. 8. These were, like Lysander, Heraclide Mothaces.
168 Ap. Athen. VI. p. 271 D. where the comparison with the κατωνακοφόροι does not appear to have sufficient ground. See Casaub. ad Athen. VI. 20. Interp. Hesych. in v. ἐνευνακταί. Diodorus, Exc. Vat. VII.—X. n. 12., calls the Parthenians who had been sent under Phalanthus to Tarentum, sometimes _Epeunacti_, sometimes _Parthenians_. Since they are considered as young men (for Phalanthus has an ἐραστὴς named Agathiadas), they appear to have been, not Helots who had begotten children with Spartan women, but the male offspring of such unions. As the term is used by Theopompus, these would be called the sons of Epeunacti. Hesychius likewise makes the ἐπεύνακτοι equivalent to the παρθενίαι.
169 According to the epitaph in Herod. VII. 228. 4000 men were buried at Thermopylæ, _i.e._, 300 Spartans, 700 Thespian Hoplitæ, and 3000 Ψιλοὶ, of whom 2100 were perhaps Helots. See below, ch. 12. § 6.
170 VIII. 40.
171 Polyb. VI. 45.
172 According to the most probable statement in Plut. Lyc. 8, viz., that Lycurgus made 4500 lots, and Polydorus the same number.
173 Plut. Alcib. I. p. 122 D. Tyrtæus ap. Schol. p. 78. Ruhnk. and ad Leg. I. p. 220. See book I. ch. 4. § 3. The valley of the Pamisus in many places gives a return of thirty times the seed, and is sown twice in the year. Sibthorp in Walpole’s Memoirs, p. 60.
174 Pausan. IV. 24. 2. τὴν μὲν ἄλλην πλὴν τῆς Ἀσιναίων αὐτοὶ διελάγχανον. Cf. III. 20. 6. Zenob. III. 39. Apostol. VII. 33. δουλότερος Μεσσηνίων: cf. Etymol. in Εἵλωτες. Etym. Gudian. p. 167, 32.
175 Thuc. I. 100. πλεῖστοι δὲ τῶν Εἵλώτων ἐγένοντο οἱ τῶν παλαιῶν Μεσσηνίων τότε δουλωθέντων ἀπόγονοι. Plutarch, Cimon, 16. Lyc. 28, and Diodorus XI. 53, sqq. incorrectly distinguish the Helots from the Messenians. Compare book I. ch. 9. § 10.
176 Compare Xen. Hell. VII. 2. 2. with VI. 5. 27.
177 Polyb. VII. 10. 1. cf. IV. 32. 1, and Manso’s Excursus on the restoration of Messenia, vol. III. part 2. p. 80.
178 Plut. Agis. 8. The word Μαλέαν is perhaps corrupt.
179 Xen. Hell. IV. 5. 11.
180 Thuc. IV. 8. οἱ ἐγγύτατα τῶν περιοίκων.
181 See above ch. 2. § 1.
182 ἐπ᾽ ἀγρῷ, ἐν τοῖς χωρίοις. Compare above, p. 34. note s. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “a few days,” starting “In the time of Xenophon.”]
183 Steph. Byz. Μεσόα τόπος Λακωνικῆς. Φυλὴ Λακωνική. Hesychius, Κυνόσουρα φυλὴ Λακωνική. Herodian περί μον λέξεως p. 13. 23. Dindorf. τὸ Κυνόσουρα ἐπὶ τῇ Λακωνικῇ φυλῇ. Cf. Schol. Callim. Dian. 94. Hesych. ἡ Πιτάνη φυλὴ.
184 III. 16. 6.
185 Boeckh, Corp. Inscript. No. 1338.
186 Boeckh, ibid. No. 1347, where it is written ΑΠΟ ΦΥΛΗΣ ΚΥΝΟΣΟΥΡΕΩΝ. Concerning which see Boeckh, p. 609. In Inscript. 1241. a διαβετης Λιμναιων (perhaps διοικητὴς Λιμνατῶν) occurs. See Boeckh, ib. p. 611.
187 Thrasybulus also (Epigr. Plut. Apophth, Lac. p. 242. Anthol. Palat. VII. 229.) was evidently a Spartan, brought back to Pitana, and so also is Archias, the Pitanatan, in Herod. III. 55. See Strabo, V. p. 250.
188 Suid. Fragm. 2. Welcker.
189 IX. 35. At the same time, Heraclides Ponticus says of Alcman merely, ἠλευθερώθη.
190 Pindar. Olymp. VI. 28. Eurip. Troad. 1116. Μενέλαος Πιτανάτης in Hesychius.
191 Hesych. in Πιτανάτης.
192 Herod. IX. 53. Thuc. I. 20. does not admit its existence. But Caracalla, in imitation of antiquity, composed a λόχος Πιτανάτης of Spartans, Herodian. IV. 8. The Tarentines (who retained the memory of the mother-city more in their names of places than in their customs) had a division of their army which was called Pitanates; the περίπολοι Πιτανᾶται are mentioned upon a coin of Tarentum: Millingen’s Ancient Coins, pl. 1. n. 19.
193 III. 55.
194 Polyæn. II. 1. 14. cf. Plut. Ages. 32.
195 Pausan. III. 14. 2.—Œnus was situated in the vicinity according to Athen. I. p. 31 C. and this also was near the city, Plut. Lyc. 6. See the map of Peloponnesus.
196 Also according to Plut. de Exil. 6.
197 VIII. p. 363 A. Doubtless the marshy grounds upon the Eurotas, which in this part frequently overflowed its banks. Compare book I. ch. 4. § 6.
198 P. 364 A. comp. Tzschucke, p. 184.
199 VII. 20. 4.
200 I. 10. Pitana is called a κώμη in Schol. Thucyd. I. 20. and Limnæ is called the Λιμναῖον χωρίον in Pausan. III. 16. 6.
201 II. 6. 3. Concerning the slaves of Crete, see Manso, Sparta, vol. I.