BOOK XXXIX

[_Including Book XL. of Dindorf’s Text._]

[Sidenote: A defence of the historian’s method of parallel histories of several countries, each kept up to date.]

+1.+ I am fully aware that some will be found to criticise my work, on the ground that my narrative of events is incomplete and disconnected; beginning, for instance, the story of the siege of Carthage, and then leaving it half told, and interrupting the stream of my history, I pass over to Greek affairs, and from them to Macedonian or Syrian, or some other history; whereas students require continuity, and desire to hear the end of a subject; for the combination of pleasure and profit is thus more completely secured. But I do not think this: I hold exactly the reverse. And as a witness to the correctness of my opinion I might appeal to nature herself, who is never satisfied with the same things continuously in any of the senses, but is ever inclined to change; and, even if she is satisfied with the same things, wishes to have them at intervals and in diversity of circumstance. This may be illustrated first by the sense of hearing, which is never gratified either in music or recitations by a continuance of the same strains or subjects; it is the varied style, and, in a word, whatever is broken up into intervals and has the most marked and frequent changes, that gives it pleasurable excitement. Similarly one may notice that the palate can never remain gratified by the same meats, however costly, but grows to feel a loathing for them, and delights in changes of diet, and often prefers plain to rich food merely for the sake of variety. The same may be noticed as to the sight: it is quite incapable of remaining fixed on the same object, but it is a variety and change of objects that excites it. And this is more than all the case with the mind; for changes in the objects of attention and study act as rests to laborious men.

+2.+ Accordingly the most learned of the ancient historians have, as it seems to me, taken intervals of rest in this way: some by digressions on myths and tales, and others by digressions on historical facts,—not confining themselves to Greek history, but introducing disquisitions on points of foreign history as well. As, for instance, when, in the course of a history of Thessaly and the campaigns of Alexander of Pherae, they introduce an account of the attempts of the Lacedaemonians in the Peloponnese; or those made by the Athenians; or actions which took place in Macedonia or Illyria: and then break off into an account of the expedition of Iphicrates into Egypt, and the iniquitous deeds of Clearchus in the Pontus. This will show you that these historians all employ this method; but, whereas they employ it without any system, I do so on a regular system. For these men, after mentioning, for instance, that Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, and Cersobleptes, king of the Thracians, established their dynasties, neither go on continuously with the stories nor return to them after an interval to take them up where they left off, but, treating them like an episode in a poem, they go back to their original subject. But I made a careful division of all the most important countries in the world and the course of their several histories; pursued exactly the same plan in regard to the order of taking the several divisions; and, moreover, arranged the history of each year in the respective countries, carefully keeping to the limits of the time: and the result is that I have made the transition backwards and forwards between my continuous narrative and the continually recurring interruptions easy and obvious to students, so that an attentive reader need never miss anything....

_After various operations during the autumn of B.C. 147, the upshot of which was to put the whole of the open country in Roman hands, in the beginning of spring B.C. 146, Scipio delivered his final attack on Carthage, taking first the quarter of the merchants’ harbour, then the war harbour, and then the market-place. There only remained the streets leading to the Byrsa and the Byrsa itself. Appian, Pun. 123-126. Livy_, Ep. 51.

[Sidenote: The fall of Carthage, B.C. 146 (spring).]

[Sidenote: Scipio within the walls of Carthage.]

+3.+ Having got within the walls, while the Carthaginians still held out on the citadel, Scipio found that the arm of the sea which intervened was not at all deep; and upon Polybius advising him to set it with iron spikes or drive sharp wooden stakes into it, to prevent the enemy crossing it and attacking the mole,[251] he said that, having taken the walls and got inside the city, it would be ridiculous to take measures to avoid fighting the enemy....

+4.+ The pompous Hasdrubal threw himself on his knees before the Roman commander, quite forgetful of his proud language....

When the Carthaginian commander thus threw himself as a suppliant at Scipio’s knees, the proconsul with a glance at those present said: “See what Fortune is, gentlemen! What an example she makes of irrational men! This is the Hasdrubal who but the other day disdained the large favours which I offered him, and said that the most glorious funeral pyre was one’s country and its burning ruins. Now he comes with suppliant wreaths, beseeching us for bare life and resting all his hopes on us. Who would not learn from such a spectacle that a mere man should never say or do anything presumptuous?” Then some of the deserters came to the edge of the roof and begged the front ranks of the assailants to hold their hands for a little; and, on Scipio ordering a halt, they began abusing Hasdrubal, some for his perjury, declaring that he had sworn again and again on the altars that he would never abandon them, and others for his cowardice and utter baseness: and they did this in the most unsparing language, and with the bitterest terms of abuse. And just at this moment Hasdrubal’s wife, seeing him seated in front of the enemy with Scipio, advanced in front of the deserters, dressed in noble and dignified attire herself, but holding in her hands, on either side, her two boys dressed only in short tunics and shielded under her own robes.[252] First she addressed Hasdrubal by his name, and when he said nothing but remained with his head bowed to the ground, she began by calling on the name of the gods, and next thanked Scipio warmly because, as far as he could secure it, both she and her children were saved.[253] And then, pausing for a short time, she asked Hasdrubal how he had had the heart to secure this favour from the Roman general for himself alone, ... and, leaving his fellow-citizens who trusted in him in the most miserable plight, had gone over secretly to the enemy? And how he had the assurance to be sitting there holding suppliant boughs, in the face of the very men to whom he had frequently said that the day would never come in which the sun would see Hasdrubal alive and his native city in flames....

_Hasdrubal’s wife finally threw herself and children from the citadel into the burning streets. Livy_, Ep. 51.

After an interview with [Scipio], in which he was kindly treated, Hasdrubal desired leave to go away from the town....

+5.+ At the sight of the city utterly perishing amidst the flames Scipio burst into tears, and stood long reflecting on the inevitable change which awaits cities, nations, and dynasties, one and all, as it does every one of us men. This, he thought, had befallen Ilium, once a powerful city, and the once mighty empires of the Assyrians, Medes, Persians, and that of Macedonia lately so splendid. And unintentionally or purposely he quoted,—the words perhaps escaping him unconsciously,—[254]

“The day shall be when holy Troy shall fall And Priam, lord of spears, and Priam’s folk.”

And on my asking him boldly (for I had been his tutor) what he meant by these words, he did not name Rome distinctly, but was evidently fearing for her, from this sight of the mutability of human affairs....

Another still more remarkable saying of his I may record.... [When he had given the order for firing the town] he immediately turned round and grasped me by the hand and said: “O Polybius, it is a grand thing, but, I know not how, I feel a terror and dread, lest some one should one day give the same order about my own native city.”... Any observation more practical or sensible it is not easy to make. For in the midst of supreme success for one’s self and of disaster for the enemy, to take thought of one’s own position and of the possible reverse which may come, and in a word to keep well in mind in the midst of prosperity the mutability of Fortune, is the characteristic of a great man, a man free from weaknesses and worthy to be remembered....

_After the rejection of the orders conveyed by the legates of Metellus (38, 11), Critolaus collected the Achaean levies at Corinth, under the pretext of going to war with Sparta; but he soon induced the league to declare themselves openly at war with Rome. He was encouraged by the adhesion of the Boeotarch Pytheas, and of the Chalcidians. The Thebans were the readier to join him because they had lately been ordered by Metellus, as arbiter in the disputes, to pay fines to the Phocians, Euboeans, and Amphissians. When news of these proceedings reached Rome in the spring of B.C. 146, the consul Mummius was ordered to lead a fleet and army against Achaia. But Metellus in Macedonia wished to have the credit of settling the matter himself; he therefore sent envoys to the Achaeans ordering them to release from the league the towns already named by the Senate viz. Sparta, Corinth, Argos, Heracleia, and Orchomenus in Arcadia, and advanced with his army from Macedonia through Thessaly by the coast road, skirting the Sinus Maliacus. Critolaus was already engaged in besieging Heraclea Oetea, to compel it to return to its obedience to the league, and when his scouts informed him of the approach of Metellus, he retreated to Scarphea on the coast of Locris, some miles south of the pass of Thermopylae. But before he could get into Scarphea Metellus caught him up, killed a large number of his men, and took one thousand prisoners. Critolaus himself disappeared; Pausanias seems to imagine that he was drowned in the salt marshes of the coast, but Livy says that he poisoned himself. Pausanias, 7, 14, 15. Livy_, Ep. 52. _Orosius, 5, 3._

[Sidenote: Character of the Boeotarch Pytheas.]

+7.+ Pytheas was a brother of Acatidas the runner, and son of Cleomenes. He had led an evil life, and was reported to have wasted the flower of his youth in unnatural debauchery. In political life also he was audacious and grasping, and had been supported by Eumenes and Philetaerus for these very reasons....

[Sidenote: On the death of Critolaus (spring of B.C. 146) Diaeus succeeds as Strategus.]

[Sidenote: and a general levy of the free men of military age.]

[Sidenote: a special contribution by the rich,]

[Sidenote: He orders the arming of 10,000 slaves,]

+8.+ Critolaus the Achaean Strategus being dead, and the law providing that, in case of such an event befalling the existing Strategus, the Strategus of the previous year should succeed to the office until the regular congress of the league should meet, it fell to Diaeus to conduct the business of the league and take the head of affairs. Accordingly, after sending forward some troops to Megara,[255] he went himself to Argos; and from that place sent a circular letter to all the towns ordering them to set free their slaves who were of military age, and who had been born and brought up in their houses, and send them furnished with arms to Corinth. He assigned the numbers to be furnished by the several towns quite at random and without any regard to equality, just as he did everything else. Those who had not the requisite number of home-bred slaves were to fill up the quota imposed on each town from other slaves. But seeing that the public poverty was very great, owing to the war with the Lacedaemonians, he compelled the richer classes, men and women alike, to make promises of money and furnish separate contributions. At the same time he ordered a levy _en masse_ at Corinth of all men of military age. The result of these measures was that every city was full of confusion, commotion, and despair: they deemed those fortunate who had already perished in the war, and pitied those who were now starting to take part in it; and everybody was in tears as though they foresaw only too well what was going to happen. They were especially annoyed at the insolent demeanour and neglect of their duties on the part of the slaves,—airs which they assumed as having been recently liberated, or, in the case of others, because they were excited by the prospect of freedom. Moreover the men were compelled to make their contribution contrary to their own views, according to the property they were reputed to possess; while the women had to do so, by taking the ornaments of their own persons or of their children, to what seemed deliberately meant for their destruction.

[Sidenote: The Eleians and Messenians do not move.]

[Sidenote: Dismay at Patrae.]

[Sidenote: Thebes abandoned.]

[Sidenote: The distracted state of Greece.]

+9.+ As these measures came all at once, the dismay caused by the hardship of each individually prevented people from attending to or grasping the general question; or they must have foreseen that they were all being led on to secure the certain destruction of their wives and children. But, as though caught in the rush of some winter torrent and carried on by its irresistible violence, they followed the infatuation and madness of their leader. The Eleians and Messenians indeed did not stir, in terror of the Roman fleet; for nothing could have saved them if the storm had burst when it was originally intended. The people of Patrae, and of the towns which were leagued with it, had a short time before suffered disasters in Phocis;[256] and their case was much the most pitiable one of all the Peloponnesian cities: for some of them sought a voluntary death; others fled from their towns through deserted parts of the country, with no definite aim in their wanderings, from the panic prevailing in the towns. Some arrested and delivered each other to the enemy, as having been hostile to Rome; others hurried to give information and bring accusations, although no one asked for any such service as yet; while others went to meet the Romans with suppliant branches, confessing their treason, and asking what penance they were to pay, although as yet no one was asking for any account of such things.

$3

$1e whole country seemed to be under an evil spell: everywhere people were throwing themselves down wells or over precipices; and so dreadful was the state of things, that as the proverb has it “even an enemy would have pitied” the disaster of Greece. For in times past the Greeks had met with reverses or indeed complete disaster, either from internal dissensions or from treacherous attacks of despots; but in the present instance it was from the folly of their leaders and their own unwisdom that they experienced the grievous misfortunes which befell them. The Thebans also, abandoning their city _en masse_, left it entirely empty; and among the rest Pytheas retired to the Peloponnese, with his wife and children, and there wandered about the country.[257]...

He came upon the enemy much to his surprise. But to my mind the proverb, “the reckonings of the foolish are foolishness” applies to him. And naturally to such men things clear as day come as a surprise....

He was even forming plans for getting back home, acting very like a man who, not having learnt to swim and being about to plunge into the sea, should not consider the question of taking the plunge; but, having taken it, should begin to consider how he is to swim to land....

_Having secured Boeotia, Metellus advanced to Megara, where the Achaean Alcamenes had been posted by Diaeus with five thousand men. Alcamenes hastily evacuated Megara and rejoined Diaeus at Corinth, the latter having meanwhile been reelected Strategus. Pausanias, 7, 15, 10._

[Sidenote: Diaeus at Corinth rejects all offers sent by Metellus, August, B. C. 146,]

[Sidenote: because he and his party do not believe that they will ever be amnestied with the rest.]

+10.+ Diaeus having recently come to Corinth after being appointed Strategus by the vote of the people, Andronidas and others came from Caecilius Metellus. Against these men he spread a report that they were in alliance with the enemy, and gave them up to the mob, who seized on them with great violence and threw them into chains. Philo of Thessaly also came bringing many liberal offers to the Achaeans. And on hearing them, certain of the men of the country attempted to secure their acceptance; among whom was Stratius, now a very old man, who clung to Diaeus’s knees and entreated him to yield to the offers of Metellus. But he and his party would not listen to Philo’s proposals. For the fact was that they did not believe that the amnesty would embrace them with the rest; and, as they regarded their own advantage and personal security as of the highest importance, they spoke as they did, and directed all their measures on the existing state of affairs to this end: although, as a matter of fact, they failed entirely to secure these objects. For as they understood quite clearly the gravity of what they had done, they could not believe they would obtain any mercy from Rome; and as to enduring nobly whatever should befall on behalf of their country and the safety of the people, that they never once took into consideration; yet that was the course becoming men who cared for glory, and professed to be the leaders of Greece. But indeed how or whence was it likely that such a lofty idea should occur to these men? The members of this conclave were Diaeus and Damocritus, who had but recently been recalled from exile owing to the disturbed state of the times, and with them Alcamenes, Theodectes and Archicrates; and of these last I have already stated at length who they were, and have described their character, policy, and manner of life.

[Sidenote: Cruel death of Sosicrates.]

[Sidenote: Greece is saved by the rapidity of her ruin.]

+11.+ Such being the men with whom the decision rested, the determination arrived at was what was to be expected. They not only imprisoned Andronidas and Lagius and their friends, but even the sub-Strategus Sosicrates, on the charge of his having presided at a council and given his voting for sending an embassy to Caecilius Metellus, and in fact of having been the cause of all their misfortunes. Next day they empanelled judges to try them; condemned Sosicrates to death; and having bound him racked him till he died, without however inducing him to say anything that they expected: but they acquitted Lagius, Andronidas and Archippus, partly because the people were scared at the lawless proceeding against Sosicrates, and partly because Diaeus got a talent from Andronidas and forty minae from Archippus; for this man could not relax his usual shameless and abandoned principles in this particular even “in the very pit,”[258] as the saying is. He had acted with similar cruelty a short time before also in regard to Philinus of Corinth. For on a charge of his holding communication with Menalcidas[259] and favouring the Roman cause, he caused Philinus and his sons to be flogged and racked in each other’s sight, and did not desist until the boys and Philinus were all dead. When such madness and ferocity was infecting everybody, as it would not be easy to parallel even among barbarians, it would be clearly very natural to ask why the whole nation did not utterly perish. For my part, I think that Fortune displayed her resources and skill in resisting the folly and madness of the leaders; and, being determined at all hazards to save the Achaeans, like a good wrestler, she had recourse to the only trick left; and that was to bring down and conquer the Greeks quickly, as in fact she did. For it was owing to this that the wrath and fury of the Romans did not blaze out farther; that the army of Libya did not come to Greece; and that these leaders, being such men as I have described, did not have an opportunity, by gaining a victory, of displaying their wickedness upon their countrymen. For what it was likely that they would have done to their own people, if they had got any ground of vantage or obtained any success, may be reasonably inferred from what has already been said. And indeed everybody at the time had the proverb on his lips, “had we not perished quickly we had not been saved.”[260]...

[Sidenote: Character of Aulus Postumius Albinus.]

+12.+ Aulus Postumius deserves some special notice from us here. He was a member of a family and gens of the first rank, but in himself was garrulous and wordy, and exceedingly ostentatious. From his boyhood he had a great leaning to Greek studies and literature: but he was so immoderate and affected in this pursuit, that owing to him the Greek style became offensive to the elder and most respectable men at Rome. Finally he attempted to write a poem and a formal history in Greek, in the preface to which he desired his readers to excuse him if, being a Roman, he could not completely command the Greek idiom or method in the handling of the subject. To whom M. Porcius Cato made a very pertinent answer. “I wonder,” said he, “on what grounds you make such a demand. If the Amphictyonic council had charged you to write the history, you might perhaps have been forced to allege this excuse and ask for this consideration. But to write it of your own accord, when there was no compulsion to do so, and then to demand consideration, if you should happen to write bad Greek, is quite unreasonable. It is something like a man entering for the boxing match or pancratium in the public games, and, when he comes into the stadium, and it is his turn to fight, begging the spectators to pardon him ‘if he is unable to stand the fatigue or the blows.’ Such a man of course would be laughed at and condemned at once.”[261] And this is what such historiographers should experience, to prevent them spoiling a good thing by their rash presumption. Similarly, in the rest of his life, he had imitated all the worst points in Greek fashions; for he was fond of pleasure and averse from toil. And this may be illustrated from his conduct in the present campaign: for being among the first to enter Greece at the time that the battle in Phocis took place, he retired to Thebes on the pretence of illness, in order to avoid taking part in the engagement; but, when the battle was ended, he was the first to write to the Senate announcing the victory, entering into every detail as though he had himself been present at the conflict....

[Sidenote: B.C. 146. Coss. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, L. Mummius.]

_On the arrival of the Consul Mummius, Metellus was sent back into Macedonia. Mummius was accompanied by L. Aurelius Orestes, who had been nearly murdered in the riot at Corinth (38, 7), and, pitching his camp in the Isthmus, was joined by allies who raised his army to three thousand five hundred cavalry and twenty-six thousand infantry. The Achaeans made a sudden attack upon them and gained a slight success, which was a few days afterwards revenged by a signal defeat. Instead of retiring into Corinth, and from that stronghold making some terms with Mummius, Diaeus fled to Megalopolis, where he poisoned himself, after first killing his wife. The rest of the beaten Achaean army took refuge in Corinth, which Mummius took and fired on the third day after the battle with Diaeus. Then the commissioners were sent from Rome to settle the whole of Greece. Pausanias, 7, 16-17; Livy_, Ep. 52.

[Sidenote: The destruction of the works of art in Corinth, September, B.C. 146.]

+13.+ The incidents of the capture of Corinth were melancholy. The soldiers cared nothing for the works of art and the consecrated statues. I saw with my own eyes pictures thrown on the ground and soldiers playing dice on them; among them was a picture of Dionysus by Aristeides—in reference to which they say that the proverbial saying arose, “Nothing to the Dionysus,”—and the Hercules tortured by the shirt of Deianeira....

+14.+ Owing to the popular reverence for the memory of Philopoemen, they did not take down the statues of him in the various cities. So true is it, as it seems to me, that every genuine act of virtue produces in the mind of those who benefit by it an affection which it is difficult to efface....

One might fairly, therefore, use the common saying: “He has been foiled not at the door, but in the road.”...[262]

[Sidenote: Statues of Philopoemen.]

There were many statues of Philopoemen, and many erections in his honour, voted by the several cities; and a Roman at the time of the disaster which befell Greece at Corinth, wished to abolish them all and to formally indict him, laying an information against him, as though he were still alive, as an enemy and ill-wisher to Rome. But after a discussion, in which Polybius spoke against this sycophant, neither Mummius nor the commissioners would consent to abolish the honours of an illustrious man....

[Sidenote: Speech of Polybius defending the memory of Philopoemen.]

Polybius, in an elaborate speech, conceived in the spirit of what has just been said, maintained the cause of Philopoemen. His arguments were that “This man had indeed been frequently at variance with the Romans on the matter of their injunctions, but he only maintained his opposition so far as to inform and persuade them on the points in dispute; and even that he did not do without serious cause. He gave a genuine proof of his loyal policy and gratitude, by a test as it were of fire, in the periods of the wars with Philip and Antiochus. For, possessing at those times the greatest influence of any one in Greece, from his personal power as well as that of the Achaeans, he preserved his friendship for Rome with the most absolute fidelity, having joined in the vote of the Achaeans in virtue of which, four months before the Romans crossed from Italy, they levied a war from their own territory upon Antiochus and the Aetolians, when nearly all the other Greeks had become estranged from the Roman friendship.” Having listened to this speech and approved of the speaker’s view, the ten commissioners granted that the complimentary erections to Philopoemen in the several cities should be allowed to remain. Acting on this pretext, Polybius begged of the Consul the statues of Achaeus, Aratus, and Philopoemen, though they had already been transported to Acarnania from the Peloponnese: in gratitude for which action people set up a marble statue of Polybius himself.[263]...

[Sidenote: Polybius will have no confiscated goods.]

+15.+ After the settlement made by the ten commissioners in Achaia, they directed the Quaestor, who was to superintend the selling of Diaeus’s property, to allow Polybius to select anything he chose from the goods and present it to him as a free gift, and to sell the rest to the highest bidders. But, so far from accepting any such present, Polybius urged his friends not to covet anything whatever of the goods sold by the Quaestor anywhere:—for he was going a round of the cities and selling the property of all those who had been partisans of Diaeus, as well of such as had been condemned, except those who left children or parents. Some of these friends did not take his advice; but those who did follow it earned a most excellent reputation among their fellow-citizens.

[Sidenote: B.C. 145. The commissioners return in the spring, leaving instructions with Polybius to explain the new constitutions.]

+16.+ After completing these arrangements in six months, the ten commissioners sailed for Italy, at the beginning of spring, having left a noble monument of Roman policy for the contemplation of all Greece. They also charged Polybius, as they were departing, to visit all the cities and to decide all questions that might arise, until such time as they were grown accustomed to their constitution and laws. Which he did: and after a while caused the inhabitants to be contented with the constitution given them by the commissioners, and left no difficulty connected with the laws on any point, private or public, unsettled.

[Sidenote: Note by a friend of Polybius as to the effect of his careful fulfilment of his commission.]

[Wherefore the people, who always admired and honoured this man, being in every way satisfied with the conduct of his last years and his management of the business just described, honoured him with the most ample marks of their respect both during his life and after his death. And this universal verdict was fully justified. For if he had not elaborated and reduced to writing the laws relating to the administration of justice, everything would have been in a state of uncertainty and confusion. Therefore we must look upon this as the most glorious of the actions of Polybius.]...

[Sidenote: Mummius acted in Greece with clean hands and great moderation.]

+17.+ The Roman Proconsul, after the commissioners had left Achaia, having restored the holy places in the Isthmus and ornamented the temples in Olympia and Delphi, proceeded to make a tour of the cities, receiving marks of honour and proper gratitude in each. And indeed he deserved honour both public and private, for he conducted himself with self-restraint and disinterestedness, and administered his office with mildness, although he had great opportunities of enriching himself, and immense authority in Greece. And in fact in the points in which he was thought to have at all overlooked justice, he appears not to have done it for his own sake, but for that of his friends. And the most conspicuous instance of this was in the case of the Chalcidian horsemen whom he put to death.[264]...

[Sidenote: Death of Ptolemy Philometor in a war in Syria in support of Demetrius the younger against Alexander Balas. See above, 33, 18.]

+18.+ Ptolemy, king of Syria,[265] died from a wound received in the war: a man who, according to some, deserved great praise and abiding remembrance, and according to others the reverse. If any king before him ever was, he was mild and benevolent; a very strong proof of which is that he never put any of his own friends to death on any charge whatever; and I believe that not a single man at Alexandria either owed his death to him. Again, though he was notoriously ejected from his throne by his brother, in the first place, when he got a clear opportunity against him in Alexandria, he granted him a complete amnesty; and afterwards, when his brother once more made a plot against him to seize Cyprus, though he got him body and soul into his hands at Lapethus, he was so far from punishing him as an enemy, that he even made him grants in addition to those which formerly belonged to him in virtue of the treaty made between them, and moreover promised him his daughter. However, in the course of a series of successes and prosperity, his mind became corrupted; and he fell a prey to the dissoluteness and effeminacy characteristic of the Egyptians: and these vices brought him into serious disasters....

CONCLUSION OF THE HISTORY

+19.+ Having accomplished these objects, I returned home from Rome, having put, as it were, the finishing-stroke to my whole previous political actions, and obtained a worthy return for my constant loyalty to the Romans. Wherefore I make my prayers to all the gods that the rest of my life may continue in the same course and in the same prosperity; for I see only too well that Fortune is envious of mortals, and is most apt to show her power in those points in which a man fancies that he is most blest and most successful in life.

[Sidenote: See 1, 3, and 3, 4.]

Such was the result of my exertions. But having now arrived at the end of my whole work, I wish to recall to the minds of my readers the point from which I started, and the plan which I laid down at the commencement of my history, and then to give a summary of the entire subject. I announced then at starting that I should begin my narrative at the point where Timaeus left off, and that going cursorily over the events in Italy, Sicily, and Libya—since that writer has only composed a history of those places,—when I came to the time when Hannibal took over the command of the Carthaginian army; Philip son of Demetrius the kingdom of Macedonia; Cleomenes of Sparta was banished from Greece; Antiochus succeeded to the kingdom in Syria, and Ptolemy Philopator to that in Egypt,—I promised that starting once more from that period, namely the 139th Olympiad, I would give a general history of the world: marking out the periods of the Olympiads, separating the events of each year, and comparing the histories of the several countries by parallel narratives of each, up to the capture of Carthage, and the battle of the Achaeans and Romans in the Isthmus, and the consequent political settlement imposed on the Greeks. From all of which I said that students would learn a lesson of supreme interest and instructiveness. This was to ascertain how, and under what kind of polity, almost the whole inhabited world came under the single authority of Rome, a fact quite unparalleled in the past. These promises then having all been fulfilled, it only remains for me to state the periods embraced in my history, the number of my books, and how many go to make up my whole work....

I.—SHORTER FRAGMENTS

_The first eight of these fragments belong to book 6, but as they do not fall in with what remains of the text, I have placed them here. I have divided these fragments into two classes: (A) those which seem to have some distinct reference which can be recognised or guessed: (B) those which though fairly complete in themselves cannot be so classed. A good many more, generally quoted by Suidas for the sake of some one word, did not seem worth putting in an English dress. The numbers in brackets are those of Hultsch’s text._

_A_

I (6, 2)

[Sidenote: B.C. 751.]

I believe Rome to have been founded in the second year of the 7th Olympiad.[266]

II (6, 2)

[Sidenote: B.C. 672.]

Polybius, like Aristodemus of Elis, informs us that the register of the athletic victors at the Olympic games began to be kept from the 27th Olympiad, at which Coroebus of Elis was first registered as conqueror in the stadium; and this Olympiad was regarded as an era by the Greeks from which to calculate dates.[267]

III (6, 2)

The Palatine was named after Pallas, who died there. He was the son of Heracles and Lavina, daughter of Evander. His maternal grandfather raised a barrow as his tomb on this hill, and called the place after him the Pallantium.

IV (6, 2)

Among the Romans women are forbidden to drink wine; and they drink what is called _passum_, which is made from raisins, and tastes very like the sweet wine of Aegosthena or Crete. This is what they drink to quench their thirst. But it is almost impossible for them to drink wine without being found out. For, to begin with, the woman has not got the charge of wine; and, in the next place, she is bound to kiss all her male relatives and those of her husband, down to his cousins, every day on seeing them for the first time; and as she cannot tell which of them she will meet, she has to be on her guard. For if she has but tasted wine, there is no occasion for any formal accusation.[268]

V (6, 2)

[Sidenote: Ancus Marcius, Livy, 1, 33.]

He also founded Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber.

VI (6, 2)

[Sidenote: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus comes to Rome.]

Lucius, the son of Demaratus of Corinth, came to Rome relying on his own ability and wealth, and convinced that the advantages he possessed would place him in the front rank in the state: for he had a wife who, among other useful qualities, was admirably suited by nature to assist in any political enterprise. Arrived at Rome, and admitted to citizenship, he devoted himself to flattering the king; and before very long his wealth, his natural dexterity, and, more than all, his early training, enabled him so to please the king’s taste that he gained his cordial liking and confidence. As time went on his intimacy became so close that he lived with [Ancus] Marcius, and assisted him in managing his kingdom. While so engaged, he contrived to make himself useful to every one. All who were suitors for anything found in him an active supporter and friend: his wealth was spent with noble liberality and judgment on various objects of national importance; and thus he secured for himself the gratitude of many, and the goodwill and good word of all, and finally obtained the throne.[269]...

Every branch of virtue should be practised by those who aim at good training, from childhood, but, above all, courage....

(6, 1)

An impossible lie admits of no defence even.

(6, 1)

It is the act of a wise and sensible man to recognise—as Hesiod puts it—“how much greater the half is than the whole.”[270]

VII (6, 1)

To learn sincerity towards the Gods is a kind of image of truthfulness towards each other.

VIII (6, 1)

It generally happens in the world that men who acquire have a natural turn for keeping; while those who succeed to wealth, without any trouble to themselves, are apt to squander it.

IX (10)

The strongest fortifications are in general dangerous to both sides; which may be illustrated from what occurs in the case of citadels. These last are regarded as contributing greatly to the security of the cities in which they stand, and to the protection of their freedom; but they often turn out to be the origin of slavery and indisputable misfortunes.[271]

X (13)

Some few approved of his doing so, but the majority objected, saying, some that it was folly, and others that it was madness for a man thus to risk and hazard his life, who was quite unacquainted with the kind of fighting in use among these barbarians.[272]

XI (16)

“Secure retreat in case disaster fall.”

One ought always to keep this line in mind. From failing to do so Lucius the Roman[273] met with a grave disaster. So narrow is the risk of destruction to the most powerful forces when the leaders are unwise. A sufficient illustration to thoughtful men is furnished by the headstrong invasion of Argos by Pyrrhus king of the Epirotes,[274] and the expedition through Thrace of king Lysimachus against Dorimichaites, king of Odrysae;[275] and indeed many other similar cases.

XII (23)

Marcellus never once conquered Hannibal, who in fact remained unbeaten until Scipio’s victory.[276]

XIII (25)

No darkness, no storm however violent, turned him from his purpose. He forced his way through all such obstacles; he overcame even disease by resolute labour, and never once failed in an object or experienced a variation in his uniform good fortune.

XIV (29)

In old times single combats among the Romans were conducted with good faith [but in our days many contrivances have been hit upon].

XV (31)

The horse, from the agony of the wound, first fell forward, and then galloped furiously through the middle of the camp.

XVI (42)

Seeing that the superstitious feelings of the soldiers were roused by these portents, he exerted himself to remove the scruples of the men by means of his own intelligence and strategic skill.

XVII (63)

SHIPS WITH SIX BANKS OF OARS

These vessels appear to be as swift sailers as penteconters, but to be much inferior to triremes; and their construction has been abandoned for many years past. Polybius, however, is supposed to lay down the measurements of such vessels, which the Romans and Carthaginians appear to have often employed in their wars with each other.[277]

XVIII (64)

Getting completely drunk, and all flung on the ground in the various tents, they neither heard any word of command nor took any thought of the future whatever.[278]

XIX (66)

In consultations of war, as in those relating to bodily sickness, one ought to take as much account of the symptoms that have since arisen as of those originally existing.

XX (90)

Cappadocia extends from Mount Taurus and Lycaonia up to the Pontic Sea. The name is Persian and arose thus. A certain Persian [named Cappadocus?] was present at a hunt with Artaxerxes, or some other king, when a lion sprang upon the king’s horse. This Persian happened to be in that part of the hunting company, and drawing his sword rescued the king from his imminent danger and killed the lion. This Persian therefore ascending the highest mountain in the neighbourhood received as a gift from the king as much territory as the human eye could take in, looking east, west, north, and south.[279]

XXI (95)

The Celtiberians have a peculiar manœuvre in war. When they see their infantry hard pressed, they dismount and leave their horses standing in their places. They have small pegs attached to their leading reins, and having fixed them carefully into the ground, they train their horses to keep their places obediently in line until they come back and pull up the pegs.

XXII (96)

The Celtiberians excel the rest of the world in the construction of their swords; for their point is strong and serviceable, and they can deliver a cut with both edges. Wherefore the Romans abandoned their ancestral swords after the Hannibalian war and adopted those of the Iberians. They adopted, I say, the construction of the swords, but they can by no means imitate the excellence of the steel or the other points in which they are so elaborately finished.[280]

XXIII (102)

The Roman praetor Marcus[281] wished to get rid of the war against the Lusitani, and laying aside war altogether, to shirk—as the saying is—“the men’s hall for the women’s bower,” because of the recent defeat of the praetor by the Lusitani.

(103)

But those of the Ligurians who fought against Mago were unable to do anything important or great.

XXIV (113)

A _mora_ consisted of nine hundred men.[282]

XXV (117)

A general needs good sense and boldness; they are the most necessary qualities for dangerous and venturesome undertakings.

XXVI (154)

The second king of Egypt, called Philadelphus, when giving his daughter Berenice in marriage to Antiochus king of Syria, was careful to send her some Nile water, that the young bride might drink no other water.

XXVII (156)

I say this to point out the wisdom of the Romans, and the folly of those who despise the practice of making comparisons with the habits of foreign nations, and believe themselves competent to reform their own armies without reference to others.[283]

XXVIII (157)

The Romans were wont to take great care not to appear to be the aggressors, or to attack their neighbours without provocation; but to be considered always to be acting in self-defence, and only to enter upon war under compulsion.[284]

XXIX (166)

When Scipio Africanus, the younger, was commissioned by the Senate to settle the kingdoms throughout the world, and see that they were put in proper hands, he only took five slaves with him; and, on one of these dying during the journey, he wrote home to his relations to buy another and send him to take the place of the dead one.[285]

XXX (184)

If one ought to speak of _Fortune_ in regard to such things; for I fear she often gets credit of that sort without good reason; while the real fault lies with the men who administer public business, who sometimes act with seriousness and sometimes the reverse.

_B_

XXXI (1)

But not making at all a good guess at the king’s mind, he acted in a most inconsiderate manner.

XXXII (2)

Want of civilisation appears to have an extraordinary influence on mankind in this direction.

XXXIII (3)

But the general being unable to endure the unfairness of those who made these assertions....

XXXIV (5)

But he determined to hold out to the last, trusting to the supplies from Egypt.

XXXV (6)

But having fallen in with him he gained an extremely fortunate victory.

XXXVI (7)

In all these things the Aetolians had been deceived.

XXXVII (8)

And some he honoured with gold cloths and spears, because he wished that his promises should agree with his performances.

XXXVIII (11)

He wrote in bitter and frantic terms, calling them fiends and murderers in his letter, if they abandoned the positions thus disgracefully, before they had suffered or witnessed any hardship.

XXXIX (12)

There is a courage in words too which can despise death.

XXXIX (14)

Before he had been rejoined by the stragglers of the skirmishing parties.

XL (27)

Being utterly at a loss, at last he rested his chance of escape from the difficulty which was upon him on some such hope as this.

XLI (30)

None of the citizens being aware of what was taking place owing to the distance, for the city was a large one.

XLII (32)

But trusting to them he undertook the war against Ariarathes.

XLIII (34)

Harpyia is a city in Illyria near Encheleae, to which Baton, charioteer of Amphiaraus, removed after the latter’s disappearance.

XLIV (35)

And he waited for the coming of Hasdrubal.

XLV (36)

Hearing all this through the curtain the king laughed.

XLVI (39)

Foreseeing and fearing the fierce temper and obstinacy of the men.

XLVII (40)

At that time, persuaded that he was enduring a fiery test, he was released from the suspicion.

XLVIII (43)

He thought therefore that it was dangerous to have shared in their enterprise when their plan had failed and come to an end.

XLIX (44)

Having urged the soldiers to make haste, and exhorted the tribunes to engage.

L (46)

Thinking it better and safer not to be present at the hour of the enemy’s opportunity, nor when they were under the influence of popular excitement and fury.

LI (47)

Whenever it is possible to obtain satisfaction from those who have wronged us either by law or by any other settled forms of justice.

LII (54)

Having drawn his army from the pass he encamped.

LII (55)

And then they took up some sort of order, as though by mutual consent, and fought the battle in regular formation.

LIII (56)

That which causes the most pain at the time involves also the most signal revulsion of joy.

LIV (57)

Having ordered the pilots to steer the ships as fast as they could to Elaea.

LV (61)

They not only drove themselves off the stage, but ruined also all Greece.

LV (62)

But he, from his long experience of war, did not all lose his presence of mind.

LVI (67)

He persuades them by reckoning all the wealth he considered they would gain in the battle.

LVII (68)

The Romans had been inspired by some divine influence, and having fortified their courage with irresistible might....

LVII (69)

To signalise some by favours, and others by punishments, that they might be a warning to the rest.

LVIII (72)

And they, being persuaded, and throwing themselves in the way of the enemy’s charge, died gallantly.

LIX (73)

He tried to take the city by an intrigue, having long secured a party of traitors within it.

LX (74)

He brought up the transports, by lading which with rocks and sinking them at the mouth of the harbour he planned to shut out the enemy entirely from the sea.

LXI (80)

Though I have much more to say, I fear lest some of you may think that I am unnecessarily diffuse.

LXII (81)

They are reserving themselves for an opportunity, and are quite ready to meet them again.

LXIII (85)

To be eager for life and to cling to it is a sign of the greatest baseness and weakness.

LXIV (86)

He was feeling something like starters in horse races, which are started by the raising of torches.

LXV (88)

Their boldness transgresses the bounds of propriety, and their actions are a violation of duty.

LXV (91)

Seeing that the Carthaginians had obeyed all injunctions in the most honourable spirit.

LXVI (92)

To have fifty ships built entirely new, and to launch fifty of those already existing from the docks.

LXVII (100)

Lucius being appointed to go on a mission to the Lapateni and speak to them in favour of an unconditional surrender, was unprepared for the task before him.

LXVIII (101)

Of all the determining forces in war the most decisive of failure or success is the spirit of the combatants.

LXIX (104)

Having mentioned summarily the defeats they had sustained, and putting before them the successes of the Macedonians.

LXX (105)

For he perceived that the Macedonian kingdom would become contemptible, if the rebels succeeded in their first attempt.

LXXI (109)

Therefore it was intolerable that the Romans even then should make their way into Macedonia unobserved.

LXXII (110)

He, if any one of our time has done so, has examined all that has been said scientifically on tactics.

LXXIII (111)

Metrodorus and his colleagues, frightened at the threatening aspect of Philip, departed.

LXXIV (112)

The Romans made no show of bearing a grudge for what had taken place.

LXXV (113)

But putting both spurs to his horse he rode on as hard as he could.

LXXVI (114)

Being annoyed at the treaty, Nabis paid no attention to its provisions.

LXXVII (120)

It was neither possible to examine the man closely in his state of physical weakness, nor to put a question to him for fear of worrying him.

LXXVIII (122)

The Pannonians having seized the fort at the beginning of the war, had taken it as a base of operations, and had fitted it up for the reception of booty.

LXXIX (124)

But wishing to point the contrast between his policy to those who trusted and those who disobeyed him, he commenced the siege.

LXXX (126)

So that those in the assembly were thunderstruck and unable to collect their thoughts, sympathising with the poignant sorrow of those thus dispossessed of their all.

LXXXI (131)

They immediately sent a courier to Perseus to tell him what had happened. (132) It was Perseus’s design to keep it close, but he could not hide the truth.

LXXXII (133)

In other respects he was well equipped for service, but his spear was limp.

LXXXIII (134)

Publius was anxious to engage and avail himself of the enthusiasm of the barbarians. (135) He put in at Naupactus in Aetolia. (136) He escorted Publius out with great respect. (137) Having received Publius and Gaius with kindness and honour.

LXXXIV (140)

It was the deliberate intention of the Romans to fight at sea.

LXXXV (141)

While they were still together and were fighting at close quarters with their swords, taking his stand behind them he stabbed him under the armpit.

LXXXVI (151)

This man presented Prusias with many silver and gold cups during the banquet.

LXXXVII (153)

Taking a wise view of the future, he came to the conclusion to get rid of the garrison sent by Ptolemy.

LXXXVIII (158)

On that occasion both Romans and Carthaginians bivouacked on the embankment.

LXXXIX (159)

Not being able to persuade him again, owing to that king’s cautious and inactive character, he was forced to offer five hundred talents. And so Seleucus agreed to give the aid.

XC (161)

Chance and Fortune, so to speak, enhanced the achievements of Scipio, so that they always appeared more illustrious than was expected.

XCI (162)

One must not pass over even a minor work of his, as in the case of a famous artist.

XCII (163)

Scipio counselled him either not to try, or to do so in such a manner as to succeed at all risks. For to make an attempt on the same man twice was dangerous in itself, and was apt to make a man altogether contemptible.

XCIII (164)

But being jealous of Scipio they tried to decry his achievements.

XCIV (168)

Fixing the stocks upright in the ground in a semicircle touching each other.

XCV (170)

The important point of their resolution was that they would not admit a garrison or governor, and would not give up their constitution as established by law.

XCV (177-179)

He said that we should not let the enemy escape, or encourage their boldness by shirking a battle....

Conceiving a slight hope from the besieged garrison, he made the most of it....

Pretending warm friendship, he tried every manœuvre whereby he might promote the enemy’s interests, and surround us by the gravest perils....

XCVI (182)

As the rock caused them difficulty because they were obliged to bore a hole in it, they completed the mine which they were making by using wooden bolts.

XCVII (183)

He did not think it right to leave the war in Etruria, and give his attention to the cities in that part of the country. He feared that he should waste all the time, which was not very long to begin with, in less important details.

XCVIII (185)

And having got his boats and hemioliae dragged across the Isthmus he put to sea, being anxious to be in time for the Achaean congress.

XCIX (191)

Philip was annoyed at the request of the Corcyreans.

C (192)

Since circumstances debar Philip, the king wishes to give that man the credit of the achievement, making the proposal to him in the light of a favour.

CI (193)

Philip, having given out that he was about to serve out rations, made a proclamation that a return should be made to him of all who had not provisions for more than thirty days.

CII (195)

After two days from starting for the seat of war Philip passed the order to make two rations three, whenever he wanted an additional day, and sometimes to make two four. (? Cp. Livy, 35, 28.)

CIII (195)

A swipe (φρεατοτόπανον) is one of the implements mentioned by Polybius. (See 9, 43, Hultsch.)

CIV (199)

It was impossible to convey the equipments and provisions for the legions by sea or upon beasts of burden; they must carry ten days’ provisions in their wallets.

II.—GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES QUOTED BY STEPHANUS AND OTHERS AS HAVING BEEN USED BY POLYBIUS

Achriane, a town in Hyrcania.

Adrane, a town in Thrace.

Aegosthena, a town in Megaris.

Allaria, a town in Crete.

Ancara, a town in Italy.

Aperanteia, a city and district in Thessaly.

Apsyrtus, an island off Illyricum.

Ares, plain of, “A desolate plain in Thrace with low trees.”

Arsinoe, a town in Aetolia and in Libya.

Atella, a town of the Opici, in Campania. “The Atellani surrendered.”

Badiza, a town in Bruttium.

Babrantium, a place near Chios.

Cabyle, a town in Thrace.

Calliope, a town in Parthia.

Candasa, a fort in Caria.

Carthaea, one of the four cities of Ceos.

Corax, a mountain between Callipolis and Naupactus.

Cyathus, a river in Aetolia, near Arsinoe (a tributary of the Achelous).

Dassaretae, an Illyrian tribe.

Digeri, a Thracian tribe.

Ellopium, a town in Aetolia.

Gitta, a town in Palestine (Gath).

Hella, in Asia, a port belonging to Attalus.

Hippo (Regius), a town in Libya.

Hyrtacus, a town in Crete.

Hyscana, a town in Illyria.

Ilattia, a town in Crete.

Lampeteia, a town in Bruttium.

Mantua, in N. Italy.

Massyleis, a Libyan tribe.

Melitusa, a town in Illyria.

Oricus (m.), a town in Epirus, “The first town on the right as one sails into the Adriatic.”

Parthus, a town in Illyria.

Philippi, a town in Macedonia.

Phorynna, a town in Thrace.

Phytaeum, a town in Aetolia.

Rhyncus, in Aetolia.

Sibyrtus, a town in Crete.

Singa, a town in Libya.

Tabraca, a town in Libya.

Temesia, a town in Bruttium.

Volci, a town in Etruria.

Xynia, a town in Thessaly.

APPENDIX I.

THE DIVISIONS OF THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE AFTER THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, OB. JUNE B.C. 323.

Justin, 12, 16; Arrian, _An._ 7, 28.

{Philip III. (Arrhidaeus) half-brother of Alexander, οἱ βασιλεῖς { ob. B.C. 317. {Alexander IV. (posthumous son of Alexander by Roxana).

Successive Guardians {Perdiccas, killed B.C. 321. (οἱ ἐπιμεληταί) {Arrhidaeus and Python (for a few months), resigned B.C. 321.

Hipparch ... Seleucus. Captain of the Bodyguards ... Cassander. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Macedonia and Greece. Antipater.

Egypt, and parts of Libya and Asia. Ptolemy s. of Lagus.

Pamphylia(1). Lycia. Greater Phrygia. Antigonus.

Caria. Cassander.

Thrace. Lysimachus.

Paphlagonia. Cappadocia. Eumenes.

Media Major. Python.

Syria. Laomedon.

Phrygia Hellespontiaca. Leonnatus.

Lydia. Meleager.(2)

Cilicia. Philotas.

Media Minor. Atropatos.

_Bactria ulterior._ Unchanged.(3)

_India._ Unchanged.

_Indian Colonies._ _Pithon s. of Agenor._

_Punjaub._ _Taxiles._

_Parapamisos._ _Oxyartes._

_Arachossi_ and _Cedrussi._ _Silyrtias._

_Draucae_ and _Arei._ _Stasanor._

_Bactria._ _Amyntas._

_Sogdiani._ _Stasandros._

_Parthians._ _Philip._

_Hyrcani._ _Phrataphernes._

_Carmani._ _Tleptolemus._

_Persis._ _Peucestes._

_Babylonians._ _Archon._

_Mesopotamia._ _Arcesilaus._

---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Justin gives Pamphylia and Lycia to Nearchus.

(2) Justin calls him Menander.

(3) The provinces and governors printed in italics are not mentioned by Diodorus here, who merely says that they were unchanged, But the list given by Justin agrees with that of Diodorus in the next settlement, with certain exceptions, which may be regarded as changes arising from death or other causes.

SECOND ARRANGEMENT, B.C. 321.

οἱ βασιλεῖς { Philip III. (Arrhidaeus) ob. 317 B.C. { Alexander IV. (son of Alexander by Roxana).

Regent with absolute powers ... Antipater, ob. B.C. 318. ” ” ... Polysperchon, B.C. 318-315.

Strategus of the Empire ... Antigonus.

Chiliarch ” ... Cassander (s. of Antigonus). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- B.C. 321. SECOND ARRANGEMENT OF THE PROVINCES. Diod. 18, 39. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

(Unchanged.) Macedonia and Greece. (Unchanged.) Antipater.

(Unchanged.) Egypt & parts of Libya & Asia. Ptolemy, s. of Lagus.

Greater Phrygia, Lycia, & Susiana added. Antigonus.

(Unchanged.) Cassander.

(Unchanged.) Thrace. Lysimachus.

(Unchanged.) Media. Python.

(Unchanged.) Syria. Laomedon.

Cilicia. Philoxenus.

Babylonia. Seleucus.

Cappadocia. Nicanor.

Lydia Cheiton.

Phrygia Hellespontiaca. Arrhidaeus.

Mesopotamia and Asbelitis. Amphimachus.

The other provinces as in the previous list.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- THIRD ARRANGEMENT, B.C. 312-311.

King ... Alexander IV. (in charge of Roxana).

Strategus in Europe till the king comes of age ... Cassander.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- B.C. 312-311. THIRD ARRANGEMENT OF THE PROVINCES OF THE EMPIRE. Diod. Sic. 19, 105. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Egypt. Ptolemy, s. of Lagus.

Thrace. Lysimachus.

Macedonia. Cassander.

All Asia (ἀφηγεῖσθαι). Antigonus.

Babylonia. Seleucus Nicanor.

Greece nominally free, B.C. 307 Demetrius (s. of Antigonus) becomes Master of Athens.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- B.C. 311. Alexander IV. and Roxana murdered by order of Cassander.

B.C. 306. FOURTH ARRANGEMENT. +Kingdoms+ FORMED, AFTER THE NAVAL VICTORY OF DEMETRIUS OVER PTOLEMY. Diod. 30, 53. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

King of Egypt. Ptolemy, s. of Lagus.

King of Syria and Asia. Antigonus.

King of Upper Asia. Seleucus.

King of Thrace. Lysimachus.

King of Macedonia. Cassander.

Demetrius Poliorcetes (s. of Antigonus) also takes the title of _king_, and in B.C. 304 returns to Athens and wages war with Cassander.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

B.C. 301. SETTLEMENT AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS, IN WHICH ANTIGONUS FELL.

(Lysimachus and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------

King of Egypt. Ptolemy, s. of Lagus, ob. 283.

King of Syria. Seleucus Nicanor, ob. B.C. 280.

King of Thrace. Lysimachus, ob. 281.

King of Macedonia. Cassander, ob. B.C. 297.

Greece is nominally free, but in B.C. 295 Demetrius takes Athens, and becoming King of Macedonia in B.C. 295 to B.C. 287, he retains Greece as part of the kingdom. In the confusion which followed it was practically free.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX II

THE KINGS OF EGYPT, SYRIA, AND MACEDONIA, TO THE END OF THE PERIOD EMBRACED IN POLYBIUS’S HISTORY

+---------+-------------------------------------------+ | B.C. | EGYPT | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | 306-285 | Ptolemy, s. of Lagus | | 283-247 | Ptolemy II. Philadelphus | | 247-222 | Ptolemy III. Euergetes | | 222-205 | Ptolemy IV. Philopator | | 205-181 | Ptolemy V. Epiphanes | | 181-146 | Ptolemy VI. Philometor | | 170-154 | Ptolemy VII. Physcon, joint king with his | | | brother, Ptolemy VI | | 146-117 | Ptolemy VII. sole king | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | | SYRIA | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | 306-301 | Antigonus the One-eyed | | 301-280 | Seleucus Nicanor | | 280-261 | Antiochus I. Soter, s. of | | | Antigonus the One-eyed | | 246-226 | Seleucus II. Callinicus | | 226-223 | Seleucus III. Alexander or Ceraunus | | 223-187 | Antiochus III. the Great | | 187-175 | Seleucus IV. Philopator | | 175-164 | Antiochus IV. Epiphanes | | 164-162 | Antiochus V. Eupator | | 162-150 | Demetrius I. Soter | | 150-147 | Alexander Balas | | 147-125 | Demetrius II. Nicator | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | | MACEDONIA | +---------+-------------------------------------------+ | 323-311 | {Alexander IV. | | 323-317 | {Philip III. (Arrhidaeus) | | 311-306 | Regency of Cassander | | 306-296 | Cassander | | 296 | Philip IV. s. of Cassander | | 296-294 | Antipater} sons of Cassander | | | Alexander} | | 294-287 | Demetrius I. Poliercetes, ob. 283 | | 287-281 | Divided between Lysimachus and Pyrrhus | | 281-280 | {Seleucus, Nicanor | | | {Ptolemy Ceraunus, s. of Ptolemy of Egypt | | 280-277 | [Various claimants] | | 277-239 | Antigonus Gonatas, s. of Demetrius I. | | 239-229 | Demetrius II. s. of Gonatas. | | 229-179 | Philip V. s. of Demetrius II. | | | [Antigonus Doson, nominally his guardian | | | assumes the crown B.C. 229-220] | | 179-168 | Perseus [Macedonia a Roman province] | +---------+-------------------------------------------+

APPENDIX III

1, 21. The capture of Cornelius Asina is ascribed by Livy (_Ep._ 17) to an act of treachery, _per fraudem velut in colloquium evocatus captus est_. He is copied by Florus (2, 2) and Eutropius (2, 10). See also Valerius Max. 6, 6, 2. This is perhaps not incompatible with the narrative of Polybius, which, however, does not suggest it. He must have been released at the time of the entrance of Regulus into Africa, for being captured in B.C. 260, we find him Consul for B.C. 254, without any account of his release being preserved.

1, 32-36.—XANTHIPPUS THE LACEDAEMONIAN

The fate of Xanthippus has been variously reported. Polybius represents him as going away voluntarily, and Mommsen supposes him to have taken service in the Egyptian army. Appian, however, asserts that he and his men were drowned on their way home to Sparta by the Carthaginian captains who were conveying them, and who were acting on secret orders from home (8, 4). Mommsen also regards the account of Polybius of the reforms introduced in the Carthaginian tactics by Xanthippus as exaggerated: “The officers of Carthage can hardly have waited for foreigners to teach them that the light African cavalry can be more appropriately employed on the plain than among hills and forests.” The doubt had apparently occurred to others [Diodor. Sic. fr. bk. 23.] The mistake, however, was not an unnatural one. For other references to Xanthippus see Cicero _de Off._ 3, 26, 7; Valerius Max. 1, 1, 14; Dio Cassius, fr. 43, 24.

1, 34.—M. ATILIUS REGULUS

No more is told us of the fate of Regulus, and Mommsen says “nothing more is known with certainty.” Arnold, following Niebuhr, declared the story of his cruel death to be a fabrication. The tradition, however, of his mission home to propose peace, his subsequent return after advising against it, and his death under torture, was received undoubtingly by the Roman writers of the time of Cicero and afterwards. See Cicero, _Off._ 3, § 99; _ad Att._ 16, 11; _de Sen._ § 74; _Paradox._ 2, 16; _Tusc._ 5, § 14. Horace, _Od._ 3, 5; Livy, _Ep._ 18; Valerius Max. 1, 1, 14; Dio Cassius, fr. 43, 28. To Appian (8, 4) is due the additional particular of the barrel full of nails, καὶ αὐτὸν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι καθείρξαντες ἐν γαλεάγρᾳ κέντρα πάντοθεν ἐχούσῃ διέφθειραν. Against this uniformity of tradition is to be set the silence of Polybius. But on the other hand, in this introductory part of his history, Polybius does not profess to give full particulars (see note to 1, 21); and in the case of Regulus, he has not stated what we learn from Livy (_Ep._ 18) and Valerius Max. 4, 4, 6, that his stay in Africa for the second year was against his own express wish, his private business requiring, as he thought, his presence in Italy.

1, 60.—LUTATIUS

Lutatius is represented by Polybius as directing the operations at the battle of Aegusa; but it appears that he had received some hurt a few days before, and was confined to his lectica during the action (_lectica claudum jacuisse_). The chief direction therefore devolved upon the praetor, Q. Valerius Falto, who accordingly claimed to share his triumph, but was refused on the technical ground that the victory had not been won under his _auspicia_. Valerius Max. 2, 8, 2.

1, 76.—HAMILCAR

(Vol. i. p. 85.) Dr. Warre writes on the manœuvre of Hamilcar as follows: “Hamilcar’s army is in column of route; elephants leading, then cavalry, then light-armed infantry, and heavy-armed infantry in the rear. He observes the enemy bearing down hastily; gives orders to his whole force to turn about, and then forms line (ἐξέτασις) by successive wheels of his heavy-armed troops. He would thus have changed his heavy-armed from column of route into line by wheeling them while retiring to the right (or left) about. The light-armed apparently passed through the intervals; the cavalry halted when they came to the line now formed up, and at once turned to their front and faced the enemy, and the remainder marched forward to meet them. Polybius does not tell us with what front Hamilcar was marching; but I think it is clear that he was in column of route and not in battle array (ἐκ παρατάξεως). Thus the deployment of his columns, _while retiring, by right (or left) about wheel_ into line by successive συντάγματα, or battalions, would be a very pretty manœuvre, and only such as an able tactician would resort to.”

11, 22-23.—SCIPIO AND HASDRUBAL SON OF GESCO

(Vol. ii. p. 67.) Of this passage Dr. Warre has again favoured me with a note and a translation which I append: “The passage in Polybius is very interesting. It is a good tactical example of an attack on both flanks, refusing the centre, the effect being to keep the enemy from moving the troops in his centre to the assistance of his wings. The inversion of order, by which the right became the left in the case of those troops who had first orders ‘right turn, left wheel from line into column,’ and then ‘left wheel into line,’ is an ordinary instance of doing what might be called ‘clubbing’ a battalion or brigade. It is of course on parade a clumsy mistake to make; but Scipio rightly took no notice of it in battle, as Polybius, who sees the matter with a soldier’s eye, observes. Scipio’s army was inferior in numbers, and so he first moved his Romans _outwards_ while still in line, and then formed for attack with the cavalry, light infantry, and three battalions (cohorts) on each flank.”

The following is Dr. Warre’s translation:—

“Polybius 11, 22.—On this occasion Scipio seems to have employed two stratagems. He observed that Hasdrubal was in the habit of marching out late in the day, of keeping his Libyan troops in the centre, and of posting his elephants in front of each wing. His own custom was to march out at the said hour to oppose him, and to set the Romans in his centre opposite to the Libyans, while he posted his Spanish troops upon his wings. On the day upon which he determined to decide matters he did the reverse of this, and thereby greatly assisted his forces towards gaining a victory, and placed the enemy at no small disadvantage. At daybreak he sent his aides and gave orders to all the tribunes and to the soldiers that they were first to get their breakfast, and then to arm and to parade in front of the ramparts. This was done. The soldiers obeyed eagerly, having an idea of his intention. He sent forward the cavalry and light infantry, giving them joint orders to approach the camp of the enemy, and to skirmish up to it boldly; but he himself took the heavy infantry, and at sunrise advanced, and when he had reached the middle of the plain formed line in just the opposite order to his previous formation. For he proceeded to deploy the Iberians on the centre and the Romans on the flanks.”

* * * * *

“For a while the Romans remained as usual silent, but after the day had worn, and the light infantry engagement was indecisive and on equal terms, since those who were hard pressed retired on their own heavy infantry and (ἐκ μεταβολῆς κινδυνεύειν), after retreating formed again for attack, then it was that Scipio withdrew his skirmishers through the intervals of the troops under the standards, and divided them on either wing in rear of his line, first the velites, and in succession to them his cavalry, and at first made his advance _in line direct_. But when distant (? five) furlongs from the enemy he directed the Iberians to advance in the same formation, but gave orders to the wings to turn outwards (to the right wing for the infantry to turn to their right, and to their left to the left). Then he himself took from the right and Lucius Marcius and Marcus Junius from the left the three leading squadrons of cavalry, and in front of these the usual number of velites, and three cohorts (for this is the Roman term), but the one body wheeled to the left and the other to the right, were led in column against the enemy, advancing at full speed, the troops in succession forming and following as they wheeled....

(They were in line, and the cavalry and velites got the word turn, left wheel, and the infantry right wheel and forward, _i.e._ the light troops and cavalry wheeled from their outer flank, and the heavy infantry from their inner flank.)

“And when these troops were not far off the enemy, and the Iberians in the line direct were still a considerable distance behind, as they were advancing slowly, they came in contact with either wing of the enemy, the Roman forces being in column according to his original intention.

“The subsequent movements by which the troops in rear of these columns came into line with those leading were exactly the reverse, generally, in the case of the right and the left wings, and particularly, in case of the light troops and cavalry and the heavy infantry. For the cavalry and velites on the right wing forming to the right into line were trying to outflank the enemy, but the infantry formed on the contrary to the left. On the left wing the cavalry and light infantry left formed into line, and the heavy infantry right formed into line. And so it came to pass that on both wings the cavalry and light troops were in inverted order, _i.e._ their proper right had become their left. The general took little heed of this, but cared only for that which was of greater importance, the outflanking of the enemy; and rightly so, for while a general ought to know what has happened, he should use the movements that are suitable to the circumstances.”

34, 5, 10.—PYTHEAS

The date of these voyages of Pytheas is uncertain beyond the fact that they were somewhere in the 4th century B.C. His Periplus, or notes of his voyage, was extant until the 5th century A.D. The fragments remaining have been published by Arvedson, Upsala, 1824. The objection raised by Polybius to the impossibility of a poor man making such voyages is sometimes answered by the supposition that he was sent officially by the Massilian merchants to survey the north of Europe and look out for places suitable for commerce. The northern sea, which he describes as “like a jellyfish through which one can neither walk nor sail,” is referred “to the rotten and spongy ice which sometimes fills those waters.” This is assuming Thule to be Iceland. Tacitus supposed it to be Shetland (_Agr._ 10), and described the waters there as sluggish, and not subject to the influence of the wind. See Elton (_Origins of English History_, pp. 73-74). Elton quotes Wallace (_Concerning Thule_, 31), who comments on Tacitus by saying, “This agrees with the sea in the north-east of Scotland, not for the reason given by Tacitus, but because of the contrary tides, which drive several ways, and stop not only boats with oars but ships under sail.”

34, 10.—THE SUBTERRANEAN FISH

Schweighaeuser in his note on this passage quotes Aristotle _de Anim._ 6, 15, who states that gudgeon thus hide themselves in the earth; and Seneca, _Nat. Q._, 3, 17 and 19, who refers to the fact _piscem posse vivere sub terra et effodi_, and quotes an instance as occurring in Caria. See also Livy, 42, 2, who, among other prodigies occurring in B.C. 173, says, _in Gallico agro qua induceretur aratrum sub existentibus glebis pisces emersisse dicebantur_. Eels and other fish have been found in the mud of ponds long after the ponds have been dried up. The truer account is given in Strabo (4, 1, 6): “There was a lake near Ruscino, and a swampy place a little above the sea, full of salt, and containing mullets (κεστρεῖς), which are dug out; for if a man dig down two or three feet, and drive a trident into the muddy water, he may spear fish which is of considerable size, and which feeds on the mud like the eels.”

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The port of Brundisium was known long before. See Herod. 4, 99. The Romans colonised the town in B.C. 244. See Livy, epit. 19.

[2] See on 3, 66.

[3] Dr. Arnold declares it “all but an impossibility that an army should have marched the distance (not less than 325 Roman miles) in a week.” Livy (26, 42) accepts the statement without question.

[4] Mr. Strachan-Davidson explains this to mean from the sea to the lake, as Scipio’s lines would not have extended right round the lake to the other sea.

[5] Escombrera (Σκομβραρία). I must refer my readers to Mr. Strachan-Davidson’s appendix on _The Site of the Spanish Carthage_ for a discussion of these details. See above 2, 13; Livy, 26, 42.

[6] This seems to be the distinction between the words γερουσία and σύγκλητος. Cp. 36, 4. The latter is the word used by Polybius for the Roman Senate: for the nature of the first see Bosworth Smith, _Carthage and the Carthaginians_, p. 27. It was usually called “The Hundred.” Mommsen (_Hist. of Rome_, vol. ii. p. 15) seems to doubt the existence of the larger council: its authority at any rate had been superseded by the oligarchical gerusia.

[7] This and the following chapter were formerly assigned to the description of Scipio’s proceedings in Spain and followed, ch. 20. Hultsch, however, seems right in placing them thus, and assigning them to the account of the tactics of Philopoemen.

[8] On the margin of one MS. the following is written, which may be a sentence from the same speech, or a comment of the Epitomator: “A confederacy with democratic institutions always stands in need of external support, owing to the fickleness of the multitude.”

[9] See 5, 44.

[10] This goddess is variously called Anaitis (Plut. _Artax._ 27) and Nanea (2 Macc. 1, 13). And is identified by Plutarch with Artemis, and by others with Aphrodite.

[11] This proverb perhaps arose from the frequent employment of the non-Hellenic Carians as mercenaries. Cp. Plato, _Laches_, 187 B; _Euthydemus_, 285 B; Euripides, _Cyclops_, 654.

[12] See 9, 11.

[13] This passage does not occur in the extant treatise of Aeneas; but is apparently referred to (ch. 7, § 4) as being contained in a preparatory treatise (παρασκευαστικὴ βίβλος).

[14] The grouping of these letters will be as follows:—

1 2 3 4 5

1 α ζ λ π φ 2 β η μ ρ χ 3 γ θ ν σ ψ 4 δ ι ξ τ ω 5 ε κ ο υ

[15] Polybius confuses the Tanais (Don) with another Tanais or Iaxartes flowing into the south-east part of the Caspian.

[16] King of Bactria, see 11, 34.

[17] See Livy, 27, 39.

[18] Livy, 27, 44.

[19] There is nothing to show positively that a Rhodian is the speaker: but Livy mentions envoys from Rhodes and Ptolemy this year. For the special attempts of the Rhodians to bring about a peace between Philip and the Aetolians, see 5, 24, 100.

[20] The “Tarentines” were horsemen armed with light skirmishing javelins. See 4, 77; 16, 18; and cp. Arrian, _Tact._ 4, § 5; 18, § 2. Livy, 35, 28; 37, 40.

[21] See on 27, 4.

[22] The text is certainly corrupt here, and it is not clear what the general sense of the passage is beyond this,—that Philopoemen calculated on defeating the enemy, as he did, while struggling through the dyke: or on their exposing themselves to attack if they retreated from the dyke without crossing it.

[23] Or, according to another reading “five stades.” Livy, 28, 14, says _quingentos passus_.

[24] The text is imperfect.

[25] Handing it over to L. Lentulus and L. Manlius Acidinus, Livy, 28, 38.

[26] That is the _Caucasus Indicus_ or Paropamisus: mod. Hindú Kúsh.

[27] Cp. a similar custom of the Lycians, Herod. 1, 173.

[28] He may have been referring to pre-homeric times, cp. Herod. 6, 137, οὐ γὰρ εἶναι τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον σφίσι κω οὐδὲ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι Ἕλλησι οἰκέτας.

[29] The text is very imperfect here.

[30] For this title see on 22, 19. It is found in inscriptions in Thasos, Crete, and Cibyra. C.I.G. 2163, _c_; 2583; 4380, _b_.

[31] Both Curtius and Arrian seem to have found in their authorities that Darius crossed the Pinarus. Curt. 3, 8; Arrian, 2, 8.

[32] Reckoning the stade at 600 feet (Greek).

[33] See note to previous chapter.

[34] The Cilician gates.

[35] That is, sixteen or thirty-two deep.

[36] The text here is in hopeless confusion.

[37] Homer, who is generally spoken of as “the poet.” We may remember Horace (_Ep._ 1, 19, 6) _Laudibus arguitur vini vinosus Homerus_.

[38] See 3, 37. The point seems to be that the remark was too commonplace to put into the mouth of a hero.

[39] The text is again hopeless.

[40] The text is uncertain, and I am not at all sure of the meaning of ἐπ’ ὀνόματος, cp. 25 _k_, 27. These public harangues of doctors to attract patients are noticed in Xenophon, _Memorab._ 4, 2, 5.

[41] Tyrant of Salamis in Cyprus, B.C. 404-374. See Isocrates, _Orat._ x.

[42] For this proverb see Plutarch, _Nicias_, ch. 9, ἡδέως μεμνημένοι τοῦ εἰπόντος ὅτι τοὺς ἐν εἰρήνῃ καθεύδοντας οὐ σάλπιγγες ἀλλ’ ἀλεκτρυόνες ἀφυπνίζουσι.

[43] _Ib._ ch. 25.

[44] Homer, _Il._ 5, 890.

[45] Homer, _Il._ 9, 63.

[46] Euripides, fr.

[47] Battle of the Crimesus. See Plutarch, _Timol._ ch. 27.

[48] He refers to the habit of Eastern nations thrusting their hands into long sleeves in the presence of their rulers. See Xenophon, _Hellen._ 2, 1, 8.

[49] Homer, _Odyss._ 1, 1-4; 8, 183.

[50] _Republic_, v. 473 C. vi. 499 B.

[51] The Rhodians had proclaimed war against the Cretan pirates. Philip had secretly commissioned one of his agents, the Aetolian Dicaearchus, to aid the Cretans. Diodor. fr. xxviii.

[52] Heracleides having gained credence at Rhodes by pretending to betray Philip’s intrigue with the Cretans, waited for an opportunity, and, setting fire to their arsenal, escaped in a boat. Polyaen. 5, 17, 2.

[53] The text of these last sentences is so corrupt that it is impossible to be sure of having rightly represented the meaning of Polybius.

[54] These raids on the territory of Megalopolis, however, did not lead to open war till B.C. 202. See 16, 16.

[55] Caepio was commanding in Bruttium, Servilius in Etruria and Liguria. Livy, 30, 1.

[56] Sophanisba, the daughter of Hasdrubal son of Gesco. Livy, 29, 23; 30, 12, 15.

[57] Some words are lost from the text.

[58] παρενέβαλλε, which Schweig. translates _castra locavit_: but though the word does sometimes bear that meaning, I cannot think that it does so here. Scipio seems to have retained his camp on the hill, only two and a half miles’ distant, and to have come down into the plain to offer battle each of the three days. Hence the imperfect.

[59] The war with Antiochus, B.C. 218-217. See 5, 40, 58-71, 79-87.

[60] A civil war, apparently in a rebellion caused by his own feeble and vicious character. It seems to be that referred to in 5, 107.

[61] Homer, _Iliad_, 4, 437.

[62] Homer, _Iliad_, 4, 300.

[63] A line of which the author is unknown; perhaps it was Theognis.

[64] See Livy, 31, 31; Strabo, 12, c. 4. Philip handed over Cius to Prusias.

[65] That is, from Rhodes and other states.

[66] That is the treaty between Philip and Antiochus.

[67] The word βίαχα in the text is unknown, and certainly corrupt. The most obvious remedy is ὑπόβρυχα or ὑποβρύχια. But we cannot be sure.

[68] _Jam cum Rhodiis et Attalo navalibus certaminibus, neutro feliciter, vires expertus._ Livy, 31, 14.

[69] An inscription found at Iassus [C.I.G. 2683] has confirmed this name which is found in one MS. instead of _Hestias_. Whether the meaning of the title is Artemis of the City, or some local designation, is uncertain.

[70] Called Panion or Paneion. See Josephus _B. Jud._ 3, 10, 7, Ἰορδάνου πήγη τὸ Πάνειον. The town near it was called Paneas, and afterwards Paneas Caesarea, and later still Caesarea Philippi. Scopas, the Aetolian, was now serving Ptolemy Epiphanes; see 13, 2; 18, 53.

[71] See on 4, 77; 13, 1.

[72] See 15, 25.

[73] Ptolemy Philopator had made Gaza his chief depôt of war material; see 5, 68. Antiochus destroyed it in B.C. 198 for its loyalty to the King of Egypt.

[74] Syria was conquered by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pilezer about B.C. 747, and was afterwards a part of the Babylonian and Persian empires. It does not seem certain to what invasion Polybius is here referring.

[75] That is from the wars undertaken by them against Philip. Livy, 31, 14, 24.

[76] For the Phocians see Pausan. 10, 1, 6. For the Acarnanians see _supra_, 9, 40.

[77] According to Hultsch no fragments or extracts of book 17 are preserved. In it would have been contained the campaign of B.C. 199, in the war between Rome and Philip, for which see Livy, 31, 34-43. And the operations of Flamininus in the season of B.C. 198, Livy, 32, 9-18. The first seventeen chapters of this book are generally classed in book 17.

[78] The reading ἐναύσασθαι, which I attempt to represent, is doubtful. Schweig. suggests ἐγγεύσασθαι “to taste.”

[79] Demosthenes, _de Corona_, §§ 43, 48, 295.

[80] B.C. 338 after the battle of Chaeronea. See Thirlwall, 6, 77; Grote, 11, 315 (ch. 90); Kennedy’s translation of the _de Corona_, Appendix vi. The argument of Polybius is of course an _ex post facto_ one. It is open still to maintain that, had the advice of Demosthenes been followed, these states might have been freed from the tyranny of Sparta without becoming subject to another master in the king of Macedonia.

[81] Attalus spent the winter of B.C. 198-197 at Aegina, in the course of which he seems to have visited Sicyon.

[82] That is of Cynoscephalae. _Supergressi tumulos qui Cynoscephalae vocantur, relicta ibi statione firma peditum equitumque, posuerunt castra._ Livy, 33, 7.

[83] I have given the meaning which I conceive this sentence to have; but the editors generally suspect the loss of a word like ἄπρακτα or ἀπραγοῦντα after τὰ μὲν συνεχῆ τοῖς διαγωνιζομένοις. This is unnecessary if we regard συνεχῆ as predicative, and I think this way of taking it gives sufficient sense. Polybius is thinking of the Macedonian army as being so dislocated by the nature of the ground, that, while some parts were in contact with the enemy, the rest had not arrived on the scene of the fighting.

[84] See 3, 87.

[85] _Iliad_, 13, 131.

[86] See 4, 77; 7, 12; 10, 26.

[87] See 6, 56; 32, 11.

[88] Livy (33, 13) has mistaken the meaning of Polybius in this passage, representing the quarrel of the Aetolians and Flamininus as being for the possession of Thebes,—the only town, in fact, on which there was no dispute.

[89] Referring apparently to the conduct of the Hellenic cities in Asia in presence of Antiochus, who, having wintered in Ephesus (B. C. 197-196), was endeavouring in 196 by force or stratagem to consolidate his power in Asia Minor. Livy, 33, 38.

[90] Justin. 17, 1-2; Appian _Syr._ 62. The battle was in the plain of Corus in Phrygia.

[91] The Apocleti, of the numbers of whom we have no information, acted as a consultative senate to prepare measures for the Aetolian Assembly. See Freeman, _History of Federal Government_, p. 335. Livy, 35, 34.

[92] προσένειμαν Αἰτώλοις τὸ ἔθνος, cp. 2, 43. Some have thought that a regular political union with the Aetolian League is meant. But the spirit of the narrative seems to point rather to an alliance.

[93] Brachylles, when a Boeotarch in B.C. 196, was assassinated by a band of six men, of whom three were Italians and three Aetolians, on his way home from a banquet. Livy, 33, 28.

[94] Livy, 33, 29.

[95] At Thermopylae, in which battle Livy (36, 19) states on the authority of Polybius that only 500 men out of 10,000 brought by Antiochus into Greece escaped, B.C. 191.

[96] Livy, 37, 9.

[97] Son of Antiochus the Great, afterwards King Seleucus IV.

[98] This extract, preserved by Suidas, s. v. προστηθιδίων has been restored by a brilliant emendation of Toupe, who reads ἐξελθόντες μὲν Γάλλοι for the meaningless ἐξελθόντες μεγάλοι. Livy calls them _fanatici Galli_.

[99] _Dies forte, quibus Ancilia moventur, religiosi ad iter inciderant._ Livy, 37. 33. The festival of Mars, during which the _ancilia_ were carried about, was on the 1st of March and following days. If this incident, therefore, took place in the late spring or summer of B.C. 190, the Roman Calendar must have been very far out.

[100] The remaining chapters of this book are placed by Schweighaeuser and others in book 22, 1-27.

[101] The text of this fragment is much dislocated.

[102] Smoking out an enemy in a mine was one of the regular manœuvres. See Aen. Tact. 37. It was perhaps suggested by the illegal means taken by workmen in the silver mines to annoy a rival; for we find an Athenian law directed against it. See Demosth. _in Pantaen._ § 36.

[103] Nothing seems to be known of this exile of Fulvius, who had been granted an ovation in B.C. 191 for his victories in Spain. He was, however, in opposition to Cato, one of whose numerous prosecutions may have been against him.

[104] Or “a compliment.” The Greek word στέφανος seems to be used for any present made to a victor. So also in ch. 34, and elsewhere.

[105] Hultsch’s text, supported by the MSS., has Δάμις ὁ κιχησίων, from which no sense seems obtainable. According to Suidas, Damis was a philosopher from Nineveh who had settled in Athens. Livy (38, 10), has _Leon Hicesiae filius_. He must therefore have found the name Leon in his copy, which could hardly have been substituted for Δᾶμις by mistake, though ἹΚΕΣίου may have become κιχησίων.

[106] The Greek text is corrupt. The sense is given from Livy, 38, 14.

[107] The dynasty lasted until the time of the Mithridatic wars. The last Moagĕtes being deposed by Muraena, when Cibyra was joined to Lycia. Strabo, 13, 4, 71.

[108] That is probably “of the necessity of submitting to Rome;” but the passage referred to is lost.

[109] See ch. 6.

[110] This is really Plutarch’s version of a story he found in Polybius, and, to judge from Livy, 38, 24, not a very complete one. It took place near Ancyra. Plutarch _de mulierum virtutibus_.

[111] See Livy, 38, 28, 29. The fragment here seems to be that translated by Livy in ch. 29, _Romani nocte per arcem, quam Cyatidem vocant (nam urbs in mare devexa in Occidentem vergit) muro superato in forum pervenerunt_. The people of Same suddenly threw off the terms under which the rest of Cephallania had submitted and stood a four months’ siege.

[112] A fragment, arranged in Hultsch’s text as ch. 42, is too much mutilated to be translated with any approach to correctness.

[113] These words are wanting in the text. From Livy (38, 38) it appears that the territory was defined as between the Taurus and the R. Halys as far as the borders of Lycaonia.

[114] Livy (_l.c._) has _neve monerem ex belli causa quod ipse illaturus erit_.

[115] See Livy, 38, 39. Some words are lost referring to grants to the people of Ilium.

[116] This summary is arranged by Hultsch as chs. 1 and 2 of book 22. It appears as book 23, chs. 4, 5 in Schweighaeuser’s text.

[117] In B.C. 191 Philopoemen secured the adhesion of Sparta to the Achaean league: but the Spartans were never united in their loyalty to it, and during his year as Strategus (B.C. 189) he punished a massacre of some Achaean sympathisers in Sparta by an execution of eighty Spartans at Compasium on the frontier of Laconia. This number Plutarch gives on the authority of Polybius, but another account stated it at three hundred and fifty. Plut. _Phil._ 16.

[118] Some words are lost from the text describing their method of procedure.

[119] Some words are lost in the text which would more fully explain the transaction.

[120] Something is lost in the text.

[121] Livy (39, 24) gives the names as Q. Caecilius Metellus, M. Baebius Tamphilus, Ti. Sempronius.

[122] Livy (39, 34) more cautiously says: veneno _creditur_ sublatus. Such accusations were easily made, and not easily proved or confuted.

[123] For the ten Cosmi of Crete, see Aristot. _Pol._ 2, 10; and Muller’s _Dorians_, vol. ii. p. 133 _sq._ Cydas gives his name to the year as πρωτόκοσμος, see C.I.G. 2583. The same inscription contains the title κοσμόπολις, apparently like πολιοῦχος, as a name for a guardian hero of the city. We have already had this latter title as that of a chief magistrate at Locri. See bk. 12, ch. 16.

[124] There is some loss in the text as to these names. The last is mentioned on a Greek embassy in 22, 16. See also the index. Livy, 39, 41, says nothing of this committee of three.

[125] The ten federal magistrates of the league, who formed a council to act with the general. Their number probably arose from the number of the Achaean cantons or towns, after two of the twelve—Helice and Olenus—were destroyed. Polybius nowhere else gives them this title in any part of the history we possess, but its use by Livy, 32, 22, seems to point to his having used it in other places. It also occurs in a letter of Philip II. (perhaps genuine) quoted in Demosth. _de Cor._ 157. Polybius calls them also οἱ ἄρχοντες, ἀρχαί, προεστῶτες συνάρχοντες, συναρχίαι. See Freeman’s _Federal Gov._ p. 282.

[126] That is, apparently, by some fresh disturbance towards the end of B. C. 183. See Strachan-Davidson, p. 495.

[127] The Messenians revolted from the league B. C. 183, and in the course of the fighting which ensued Philopoemen fell into an ambush, was taken prisoner, and put to death by them. See ch. 12.

[128] Stasinus _fr._

[129] He was ill with fever. Plutarch, _Phil._ 18.

[130] Livy (39, 50) speaks of Lycortas at the time of Philopoemen’s death as _alter imperator Achaeorum_. If he had been the ὑποστρατηγός we know that he would not by law have succeeded on the death of the Strategus. Plutarch, _Phil._ 21, seems to assert that an election was held at once, but not the ordinary popular election.

[131] That is the ten Demiurgi.

[132] The second congress of the year seems to mean not that held for election of the Strategus for the next year, which met about 12th May, but the second regular meeting in August.

[133] This looks like a local name, but no place is known corresponding to it. A Diactorides of Sparta is mentioned in Herodotus, 6, 127; and perhaps, as Hultsch suggests, we ought to read “Cletis and Diactorius.”

[134] The mission to Eumenes and Pharnaces has been already mentioned in bk. 23, ch. 9, but the name of the ambassador was not given; nor is it mentioned by Livy (40, 20), who records the mission. It is uncertain who is meant by Marcus, some editors have altered it to Marcius, _i.e._ Q. Marcius Philippus, who had been sent to Macedonia, imagining him to have fulfilled both missions.

[135] From Strabo (vii. 5, 13), who adds: “But this is not true, for the distance from the Adriatic is immense, and there are many obstacles in the way to obscure the view.”

[136] Perhaps thirty, which seems to have been the legal age for admission to political functions. See 29, 24.

[137] See Hicks’s _Greek Inscriptions_, p. 330.

[138] Something is lost from the text.

[139] From Strabo 3, ch. 4, who quotes Poseidonius as criticising this statement by remarking that Polybius must count every tower as a city.

[140] The notices are put up at the three places visited yearly by great numbers, and by many separate pilgrims. It is interesting to notice the persistence in a custom common from the earliest times, at any rate as far as Delos and Delphi are concerned. Iton was in Thessaly, and the temple and oracle of Athena there was celebrated throughout Greece, and was the central place of worship for the Thessalians. The town stood in a rich plain on the river Cuarius, and hence its name—sometimes written Siton—was connected by some with σιτόφορος, “corn-bearing” (Steph. Byz. Homer calls it μητέρα μήλων, “mother of sheep.” Pyrrhus hung up in this temple the spoils of Antigonus and his Gallic soldiers about B. C. 273. [Pausan. 1, 13, 2]. “Itonian Athena” had temples in other parts of Greece also, _e.g._ in Boeotia [Paus. 91, 34, 1].

[141] The war in Istria, and the mutiny of the troops against the consul Manlius, are described in Livy, 41, 8-11.

[142] Besides this connexion with Seleucus of Syria, sure to be offensive to Rome, Perseus gave a sister to Prusias, another enemy of Rome and Eumenes. Livy, 42, 12.

[143] This word, of unknown origin, seems to be used here for the toga, or some dress equivalent to it. See 10, 4.

[144] Marcius on his return to Rome gloried in having thus deceived the king and gained time for preparations at Rome, but his action was repudiated by the Senate. Livy, 42, 47.

[145] Ismenias had just been elected Strategus of Boeotia; but the party who had supported a rival candidate had in revenge obtained a decree of the league banishing the Boeotarchs from all the Boeotian cities. They had, however been received at Thespiae, whence they were recalled to Thebes and reinstated by a reaction in popular feeling. Then they obtained another decree banishing the twelve men who, though not in office, had convened the league assembly; and Ismenias as Strategus sentenced them to the loss of all rights in their absence. These are the “exiles” here meant (Livy, 42, 43). Who Neon was is not certain; but we find in the next chapter that he had been a leader in the Macedonising party at Thebes, perhaps a son of Brachylles, whose father’s name was Neon (see 20, 5). He was captured in B.C. 167 and put to death by the Romans (Livy, 45, 31).

[146] See note 2, page 356.

[147] τὰ δίθυρα, Livy (42, 44) says in _tribunal legatorum_, and Casaubon contents himself with the same word. Schweighaeuser translates it _podium_, as if a “raised platform” on which the commissioners sat was meant. I think it is used in the natural sense of a “door” leading into the hall in which they were sitting, and into which Ismenias fled for refuge. Livy used _tribunal_ from the ideas of his age as to the construction of such a building.

[148] The text has Θήβας, which is inconsistent with what follows as to the Thebans. An inscription found on the site of Thisbae supplies the correction of an error as old as Livy (42, 46, 47). See Hicks’s _G. I._ p. 330.

[149] Gaius Lucretius had seen naval service as _duumvir navalis_ on the coast of Liguria in B.C. 181. Livy, 40, 26. He was now (B.C. 171) Praetor, his _provincia_ being the fleet, and commanded 40 quinqueremes. _Id._ 42, 48.

[150] Livy, who translates this passage, calls the missile a _cestrosphendona_ (42, 65).

[151] In Phocis. The name was variously given as Phanoteis, Phanote, Phanota (Steph. _Byz._)

[152] Schweighaeuser seems to regard this as a second name. But the Greeks seldom had such, and it is more likely the designation of some unknown locality. There was an Attic deme named Cropia, and therefore the name is a recognised one (Steph. _Byz._) Gronovius conjectured Ὠρωπίῳ “of Oropus.”

[153] Apparently the Anticyra on the Sperchius, on the borders of Achaia Phthiotis.

[154] Hence Attalus obtained the name of Philadelphus. The origin of Eumenes’s loss of popularity in the Peloponnese is referred to in 28, 7, but no adequate cause is alleged. A reference to Achaia in his speech at Rome was not perhaps altogether friendly (Livy, 42, 12), and we shall see that he was afterwards suspected of intriguing with Perseus; but if this extract is rightly placed, it can hardly be on this latter ground that the Achaeans had renounced him.

[155] Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, B.C. 175-164; Ptolemy VI. Philometor, B.C. 181-146.

[156] See 16, 18.

[157] The decree referred to is given in Livy, 43, 17. “No one shall supply any war material to the Roman magistrates other than that which the Senate has decreed.” This had been extracted from the Senate by vehement complaints reaching Rome of the cruel extortions of the Roman officers in the previous two years.

[158] Polybius seems to mean the smaller council, not the public assembly, though Livy evidently understood the latter (43, 47).

[159] The expedition of Perseus into Illyricum apparently took place late in the year B.C. 170 and in the first month of B.C. 169. Livy, 43, 18-20.

[160] Hyscana, or Uscana, a town of the Illyrian tribe Penestae.

[161] That is, the war between Antiochus and Ptolemy.

[162] The Antigoneia was a festival established in honour of Antigonus Doson, who had been a benefactor of the Achaeans. In 30, 23, it is mentioned as being celebrated in Sicyon. The benefactions of this Macedonian king to the Achaeans are mentioned by Pausanias (8, 8, 12).

[163] See 27, 19; 18, 1, 17.

[164] Seleucus Nicanor, B.C. 306-280.

[165] Livy (44, 8) calls it the Enipeus (_Fersaliti_), a tributary of the Peneus.

[166] In a previous part of the book now lost. See Livy, 44, 25.

[167] The extract begins in the middle of a sentence at the top of a page. I have supplied these words at a guess, giving what seems the sense.

[168] P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum was afterwards Pontifex Maximus (B.C. 150). See Cic. _de Sen._ 3, 50.

[169] Of the two eldest sons of Aemilius, the elder was adopted by Quintus Fabius Maximus, the second by P. Cornelius Scipio, son of the elder Africanus, his maternal uncle.

[170] From Plutarch, _Aemilius_, 15, who adds that Polybius made a mistake as to the number of soldiers told off for this service, which to judge from Livy, 44, 35, Polybius probably stated at 5000. Plutarch got his correction from an extant letter of Nasica (8000 Roman infantry, with 120 horse, and 200 Thracians and Cretans).

[171] From Plutarch, who again contradicts this last statement, on the authority of Nasica, who said that there was a sharp engagement on the heights.

[172] The Roman was saved from a scare by the eclipse being foretold by Gaius Sulpicius Gallus, famous for his knowledge of Greek literature and astronomy. He is represented by Cicero as explaining the celestial globe (_sphaera_) which Marcellus brought from Syracuse. He was consul in B.C. 166. Livy, 44, 37; Cicero, _Brut._ § 78; _de Repub._ 1, § 21.

[173] ἐν ἀγορᾷ. The objection, though it served to divert the magistrates from going on with the proposition at the time, seems to have been got over before the meeting at Sicyon; unless, indeed, the latter was considered to be of a different nature in regard to the age of those attending. But we have no information as to this restriction of thirty years of age,—whether it was universal, or confined to particular occasions. This passage would seem to point to the latter alternative.

[174] Livy says _viginti millia_. By χρυσοῦς Polybius appears to mean “staters,” worth about 20 drachmae (20 francs). This would give a rough value of the present as £8000, or on Livy’s computation twice that amount.

[175] Called by Polybius in previous books Conope, 4, 64; 5, 6. Its name was changed to Arsinoe, from its having been rebuilt and enlarged by Arsinoe, sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Strabo, 10, 2, 22). It was on the east bank of the Achelous. Its modern name is _Angelokastro_. The civil war in Aetolia alluded to here is mentioned in Livy, 41, 25 (B.C. 174). This particular massacre appears to have taken place in B.C. 168-167. Livy (45, 28) narrates that Aemilius was met during his Greek tour in B.C. 167 by a crowd of Aetolians, in a miserable state of destitution, who informed him that five hundred and fifty Aetolian nobles had been massacred by Lyciscus and Tisippus, besides many driven into exile, and that the goods of both had been confiscated.

[176] From Athenaeus, XIV. 4, p. 615. It seems to be part of some strictures of Polybius on the coarseness of the amusements of the Romans. This noisy and riotous scene in a theatre would strike a Greek as barbarous and revolting; and may remind us of the complaints of the noise and interruption to their actors so often found in the prologues to the plays of Plautus and Terence. Though the substance of this extract is doubtless from Polybius, Athenaeus has evidently told the anecdote in his own language.

[177] Menalcidas was one of the Romanising party, who appears to have been Strategus of the league in B.C. 153 [Pausan. 7, 11, 7], and to have committed suicide in B.C. 148-147, in despair at his failure to wrest Sparta from the league.

[178] Haliartus had been taken by the praetor L. Lucretius Gallus in B.C. 171, its inhabitants sold into slavery, and its houses and walls entirely destroyed. Its crime was siding with Perseus. Livy, 42, 63. _Supra_ bk. 27, ch. 5; 29, 12.

[179] A drachma may be taken as between a sixth and a seventh of an ounce.

[180] Hultsch prints in parallel columns the text of this fragment as it appears in Athenaeus and Diodorus. The English translation attempts to combine them.

[181] He means that, they being no longer able to decide in mercantile affairs independently of Rome, the prestige (προστασία), and consequently the popularity, of this harbour is destroyed.

[182] Demetrius had been exchanged for his uncle Antiochus Epiphanes in B.C. 175, just eleven years before.

[183] The _Senatus Consultum de Macedonibus_ (Livy, 45, 29) had declared all Macedonians free; each city to enjoy its own laws, create its own annual magistrates, and pay a tribute to Rome—half the amount that it had paid to the king. Macedonia was divided into four regions, at the respective capitals of which—Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Pella, and Pelagonia—the district assemblies (concilia) were to be held, the revenue of the district was to be collected, and the district magistrates elected; and there was to be no inter-marriage or mutual rights of owning property between the regions.

[184] The Greek of this sentence is certainly corrupt, and no satisfactory sense can be elicited from it.

[185] Ariarathes, the elder, had been in alliance with Antiochus the Great, and had apparently given him one of his daughters in marriage, who had been accompanied by her mother to Antioch, where both had now fallen victims to the jealousy of Eupator’s minister, Lysias. See 21, 43.

[186] The anger of the Alexandrians had been excited against Ptolemy Physcon by his having, for some unknown reason, caused the death of Timotheus, who had been Ptolemy Philometor’s legate at Rome. See 28, 1. Diodor. _Sic._ fr. xi.

[187] The first line is of unknown authorship. The second is from Euripides, _Phoeniss._ 633. The third apophthegm is again unknown. The last is from Epicharmus, see 18, 40.

[188] About £12.

[189] In his Censorship (B.C. 184) Cato imposed a tax on slaves under twenty sold for more than ten sestertia (about £70.) Livy, 39, 44.

[190] Called Ptolemy the Orator in 28, 19.

[191] A more detailed statement of the controversies between Carthage and Massanissa, fostered and encouraged by the Romans, is found in Appian, _Res Punicae_, 67 _sq._

[192] Demetrius was now king. On his escape from Rome, described in bk. 31, chs. 20-23, he had met with a ready reception in Syria, had seized the sovereign power, and put the young Antiochus and his minister Lysias to death; this was in B.C. 162. Appian, _Syriac._ ch. 47.

[193] ἐν ταῖς συγκρίσεσιν. But it is very doubtful what the exact meaning of this word is. Alcaeus seems to be the Epicurean philosopher who, among others, was expelled from Rome in B.C. 171. See Athenaeus, xii. 547, who however calls him Alcios. See also Aelian, _V. Hist._ 9, 12.

[194] See note on p. 456.

[195] She was the daughter of C. Papirius Carbo, Coss. B.C. 231.

[196] The following pedigree will show the various family connexions here alluded to:—

Publius Cornelius Scipio ob. in Spain B.C. 212. | P. Cornelius = Aemilia, sister of Lucius Aemilius Paulus = Papiria Scipio Africanus| ob. B.C. 162. ob. B.C. 160. | ob. B.C. 187. | | | +-----------------+---------------+ | | | | | Quintus Fabius Scipio two | Maximus adopted by Aemilianus daughters | Q. F. M. b. B.C. 185. | +-------------+---------------------------------+ | | | P. = Cornelia(1). Cornelia(2) = Tib. Sempronius Publius Cornelius Scipio Gracchus. Scipio Africanus Nasica ob. s. p. adopted his cousin who became Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus ob. B.C. 129.

[197] τῶν ἐπίπλων, the _ornamenta_ of a bride, consisting of clothes, jewels, slaves, and other things, in accordance with her station. See Horace, _Sat._ 2, 3, 214. For the three instalments in which it was necessary to pay dowries, see Cicero _ad Att._ ii. 23; 2 _Phil._ § 113.

[198] ποιοῦντος τὴν διαγραφὴν seems a banker’s term for “paying,” _i.e._ by striking off or cancelling a debt entered against a man. The only other instance of such a use seems to be Dionys. Hal. 5, 28.

[199] Of his two younger sons one died five days before his Macedonian triumph, the other three days after it. See Livy, 45, 40.

[200] The two sisters were both named Aemilia; the elder was married to Q. Aelius Tubero, the younger to M. Porcius Cato, elder son of the Censor. The daughters were prevented from taking the inheritance of their mother’s property by the lex Voconia (B.C. 174), in virtue of which a woman could not be a haeres, nor take a legacy greater than that of the haeres, or of all the haeredes together. The object of the law was to prevent the transference of the property of one gens to another on a large scale. It was evaded (1) by trusteeships, Gaius, 2, 274; Plutarch, _Cic._ 41: (2) by the assent of the haeres, Cic. _de Off._ 2, § 55. And it was relaxed by Augustus in favour of mothers of three children, _Dio Cass._ 56, 10. See also Cicero _de Sen._ § 14; _de legg._ 2, 20; _de Rep._ 3, 10; _Verr._ 2, 1, 42; Pliny, _Panegyr._ 42; Livy, _Ep._ 41.

[201] That is, the morning from daybreak till about ten or eleven. The _salutationes_ came first, and the law business in the third hour.

[202] Ariarathes V. had been expelled his kingdom by Demetrius, who, in consideration of one thousand talents, had assisted his reputed brother Orophernes, who had been palmed off on Ariarathes IV. by his wife, to displace him. The Senate, when eventually appealed to, decided that the two brothers should share the kingdom. Livy, _Ep._ 47; Appian, _Syr._ 47.

[203] Ariarathes arrived in the summer of B.C. 158.

[204] τὴν Ἰακὴν καὶ τεχνητικὴν ἀσωτίαν. The translation given above is in accordance with the explanation of Casaubon, who quoted Horace (_Odes_ 3, 6, 21), _Motus doceri gaudet Ionicos matura virgo_. Orophernes had been sent to Ionia, when Antiochis had a real son (Ariarathes V.), that he might not set up a claim to the throne. He had been imposed by Antiochis on her husband Ariarathes IV. before she had a real son.

[205] Orophernes was soon deposed, and Ariarathes V. restored, but we have no certain indication when this happened. See 3, 5.

[206] The episode of Oropus here referred to, Polybius’s account of which is lost, was made remarkable by the visit of the three philosophers to Rome as ambassadors from Athens. The story, as far as Athens was concerned, as told by Pausanias, 7, 11, 4-7. The Athenians had been much impoverished by the events of the war with Perseus (B.C. 172-168), and had made a raid or raids of some sort upon Oropus. The Oropians appealed to Rome. The Romans referred the assessment of damages to an Achaean court at Sicyon. The Athenians failed to appear before the court at Sicyon, and were condemned by default to a fine of five hundred talents. Thereupon Carneades the Academician, Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic were sent to plead for a remission of a fine which the Athenians were wholly unable to pay. They made a great impression on the Roman youth by their lectures, and Cato urged that they should get their answer and be sent away as soon as possible. The Senate reduced the fine to one hundred talents: but even that the Athenians could not collect; and they seem to have managed to induce the Oropians to allow an Athenian garrison to hold Oropus, and to give hostages for their fidelity to the Athenian government. This led to fresh quarrels and an appeal to the Achaean government. The Achaean Strategus, Menalcidas of Sparta, was bribed by a present of ten talents to induce an interference in behalf of Oropus. Thereupon the Athenians withdrew their garrison from Oropus, after pillaging the town, and henceforth took no part in the quarrels which ensued, arising from the demands of Menalcidas for his ten talents; which the Oropians refused to pay, on the ground that he had not helped them as he promised; quarrels which presently centred round the question of the continuance of Sparta in the Achaean league. The date of the original quarrel between Athens and Oropus is not fixed, but the mission of the philosophers was in B.C. 155. See Plutarch, _Cato_, 22; Pliny, _N. H._ 7, 112-113; Aulus Gellius, 6, 14; Cic. _ad Att._ 12, 23; _Tusc._ 4, § 5.

[207] _C. Marcius consul adversus Dalmatas parum prospere primum, postea feliciter pugnavit._ The war was continued in the next year (B.C. 155), and the Dalmatians subdued for the time by the consul P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Livy, _Ep._ 47.

[208] Temnus was in Mysia, s. of the river Hermus. Cynneius or Cyneius Apollo seems to mean Apollo guardian of the shepherd dogs. There was, according to Suidas (s. v. κυνήειος), a temple to Apollo at Athens with that title, said to have been the work of Cynnis, a son of Apollo and a nymph Parnethia.

[209] The battle, in which Prusias is here said to have conquered Attalus, was a treacherous attack upon Attalus who was waiting, in accordance with an arrangement made by Roman envoys Hortensius and Arunculeius, to meet Prusias on his frontier, accompanied by only one thousand cavalry. The Roman envoys even had to fly for their lives. Appian, _Mithridates_, 3.

[210] Hultsch places an extract from Aulus Gellius (6, 14, 8) relating to the mission of the three philosophers as ch. 2 of this book. The substance is given in the note on p. 466. It is more in place there, as Polybius expressly said that he would give the whole story together (32, 25).

[211] This war appears to have arisen from a treacherous attack of the Cretans upon the island of Siphnos. _Exc. de Virt. et Vit._ p. 588.

[212] See 32, 27, note.

[213] Ligurian tribes between Nice and Marseilles. Pliny, _N. H._ 3, § 47.

[214] Surnamed Philometor. He succeeded his uncle Attalus Philadelphus in B.C. 138, and at his death in B.C. 133 left his dominions to Rome.

[215] Alexander Balas was an impostor of low origin set up by Heracleides as a son of Antiochus Epiphanes. He entered Syria in B.C. 152, defeated and killed Demetrius in B.C. 150, and was himself defeated in B.C. 146 by Ptolemy Philometor (who also fell) in favour of a son of Demetrius, and was shortly afterwards murdered. Livy, _Ep._ 52. Appian, _Syr._ 67; Joseph. _Antiq._ 13, 2, 4.

[216] _Odyss._ 12, 95.

[217] _Odyss._ 12, 105.

[218] _Odyss._ 9, 82.

[219] Panchaia or Panchēa, the fabulous island or country in the Red Sea or Arabian gulf, in which Euhemerus asserted that he had discovered the inscriptions which proved the reputed gods to have been famous generals or kings. Plutarch, _Is. et Osir._ 23, Diodor. fr. 6, 1. The Roman poets used the word as equivalent to “Arabian.” See Verg. _Georg._ 2, 139.

[220] That is “as great a liar as Antiphanes of Berga.” See below. Strabo classes Antiphanes with Pytheas and Euhemerus more than once (see 2, 3, 5). Hence came the verb βεργαΐζειν, “to tell travellers’ tales” (Steph. _Byz._). But there is considerable doubt as to the identification of the traveller Antiphanes, some confounding him with a comic poet of the same name, and others with the author of an essay περὶ ἑταιρῶν. Berga was in the valley of the Strymon.

[221] Strabo here protests against Dicaearchus being treated as a standard of geographical truth. For Pytheas see Appendix.

[222] Polybius proves his point by the demonstration of the proposition “The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled-triangle is equal to the squares of the sides containing the right angle.”

By applying this principle AD = 7745.9 ... and DC = 11019.9 ..., and the whole AC = 18765.8; whereas AB + BC (_i.e._ the coasting voyage) = 19200 stades (a difference of 434.2 stades, not 500). Add to this the 3000 from the Peloponnese to the Straits, the total coast voyage is 22,200 stades, as against Dicaearchus’s 10,000.

[223] Strabo quotes this reckoning of the distance from the Peloponnese to the head of the Adriatic to prove that Polybius, on his own showing, is wrong in admitting that this distance (8250 stades) is greater than that from the Peloponnese to the Pillars, which Dicaearchus said was 10,000 stades, and which Polybius showed to be 18,765 stades by the shortest route.

[224] To enable the reader to follow this list of prices, a short table is here sub-joined of Greek weights and money,—though he must be warned that values varied at different times and places,—with approximate values in English weights and money.

1 obol = 1/40 oz. = 1/8 shilling. 6 obols = 1 drachma = 3/20 oz. 9d. 100 drachmae = 1 mina = 15-1/2 oz. £3 : 18 : 6. 60 minae = 1 talent = 57 lbs. £235.

A medimnus = 11 gals. 4 pts. (dry measure). A metreta = 8 gals. 5 pts. (liquid measure).

[225] Which member of the Cornelian gens this was is unknown. He appears to have been at Marseilles in the 4th century B.C. inquiring as to centres of trade open to Rome in rivalry with Carthage.

[226] Varro (_Serv. ad Æn._ 10, 13) adds a fifth by the Graian Alps, _i.e._ Little St. Bernard.

[227] Strabo corrects this, saving that the distance is 3000 stades.

[228] The islands were called also _Vulcaniae_ and _Aeoliae_.

[229] Strabo reckons 8 stades to a mile, thus making the number of stades 4280. The exact calculation by Polybius’s reckoning is 4458-1/3 stades. The miles are Roman miles of 5000 feet; therefore, by Strabo’s calculation, the stade is 625 feet, by Polybius’s 600 feet.

[230] Strabo, however, supports the measurement of Artemidorus—6500, explaining that Polybius is taking some practical measurement of a voyage, not the shortest.

[231] Homer, _Odyss._ 4, 485.

[232] Probably in February, the month usually devoted by the Senate to _legationes_.

[233] Since B.C. 195 up to B.C. 154 the two divisions of Spain had been entrusted to Praetors.

[234] Livy, _Ep._ 48. _Provocatorem barbarum tribunus militum occidit._

[235] τῶν ἐκ συγκλήτου καὶ τῆς γερουσίας. The same distinction occurs in 10, 18, and seems to refer to the two bodies known as the Hundred and the Gerusia. See Bosworth Smith’s _Carthage and the Carthaginians_, p. 27.

[236] The envoys first report to the Gerusia. Appian, _Pun._ 91.

[237] Phameas was afterwards persuaded by Massanissa to join the Romans. Livy, _Ep._ 50.

[238] The incident referred to is narrated in Appian, _Punica_, 103. Scipio relieved this body of men, who were beleaguered on the top of a hill, by a rapid and bold movement of his cavalry.

[239] _Odyssey_, 20, 495. Cato had always been opposed to the Scipios, but Livy seems to attribute his former criticisms of the younger Africanus to his general habit of caustic disparagement (_vir promptioris ad vituperandum linguae_), and we know that his elder son had married a daughter of Paulus, sister to the younger Africanus.

[240] Livy, _Ep._ 49.

[241] He seems to have forgotten his namesake mentioned in 11, 15.

[242] For Callicrates, the author of the Romanising policy, see 26, 1-3. One of the statues raised to him by the Spartan exiles was at Olympia, the base of which has been discovered. See Hicks’s _Greek Inscriptions_, p. 330. To what the fragment refers is not clear, but evidently to something connected with the popular movement against Sparta, and a recurrence to the policy of Philopoemen as represented by Lycortas, which eventually brought down the vengeance of Rome.

[243] Prusias was killed at Pergamum by his son Nicomedes with the connivance of Attalus (Livy, _Ep._ 50).

[244] A considerable passage is here lost, with the exception of a few words, insufficient to ground a conjectural translation upon.

[245] Demetrius II., son of Antigonus Gonatas.

[246] Pseudophilippus, after cutting to pieces a Roman legion under the praetor Juventius, was conquered and captured by Q. Caecilius Metellus in B.C. 148 (Livy, _Ep._ 50; Eutrop. 4, 6).

[247] Massanissa, feeling himself to be dying, had asked Scipio to come to him. He left his sons strict injunctions to submit the arrangements of the succession and division of his kingdom to Scipio. Appian, _Punica_, 105; Livy, _Ep._ 50. Livy has adopted the statement of Polybius as to the age of Massanissa at his death; and Cicero (_de Sen._ § 34) has made Cato take the same reckoning, perhaps from Polybius also. But it does not agree with another statement of Livy himself, who (24, 49) speaks of him as being seventeen in B.C. 213, in which case he would be in his eighty-second year in B.C. 148. It is, however, proposed to read xxvii. for xvii. in this passage of Livy.

[248] Livy (_Ep._ 48) in speaking of this victory says that Massanissa was ninety-two, and ate and enjoyed his bread without anything to flavour it (_sine pulpamine_).

[249] The task of subduing the country in B.C. 147 was entrusted to the proconsul Culpurnius Piso, while Scipio was engaged in completing the investment of Carthage. Appian, _Pun._ 113-126.

[250] After the capture of Megara, the suburban district of Carthage, by Scipio, Hasdrubal withdrew into the Byrsa, got made commander-in-chief, and bringing all Roman prisoners to the battlements, put them to death with the most ghastly tortures. Appian, _Pun._ 118.

[251] τὰ χώματα, that is, apparently, the mole of huge stones constructed by the Romans to block up the mouth of the harbour.

[252] μετὰ τῶν ἰδίων ἐνδυμάτων. The German translator Kraz gives up these words in despair. Kampe translated them _in ihrer gewöhnlicher Tracht_. Mr. Strachan-Davidson says, “προσειληφυῖα, etc., ‘folding them in her own robe with her hands,’” which seems straining the meaning of προσειληφυῖα. The French translator says, _deux enfans suspendus à ses vêtemens_.

[253] According to Livy (_Ep._ 51) she had tried to induce her husband to accept the offer described in 38, 2.

[254] Homer, _Il._ 6, 448.

[255] 4000 under Alcamenes, Pausan. 7, 15, 8.

[256] In the battle with Metellus at Scarphea.

[257] Pausanias on the contrary says that Pytheas was caught in Boeotia and condemned by Metellus (7, 15, 10).

[258] The pit is the place dug out (σκάμμα) and prepared in the gymnasium for leapers. To be in the pit is to be on the very ground of the struggle, without possibility of escaping it.

[259] See note on 30, 17.

[260] For this proverb see Plutarch, _Themist._ 29; _de Alex. Virt._ 5; _de Exil._ 7.

[261] Plutarch reports the same anecdote much more briefly in _Cato Maj._ 12, as do others. Professor Freeman (_History of Federal Government_, p. 142) seems to regard it as a serious indication that the Amphictyonic council had become a body exercising some literary authority, in default of any other. I think that Cato had no such meaning. He mentioned any body of men, however unlikely to exercise such an influence, which at any rate was Greek.

[262] Seems to mean “he lost before he began,” before he got even at the threshold of his enterprise. There is nothing to show to what the fragment refers.

[263] The base of a statue of Polybius has been discovered at Olympia with the inscription ἡ πόλις ἡ τῶν Ἡλείων Πολύβιον Δυκόρτα Μεγαλοπολείτην. But the statue mentioned in the text seems to be one set up by the Achaeans. For the statues of Polybius, see Introduction, pp. xxxi. xxxii.

[264] Thebae quoque et Chalcis, quae auxilio fuerant, dirutae. Ipse L. Mummius abstinentissimum virum egit; nec quidquam ex iis opibus ornamentisque, quae praedives Corinthus habuit, in domum ejus pervenit. Livy, _Ep._ 52.

[265] Ptolemy Philometor, king of Egypt, is called, by way of distinction, “King of Syria,” because that title was bestowed on him by the people of Antioch during his last expedition in Syria. This was undertaken in support of Alexander Balas, who repaid him by conniving at an attempt upon his life. Whereupon Ptolemy joined Demetrius, the son of Demetrius Soter, and supported his claim against Alexander Balas. Joseph. _Ant._ 13, 3; 1 Maccabees 11, 1-13.

[266] Dionysius Hal. (1, 74) quotes this statement of Polybius with the remark that it is founded on a single tablet in the custody of the Pontifices. Various calculations as to the date were:—

Eratosthenes } followed by} Apollodorus } Nepos } Olymp. 7, 1 B.C. 752. Dionysius } Lutatius } Q. Fabius Pictor Olymp. 8, 1 B.C. 748. Timaeus 38th year before Olymp. 1 B.C. 813. L. Cincius Alimantus Olymp. 12, 4 B.C. 729. M. Porcius Cato 432 years after the Trojan war. B.C. 752. Varro } Velleius Paterculus } Olymp. 6, 2 B.C. 755. Pomponius Atticus Olymp. 6, 3 B.C. 754.

But even granting a definite act of foundation (on which see Mommsen, _H. of R._ vol. i. p. 4), the Olympic register before 672 B.C. is a very uncertain foundation on which to build. See _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, vol. ii. p. 164 _sq._

[267] From Eusebius. It may be noted that this statement of Polybius is an earlier evidence than any other for the existence of an Olympian register prior to B.C. 600. Pausanias also dates the register from the year of Coroebus’s victory (5, 8, 6).

[268] I have translated this passage as it stands in the various editions of Polybius. But I feel convinced that none of it belongs to him except the first sentence. It comes from Athenaeus, 440 _E_.

[269] See Livy, i, 34. Dionys. Halic. 3, 46.

[270] Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 40, νήπιοι· οὐδὲ ἴσασιν ὅσῳ πλέον ἥμισυ παντός.

[271] Polybius is perhaps referring to the Acrocorinthus especially. But we must remember that many of the citadels in the third century B.C. were in the hands of Macedonian garrisons.

[272] This has been referred by some to the account of Scipio Aemilianus’s single combat with the Spaniard. See 35, 5.

[273] Perhaps L. Postumius, Livy, 23, 24 (Hultsch).

[274] B.C. 272. Plutarch, _Pyrrh._ 31-34.

[275] See Pausan. i. 9, 6. His disaster compelled him to give up his dominions beyond the Danube. Another and more successful war in Thrace seems referred to in Diod. Sic. 18, 14.

[276] Livy, however, records more than one success of Marcellus against Hannibal, see 23, 16, 46; 27, 14. Scipio’s victory of course is at Zama.

[277] From Zosimus, 5, 20, 7. See 1, 26.

[278] Some refer this to a circumstance narrated in Livy, 41, 2. But Hultsch points out that Livy is not using Polybius in that period.

[279] From _Constantine Prophyrogenneta de thematis, p. 18, ed. Bonnensis (Hultsch). He says that there are two Cappadocias, great and little. Great Cappadocia extending from Caesarea (Neo-Caesarea), and Mount Taurus to the Pontus, bounded on the south-west by the Halys and on the east by Melitene.

[280] See 6, 23. The excellence of Spanish steel has never perhaps been surpassed even to our day.

[281] See 35, 2-4.

[282] Plutarch, _Pelop._ 17, who says that other authorities reckoned it at 500 and 700 men. There were originally six morae in the Spartan army. See Xenophon, _Rep. Lac._ 11, 4; _Hell._ 6, 4, 12-17.

[283] See 6, 25.

[284] This is referred by Nissen to the account of the origin of the third Punic war. See 36, 3-5.

[285] This moderation in the number of slaves was perhaps imitated from Cato. See Cato, _Orationum frgm._ 3 Ed. Jordan.

INDEX

_The references are to Books and Chapters, except where the volume and page of this translation are indicated by vol. —p. —; Fr. indicates the minor fragments at the end of vol. ii._

ABBA, town in Africa, +14+, 6, 7

Abia, town in Messenia, +23+, 17

Abila, town in Palestine, +5+, 71; +16+, 39

Abilyx, a Spaniard, +3+, 98, 99

Abrupolis, a Thracian prince, +22+, 8

Abydus, town in Asia Minor, on the Hellespont, +4+, 44; +5+, 111; +16+, 29-35;

its situation and fall, +18+, 2, 44; +34+, 7

Academy, the, +12+, 26_c_; +16+, 27

Acarnania, +4+, 6, 30, 63, 65, 66; +5+, 3-5; +9+, 34; +28+, 4, 5; +30+, 13; +32+, 20; +39+, 14

Acarnanians, +2+, 6, 10, 45, 65, 66; +4+, 5, 9, 15, 25, 30, 63; +5+, 3-6, 13, 96; +9+, 32, 38-40; +10+, 41; +16+, 32; +21+, 29, 32; +24+, 12; +28+, 5

Acatides, a Theban runner, +39+, 7

Acerrae, a town of the Insubres, +2+, 34

Acesimbrotus of Rhodes, +18+, 1, 2

Achaeans, the, +1+, 3, passim;

appealed to by the Epirotes, +2+, 6, 9, 10, 12;

the rise of their league in the Peloponnese, +2+, 37-70;

assist Messenians against the Aetolians, and call in Philip V., +4+, 1-19, 22;

proclaim war with Aetolians, +4+, 25-27. _See also_ +36+, 59-85;

agree to furnish Philip with subvention, +5+, 1;

join Philip in his invasion of Laconia, +5+, 18-24;

harassed by Aetolians, +5+, 30, 35;

elect Aratus after the incapable Strategus Eperatus, +5+, 91-95;

make peace with the Aetolians, +5+, 101-105;

instructed in military exercises by Philopoemen, +10+, 23;

at war with Machanidas of Sparta, +11+, 11-18;

Philopoemen summons a levy at Tegea to invade Laconia, +16+, 36, 37;

incline to Philip’s part against Rome, +16+, 38;

send envoys to the congress at Nicaea, +18+, 1-8;

receive back Corinth by the advice of Flamininus, +18+, 45 fin.;

and Triphylia and Heraea, +18+, 47;

offer to help the Boeotians, who however abandon their alliance, +20+, 4, 5;

Megara leaves their league, +20+, 6;

make alliance with Eumenes, +21+, 9;

Roman legates at the congress at Cleitor, +22+, 2;

Eumenes offers 120 talents to the congress at Megalopolis, Seleucus 10 ships of war, +22+, 10-12;

difficulty as to the renewal of a treaty with Ptolemy, +22+, 12;

Q. Caecilius before the congress at Argos remonstrates on the subject of Sparta, +22+, 13;

their dealing with Messene after the murder of Philopoemen, +23+, 16-18;

send an embassy to Rome in regard to Messene, +24+, 1;

Ptolemy presents the league with 10 ships of war, +24+, 6;

the league officers condemn Chaeron of Sparta for the murder of Apollonides, +24+, 7;

debate in the assembly as to the orders from Rome about the Spartan exiles, +24+, 10-12;

attitude towards Rome, +24+, 13-15;

ordered to guard Chalcis for Rome, +27+, 2 fin.;

Gaius Popilius and Gnaeus Octavius address the congress, +28+, 3;

decide to take the side of Rome against Perseus openly, +28+, 12, 13;

two embassies at Alexandria, +28+, 19, 20;

the two Ptolemies ask their help against Antiochus, +29+, 23-25;

Romanising party in Achaia, +30+, 13;

embassy to Rome, +31+, 6, 8; +32+, 7, 17; +33+, 1, 3;

Cretans ask the Achaeans for help, +33+, 16;

Achaean detenus released, +35+, 6;

Thessalians ask for help against the pseudo-Philip, +37+, 2;

asked to send Polybius to Lilybaeum, +37+, 3;

dissolution of the league by the Romans, +38+, 3-11; +39+, 7-17;

Achaean assembly or congress,

_at Aegium_, +2+, 54; +4+, 7, 26, 82; +5+, 1; +16+, 27; +28+, 3;

_at Cleitor_, +22+, 2;

_at Corinth_, +29+, 23; +33+, 16; +38+, 10;

_at Megalopolis_, +23+, 10, 16;

_at Sicyon_, +5+, 1; +23+, 17; +28+, 13; +29+, 24;

election of magistrates, +4+, 37, 82; +5+, 1; +30+, 7;

soldiers, +29+, 24;

arms, +11+, 9;

cavalry, +10+, 23;

ships, +2+, 10

Achaeus, son of Xuthus, the mythical ancestor of the Achaeans, +39+, 14

Achaeus, son of Andromachus, nephew of Laodice, mother of Antiochus the Great, +4+, 2, 48-91, 51; +5+, 40-42, 57, 58, 61, 66, 67, 72, 78, 87, 107, 111; +7+, 17; +8+, 2;

his capture and death, +8+, 17-23

Achaia Phthiotis, +18+, 46; +47+, 7

Achelous, river, +4+, 63; +5+, 6-7, 13

Achradina, a part of Syracuse, +8+, 5, 6

Acilius Glabrio, M’., consul B.C. 191, +20+, 9, 10; +21+, 3-5

Acilus, Gaius, +33+, 2

Acrae, a town in Aetolia, +5+, 13

Acriae, a town in Laconia, +5+, 19

Acrocorinthus, the citadel of Corinth, 1900 feet high, +2+, 43, 45, 50, 51, 52, 54; +4+, 8; +7+, 11; +18+, 45

Acrolissus, citadel of the Illyrican city of Lissus, +8+, 15, 16

Acte, the, east coast of Laconia, +5+, 91

Actium, temple and town in Acarnania, on the narrowest point of the Ambracian gulf, +4+, 63

Acusilochus, an Asiatic ruler, +25+, 2

Adaeus, governor of the town of Bubastus in Egypt, +15+, 27

Adaeus of Beroea, legate of Perseus to Genthius, +28+, 8

Adeiganes, a magistrate at Seleucus on the Tigris, +5+, 54

Adeimantus of Sparta, +4+, 22, 23

Adherbal, a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, +1+, 44, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53

Admetus, put to death by Philip V., +23+, 10

Adriatic Sea, the, +1+, 2; +2+, 14, 16, 17, 26; +3+, 47, 61, 86-88, 110; +10+, 1; +24+, 3; +32+, 23; +34+, 6, 7

Adrumetum, a city in Africa, +15+, 5, 15

Adua or Addua, the river Adda, a tributary of the Po, +2+, 32; +34+, 10

Adys, a town in Africa, +1+, 30

Aeacidae, descendants of Aeacus (Peleus, Achilles, Telamon, Ajax), +5+, 2

Aecae, a town in Apulia, +3+, 88

Aegae, a town in Aeolis, +5+, 77; +33+, 13

Aegean Sea, +3+, 2; +16+, 34

Aegina, island, +9+, 42; +11+, 5; +22+, 11

Aegira, a town in Achaea, +2+, 41; +4+, 57, 58

Aegitna, a town of the Oxybii, a Ligurian tribe, +33+, 10, 11

Aegium, chief town of the Achaean league, +2+, 41, 55; +4+, 57; +5+, 30, 101, 102; +16+, 38;

meetings of the congress at, +2+, 54; +4+, 7, 26, 82; +5+, 1; +16+, 27, 28;

territory of, +5+, 94

Aegosagae, a tribe of Gauls invited into Asia by Attalus, +5+, 77, 78, 111

Aegospotami, the Goat’s river, on the Hellespont, +1+, 6; +12+, 25_k_

Aegusa, one of the Aegates (_Farignano_), +1+, 60

Aegusae (the Aegates), +1+, 44

Aegys, a town in Laconia, +2+, 54

Aemilia, wife of Scipio Africanus the elder, and sister of Aemilius Paullus, +32+, 12-14

Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul B.C. 232, +2+, 21, 22

Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul B.C. 187, +16+, 34; +22+, 3; +28+, 1; +32+, 21

Aemilius Papus, L., consul B.C. 225, +2+, 23, 26-31

Aemilius Paullus, M., consul B.C. 255, +1+, 36, 37

Aemilius Paullus, L., consul B.C. 219 and 215, +3+, 16, 18, 19, 106, 107, 116, 117; +4+, 37, 66; +5+, 108; +15+, 11

Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, L., consul B.C. 182 and 168, +18+, 35; +29+, 1, 7, 10, 14, 15, 17, 20; +30+, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19; +31+, 3; +32+, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 21;

his wives, +32+, 8

Aemilius Regillus, L., praetor B.C. 190, +21+, 8, 10, 24

Aena, a temple at Ecbatana, +10+, 27

Aeneas Tacticus (middle of 4th cent. B.C.), +10+, 44

Aenianian Gulf (= Sinus Maliacus), so called from the Aenianes, +10+, 42

Aenus, a town in Thrace, mod. _Enos_, +5+, 34; +22+, 9, 15; +30+, 3

Aeolian Islands. _See_ Liparae

Aeolis, a district of Mysia between the rivers Carius and Hermus, +5+, 77; +21+, 13, 14

Aeolus, king of the Winds, +34+, 2, 11

Aerenosii, a Spanish tribe, +3+, 35

Aeschrion, a Romanising Acarnanian, +28+, 5

Aethaleia, name of the island of Lemnus, +34+, 11

Aethiopia, +3+, 38; +34+, 16

Aetna, Mt., +1+, 55

Aetolians, the, +1+, 3, etc.;

attack Medion, +2+, 2-4;

help the Epirotes against the Illyrians, +2+, 6-12;

engage in the Social war, +2+, 37;

make peace with the Achaeans, +2+, 44;

make alliance with Antigonus Doson, and Cleomenes of Sparta, +2+, 45-49;

refuse Antigonus passage, +2+, 52;

joined by Mantinea, +2+, 57, 58;

intrigue with Antiochus, +3+, 6, 7;

invade Messenia, +4+, 9-19, 22-27, 29-31, 34-37, 53-59, 61-67, 77-80, 84;

attacked by Philip V., +5+, 2-14;

attempt to invade Thessaly, +5+, 17;

evade peace with Philip, +5+, 29. _See also_ 30, 35, 63, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99, 100-103, 105, 107;

attend a conference at Sparta, +9+, 28-39;

attack Acarnania, +9+, 40;

in alliance with Rome against Philip, +10+, 25, 26, 41, 42;

receive a legation from Rhodes on the subject of peace, +11+, 4-7;

distress and revolutionary measures, +13+, 1, 2;

fresh offence with Philip, +15+, 23;

in alliance with Nabis, +16+, 13;

at the battle of Panium, +16+, 18;

addressed by Roman envoys in Naupactus, +16+, 27;

attend a conference at Nicaea, +18+, 1-10;

fight on the Roman side in Thessaly, +18+, 19;

their superiority in cavalry, +18+, 22;

discontented with their share of spoil after Cynoscephalae, +18+, 27, 34, 38, 39;

claim Heraea, +18+, 42;

discontented with the Roman settlement of B.C. 196, +18+, 45;

claim Pharsalus, +18+, 47;

addressed by Roman legates, +18+, 48;

once in league with Achaeans against Boeotia, +20+, 4;

submit unconditionally to Rome after the battle of Thermopylae, +20+, 9-11;

the Roman terms with, +21+, 3-4;

six months’ truce allowed them in which to appeal to the Senate, +21+, 5, 8;

the Romans proclaim war with them, +21+, 25-32;

sell Aegina to Attalus, +22+, 11;

Gaius Popilius and Gnaeus Octavius order them to give hostages, +28+, 4;

their violence and habits of pillage, +30+, 11;

improvement after the death of Lyciscus, +32+, 19;

their principle of “spoil from spoil,” +18+, 4;

their character and habits, +2+, 3, 4, 45, 46, 49; +4+, 67; +9+, 38; +18+, 4, 34;

their officers, +21+, 32

Agathagetus of Rhodes, +27+, 7; +28+, 2

Agatharchus, a Syracusan sent as ambassador to Carthage, +7+, 4

Agatharchus, son of Agathocles, king of Syracuse, +7+, 2

Agathinus of Corinth, +5+, 95

Agathoclea, daughter of Aristomenes, +15+, 39

Agathoclea, mistress of Ptolemy Philopator, +14+, 11; +15+, 25, 31-33

Agathocles, king of Syracuse, +1+, 7, 82; +8+, 12; +9+, 23; +12+, 15; +15+, 35

Agathocles, son of Oenanthe and guardian of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +5+, 63; +14+, 11; +15+, 25-36

Agathyrna, a city on the north coast of Sicily, +9+, 27

Agelaus of Naupactus, +4+, 16; +5+, 3, 103-105, 107

_Agema_, or guard, in the Macedonian army, +5+, 25;

in the army of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 65, 84;

in the army of Antiochus Epiphanes, +31+, 3

Agepolis of Rhodes, +28+, 16, 17; +29+, 10, 19; +30+, 4

Agesarchus of Megalopolis, father of Ptolemy, governor of Cyprus, +15+, 25; +18+, 55

Agesias, an Achaean, +30+, 13

Agesilaus II., king of Sparta, +3+, 6; +9+, 8, 23 (B.C. 398-361)

Agesilaus, son of Eudamidas, +4+, 53

Agesilochus of Rhodes, +27+, 3; +28+, 2, 16; +29+, 10

Agesipolis, son of Cleombrotus II., king of Sparta, +4+, 35

Agesipolis III., king of Sparta, son of the last, +4+, 35; +23+, 6 (B.C. 221)

Agesipolis of Dyme, +5+, 17

Agetas, Aetolian Strategus, +5+, 91, 96

Agones, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 15

Agrai, a tribe in Aetolia, +18+, 5

Agrianes, a Thracian tribe, +2+, 65; +5+, 79; +10+, 42

Agrigentum, in Sicily, +1+, 17-20, 27, 43; +2+, 7; +9+, 27; +12+, 25

Agrigentus, a river, +9+, 27; mod. _Fiume di S. Biagio_, which joins the Hypsas (mod. _Drago_)

Agrii, +25+, 4

Agrinium, a city of Aetolia, near the Achelous, +5+, 7

Agron, king of the Illyrians, +2+, 2, 4

Alabanda, city in Caria, +5+, 79; +16+, 24; +30+, 5

Alba, in Latium, +2+, 18; +37+, 2

Alcaeus of Messene, +32+, 6

Alcamenes of Sparta, +4+, 22

Alcamenes of Achaea, friend of Diaeus, +39+, 10

Alcetas, Boeotian Strategus, +22+, 4

Alcibiades, son of Clinias of Athens, +4+, 44

Alcibiades, a Spartan exile, +22+, 1, 15; +23+, 4

Alcithus of Aegium, +28+, 12, 19

Aletas, discoverer of the silver mines in Spain, +10+, 10

Alexamenus, an Aetolian Strategus, +18+, 43

Alexander the Great, +2+, 41, 71; +3+, 6, 59; +4+, 23; +5+, 10, 55; +8+, 12; +9+, 28, 34; +10+, 27; +12+, 12_b_, 17, 18, 19, 22; +18+, 3; +22+, 8; +29+, 21; +38+, 4

Alexander, son of Acmetus, officer of Antigonus Doson, +2+, 66

Alexander, commander of cavalry to Antigonus Doson and a minister of Philip V., +2+, 66, 68; +4+, 87; +5+, 28; +7+, 12

Alexander of Aetolia, friend of Dorimachus, +4+, 57, 58

Alexander, father of Antigonus, the legate from Perseus to Boeotia, +27+, 5

Alexander, ambassador to Rome from Attalus, +18+, 10

Alexander Balas, +33+, 15; +18+, 6

Alexander, king of Epirus, +2+, 45; +9+, 34

Alexander Isius, an Aetolian, +13+, 1; +18+, 3, 4, 10, 36; +21+, 25, 26

Alexander, brother of Molo, commander of Persis under Antiochus the Great, +5+, 40, 41, 43, 54

Alexander, tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly, +8+, 1; +39+, 2

Alexander, made governor of Phocis by Philip V., +5+, 96

Alexander of Trichonium, +5+, 13

Alexander, tower of, in Thessaly, +18+, 27

Alexandria, capital town of Egypt, +2+, 69; +4+, 51; +5+, 35, 37, 40, 63, 66, 67, 79, 86, 87; +7+, 2; +12+, 25_d_; +13+, 2; +14+, 11; +15+, 25, 26, 30; +16+, 10, 22; +22+, 7, 12; +27+, 19; +28+, 1, 17, 20, 22, 23; +29+, 2, 24, 27; +30+, 9; +31+, 5, 12, 26-28; +34+, 4, 14; +39+, 18;

obols of Alexandria, +34+, 8

Alexandria Troas, +5+, 78, 111; +21+, 13, 14

Alexis, captain of Apamea, +5+, 50

Alexo, an Achaean, +1+, 43

Alipheira, a city of Arcadia, +4+, 77, 78

Allaria, a city of Crete, +5+, 63, 65

Allobroges, +3+, 49-51

Alpheus, river in the Peloponnese, +4+, 77, 78; +12+, 4_d_; +16+, 17

Alps, +2+, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 28, 32, 34, 35; +3+, 34, 39, 47, 48, 50-56, 60-62, 64, 65; +34+, 10, 15

Altars, the. _See_ Philaenus

Althaea, a town in Spain, +3+, 18

Amaeocritus, Boeotian Strategus, +20+, 4

Amanides Pylae, pass between Cilicia and Syria, N.N.E. of Issus, +12+, 17

Ambracian Gulf, the, +4+, 63, 66; +5+, 5, 18

Ambracus, or Ambracia, +4+, 61, 63; +18+, 10; +21+, 26-30 Sometimes Ambracia means the territory, +4+, 61

Ambrysus, a city of Phocis, +4+, 25

Ammonius Barcaeus, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 65

Amphaxitis, a maritime district of Macedonia on the left bank of the Axius, +5+, 97

Amphiaraus, fr. xliii.

Amphictyonic league, +4+, 25; +39+, 12

Amphidamus, Strategus of Elis, +4+, 75, 84, 86

Amphilochians, an Aetolian tribe, +18+, 5; +21+, 25

Amphipolis, a city of Macedonia, +29+, 6

Amphissa, a city of Locris, +21+, 4

Amyce, plain of, near Antioch, +5+, 59

Amyclae, a town in Laconia, +5+, 18-20, 23

Amynander, king of the Athamanes, +4+, 16; +16+, 27; +18+, 1, 10, 36, 47; +20+, 10; +21+, 25, 29

Amyntas, father of Philip II., +2+, 48; +22+, 8

Amyrus, plain of, in Thessaly, +5+, 99

_Anacleteria_ of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +18+, 55;

of Philometor, +28+, 12

_Anadendritis_, a vine, +34+, 11

Anamares, or Ananes, or Andres, or Anares, a Cisalpine Gallic tribe, +2+, 17, 32, 34

Anas, a river in Spain (_Guadiana_), +34+, 9, 15

Anaxidamus, an Achaean officer of Philopoemen, +11+, 18

Anaxidamus, an Achaean ambassador to Rome, +31+, 6; +33+, 3

Ancus Marcius, king of Rome, fr. v.

Ancyra, a city of Galatia, +21+, 39

Anda, a city in Libya, +14+, 6

Andania, a city in Messenia, +5+, 92

Andobales (or Indibilis), king of the Ilergetes, +3+, 76; +9+, 11; +10+, 18, 35, 37, 40; +11+, 26, 29, 31, 33; +21+, 11

Andosini, a Spanish tribe, +3+, 35

Andranodorus of Syracuse, +7+, 2, 5

Andreas, physician of Philopator, +5+, 81

Androlochus of Elis, +5+, 94

Andromachus, father of Achaeus, +4+, 51; +8+, 22

Andromachus of Aspendus, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 64, 65, 83, 85, 87

Andromachus, ambassador from Philopator to Rome, +33+, 8

Andronicus, ambassador of Attalus, +32+, 28

Andronidas, a Romanising Achaean, +29+, 25; +30+, 23; +39+, 10, 11

Androsthenes of Cyzicus, +11+, 34

Aneroestes, king of the Gaesatae, +2+, 22, 26, 31

Aniaracae, a tribe in Media, +5+, 44

Anicius Gallus, L., praetor B.C. 168, +30+, 14; +32+, 20; +33+, 9

Anio, river in Latium, +9+, 5, 7

Antalces of Gortyn in Crete, +22+, 19

Antalcidas, +1+, 6; +4+, 27; +6+, 49

Antanor of Elis, +5+, 94

Antenor, ambassador of Perseus to Rhodes, +27+, 4, 14

Anticyra, in Locris, +9+, 39; in Phocis, +18+, 45; +27+, 16

Antigoneia, a city of Epirus, +2+, 5, 6

_Antigoneia_, games at Sicyon in honour of Antigonus Doson, +28+, 19; +30+, 23

Antigonus the One-eyed, successor of Alexander the Great in Syria, B.C. 323-301, +1+, 63; +5+, 67; +10+, 27; +18+, 3; +28+, 20

Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 283-239, +3+, 41, 43-45; +9+, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38; +18+, 6; +20+, 6

Antigonus Doson, grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes, guardian of Philip V., and really king of Macedonia, B.C. 229-220, +2+, 45, 47-70; +3+, 16; +4+, 1, 3, 6, 9, 16, 22, 34, 69, 76, 82, 87; +5+, 9, 16, 24, 34, 35, 63, 89, 93; +7+, 11; +9+, 29, 36; +20+, 5

Antigonus, son of Alexander, an ambassador from Perseus to Boeotia, +27+, 5

Antilibanus, a mountain in Coele-Syria, the eastern range of Lebanon, +5+, 45, 59

Antimachus, a friend of Perseus, +29+, 6

Antinous of Epirus, a friend of Perseus, +27+, 15; +30+, 7

Antioch in Mygdonia, +5+, 51

Antioch on the Orontes, capital of Syria, +5+, 43, 59, 60, 87; +31+, 17; +32+, 4

Antiochis, sister of Antiochus the Great, +8+, 25

Antiochus I., Soter, king of Syria B.C. 280-261, +31+, 7

Antiochus II., Theos, king of Syria B.C. 261-246

Antiochus Hierax, son of Antiochus II., ob. B.C. 227, +5+, 74

Antiochus III., the Great, king of Syria B.C. 223-187, +1+, 3; +2+, 71; +3+, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 32; +4+, 2, 37, 48, 51; +5+, 1, 29, 31, 34, 40-71, 73, 79-87, 89, 105, 109; +7+, 15-18; +8+, 18-23, 25; +10+, 27-31, 49; +11+, 34; +13+, 9; +15+, 20, 25, 37; +16+, 18, 19, 22, 27, 39; +18+, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47-52; +20+, 1-3, 7-11; +21+, 2, 4, 6, 8-21, 24, 25, 33, 43-48; +22+, 4, 5; +23+, 14; +24+, 12, 15; +25+, 4; +28+, 1, 4, 20; +29+, 6; +39+, 14, 19;

his treaty with Rome, +21+, 45

Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, second son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria B.C. 175-164, +3+, 3; +16+, 18, 19; +26+, 1; +27+, 7, 19; +28+, 1, 17-23; +29+, 2, 4, 24, 26, 27; +30+, 17; +31+, 3-6, 9, 11, 12, 21; +33+, 18

Antiochus V., Eupator, son of Epiphanes, king of Syria B.C. 164-162, +31+, 12, 19

Antiochus, another son of Antiochus the Great according to the historian Zeno, +16+, 18, 19

Antipater, guardian of Alexander the Great’s son Philip III., and practically king in Macedonia B.C. 323-319, +5+, 10; +9+, 29, 30; +12+, 13

Antipater, nephew of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 79, 82, 87; +16+, 18; +21+, 16, 17, 24

Antipatria, a town of the Illyrian Dassaretae, on the River Apsus, +5+, 108

Antiphanes of Berga, a proverbial liar (whence βεργαΐζειν), +34+, 6

Antiphatas, of Gortyn in Crete, +33+, 16

Antiphilus, an ambassador of Prusias, +32+, 28

Antipolis, a colony from Marseilles (_Antibes_), +33+, 7

Antisthenes of Rhodes, +16+, 14-15

Antium, in Latium, +3+, 22, 24

Antonius, M., Trib. Pl. B.C. 167, +30+, 4

Aous, a river in Illyria (_Viósa_), +5+, 110; +27+, 16

Apameia, a town in Syria (_Kulak-el-Mudik_), +5+, 45, 50, 56, 58, 59

Apameia, a town in Phrygia (_Denair_), +21+, 43-45, 48

Apasiacae, a Nomad tribe between the Oxus and the Asiatic Tanais, +10+, 48

Apaturius Gallus, assassin of Seleucus III., +4+, 48

Apéga, wife of Nabis, +13+, 7; +18+, 17

Apelaurum, a mountain in Arcadia, +4+, 69

Apelles, guardian and friend of Philip V., +4+, 76, 82, 84-87; +5+, 1;

he conspires against the king, +5+, 2, 4, 14, 16, 26-29

Apelles, another friend of Philip V., +22+, 18; +23+, 1

Apennines, the, +2+, 14, 16, 17, 24; +3+, 90, 110; +33+, 11

Aperantia, a district and city of Thessaly, +20+, 13; +21+, 25

Aphrodite of Eryx, +1+, 55; +2+, 7;

temple of, at Pergamum, +18+, 2, 6;

near Saguntum, +3+, 97

Aphther, a Libyan, +32+, 2

Apia, plain of, a city of Phrygia, +5+, 77

Apis, a harbour in Egypt, +31+, 26, 27

_Apocleti_, magistrates of the Aetolians, +4+, 5; +20+, 1; cp. +21+, 4

Apodoti, an Aetolian tribe, +18+, 5

Apollo of the Greeks and Carthaginians, +7+, 9;

temples of Apollo at Amyclae, +5+, 19;

at Delphi, +39+, 17;

at Thermus, +11+, 7;

near Temnus, +32+, 27;

statue of, at Sicyon, +18+, 16;

sacred land of, in Sicyonia, _ib._;

mound of, at Tarentum, +8+, 30

Apollodorus, governor of Susiana, +5+, 54

Apollodorus, tyrant of Cassandreia, +7+, 7

Apollodorus, secretary of Philip V., +18+, 1, 8

Apollodorus, Boeotian ambassador, +23+, 16

Apollonia, town in Illyria, +2+, 9, 11; +5+, 109, 110; +7+, 9; +34+, 12

Apollonia, a city of Assyria, +5+, 43, 44, 51, 52

Apollonia, a city of Crete, +28+, 14

Apollonias, wife of Attalus I., +22+, 20

Apollonidas of Sicyon, +22+, 11, 15, 16; +28+, 6

Apollonides of Sparta, +24+, 7

Apollonides of Clazomenae, +28+, 19

Apollonius of Clazomenae, +28+, 19

Apollonius, a friend of Seleucus IV., +31+, 21;

and his son Apollonius, +31+, 19, 21

Apollophanes of Seleucia, a physician, +5+, 56, 58

Apro, a river in Liguria (some would read Οὔαρος Varus the _Var_), +33+, 11

Aptera, a town in Crete, +4+, 55

Apuleius Saturninus, L., +32+, 28

Apustius, P., +32+, 1

Aquileia, on the Adriatic, +34+, 10, 11

Arabia, +5+, 71;

Arabians, +5+, 71, 79, 82, 85; +13+, 9

Arachosia, district in Asia, +11+, 34

Aradus, an island off the coast of Phoenicia (_Ruad_), +5+, 68

Aratthus, a river in Epirus, +21+, 26

Aratus of Sicyon, son of Clinias, his history, +1+, 3; +2+, 40; +4+, 2;

his policy and character, +2+, 40, 43-52, 56-60; +4+, 6-12, 14, 19, 24, 37, 67, 76, 82, 84-87; +5+, 1, 5, 7, 12, 15, 16, 23, 26-28, 30, 91-103; +7+, 11; his death, +8+, 14

_See also_ +9+, 17, 23; +10+, 22; +24+, 6; +34+, 14. Vol. i. p. 283, note.

Aratus, the younger, son of the last, +2+, 51; +4+, 37, 60, 67, 70, 72, 82; +5+, 1; +7+, 11; +24+, 6, 10

Araxus, promontory of Achaia, +4+, 59, 65

Arbo, a city in Illyria, +2+, 11

Arbucala, a city of the Vaccaei in Spain, +3+, 14

Arcades, a city in Crete, +4+, 53

Arcadia and the Arcadians, +2+, 38, 54, 56, 62; +4+, 17, 20, 21, 33, 70-77; +6+, 2; +12+, 4; +18+, 14; +39+, 7;

practice of music in, +4+, 20, 21

Arcas, the ancestor of the Arcadians, +4+, 77

Arcesilas of Pitane, academical philosopher, +10+, 22

Arcesilaus, ambassador of the Lacedaemonian exiles, +23+, 6

Arcesilaus of Megalopolis, +28+, 6; +29+, 25

Archedamus, an Aetolian, +18+, 21; +20+, 9; +28+, 4

Archedicus, a comedy writer, +12+, 13

Archias, governor of Cyprus, +33+, 5

Archicrates, an Achaean, +39+, 10

Archidamus V., king of Sparta, ob. B.C. 236-235, +4+, 35-37; +8+, 1

Archidamus, son of Pantaleon, an Aetolian, +4+, 57-58

Archimedes of Syracuse, +8+, 5, 7-9

Archippus, an Achaean, +39+, 11

Archon of Aegira, an Achaean Strategus in B.C. 189, 171, 169, +22+, 13, 14; +27+, 2; +28+, 3, 6, 7, 12; +29+, 23, 25

Ardaxanus, a river in Illyria, +8+, 15

Ardea, in Latium, +3+, 22, 24

Ardiaei, an Illyrian tribe, +2+, 11, 12

Ardyes, a Gallic tribe on the Rhone, +3+, 47

Ardys, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 53, 60

Ares, +7+, 9; +12+, +26+; plain of, in Thrace, +13+, 10

Arethusa, a spring in Sicily, +12+, 4

Areus of Sparta, +22+, 1, 15, 16; +23+, 4

Arevaci, a Celtiberian tribe, +35+, 2, 3

Arexidamus, a soldier of Machanidas, +11+, 18

Argennum, promontory in Ionia, +16+, 8

Argolis, +2+, 64; +4+, 36; +5+, 20, 95

Argos, Argives, +2+, 44, 52-54, 59, 64, 70; +4+, 36, 82, 87; +5+, 16-18, 20, 24, 91, 92, 101; +9+, 28, 34; +10+, 26, 41; +16+, 12, 16; +18+, 2, 6, 8, 14, 17; +21+, 24; +22+, 13; +23+, 9, 12, 13; +27+, 2; +30+, 10; +34+, 2; +39+, 8;

priestesses at, +12+, 11

Argos, Amphilochian, +21+, 30

Arianus, of Crete, +8+, 18-22

Ariarathes V., king of Cappadocia B.C. 220-163, +3+, 3; +4+, 2; +21+, 47; +24+, 1, 8, 9; +25+, 2; +31+, 12-14

Ariarathes VI., king of Cappadocia B.C. 163-130, +3+, 5; +31+, 14, 17; +32+, 3, 5, 22, 24; +32+, 25; +33+, 6, 12

Aribazus, commandant of Sardis, +7+, 17, 18; +8+, 23

Aricia, in Latium, +3+, 22

Aridices, a Rhodian ambassador, +4+, 52

Ariminum, on the coast of Umbria (_Rimini_), +2+, 21, 23; +3+, 61, 68, 75, 77, 86, 88

Ariobazus of Sardis, +8+, 23

Arisba, town in the Troad, +5+, 111

Aristaenetus of Dyme, +11+, 11

Aristaenus, Achaean Strategus B.C. 198, 195, 187, 185, +18+, 1, 7, 13; +22+, 10, 12, 13; +24+, 13-15

Aristarchus, a Phocaean ambassador, +21+, 6

Aristeides of Athens, +9+, 23; +32+, 8

Aristeides, an ambassador of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +28+, 20

Aristeides, a Theban painter (_flor. circ._ B.C. 350), +39+, 13

Aristocrates, king of Arcadia, +4+, 33

Aristocrates, of Rhodes, +33+, 4

_Aristocracy_, +6+, 3-8

Aristodamus, an Achaean ambassador, +30+, 13

Aristodemus, tyrant of Megalopolis, +10+, 22

Aristodemus, of Elis, fr. ii.

Aristogeiton, of Elis, +5+, 94

Aristomachus, tyrant of Argos, +2+, 44, 59

Aristomachus, of Corinth, +7+, 5

Aristomenes, guardian of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +15+, 31; +18+, 53, 54

Aristomenes, king of Messenia, +4+, 33

Ariston, Aetolian Strategus B.C. 221, +4+, 5, 9, 17

Ariston of Megalopolis, +28+, 6; +29+, 25

Ariston of Rhodes, +28+, 16

Aristonicus, a eunuch in the Court of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +22+, 7, 22

Aristonicus, a boxer, +27+, 9

Aristophantus of Acarnania, +5+, 6

Aristotle, the philosopher, +12+, 5-8, 11, 23, 24

Aristotle of Argos, +2+, 53

Aristotle, Rhodian ambassador, +31+, 1

Arius, a river in Asia (_Heri Rud_), +10+, 49

Armenas, son of Nabis, +21+, 2

Armenia, +9+, 43; +25+, 2

_Armies_, necessary accomplishment for commanding, +4+, 12-20

Armosata, a city of Armenia, +8+, 25

Arpani, people of Arpi, in Apulia, +3+, 88, 118

Arretium, a city of Etruria (_Arezzo_), +2+, 16, 19; +3+, 77, 80

Arsaces III., king of the Parthians, +10+, 28

Arsinoe, wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, +15+, 25

Arsinoe, sister and wife of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 83, 84, 87; +15+, 25, 32, 33

Arsinoe, a city of Aetolia, +30+, 11

Artabazanes, an Asian prince, +5+, 55, 57

Artaxerxes II., Mnemon, king of Persia, +1+, 6; +12+, 25_f_, B.C. 405-362

Artaxias, a prince in Armenia, +25+, 2; +31+, 17

Artemidorus of Syracuse, +1+, 8

Artemis, temples of, near Lusi, +4+, 18, 19, 25; +9+, 34;

at Abydos, +16+, 31;

near Pergamum, +32+, 27;

near Elyma, +31+, 11;

worship of, at Syracuse, +8+, 37;

image of, at Bargylia, +16+, 12

Artemisium in Elis, +4+, 73

Arunculeius, Gaius, +33+, 1, 9

_As_, Roman coin, +2+, 15; +6+, 39

Asclepius (Aesculapius), temples of, at Agrigentum, +1+, 18;

at New Carthage, +10+, 10;

at Ambracia, +21+, 27;

at Pergamum, +32+, 27

Ascondas of Boeotia, +20+, 5

Asia, one of the three divisions of the world, +2+, 37; +3+, 37, 38, 59; +34+, 7

This side Taurus, = Asia Minor, +3+, 3; +4+, 2, 48; +21+, 14, 45; cp. +5+, 34, 90

Asine, a city in Laconia, +5+, 19

Asine, a city in Messenia, +18+, 42

Aspasiacae, a Nomad tribe in Asia, +10+, 48

Aspasianus, a Mede, +5+, 79

Aspasius of Elis, +5+, 94

Aspendus, in Pamphylia, +5+, 73; +21+, 35

Aspis, a city in Africa (Clupea), +1+, 29, 34, 36

Ass’s Back (_Onei Montes_), +2+, 52

Assyrians, +12+, 28; +39+, 6

Astapa, a city in Spain, +11+, 24

Asti, a Thracian tribe, +13+, 10

Astias (Artemis), +16+, 12

Astymedes, of Rhodes, +27+, 7; +30+, 4, 5, 22; +31+, 6, 7; +33+, 15

Atabyrium, mountain and town in Galilee, +5+, 70

Athamanes, a tribe in Epirus, +4+, 16; +16+, 27; +18+, 36; +20+, 10; +21+, 25, 31; +22+, 9; +23+, 1

Athenè, temples of, at Rhodes, +31+, 15;

at Agrigentum, +9+, 27;

at Sparta (of the Brazen-house), +4+, 22, 35;

at Itone, +4+, 25; +25+, 3;

among the Insubres, +2+, 32;

statue of, at Alipheira, +4+, 78;

games of, +4+, 49

Athens, +5+, 27; +12+, 13, 25, 26; +16+, 25, 27; +38+, 4, 11;

Olympieium at, +26+, 1

Athenians, the, their triremes, +1+, 63;

assessment of, +2+, 62;

capture of Chrysopolis, +4+, 44;

conquered by Philip II., +5+, 10;

their adulation of Ptolemy IV., +5+, 10;

relieve Mantinea, +9+, 8;

their colonies in Thrace, +9+, 28;

suffer under Antipater, +9+, 29;

hostility to Sparta, +12+, 6;

at Aegospotami, +12+, 25_k_;

their reception of king Attalus, +16+, 25, 26;

attacked by Philip V., +16+, 34;

intercede for the Aetolians, +21+, 4, 25, 29-31;

beaten at Chaeroneia, +22+, 6;

addressed by Roman Senate, +24+, 12;

send ambassadors to Alexandria, +28+, 19, 20;

petition the Senate for Delos and Lemnos, +30+, 21; +32+, 17;

their quarrel with Oropus, +32+, 25;

their resistance to Xerxes, +38+, 4;

their republican constitution, +6+, 43, 44, cp. +9+, 23;

their list of Archons, +12+, 11

Athenaeum, a fortress near Megalopolis, +2+, 46, 54; +4+, 37, 60, 81

Athenaeum, a promontory of Campania (_Promontorium Minervae_, _Punta della Campanella_), +34+, 11

Athenaeus, son of Attalus I., +23+, 1; +31+, 9; +32+, 28; +33+, 1, 13

Athenagoras, a mercenary officer of Philip V., +18+, 22

Athinis, an Egyptian prince, +22+, 7

Athyrnus. _See_ Vulturnus

Atilius, Aulus, +27+, 2

Atilius Calatinus, A., consul B.C. 258, 254, +1+, 24, 38

Atilius Regulus, M., consul B.C. 267, 256, +1+, 26, 28-31, 33-35

Atilius Regulus, C., consul B.C. 257, 250, +1+, 25, 39, 41-48

Atilius Regulus, M., consul B.C. 227, 217, +3+, 106, 114, 116

Atilius Regulus, Gaius, consul B.C. 225, +2+, 23, 27, 28

Atilius Serranus, Gaius, praetor B.C. 218, +3+, 40

Atintanes, a tribe in Epirus, +2+, 5, 11; +7+, 9

Atis, a Boian chief, +2+, 21

Atlantic Ocean, the, +3+, 37, 57, 59; +16+, 29

Atreus, son of Pelops, +34+, 2

Atropatei, a tribe in Asia, +5+, 44

Attalus I., king of Pergamum B.C. 241-197, +3+, 3; +4+, 48, 49, 65; +5+, 77, 78, 105, 107, 111; +9+, 30; +10+, 41, 42; +11+, 7; +16+, 1-9, 24-28, 30, 34, 40; +18+, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 41; +21+, 20, 48; +22+, 11, 20; +32+, 22;

the Athenians name a tribe Attalica after him, +16+, 25

Attalus II., succeeds his brother Eumenes II. B.C. 159-138, +3+, 5; +21+, 39, 43; +22+, 20; +23+, 11; +24+, 5, 8; +27+, 18; +28+, 7, 12; +29+, 6; +30+, 1-3; +31+, 9; +32+, 3, 5, 22, 27, 28; +33+, 1, 6, 9, 12; +37+, 6

Attalus III., son of Eumenes II., succeeded his uncle B.C. 138-133, +30+, 2; +33+, 18

Attica, valuation of, +2+, 72; +5+, 29;

excellence of its silver, +21+, 32, 45

Attis, priest of Cybele, +21+, 37

Aufidus, river, in Apulia (_Ofanto_), +3+, 110; +4+, 1

Aurelius Orestes, L., consul B.C. 157, +31+, 12; +38+, 7, 8

Ausones, in Italy, +34+, 11

Autaritus, a leader of Gallic mercenaries, +1+, 77-80, 85, 86

Autolychus, of Rhodes, +16+, 5

Autonous, a Thessalian, +7+, 5

Azanis, a district in Arcadia containing 17 towns (_St. Byz._), +4+, 70

Azorium, a town of Perrhaebia in Thessaly, +28+, 13

BABYLON, +5+, 48, 51, 52; +9+, 43

Babyrtas, a Messenian, +4+, 4

Bactra, capital of Bactriana, +29+, 12

Bactriana, +10+, 48, 49; +11+, 34

Baebius, L., praetor B.C. 189, +15+, 1, 4

Baebius Tamphilus, M., consul B.C. 181, +22+, 9

Baecula, a town in Spain, +10+, 38; +11+, 20;

battle of, +10+, 39

Baetis, river in Spain (Guadalquivir), +34+, 9

Balacer, father of Pantauchus, +27+, 8

Balacer, son of Pantauchus, +29+, 4

Balearic slingers, +1+, 67; +3+, 33, 72, 83, 113; +15+, 11

_Ballistae_, +9+, 41

Bantia, town in Illyria, +5+, 108

Barathra, in Egypt, +5+, 80

Barca, a city in Cyrene, +5+, 65

Barcas. _See_ Hamilcar

Bardylis, an Illyrian prince, +39+, 2

Bargusii, a Spanish tribe, +3+, 35

Bargylia, a town in Caria, +16+, 12, 24; +18+, 2, 8, 44, 48, 50;

gulf of, +16+, 12

Barmocarus, a Carthaginian, +7+, 9

Barnus, in Macedonia, +34+, 12

Bastarnae, tribe on the Danube, +25+, 6

Batanaea, in Palestine, +16+, 39

Bato, fr. xliii.

Battacus, priest of Cybele, +21+, 37

_Beacons._ _See_ Signals

Belli, a Celtiberian tribe, +35+, 2

Belmina, in Arcadia, +2+, 54

Benacus, lake, +34+, 10

Beneventum, in Samnium, +3+, 90

Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, wife of Antiochus II., +5+, 58; fr. xxvi.

Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euergetes, +5+, 36; +15+, 25

Berga, in Macedonia, +34+, 5, 6

Beroea, in Macedonia, +27+, 8; +28+, 8

Berytus, in Phoenicia (_Beirút_), +5+, 61, 68

Bessi, a Thracian tribe, +23+, 8

Bionidas, of Sparta, +4+, 22

Bippus, an Argive, +23+, 18; +24+, 1, 2

Bithynians, +4+, 50, 52; +8+, 24; +37+, 7

Bito, of Argos, +22+, 20

Bodencus, Gallic name of the Po, +2+, 16

Boeae, town in Laconia, +5+, 19

Boei, an Illyrican tribe, +5+, 108

Boeotarch, +18+, 43

Boeotia, Boeotians, +2+, 49, 65; +4+, 9, 15, 25, 67; +9+, 38; +10+, 41; +11+, 5; +13+, 8; +18+, 11, 14, 43; +20+, 2; +21+, 20; +22+, 4; +23+, 16; +24+, 12; +27+, 1, 2, 5, 38; +32+, 20;

the decline of Boeotia, +20+, 4-7;

Panboeotian congress, +4+, 3; +9+, 34

Boii, Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17, 20-24, 28, 30, 31; +3+, 40, 56, 67

Bolax, a city of Triphylia in Elis, +4+, 77, 80

Bolis, of Crete, +8+, 17-22

Bomilcar, a Carthaginian suffes, +3+, 33, 42

Bomilcar, a Carthaginian admiral, +9+, 9

Boodes, of Carthage, +1+, 21

Bosporus, Cimmerian (_Straits of Yeni Kalè_), +4+, 39

Bosporus, Thracian (_Channel of Constantinople_), +4+, 39, 43

Bostarus, Carthaginian general, +1+, 30, 79

Bostor, Carthaginian general, +3+, 98, 99

Botrys, city of Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Botrys, a Messenian writer, +12+, 13

Bottia, in Macedonia, +5+, 97

Brachylles, a Boeotian, +18+, 1, 43; +20+, 5, 7; +22+, 4

_Brazen shields_, men with, Macedonians, +2+, 66, 67;

Megalopolitans, +2+, 65; +4+, 69;

in Syrian army, +31+, 3

Breasts, the, sandbanks at the mouth of Danube, +4+, 41

Brennus, leader of the Gallic invaders, +4+, 46; +9+, 30, 35

Britain, +3+, 57; +34+, 5, 10

Brochi, in Coele-Syria, +5+, 46, 61

Brundisium, in Calabria, +2+, 11; +10+, 1; +21+, 24; +29+, 6; +30+, 20; +32+, 20;

a Brundisian, +3+, 69

Bruttii, or Bruttium, +1+, 56; +9+, 7, 25, 27; +11+, 6; +13+, 10

Bubali, in Africa, +12+, 3

Bubastus, in Egypt, +15+, 27

Buchetus, in Epirus, +21+, 26

Bura, town in Achaia, +2+, 41

Bylazora, town in Paeonia, +5+, 97

Byttachus, a Macedonian, +5+, 79, 82

Byzachium, district in Africa, +3+, 23; +12+, 1

Byzantium and Byzantines, +3+, 2;

its site and war with Rhodians, +4+, 38, 39, 42-52; +5+, 63, 100

_See also_ +8+, 24; +11+, 4; +16+, 2; +18+, 2; +22+, 18; +34+, 12

CADI, a town in Maeonia, +33+, 12

Cadmea, the, citadel of Thebes, +4+, 27

Cadusii, a tribe in Asia, +5+, 44, 79

Caecilius Metellus Denter, L., consul B.C. 284, +2+, 19

Caecilius Metellus, L., consul B.C. 251, +1+, 39

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul B.C. 206, +22+, 1, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16; +23+, 2, 4

Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q., +38+, 10, 11; +39+, 7, 10, 11

Caesarea, in Cappadocia, fr. xx.

Calabrians, the, +10+, 1

Calamae, fort in Messenia, +5+, 92

Calamus, a town in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Calchedon, on the Propontis (_Chalkedon_ or _Kadi-Kivi_), +4+, 39, 43, 44; +15+, 23

Calena, or Calela, a fort near Larinum, +3+, 101

Cales, in Campania (_Calvi_), +3+, 91

Calicoeni, an Illyrian tribe, +5+, 108

Calleas, of Thespiae, +27+, 1

Callias, a pancratiast of Athens, +28+, 19

Callicrates, of Leontium in Achaia, +24+, 10-12; +29+, 23-25; +30+, 13, 23; +31+, 8; +33+, 16; +37+, 5

Callicritus, a Boeotian, +22+, 4

Calligito, of Byzantium, +4+, 52

Callimachus, school of, +12+, 25_d_.

Calliope, a city of the Parthians, +10+, 31

Callipolis, a city of Aetolia, +20+, 13

Callippus, of Ambracia, +21+, 25, 26

Callisthenes, of Olynthus, historian, +4+, 33; +6+, 45; +12+, 11, 26

Callistratus, of Elis, +20+, 3

Callonitis, district in Mesopotamia, +5+, 54

Calpitus, a city in Galatia, +24+, 8

Calycadnus, promontory in Cilicia, +21+, 45

Calydonia, district of Aetolia, +4+, 65, 95

Calynda, a city of Caria, +31+, 15, 16

Camarina, a city in Sicily, +1+, 24, 37; +12+, 25_k_.

Cambylus, a Cretan, +8+, 17-20

Camerinum, a city in Umbria, +2+, 19

Cammani, a tribe in Asia, +31+, 9

Campania, +3+, 90, 91; +34+, 11;

the Campanian Mamertines, +1+, 7, 8

_See also_ +2+, 24; +3+, 118; +7+, 1; +24+, 15

Campus Martius, the, +12+, 4_b_

Camus, town in Palestine, +5+, 70

Candavia, mountain in Illyria, +34+, 12

Cannae, in Apulia, +3+, 107;

battle of, +3+, 113-117; +4+, 1; +5+, 105, 110, 111; +6+, 11, 58; +15+, 7, 11

Canobus, or Canopus, town in Egypt, +5+, 39

Canuleius, ambassador to Egypt, +31+, 18

Canusium, town in Apulia, +3+, 107

Caphyae, town in Arcadia, +2+, 52; +4+, 11, 12, 68, 70;

plain of, +4+, 11, 13

Capitolium, +1+, 6; +2+, 18, 31; +6+, 19

Cappadocians, +3+, 5; +4+, 2; +5+, 43; +21+, 43; +24+, 8; +31+, 13, 14, 17; +32+, 25;

Cappadocia, extent of, fr. xx.

Capros, river in Assyria, +5+, 51

Capua, +2+, 17; +3+, 90, 91; +9+, 3-5; +26+, 2; +34+, 11

Carchi, a tribe in Asia, +5+, 44

Cardaces, Asiatic mercenaries of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 79, 82

Caria, +3+, 2; +5+, 36, 41; +16+, 40; +21+, 24, 48; +22+, 5; +31+, 7, 15;

Carian war, +16+, 12;

freed from the Rhodians, +30+, 5;

as worthless as a Carian, +10+, 32

Carmania, district in Asia, +5+, 79, 82; +11+, 34

Carneades, Academic philosopher, vol. ii. p. 466

Carneium, in Laconia, sacred to Apollo, +5+, 19

Carpetani, a tribe in Spain, +3+, 14; +10+, 7

Carseae (or Caresus), a town in the Troad, +5+, 77

Carsignatus, a Gallic chief in Galatia, +24+, 8

Carthaea, a town in Ceos, +16+, 40

Carthage, its position, +1+, 73, 75;

its religion, +3+, 25; +7+, 9; +31+, 20;

its government, +1+, 3; +6+, 43, 47, 51, 56;

its magistrates, +3+, 33, 42, 51;

its senate, +1+, 21, 68; +6+, 51; +10+, 18; +36+, 4;

the Hundred, +36+, 4;

its dominion, +5+, 39; +9+, 11;

its navy, +6+, 52;

its cavalry, +3+, 110, 117;

its oppressive rule, +1+, 72

_See also_ +1+, 19; +6+, 52; +11+, 19; +14+, 1, 5; +15+, 4

Punic cunning, +3+, 78;

boys, +15+, 30

Carthage, New, in Spain, +2+, 13; +3+, 13-17, 33, 39, 76, 95; +5+, 1;

its situation, +10+, 10;

its capture, +10+, 11-16

_See also_ +10+, 6, 8; +11+, 31; +34+, 9; +39+, 19

Carthalo, a Carthaginian general, +1+, 53, 54

Caryneia, a city of Achaia, +2+, 41

Carystus, a city of Euboea, +18+, 47

Casius, a mountain on the borders of Egypt and Arabia Petraea (_El Katieh_), +5+, 80

Caspian, the. _See_ Hyrcanian Sea

Caspian pass, the, in Media, +5+, 44

Cassander, son of Antipater, successor of Alexander the Great in Macedonia and Greece B.C. 306-296, +2+, 41; +5+, 67; +9+, 29; +12+, 13

Cassander, of Aegina, +22+, 11

Cassander, of Corinth, +5+, 95

Cassander, minister of Philip V., +22+, 17, 18

Cassander, an ambassador from Phocaea, +21+, 6

Cassius Longinus, C., consul B.C. 171, +27+, 6

Castulo, a town in Spain (_Cazlona_), +10+, 38; +11+, 20

_Catapults_, +1+, 74; +11+, 11

Caucasus (_Hindoo Koosh_), +10+, 48; +11+, 34

Caulonia, a Greek city on the east coast of Bruttium, +2+, 39; +10+, 1

Caunus, a city in Caria, +30+, 5, 9, 22; +31+, 1, 7, 16

Cavarus, king of the Gauls in Thrace, +4+, 46, 52; +8+, 24

Celtiberians, in Spain, +3+, 5, 17; +11+, 31; +14+, 7, 8; +25+, 1; +34+, 1;

their horses and swords, fr. xxi., xxii.

Celtici, a tribe in Baetica, +34+, 9

Celts (Polybius seems to use the words Κελτοί and Γαλάται indifferently). _See_ Gauls

Cenchreae, the eastern port of Corinth, +2+, 59, 60; +4+, 19; +5+, 29, 101; +18+, 16

Cenomani, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17, 23, 24, 32

Censors, the, +6+, 13, 17

Centaurs, the, +8+, 11

Centenius, Gaius, propraetor B.C. 217, +3+, 86

_Centurions_, +6+, 24, 30, 36, 41

Ceos, island in the Aegean, +16+, 26, 40

Cephallenia, the largest island in the Ionian Sea (_Cephalonia_), +3+, 3; +4+, 6; +5+, 3-5, 109, 110; +21+, 26, 30, 32; +27+, 7

Cephalo, a servant of Aratus, +8+, 14

Cephalus, a Molossian, +27+, 15; +30+, 7, 8

Cephisodorus, ambassador from Athens, +18+, 10

Ceraeas, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 70, 71

Ceraunian Mountains, in Epirus, +34+, 6

Cerax, a town in Illyria, +5+, 108

Cercidas, of Megalopolis, +2+, 48, 50, 65

Cercidas, an Arcadian, +18+, 14

Cercina, an island off the lesser Syrtis (_Karkenah_), +3+, 96

Ceretae, a town in Crete, +4+, 53

Cersobleptes, king of the Thracians, +39+, 2

Cesbedium, a temple of Zeus in Pisidia, +5+, 76

_Cestros, the_, +27+, 11

Chaereas, an historian, +3+, 20

Chaeron, of Sparta, +23+, 4, 18; +24+, 7

Chaeroneia, in Boeotia, +5+, 10; +18+, 14; +22+, 6; +27+, 1

Chalceia, a town in Aetolia, +5+, 94

Chalcidian Mount, in Sicily, +1+, 11

Chalcis, in Euboea, +5+, 2, 26; +9+, 28; +10+, 42, 43; +18+, 11, 45; +20+, 3, 8; +27+, 2, 7; +38+, 5; +39+, 17

Chaldeans, the, +34+, 2

Chalesus, an Aetolian ambassador, +29+, 9

_Chalkeia, bronze works in Africa_, +12+, 1

Charadra, or -drus, a town in Epirus, +4+, 63; +21+, 26

Chares, an Athenian, +9+, 23

Charimortus, a friend of Scopas, +18+, 55

Charixenus, an Aetolian, +4+, 34

Charmion, of Crete, +22+, 19

Charops, of Epirus, father of Machatas, +20+, 3; +27+, 15

Charops, of Epirus, son of Machatas, +27+, 15; +30+, 12, 13; +31+, 8; +32+, 20, 21

Charybdis, +34+, 3

Chattenia, district in Arabia, +13+, 9

Chersonese, Tauric, +25+, 2

Chersonese, Thracian, +18+, 51; +21+, 15, 22, 48

Chesuphus, an Egyptian, +22+, 7

Chilon, of Sparta, +4+, 81

Chimarus, of Crete, +29+, 6

Chiomara, wife of Ortiago the Gaul, +21+, 38

Chiron’s villa, near Messene, +4+, 4

Chius,

island of, +5+, 24, 28, 100; +11+, 4; +16+, 5, 6, 8, 14, 40; +18+, 22; +21+, 48;

battle at, +16+, 2-14

Chlaeneas, an Aetolian ambassador, +9+, 31, 32, 37;

speech of, +9+, 28-31

Chremas, an Acarnanian, +28+, 5; +30+, 13; +32+, 20

Chryseis, wife of Antigonus Doson, +5+, 89

Chrysogonus, an officer of Philip V., +5+, 9, 17, 97; +7+, 12; +9+, 23

Chrysondyon, a city of the Illyrian Dassaretae, +5+, 108

Chrysopolis, on the Bosporus in Bithynia, +4+, 44

Cibyra, a town in Phrygia (_Horzoom_), +21+, 34; +30+, 5, 9

Cilicia, +5+, 59, 79, 82; +12+, 7, 17-20; +21+, 24; +31+, 3

Cilician Gates, the, +12+, 8, 17

Cineas, of Thessaly, +18+, 14

Cineas, a minister of Ptolemy Physcon, +28+, 19

Circeii, in Latium, +3+, 22, 24; +31+, 22, 23

Circus maximus, the, +30+, 14

Cirrha, in Phocis, harbour of Delphi, +5+, 27

Cirta, a town in Numidia, +37+, 10

Cissa, a town in Spain, +3+, 76

Cissii, a tribe in Susiana, +5+, 79, 82

_Citadels, dangers of_, fr. ix.

Cius, a town of Bithynia, +15+, 21, 23; +16+, 34; +18+, 3-5, 44

Clarium, a fort near Megalopolis, +4+, 6, 25

Clastidium, a town in Cisalpine Gaul (_Casteggio_), +2+, 34; +3+, 69

Claudius Caudex, App., consul B.C. 212, takes Messene and relieves the Mamertines, +1+, 11, 12, 16

Claudius Pulcher, App., consul B.C. 185, as Trib. Mil. B.C. 197 under Flamininus meets Philip V. at Nicaea, +18+, 8, 10;

sent as commissioner to Greece B.C. 185, +22+, 16-19; +23+, 4

Claudius Cento, App., legatus of the consul Q. Marcius in Achaia, +28+, 13;

sent to Prusias B.C. 154, +33+, 13 (this may be a different man)

Claudius Nero, C., consul B.C. 207, at the battle of the Metaurus, +11+, 1

Claudius Pulcher, C., consul B.C. 177, sent to Istria, +25+, 4; B.C. 167 sent as legatus to Greece, +30+, 13

Claudius Cento, C., sent to Prusias, +33+, 1

Claudius Marcellus, M., five times consul B.C. 222, 215 (suff.), 214, 210, 208, +2+, 34;

besieges Syracuse, +8+, 3-9, 37:

engaged against Hannibal in Bruttium, +10+, 32; fr. xii.

Claudius Marcellus, M., son of the last, consul B.C. 196, wounded, +10+, 32;

opposes treaty with Philip V., +18+, 42

Claudius Marcellus, M., three times consul B.C. 166, 155, 152;

engaged in the Celtiberian war, +35+, 2-4 (? fr. xxiii.)

Claudius Pulcher, P., consul B.C. 249, beaten in naval battle off Drepanum, +1+, 49-52

Claudius, Tib., a commissioner to Macedonia, +22+, 9

Claudius Pulcher, Tib., praetor B.C. 178, commissioner to Asia and the islands, +27+, 3

Clazomenae, Ionian city in Asia Minor, +21+, 48; +28+, 19

Cleagoras, of Rhodes, +31+, 15

Cleander, of Mantinea, tutor of Philopoemen, +10+, 22

Clearchus, of Elis, +5+, 94

Clearchus, tyrant of Heracleia, +39+, 2

Cleino, servant and mistress of Ptolemy Philadelphus, +14+, 11

Cleitor, a city of Arcadia, +2+, 55; +4+, 10, 11, 18, 19, 25, 70; +9+, 38; +22+, 2

Cleitomachus, an athlete, +27+, 9

Cleobis, of Argos, +22+, 20

Cleomachus, of Athens, +7+, 9

Cleombrotus I., king of Sparta B.C. 380-371, +9+, 23

Cleombrotus II., king of Sparta B.C. 243-240, +4+, 35

Cleombrotus, of Rhodes, +29+, 10

Cleomenes III., son of Leonidas II., king of Sparta B.C. 236-221,

alliance with the Aetolians, +2+, 45;

at war with the Achaeans and Antigonus, +2+, 46-70; +3+, 16, 32; +4+, 1, 7, 35;

resolute resistance to by the Achaeans, +4+, 76;

his residence at Alexandria and death, +5+, 34-39;

his destruction of Megalopolis, +5+, 93; +9+, 18;

his dealings with Archidamus, +8+, 1

_See also_ +1+, 13; +2+, 46, 56; +4+, 5, 6, 37, 60, 69, 81; +5+, 9, 24; +8+, 1; +9+, 23, 29; +15+, 25; +18+, 53; +20+, 5, 6; +39+, 19

Cleomenes, son of Cleombrotus II., +4+, 35

Cleomenes, of Thebes, +39+, 7

Cleon, of Athens, +9+, 23

Cleonae, a city on the road from Argos to Corinth, +2+, 52

Cleonaeus, a Rhodian admiral, +16+, 9

Cleonicus, of Naupactus, +5+, 95, 102; +9+, 37 (? the same)

Cleonymus, tyrant of Phlius, +2+, 44

Cleopatra, wife of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +28+, 20

Cleoptolemus, of Chalcis, +20+, 8

Cleostratus, Athenian ambassador, +28+, 19

Cleoxenus, author of a code of five signals, +10+, 45

Cletis, ambassador from Spartan exiles, +23+, 18

Clupea. _See_ Aspis

Clusium, town in Etruria, +2+, 25

Clusius, a river in Gallia Transpadana (_Chiese_), +2+, 32

Cnidus, a city of Doris in Asia Minor, +12+, 25_f_; +30+, 8; +31+, 16

Cnopias, of Allaria in Crete, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 63, 65

Cnossus, in Crete, +4+, 53-55; +22+, 19; +29+, 8; +31+, 1

Cocynthus, a promontory in Bruttium (_Punta di Stilo_), erroneously stated by Polybius to be the southernmost point in Italy, +2+, 14

Coele-Syria, Hollow Syria, properly denotes only the plain between Libanus and Antilibanus, but in Polybius includes all Palestine and Phoenicia to the frontier of Egypt. Antiochus the Great contends with Ptolemy Philopator for the possession of it, +5+, 40, 58-87, 105

_See also_ +1+, 3; +2+, 71; +3+, 1, 2; +4+, 2, 37; +5+, 1, 29, 31, 34, 42, 48, 49; +14+, 12; +16+, 18, 22; +27+, 19; +28+, 1, 17, 20

Coeranus, ambassador from Smyrna, +18+, 52

Colaeus, in Megalopolis, +2+, 55

Colchians, the, +4+, 39

Colichas, a Spanish chief, +11+, 20; +21+, 11

Colobatus (or Cobulatus), a river in Asia Minor, +21+, 35

Coloneia, in Cappadocia, fr. xx.

Colophon, a town of Ionia, +5+, 77; +21+, 48

Colossus of Rhodes, the, +5+, 88, 89;

another in honour of Rome, +31+, 15;

at Sicyon, +18+, 16

Comanus, minister of Ptolemy Physcon, +28+, 19; +31+, 28; +32+, 1

Comontorius, king of the Gauls near Byzantium, +4+, 45, 46

Compasium, in Arcadia, +22+, 3, 10

Concolitanus, king of the Gaesatae, +2+, 22, 31

Conii, a Spanish tribe, +10+, 7

Conope, a town in Aetolia, +4+, 64; +5+, 6, 7, 13

Consul, power of, +3+, 87; +6+, 12, 13, 15;

army of, +1+, 16; +2+, 24; +3+, 107; +6+, 19, 20, 26; +10+, 16;

two consular armies combined, +3+, 72, 110; +6+, 32; +10+, 16

Contoporia, road from Corinth to Cleonae, +16+, 16

Corbilo, a town in Gaul on the Loire (_Coiron_), +34+, 10

Corbrenae, a tribe in Asia, +5+, 44

Corcyra (_Corfu_), +2+, 9-12; +7+, 9; +21+, 32; +34+, 6, 7; +37+, 3

Corduba, in Spain (_Cordova_), +35+, 2

Corinth, +2+, 12, 43, 51, 52, 54; +4+, 6, 13, 19, 22, 24, 25, 66-69, 72; +5+, 2, 17, 18, 24, 26-29, 102; +12+, 26_b_; +16+, 16; +18+, 2, 6, 8, 11, 45-47; +23+, 9; +29+, 12, 23; +30+, 10; +33+, 16; +38+, 5, 10; +39+, 8, 10, 13, 14

Cornelius Cethegus, C., consul B.C. 197, sent to Gaul, +18+, 12

Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus, P., praetor B.C. 203, sent B.C. 196 as one of the ten commissioners to Macedonia, +18+, 48, 50

Cornelius Lentulus, Ser., praetor B.C. 169, placed in command of Chalcis (B.C. 171), +27+, 2

Cornelius Lentulus, P., brother of the last, legatus in Greece, +27+, 2;

to Attalus, +32+, 28; +33+, 1

Cornelius Lentulus, L., a commissioner for Greece and Asia, +31+, 23

Cornelius Lentulus, C., ambassador to Ptolemy Physcon, +32+, 1

Cornelius Merula, Cn., twice sent to Egypt to compose matters between the Ptolemies (B.C. 161, 154), +31+, 18, 26-28; +32+, 1; +33+, 8

(Cornelius) Scipio, in the middle of 4th cent. B.C. sent to Marseilles to inquire about trading ports in Britain, +34+, 10

Cornelius Scipio Asina, Cn., consul B.C. 260, 254, made prisoner at Lipara, +1+, 21, 22; +8+, 1;

takes Panormus, +1+, 38

Cornelius Scipio, P., the father of Africanus, consul B.C. 218, sent to Spain to oppose Hannibal, +3+, 40;

has to enroll a second army, _ib._;

arrives at the mouth of the Rhone, +3+, 41;

learning that Hannibal was on the Rhone, he starts in pursuit, +3+, 45;

finding himself outstripped, he goes to Italy and sends his brother to Spain, +3+, 49;

lands at Pisae and marches to the Po, +3+, 56, 61, 62;

wounded at the battle of the Ticinus, +3+, 164-168;

his life saved by his son, +10+, 3;

dissuades his colleague from giving the enemy battle, +3+, 70;

sent (B.C. 217) to join his brother in Spain, +3+, 97;

restores the Spanish hostages, +3+, 99;

commands the Socii navales, +8+, 3;

his fall referred to, +10+, 3, 7, 36

Cornelius Scipio Calvus, Cn., brother of the last, consul B.C. 222, +2+, 34;

sent as legatus by Publius to Spain, +3+, 49, 56;

lands at Emporium and conquers Hanno and Andobales at Cissa, +3+, 76;

winters at Tarraco, _ib._;

defeats Hasdrubal at the mouth of the Ebro, +3+, 95, 96;

joined by his brother, +3+, 97-99

_See also_ +8+, 3, 38; +10+, 7, 36

Cornelius Scipio Africanus (major), P., his first campaign in B.C. 218, +10+, 3;

his campaigns in Spain, +10+, 2-20, 34-40; +11+, 20-33;

in Africa, +14+, 1-10; +15+, 1-19;

his reception at Rome after the battle of Zama, +16+, 23;

in Greece as legatus of his brother, +21+, 4, 5, 8;

in the war with Antiochus, +21+, 11-17, 24, 25;

his position at Rome, +23+, 14

_See also_ +18+, 35; +29+, 14; +32+, 12, 13

Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, L., brother of Africanus, consul B.C. 190, elected Aedile, +10+, 4;

commands in the war against Antiochus, +18+, 49-52; +21+, 4, 5, 8-13, 25, 30, 43;

returns to Italy and triumphs, +21+, 24;

his accounts of the booty in the Asiatic war demanded, +23+, 14

Cornelius Scipio, P., son of Africanus, +21+, 15; +32+, 12, 13

Corneliae, two daughters of Africanus, +32+, 13

Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (minor), son of L. Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, adopted by the son of Africanus major, consul B.C. 147, 134, his liberality, +18+, 35;

his friendship with Polybius and character, +32+, 9-16; +36+, 8;

volunteers for the Celtiberian war, +35+, 4, 5;

arranges the succession of Massanissa, +37+, 10;

besieges Carthage, +38+, 1, 2;

destroys Carthage, +39+, 3-6;

his simplicity of habits, fr. xxix.

Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son-in-law of Africanus, consul B.C. 162, 155, +29+, 14, 15; +32+, 13

Cornelius, Gnaeus, a commissioner in Greece B.C. 196, +18+, 48 (? Gn. Cornelius Lentulus, consul B.C. 201)

Coroebus (of Mygdon in Phrygia, Paus. 10, 27, 1), a synonym for a fool, +12+, 4_a_. _See_ Lucian, _Am._ § 53, Suidas, s. v., Βουταλίων.

Coroebus, of Elis, a stadium runner, fr. ii.

Coronea, in Boeotia, +20+, 7; +27+, 1, 5; +29+, 12

Corsica, +12+, 3, 4

Cortona, in Etruria, +3+, 82

Coruncanius, Gaius and Lucius, sent to Queen Teuta, +2+, 8

Coryphaeus, a mountain between Cilicia and Phoenicia, +5+, 59

Cos, island, +16+, 15; +30+, 7

_Cosmopolis_, a magistrate at Locri Epizephyrii, +12+, 16

_Cosmus_, a magistrate in Crete, +22+, 19

Cossaei, a hill tribe on the borders of Susiana, +5+, 44

Cossyrus, an island between Sicily and Africa (_Pantellaria_), +3+, 96

Cothon, of Byzantium, +4+, 52

Cotys, king of the Thracian Odrysae, +27+, 12; +30+, 18

Cow, the, a spot on the Asiatic side of the Thracian Bosporus, +4+, 43, 44

Cremona, a Roman colony in Gallia Cisalpina, +3+, 40

Creonium, a town of the Illyrian Dassaretae, +5+, 108

Creta, Island, character of the people, +4+, 53; +6+, 46, 47; +8+, 18, 21; +24+, 4;

its government, +6+, 43, 45-47; +22+, 19;

its pirates, +13+, 8;

the Cretans as mercenaries, +2+, 66; +3+, 75; +5+, 3, 7, 14, 36, 53, 65, 79, 82; +10+, 46; +13+, 6; +31+, 27; +33+, 16;

war with Rhodes, +33+, 4, 13, 15, 16;

to outwit a Cretan, +8+, 21

_See also_ +4+, 8, 20, 54, 55, 61, 67, 71, 80; +7+, 12, 14; +13+, 4, 5; +22+, 19; +28+, 15; +29+, 10; +31+, 26; +33+, 15, 16

Cretan sea, the, +5+, 19

Cretan wine, +6+, 2

Cretopolis, in Mylias, part of Pamphylia, +5+, 72

Crinon, a Macedonian, +5+, 15, 16

Critolaus, a follower of Agathocles of Alexandria, +15+, 26

Critolaus, Achaean Strategus B.C. 146, +38+, 8-11; +39+, 7, 8

Critolaus, a Peripatetic philosopher, goes on a mission to Rome, vol. ii. p. 466

Cronus, tumulus of, +10+, 10

Cropius (Nestor), +27+, 16

Croton, a city in Magna Graecia, +2+, 39; +7+, 1; +10+, 1

_Crow, the_, a machine for grappling ships, +1+, 22, 27, 28

_Crown, mural_, +6+, 39; +10+, 11; _civic_, +6+, 39

Ctesiphon, a city in the south of Assyria, +5+, 45

Cumae, a city in Campania, +1+, 56; +3+, 91

Curius Denatus, M., consul B.C. 290, 275, +2+, 19

Cyamosorus, a river in Sicily, +1+, 9

Cyaneae, islands at the mouth of the Thracian Bosporus, +34+, 12

Cybele, +21+, 37

Cyclades, the, +3+, 16; +4+, 16; +18+, 54

Cycliadas, an Achaean, +18+, 1, 34

Cyclops, the, +35+, 6

Cydas, of Gortyn in Crete, +22+, 19; +29+, 6, 7

Cydonia, town in Crete, +4+, 55; +22+, 19; +28+, 14, 15

Cyllene, seaport town of Elis, +4+, 9; +5+, 3

Cyme, a city in Aeolis, +5+, 77; +21+, 48; +33+, 13

Cynaetha, a town in Arcadia, +4+, 16-21, 25, 29; +9+, 17, 38

Cynneus. _See_ Apollo

Cynos, seaport of the Opuntian Locrians, +4+, 67

Cynoscephalae, hills in Thessaly, battle of, +18+, 20-27

Cyparissia, a town in Messenia, +5+, 92; +11+, 18

Cyphanta, seaport town of Laconia, +4+, 36

Cyprus, island of, +5+, 34, 59; +12+, 25_f_; +18+, 54, 55; +29+, 27; +31+, 18, 26, 27; +32+, 1; +33+, 5, 8; +34+, 15; +39+, 18

Cypsela, a Thracian town on the Hebrus (_Ipsala_), +34+, 12

Cyrene, a Dorian colony in Africa from the island of Thera, founded B.C. 631, and capital of Cyrenaica; freed by Ecdemus and Demophanes, +10+, 22;

subject to the Ptolemies, +15+, 25, 33; +31+, 18, 26-28; +32+, 1

Cyrmasa, a town in Pisidia, +21+, 36

Cyrrhestae, a tribe in Syria, +5+, 50, 57

Cyrtii, slingers of, a robber tribe of Media, +5+, 52

Cythera, island of, +4+, 6

Cyzicus, a town in Mysia on the Propontis (_Bal Kiz_), +4+, 44; +5+, 63; +16+, 31; +22+, 20; +25+, 2; +33+, 13

DAAE, a Scythian tribe, +5+, 79

Dalmatians, +12+, 5; +32+, 18, 23

Damasippus, a Macedonian, +31+, 26

Damippus, a Lacedaemonian, +7+, 5

Damis, an Athenian ambassador, +21+, 31

Damon, ambassador from Ptolemy Philometor, +28+, 1

Damon, a Rhodian ambassador, +29+, 18

Damocles, a spy in the service of Philip V., +13+, 5

Damocritus of Calydon, an Aetolian ambassador, +18+, 10; +21+, 31

Damocritus, an Achaean, +39+, 10

Damoteles, an Aetolian ambassador, +21+, 25, 26, 29

Damoxenus, of Aegium, an Achaean ambassador, +18+, 42

Damūras, a river in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Danae, of Alexandria, mother-in-law of Tlepolemus, +15+, 27

Danaus, of Argos, +34+, 2

Daochus, of Thessaly, +18+, 14

Daorsi, a tribe in Illyria, +32+, 18

Daphne, near Antioch in Syria, sacred to Apollo and Artemis, +31+, 3

Dardani, an Illyrian tribe, +2+, 6; +4+, 66; +5+, 97; +25+, 6; +28+, 8

Darius, son of Hystaspes, +4+, 43; +5+, 43

Darius (Codomanus), +12+, 17-19, 22; +18+, 3

Dassaretae, an Illyrian tribe, +5+, 108

Daulium, a town in Phocis, +4+, 25

Daunia, part of Apulia, +3+, 88, 91; +5+, 108; +9+, 7

Decietae, a Ligurian tribe, +33+, 11

Decius, a Campanian, +1+, 7

_Decuriones_, +6+, 25

Deep Road, the, at Tarentum, +8+, 31, 35

Deianira, wife of Hercules, +39+, 13

Deigma, the mart at Rhodes, +5+, 88

Deinocrates, an officer of Attalus, +16+, 3

Deinocrates, of Messene, +23+, 5, 16

Deinon, of Alexandria, +15+, 26_a_

Deinon, of Rhodes, +27+, 7, 14; +28+, 2, 17; +29+, 11; +30+, 6-9

Delos, island of, +25+, 3; +26+, 1; +30+, 21; +32+, 17;

made a free port, +31+, 7

Delphi, +1+, 6; +2+, 20, 35; +4+, 46; +9+, 33, 35; +22+, 8; +25+, 3; +39+, 17

Delta, the, of the Nile, +3+, 49

Demaratus, of Corinth (+6+, 2), fr. vi.

Demaratus, an Athenian ambassador, +28+, 19, 20

Demeter, temple of, at Alexandria (Thesmophorium), +15+, 27, 29, 33

Demetrias, a city of Magnesia in Thessaly, +3+, 6, 7; +5+, 29, 99; +10+, 42; +18+, 1, 11, 45; +29+, 6

Demetrius I., Poliorcetes, king of Macedonia B.C. 294-283, +1+, 63; +2+, 41; +9+, 29, 34

Demetrius II., king of Macedonia B.C. 239-229, +1+, 3; +2+, 2, 44, 46, 60; +4+, 25, 63; +20+, 5; +37+, 9; +39+, 19

Demetrius, son of Philip V., brother of Perseus, +18+, 39; +21+, 2; +22+, 18; +23+, 1-3, 7

Demetrius I., Soter, king of Syria B.C. 162-150, +3+, 5; +31+, 12, 19-23; +32+, 4, 6, 7, 24; +33+, 5, 18, 19

Demetrius, of Pharos, +2+, 10, 11, 65, 66; +3+, 16, 18; +4+, 16, 19, 37, 66; +5+, 12, 101, 102, 105, 108; +7+, 9, 11, 13, 14; +9+, 23; +32+, 23

Demetrius, of Phalerum, +10+, 24; +12+, 13; +29+, 21; +36+, 2

Demetrius, son of Ariarathes VI. of Cappadocia, +33+, 12, 18

Demetrius, an Athenian, +22+, 3

Demetrius, son of Euthydemus, king of Bactria, +11+, 34

Demetrius, friend of Ptolemy Philometor, +30+, 9

_Demiurgi, the_, +23+, 5

Demochares, an historian, +12+, 13, 15, 23

Democleitus, inventor of a system of fire signals, +10+, 45

_Democracy_, +6+, 3, 4;

its origin, +6+, 9;

its degeneracy, +6+, 4, 10;

in Achaia, +2+, 38;

in Messene, +7+, 10

Democrates, a Macedonian admiral, +16+, 3

Demodocus, an Achaean, +5+, 95

Demophanes, of Megalopolis, +10+, 22

Demosthenes, the famous orator, +12+, 12_b_, 13; +18+, 14

Demosthenes, of Bithynia, an historian, +12+, 1

Demosthenes, secretary of Philip V., +18+, 1, 8, 34

Dentheleti, a Thracian tribe, +23+, 8

Diaeus, Achaean Strategus B.C. 151, 149, 147, +38+, 8; +39+, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15

Diatonium, a city in Crete, +22+, 19

Dicaearchus, of Trichonium, an Aetolian ambassador, +18+, 10; +20+, 10; +21+, 31

Dicaearchus, an officer of Philip V., +18+, 54

Dicaearchus, of Messene in Sicily, a Peripatetic philosopher, +34+, 5, 6

Dicĕas, a Boeotian ambassador, +27+, 1, 2

_Dictator, power of_, +3+, 87, 103

Didascolondas, of Crete, +16+, 37

Dimale, a city in Illyria, +3+, 18; +7+, 9

Diocles, of Dyme, +5+, 17

Diocles, governor of Parapotamia in Assyria, +5+, 69

Diocles, a Rhodian ambassador, +29+, 10

Diodorus, tutor of Demetrius Soter at Rome, +31+, 20, 21

Diogenes, Stoic Philosopher, vol. ii. p. 466

Diogenes, of Acarnania, +28+, 5

Diogenes, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 46, 48, 54; +10+, 29, 30

Diogenes, ambassador from Orophernes, +32+, 24

Diognetus, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 43, 59, 60, 62, 68-70

Diomedon, governor of Seleucia, +5+, 48

Diomedon, of Cos, +30+, 7

Dionysius, theatre of, at Alexandria, +15+, 30;

artists in theatre of, +16+, 21;

pipers in festival of, in Arcadia, +4+, 20;

picture of, by Aristeides, +13+, 2

Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse B.C. 405-367, +1+, 6; +2+, 39; +12+, 4_a_, 10, 24; +15+, 35

Dionysius, son of the preceding, also tyrant of Syracuse B.C. 367-343, +12+, 4_a_

Dionysius, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +7+, 16-18

Dionysius, secretary of Antiochus Epiphanes, +31+, 3

Dionysius, a Thracian, +5+, 65

Dionysodorus, an officer of Attalus, +16+, 3, 6, 8; +18+, 1, 2

Dionysodorus, ambassador from the Ptolemies, +29+, 23

Diopeithes, of Rhodes, +28+, 7

Diophanes, of Megalopolis, +21+, 9; +22+, 13; +23+, 17; +29+, 23

Diophanes, an ambassador from Perseus, +27+, 7, 14

Dioryctus, the channel between Leucas and Acarnania, +5+, 5

Dioscurium, temple and hamlet of Phlios, +4+, 67, 68, 73

Dipylum, gate at Athens, +16+, 25

Dium, a town in Macedonia, +4+, 62; +5+, 9, 11; +9+, 35; +29+, 4

Dodona, in Epirus, +4+, 67 _note_; +5+, 9, 11; +9+, 35

Dog-star, the, +1+, 37; +2+, 16; +9+, 43

Doliche, a city in Perrhaebia, +28+, 13

Dolopes, the, in Thessaly, +18+, 47; +21+, 25, 31; +22+, 8

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus, consul B.C. 192, +21+, 32; +30+, 13

Dorimachus, of Trichonium, Aetolian Strategus B.C. 219, +4+, 3-6, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19, 57, 58, 67, 77; +5+, 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 17, 61; +9+, 42; +13+, 1; +18+, 54

Dorymenes, an Aetolian, +5+, 61

Drangene, a district in Asia (_Sejestan_), +11+, 34

Drepana, a city in Sicily (_Trapani_), +1+, 41, 46, 49, 55, 56, 59, 61

Dromichaetes, king of the Odrysae, fr. xi.

Drymussa, one of the islands in front of Clazomenae, +21+, 48

Duilius, C., consul B.C. 260, +1+, 22, 23

Dunax, a mountain in Thrace, +34+, 10

Dura, a town in Phoenicia, +5+, 66

Dura, a town on the Euphrates in Mesopotamia, +5+, 48

Dura, a town on the Tigris in Assyria (_Dúr_), +5+, 52

Dyme, an Achaean town, +2+, 41, 51; +4+, 59, 60, 65, 83, 86; +5+, 3, 17, 30, 91, 95

ECBATANA, capital of Media, +10+, 27

Ecdemus, of Megalopolis, +10+, 22

Echecrates, of Thessaly, +5+, 63, 65, 82, 85

Echecrates, of Phlius, philosopher and historian, +12+, 10

Echedemus, Athenian ambassador, +21+, 4, 5

Echetla, a city in Sicily, +1+, 15

Echinus, a city in Thessaly, +9+, 41, 42; +18+, 3, 38

Ecnomus, a hill on the south coast of Sicily between Agrigentum and Gela (_Monte di Licata_), +1+, 25

Edecon, chief of the Edetani in Spain, +10+, 34, 35, 40

Edessa, a town in Macedonia originally the capital, on the via Egnatia, +5+, 97; +34+, 12

Edetani, a Spanish tribe, +10+, 34

Egnatia via, from Apollonia to the Hellespont, +34+, 12

Egypt, its peaceful and prosperous state, +2+, 37; +9+, 44;

the conspiracy of Antiochus the Great and Philip against, +3+, 2;

succession of Ptolemy Philopator, +4+, 2; +5+, 34;

its king in possession of Seleucia, +5+, 58;

the savagery of the Egyptians, +15+, 33;

revolt of the nobles, +22+, 7;

invasion of Antiochus Epiphanes, +3+, 3; +28+, 19, 20; +29+, 2, 27; +30+, 17; +31+, 4;

jealousy in Rome of, +31+, 18;

visit of Polybius to, +34+, 14;

invasion by Iphicrates, +39+, 2

_See also_ +5+, 69, 80, 82, 107; +14+, 12; +39+, 18

Idle character of the Egyptians, +39+, 18;

priests of, +34+, 2

Elaea, a city of Aeolis, +21+, 10; +32+, 27; fr. liv.

Elateia, a city of Phocis, +5+, 26; +18+, 43, 45; +27+, 18

Elaus, a fort in the territory of Calydon, +4+, 65

_Elephants_, used by the Carthaginians, +1+, 18, 19, 30, 32-34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 74, 78, 84, 85; +3+, 13, 42, 45, 46, 53, 55, 74, 79; +11+, 1; +12+, 2;

Roman terror of, +1+, 39;

African elephants afraid of Indian, +5+, 84

_See also_ +31+, 3

Elephas. _See_ Nicanor

Eleutherna, a town in Crete, +4+, 53, 55

Elis, the city, +4+, 84, 86; +20+, 3;

the country and people, +4+, 5, 9, 19, 36, 59, 68, 69-86, 91-95, 102; +5+, 2, 3, 5, 17, 30, 91, 92, 94, 95; +9+, 30; +16+, 13; +18+, 42; +20+, 3; +39+, 9;

its wealth and peacefulness, +4+, 73

Elisphasii, in the Peloponnese, +11+, 11

_Elks_, +34+, 10

Elleporus (_Helorus_, Diodor. Sic. 14, 104), a river in the territory of Caulon in South Italy, +1+, 6

Elpeius, a river in Macedonia, +29+, 4

Elymaei, a tribe living to the north of Mount Zagrus, +5+, 44; +31+, 11

Emathia, a region in Macedonia, +23+, 10

Emporia, a district in Africa near the Lesser Syrtis, +1+, 82; +3+, 23; +32+, 2

Emporium, a city in north Spain, +3+, 39, 76

Enchelanae, a tribe in Illyria, +5+, 108; fr. xliii.

Enipeus, a river in Thessaly, +5+, 99

Eordi, a Macedonian tribe, +18+, 23; +34+, 12

Epaenetus, a Boeotian ambassador, +23+, 16

Epaminondas, of Thebes, +4+, 32, 33; +6+, 43; +8+, 1; +9+, 8; +12+, 25_f_; +32+, 8

Eperatus, of Pharae, Achaean Strategus B.C. 218, +4+, 82; +5+, 1, 5, 30, 91

Epetium, a town of Illyria, +32+, 18

Ephesus, a city of Ionia, +5+, 35; +8+, 17; +12+, 26_c_; +18+, 41; +20+, 11; +21+, 11, 17, 25, 43, 44, 48; +33+, 18

_Ephors, the Spartan_, +4+, 22, 23, 34, 35, 81; +12+, 11; +23+, 11;

of the Messenian, +4+, 4, 31

Ephorus, of Cyme, an historian, +4+, 20; +5+, 33; +6+, 45; +9+, 4; +12+, 4_a_, 22, 23, 25_f_, 27, 28; +34+, 1

Epichares, a Rhodian, +30+, 9

Epicharmus, of Cos, +18+, 40; cp. vol. ii. p. 442

Epicydes, of Syracuse, +7+, 2; +8+, 5, 37

Epidamnus, a city of Illyria, +2+, 9-11; +34+, 7, 12

Epidaurus, in Argolis, +2+, 52; +30+, 10

Epigenes, a friend of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 41, 42, 49-51

Epipolae, a part of Syracuse, +8+, 37

Epirus, +2+, 5-8, 65; +4+, 5, 6, 9, 15, 16, 25, 30, 36, 57, 61, 63, 66, 67; +5+, 3-6; +9+, 38, 40; +10+, 41; +11+, 5; +16+, 27; +18+, 1, 3, 23; +20+, 3; +21+, 26; +22+, 18; +23+, 1; +24+, 12; +27+, 15, 16; +28+, 8, 13; +29+, 4; +30+, 12, 13, 16; +32+, 20, 21, 26

Epistratus, of Acarnania, +4+, 11

Epitalium, a town of Triphylia in Elis, +4+, 80

Eposognatus, a chief in Galatia, +21+, 37

Eratosthenes, of Cyrene, +34+, 2, 4, 5, 7, 13

Eretria, a town in Euboea, +18+, 45, 47

Eretria, a town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, +18+, 20

Eribianus, a mountain pass between Samnium and Campania, +3+, 92

Eridanus, a name of the Po, +2+, 16

Erymanthus, a river of Arcadia, +4+, 70, 71

Erymanthus, a river of Arachosia in Persia, +11+, 34

Erythrae, a city in Ionia, +16+, 6; +21+, 48

Eryx, a mountain and city in Sicily, +1+, 55-60, 66, 77; +2+, 7; +3+, 9

_See also_ Aphrodite

Etennians, a tribe in Pisidia, +5+, 73

Etesian winds, +4+, 44; +5+, 5

Etruria, +1+, 6; +2+, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23-27; +3+, 49, 56, 61, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 108; +5+, 101, 105; +12+, 4; +15+, 11; +34+, 11

Etruscan sea, the. _See_ Tyrrhenian sea

Euboea, island of, +2+, 52; +4+, 67; +10+, 41, 42; +11+, 5; +18+, 11, 46; +20+, 8;

Euboic talent, +1+, 62; +15+, 18; +21+, 17, 30, 32

Euboea, daughter of Cleoptolemus, wife of Antiochus the Great, +20+, 8

Eubulidas, of Chalcis, +21+, 17, 45

Eucampidas, of Arcadia, +18+, 14

Euclidas, brother of Cleomenes III., +2+, 65, 67, 68

Eudamidas, of Sparta, +4+, 35

Eudemus, of Rhodes, +21+, 10

Eudemus, an ambassador of Miletus, +28+, 19, 20

Eudoxus, a Greek historian, +34+, 1

Euemerus, of Messene, a writer on religion, +34+, 5, 6

Eulaeus, an Egyptian eunuch, +28+, 20, 21

Eumenes II., king of Pergamum B.C. 197-159, son of Attalus I., +3+, 3; +18+, 47; +21+, 8-11, 16-22, 24, 43-45, 48; +22+, 1, 8-11, 15, 17, 20; +23+, 1, 3, 9, 11; +24+, 1, 5, 8, 9; +25+, 2; +27+, 6, 7, 18; +28+, 7, 12, 15; +29+, 4, 6, 22; +30+, 1, 2, 20; +31+, 6, 9, 10, 25; +32+, 3, 5, 22; +33+, 18; +39+, 7

Eumenes, an Egyptian ambassador, +29+, 23

Euphanes, of Crete, +20+, 3

Euphrates, the, +5+, 51; +8+, 25; +9+, 43

Eupolemus, an Aetolian, +18+, 19; +28+, 4

Eureas, an Achaean ambassador, +31+, 6, 8

Euripidas, an Aetolian, +4+, 19, 59, 60, 68-72, 83; +5+, 94, 95

Euripides, quoted, +1+, 35; +5+, 106; +12+, 26; +31+, 21

Euripus, the, +5+, 29, 101, 109

Euromus, a city in Caria, +18+, 2, 44; +30+, 5

Europe, position and size of, +3+, 37; +34+, 5-7, 15

Europus, a city in Parapotamia, +5+, 48

Eurotas, river in Laconia, +5+, 21-23; +8+, 35; +9+, 8; +11+, 18; +16+, 16

Eurotas, another name of the Galaesus, (q.v.) +8+, 35

Eurycleidas, of Athens, +5+, 106

Euryleon, Achaean Strategus B.C. 210, +10+, 21

Eurylochus, a Cretan, +5+, 79

Eurylochus, a Magnesian, +5+, 63, 65

Eurymedon, of Athens, +12+, 25_k_

Euthydemus, of Magnesia, king of Bactria, +10+, 49; +11+, 34

Euxine, the, +3+, 2; +4+, 38-44, 46, 47, 50, 52, 56; +5+, 43, 44, 55; +10+, 27; +16+, 29; +24+, 3; +25+, 2; +27+, 7; +31+, 24; +34+, 7; +39+, 2

Evagoras, king of Salamis in Cyprus, +12+, 25_f_

Evagoras, of Aegium, +38+, 11

Evander, fr. iii.

Evanoridas, of Elis, +5+, 94

Evas, a hill in Laconia, +2+, 65, 66; +5+, 24

_Exile, voluntary_, +16+, 14

FABIUS MAXIMUS CUNCTATOR, Q., +3+, 87-94, 101, 103, 105, 106; +10+, 1

Fabius, L., +15+, 1

Fabius, Q., +18+, 10

Fabius Labeo, Q., praetor B.C. 189, +21+, 46

Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, Q., elder brother of the younger Africanus, son of Aemilius Paullus, consul B.C. 145, +18+, 35; +29+, 14; +32+, 9, 10, 14; +33+, 9; +36+, 5

Fabius Pictor, Q., annalist, +1+, 14, 15, 58; +3+, 8, 9

Faesulae, in Etruria, +2+, 25; +3+, 82

Fair Plain, the, in Armenia, +8+, 25

Fair Promontory, the, near Carthage, +3+, 22-24

Falernian district, the, in Campania, +3+, 90, 92, 94

Faliscans, the, +1+, 65

Fannius, Gaius, ambassador to Illyria, +32+, 18, 23;

to Prusias, +33+, 9;

to the Achaeans, +38+, 10

Flamininus. _See_ Quinctius

Flaminius, C., consul B.C. 223, +2+, 21;

conquers the Insubres, +2+, 32, 33;

consul II., B.C. 217, enrolls an army, +3+, 75, 77, 78;

encamped at Arretium, +3+, 80;

falls at the battle of Thrasymene, +3+, 82-84

_See also_ +3+, 86, 106; +15+, 11

Flaminius, commissioner in B.C. 153 to the Ligurians, +33+, 10

Fortune, mutability of, +29+, 21

Frentani, a people of Samnium, +2+, 24; +3+, 88

Fulvius Centumalus, Gn., consul B.C. 229; +2+, 11, 12

Fulvius Centumalus, Gn., consul B.C. 211, +9+, 6, 7

Fulvius Flaccus, Qu., consul B.C. 224, +2+, 31

Fulvius Flaccus, Qu., a legatus under Flamininus, +18+, 10

Fulvius Nobilior, Ser., consul B.C. 255, +1+, 36, 37

Fulvius Nobilior, M., consul B.C. 189, +21+, 25-31, 40; +22+, 13

Furius Pacilus, Gaius, consul B.C. 251, +1+, 39, 40

Furius Philus, P., consul B.C. 223, +2+, 31

GABINIUS, Aulus, legate to the Achaeans, +38+, 10, 11

Gadara, a town in Palestine, +5+, 71; +16+, 39

Gades, a town in Spain (_Cadiz_), +34+, 5, 7, 9, 15;

strait of, +34+, 15

Gaesatae, a tribe of Gauls in the valley of the Rhone, +2+, 22, 23, 28, 30, 34

Gaezoloris, a chief in Galatia, +24+, 8

Galadrae, a town in Macedonia, +23+, 18

Galaesus, a river of Calabria flowing into the Gulf of Tarentum, +8+, 35

Galatia, a district in Asia Minor occupied by Gauls (Γαλάται), +24+, 8, 9; +25+, 2; +31+, 6

Galatis, a district of Palestine, +5+, 71

Galatus, a chief of the Boii, +2+, 21

Galli, priests of Cybele, +21+, 6, 37

Garsyeris, an officer of Achaeus, +5+, 57, 72-76

Gatalus, a Sarmatian prince, +25+, 2

Gaul, +3+, 59; +7+, 9;

Cisalpine Gaul, +2+, 19, 21, 22, 24, 32; +3+, 40, 77, 87, 106, 118; +18+, 12;

plains of, +3+, 86

Gauls (or Celts, q.v.)

Take Rome under Brennus, +1+, 6; +2+, 18

Cisalpine Gauls, their country and their wars with Rome, +2+, 13-35

_See also_ +3+, 2, 16, 34, 41, 44, 54, 60, 66-75, 78, 79, 83-85, 118; +12+, 4; +18+, 11

_See_ Agones, Anares, Boii, Cenomani, Insubres, Lai, Lebecii, Ligures, Lingones, Senones, Veneti

Gauls of the Alps, +2+, 18, 21; +3+, 34 _See_ Allobroges, Taurini, Taurisci, Salassi

Transalpine Gauls, +2+, 15, 22; +3+, 37, 39-41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50; +34+, 7, 10 _See_ Allobroges, Ardiges, Decietae, Ligures, Oxybii

Gauls invading Greece and conquered at Delphi, +1+, 6; +2+, 20, 35; +4+, 46; +9+, 34, 35;

settled near Macedonia, +18+, 37; +25+, 6; +29+, 9;

near Byzantium, +4+, 38, 45, 46, 52

_See_ Aegosagae

Gauls in Asia (Gallograeci), +6+, 5; +3+, 3; +5+, 111; +18+, 41; +21+, 33-39, 43, 48; +22+, 21; +25+, 2; +29+, 22; +30+, 1-3, 20; +31+, 2, 6, 9, 12, 13, 23; +32+, 3

_See_ Galatia, Tectosages, Tolistobogii, Trocmi

Gallic cavalry in the Roman army, +3+, 65-67;

character of the Gauls, +2+, 7, 19, 32, 33, 35; +3+, 70, 79;

their arms and mode of fighting, +2+, 33; +3+, 62;

the Gallic sword, +2+, 30, 33; +3+, 114

Gallic mercenaries in the service of Carthage, +1+, 43, 67, 77; +2+, 7; +3+, 72, 74, 79, 84, 85, 106, 113-115, 117; +11+, 1, 19; +15+, 11

In the service of Macedonia, +2+, 65; +3+, 2, 17

In the service of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 65, 82

Gaza, a city in Palestine, +5+, 68, 80, 86; +16+, 18, 22; +29+, 12

Gela, a town in Sicily, +12+, 25_k_

Gelias, an ambassador from Phocaea, +21+, 6

Gelo, tyrant of Gela and afterwards of Syracuse B.C. 485-478, +12+, 25_k_-26_b_

Gelo, son of Hiero II. of Syracuse, +5+, 88; +7+, 7, 8

Genesara, a lake in Palestine, +5+, 70

Genthius, son of Pleuratus, king of Illyria, +28+, 8; +29+, 3, 9, 11, 13; +30+, 14; +32+, 18

Gephrus, a city in Palestine, +5+, 70

Gerrha, a fort in Coele-Syria, +5+, 46, 61

Gertus, a city of the Dassaretae in Illyria, +5+, 108

Gerunium, a town in Apulia near Larinum, +3+, 100-102, 107, 108

Gerus, a town of the Dassaretae in Illyria, +5+, 108

Gesco, a Carthaginian general, +1+, 66, 68-70, 79-81

Gesco Strytanus, a Carthaginian ambassador, +36+, 3

Gillimas, a Carthaginian ambassador, +36+, 3

_Gladiators_, +32+, 14

Glaucias, ambassador of Perseus, +28+, 8

Glaucides, of Abydus, +16+, 33

Glaucus, of Acarnania, +28+, 5

Glympes, a fort on the frontiers of Argos and Laconia, +4+, 36; +5+, 20

Gonni, a town in Thessaly, +18+, 27

Gordium, a town in Phrygia, +21+, 37

Gorgus, of Messene, +5+, 5; +7+, 10

Gortyn, a city in Crete, +4+, 53, 55; +22+, 19; +28+, 15; +31+, 1

Gortyna, a town in Arcadia, +4+, 60

Gorza, a town in Africa, +1+, 74

Greeks, history of, +1+, 3; +2+, 37; +3+, 118; +4+, 1, 28; +5+, 31, 51, 105, 106, 111; +34+, 1; +39+, 1;

their fickleness, +6+, 56;

amenability to bribes, +18+, 34;

decreased numbers, +37+, 9;

military customs, +6+, 25, 42; +18+, 18

_See also_ 35, 6; +39+, 12

Greeks in Thrace, +9+, 28;

in Asia, +21+, 43;

in Italy, +1+, 6; +2+, 39; +10+, 1

Greek mercenaries, +1+, 32, 48; +5+, 79, 82; +22+, 7;

half-bred Greeks (μιξέλληνες), +1+, 67

Gulussa, a son of Massanissa, +34+, 16; +38+, 1, 2

Gyridas, of Sparta, +4+, 35

Gyrton, a town in Thessaly, +18+, 22

Gythium, the seaport town of Sparta, +2+, 69; +5+, 19

HADRIANA, district of Hadria, a town in Picenum, +3+, 88

Haemus, a mountain in Thrace (_Balkan_), +24+, 3; +34+, 10

Haliartus, a town in Boeotia, +27+, 1, 5; +29+, 12; +30+, 21

Halys, a river in Asia Minor (_Kisil Irmak_), +21+, 39; +24+, 8

Hamilcar, the elder, general in the first Punic war, +1+, 24, 27, 28, 30, 44

Hamilcar Barcas, son of Hannibal, in the first Punic war, +1+, 13, 56-58, 60, 62, 64, 66;

in the mercenary war, +1+, 75-88;

in Spain, +2+, 1; +3+, 9-14

_See also_ +11+, 2

Hamilcar, a Carthaginian admiral in the second Punic war, +3+, 95; +8+, 3

Hamilcar, a legate in the third Punic war, +36+, 3

Hamilcar Phaneas, a Carthaginian officer in the third Punic war, +36+, 8

Hannibal, commandant of Agrigentum in the first Punic war, +1+, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 43

Hannibal, son of the last, +1+, 43

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar the elder, +1+, 44, 46, 82, 86

Hannibal Rhodius, +1+, 46, 47

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barcas, +1+, 64, 65; +2+, 1, 14, 24, 36; +3+, 6, 8, 9;

his oath, +3+, 11, 12;

succeeds Hasdrubal, +3+, 13;

his expeditions in Spain, +3+, 14-16;

takes Saguntum, +3+, 17;

his surrender demanded by Rome, +3+, 20;

winters (B.C. 219-218) at New Carthage, +3+, 33, 34;

starts for Italy, +3+, 35;

crosses the Pyrenees, +3+, 40;

crosses the Rhone, +3+, 42-47;

the Alps, +3+, 48-56;

in Gallia Cisalpina, +3+, 60-75;

in Etruria, +3+, 79-85;

in Umbria, Picenum, and the south, +3+, 86-90;

invades Campania, +3+, 90-94;

in Bruttium, +3+, 100-118

_See also_ +4+, 1, 2, 28, 37, 66; +5+, 1, 29, 101, 108, 110; +6+, 58; +7+, 1, 2, 4, 9

Takes Tarentum, +8+, 26-36;

at Capua and in the neighbourhood of Rome, +9+, 3-9;

his character, +9+, 21-26; +10+, 32, 33; +23+, 13;

confined to Bruttium, +11+, 6;

his 16 years in Italy, +11+, 19;

recalled to Africa, +14+, 6, 9; +15+, 1-16;

his interview with Scipio, +15+, 5-8;

persuades the Carthaginians to accept Scipio’s terms, +15+, 19;

at the court of Antiochus, +21+, 17, 45

_See also_ +11+, 2, 3; +13+, 4; +16+, 23, 28, 37; +34+, 10; +39+, 19;

his death, +23+, 13

Hannibal, sent by the great Hannibal to Hieronymus, +7+, 2

Hannibal Monomachus, +9+, 24

Hanno, Carthaginian commander at Agrigentum and Ecnomus, +1+, 18, 27, 28;

conquered by Lutatius, +1+, 60, 61

Hanno, crucified by the mercenaries in Sardinia, +1+, 79

Hanno (Magnus), commander in the mercenary war, +1+, 67, 72-74, 81, 82, 87, 88

Hanno, left by Hannibal in command of Northern Spain, +3+, 35, 76

Hanno, son of Bomilcar, an officer under Hannibal, +3+, 42, 114

_Harmosts, Spartan_, +4+, 27

Harpyia, a town in Illyria, fr. xliii.

Hasdrubal, son of Hanno, +1+, 30, 38, 40

Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barcas, +1+, 13; +2+, 1, 13, 22, 36; +3+, 8, 12, 13, 15, 21, 27, 29; +10+, 10

Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, +3+, 33, 56, 76, 95, 96, 98; +9+, 22; +10+, 7, 37-40

Hasdrubal, an officer of Hannibal’s army, +3+, 66, 102, 114, 116

Hasdrubal, head of Hannibal’s commissariat, +3+, 93

Hasdrubal, son of Gesco, +9+, 11, 22; +10+, 7, 35, 38; +11+, 20-24; +14+, 1-6, 8

Hasdrubal, a naval commander at Utica, +15+, 2

Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian officer in the third Punic war, +38+, 1; +39+, 4

_Hastati_, +6+, 21, 23, 29, 33; +15+, 9

Hearths, the, on the Thracian Bosporus, +4+, 43

Hebrus, a river in Thrace (_Maritza_), +34+, 12

Hecatodorus, of Byzantium, +4+, 47

Hecatodorus, an artist, +4+, 78

Hecatombaeum, a place in the territory of Dyme, +2+, 51

Hecatompylus, a city in Parthia, +10+, 28, 29

Hecatompylus, a city in Africa, +1+, 73

Hegesianax, ambassador from Antiochus the Great, +18+, 47; +50+, 3

Hegesias, of Rhodes, +28+, 16

Hegias, an ambassador from Phocaea, +21+, 6

Heleia, a district in Laconia, +5+, 19, 20

Helice, a town in Achaia, +2+, 41

Helicranum, a fort in Epirus, +2+, 6

Heliotropium, a place near Thebes in Phthiotis, +5+, 99

Hellespont, the, +4+, 44, 46, 50; +5+, 34, 78, 111; +16+, 29; +18+, 41, 54; +21+, 8, 13, 15, 17, 48; +27+, 7; +33+, 12, 13

Helmantica, a city of the Vaccaei in Spain, +3+, 14

Helvius, Gaius, legatus of Manlius Vulso B.C. 189, +21+, 34

Hephaestia, a city in Lemnus, +18+, 48

Hephaestus, tumulus of, near Carthage, +10+, 10;

island of, +34+, 11

Heracleia, a city in Thessaly, +10+, 42; +20+, 9, 11

Heracleia Lyncestis, a town in upper Macedonia, +34+, 12

Heracleium. _See_ Heracleia Lyncestis, +28+, 11, 13, 17

Heracleidae, the, +2+, 41; +4+, 34, 35; +12+, 12_a_

Heracleides, an ambassador of Antiochus Epiphanes, +28+, 1, 22; +33+, 15, 18

Heracleides, of Byzantium, +21+, 13-15

Heracleides, of Gyrton, +18+, 22

Heracleides, of Tarentum, +13+, 4; +16+, 15

Heracles, +4+, 35, 59; +6+, 2; +7+, 9; +12+, 26; +29+, 17;

picture of, +39+, 13;

Temple of, at Gades, +34+, 9

Heracles, columns of, +2+, 1; +3+, 37, 39, 57; +10+, 7, 40; +16+, 29; +34+, 4, 6, 7, 9

Heraclitus, of Ephesus, +4+, 40; +12+, 27

Heraea, a city in Arcadia, +2+, 54; +4+, 77, 78, 80; +18+, 42, 47

Herbesus, a town in Sicily, +1+, 18

Herete, a mountain between Mt. Eryx and Panormus (_Monte Pellegrino_), +1+, 56

Here, +7+, 9;

temple and priests of, at Argos, +9+, 43; +12+, 11;

at Lacinium, +34+, 11

Hermaeum, on the Thracian Bosporus, +4+, 43

Hermaeum, a promontory near Carthage, +1+, 29, 36

Hermeias, a Carian, +5+, 41, 45, 49-56

Hermes, +34+, 5

Hermione, a city in Argolis, +2+, 42, 52

Hermippus, of Lysimachia, +30+, 14

Hermocrates, of Syracuse, +12+, 25_k_, 26

Hermogenes, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 60

_Heroes_, +4+, 20

Herophilus, followers of, +12+, 25_d_

Herophon, an ambassador from Perseus, +29+, 4, 6

Hesiod, the poet, +5+, 2, 32; fr. vi.

Hexapyla, a gate at Syracuse, +8+, 5, 37

Hicesias, vol ii. p. 288, _note_

Hicesius, of Miletus, +28+, 19

Hiero II., king of Syracuse B.C. 272-216, +1+, 8, 9, 11-18, 62, 83; +2+, 1; +3+, 2, 75; +5+, 88; +7+, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8

_Hieromnemon_, at Byzantium, +4+, 52

Hieron, a fort on the Thracian Bosporus, +4+, 39, 43, 50, 52

Hieronymus, son of Gelo II., king of Syracuse B.C. 216-215, +7+, 2-7; +8+, 5

Hieronymus, of Arcadia, +18+, 14

Himeras, a river in Sicily, +7+, 4, 5

Himerean Thermae, in Sicily, +1+, 24

Himilco, commandant of Lilybaeum, +1+, 42, 43, 45

Hippana, a city in Sicily near Panormus, +1+, 24

Hipparchus, an ambassador from Ilium, +22+, 5

Hippias, strategus of the Boeotians, +22+, 4; +27+, 1, 2, 6; +28+, 9, 10; +29+, 3

Hippitas, a friend of Cleomenes III., +5+, 37

Hippo Regius, in Numidia, +12+, 1

Hippo Zarytos (Diarrhytus), a town in Libya, +1+, 70, 73, 77, 82, 88

Hippocrates, of Cos, +30+, 7

Hippocrates, of Syracuse, +7+, 2, 4, 5; +8+, 5; +9+, 22

_Hippodrome_, near Seleucia, +5+, 59; near Sardis, +7+, 17

Hippolochus, of Aetolia, +27+, 15

Hippolochus, of Thessaly, +5+, 70, 71, 79

Hippomedon, a Spartan, +4+, 35

Hipposthenes, of Syracuse, +7+, 4

Hirpini, a people of Central Italy, +3+, 91

_History_, value of, +1+, 1, 35; +2+, 35; +3+, 31; +5+, 75;

truth the eye of, +1+, 14; +12+, 7;

connected with geography, +3+, 36;

and natural science, +3+, 57;

compared with tragedy, +2+, 56; +15+, 36

Hollows, the, near Naupactus, +5+, 103

Holy Isle, one of the Aegates, +1+, 60, 61 (_Maritima_);

an Aeolian island sacred to Hephaestus, +34+, 11

Holy Town, in Lydia, +16+, 1; +32+, 27

Homarium, the, at Megalopolis, +5+, 93 _See_ Zeus

Homer, +9+, 16; +12+, 24, 26, 27; +30+, 10; +34+, 2-4; +39+, 5;

quoted, +3+, 94; +5+, 38; +12+, 9, 26, 27; +15+, 12, 16; +18+, 29; +34+, 2-4; +36+, 8; +39+, 6

Hoplites, a river in Laconia, +16+, 16

Horatius Pulvillus, M., consul (suff.) B.C. 509, +3+, 22

Horatius Cocles, P., +6+, 55

Horii, a state in Crete, +4+, 53

Horn, the, gulf at Byzantium, +4+, 43

_Horse, sacrifice of_, +12+, 4_b_

Hortensius, L., +33+, 1, 9

Hostilius Mancinus, A., consul B.C. 170, +27+, 16; +28+, 3

Hostilius Mancinus, A., commissioner in Asia, +37+, 6

Hyacinthus, tomb of, near Tarentum, +8+, 30

Hypana, a town of Triphylia, +4+, 77, 79

Hypata, a town in Thessaly, +20+, 9-11; +21+, 4, 5

Hyperbasas, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +10+, 31

Hyperbatus, Achaean Strategus B.C. 179, +24+, 10; +29+, 23

Hypsas, a river near Agrigentum, +9+, 27

Hyrcania, a region in Asia on the south of the Caspian, +10+, 29, 31, 48

Hyrcanian sea, +5+, 44, 55; +10+, 48

Hyscana, a city in Illyria, +28+, 8

IAPYGIA (Appulia), +2+, 24; +3+, 88

Iapygian promontory, in Calabria (_Capa Sta. Maria di Leuca_), +10+, 1; +34+, 6, 11

Iasus, a city in Caria, +16+, 12; +18+, 2, 8, 44

Iberia (Spain), +1+, 10; +2+, 13, 36; +3+, 3, 8-17, 21, 27, 30, 33-35, 37, 39, 49, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 87, 89, 95, 96, 98, 106; +5+, 1, 33; +11+, 24, 29, 31, 33; +12+, 5; +32+, 8; +34+, 5, 7-9; +35+, 1-5; +38+, 8;

events in, _see_ Cornelius Scipio

Iberians, arms of, +3+, 114;

character of, +3+, 98;

mercenaries, +1+, 17, 67; +3+, 72, 74, 79, 83, 93, 94, 113-115, 117; +11+, 1, 19

Iberus, river in Spain (mod. _Ebro_), +2+, 13; +3+, 6, 14, 15, 27, 29, 30, 35, 39, 40, 76, 95, 97; +4+, 28; +5+, 1; +10+, 35; +11+, 32

Ida, Mt. _See_ Zeus

Ilergetes, a tribe of north Spain, +3+, 35; +10+, 18

Ilipa, a town in Spain, +12+, 20

Ilium, a city in the Troad, +5+, 78, 111; +12+, 5; +22+, 5; +34+, 2; +39+, 6

Illeberis, a town and river of Aquitania, +34+, 10

Illyria, +1+, 13; +2+, 2, 8, 11, 44; +3+, 16, 18, 19; +4+, 16, 29, 37, 66; +5+, 4, 101, 108, 110; +18+, 1, 8; +21+, 21; +28+, 8; +29+, 4; +32+, 18, 23, 26; +34+, 6, 7, 12; +39+, 2

Illyrians, their tactics, +2+, 3;

their language, +28+, 8

_See also_ +2+, 2-12, 65-68, 70; +3+, 16, 18, 107; +4+, 16, 25, 55; +5+, 7, 13, 14, 22, 23, 101, 109; +8+, 16; +9+, 38; +11+, 11, 14, 15; +23+, 1; +28+, 8; +30+, 14; +32+, 23; +39+, 2

Ilurgia, a city in Spain, +11+, 24

_Impiety and Injustice, altar of_, +18+, 54

India, +11+, 34; +34+, 13

Indian drivers of elephants, +1+, 40; +3+, 46; +11+, 1

Insubres, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 34; +3+, 40, 56, 60; +16+, 40

Intercatia, a town in Spain, +34+, 9

Io, daughter of Inachus, +4+, 43

Iolaus, comrade of Hercules, +7+, 9

Ionia, +18+, 41_a_; +21+, 13, 14, +33+, 12

Ionian sea, +2+, 14; +5+, 110; +34+, 12; +38+, 5

Iphiades, of Abydus, +16+, 30

Iphicrates, of Athens, +39+, 2

Irobastus, an Egyptian, +22+, 7

Isara, a river in Gaul (Isère), +3+, 49

Iseas, tyrant of Caryneia, +2+, 41

Isius. _See_ Alexander.

Island, the, between the Rhine and Isara, +3+, 49

Ismenias, of Boeotia, +27+, 1, 2

Isocrates, a grammarian, +32+, 4, 6, 7

Issa, an island in the Adriatic on the coast of Illyria (_Lissa_), +2+, 8, 11; +32+, 18

Issus, in Cilicia, battle of, +12+, 17, 18

Ister. _See_ Danube.

Isthmian games, the, +2+, 12; +18+, 44, 46

Isthmus of Corinth, the, +2+, 52; +3+, 32; +4+, 13; +12+, 12; +16+, 16; +20+, 6; +30+, 10; +39+, 17, 19;

ships dragged across, +4+, 19; fr. xcviii.

Istri, the, inhabitants of Istria, +25+, 4

Italy, geography and inhabitants of, +2+, 14-24; +34+, 15;

Italians, +2+, 31; +3+, 2, 77, 85, 118; +5+, 104; +11+, 19; +18+, 19; +34+, 10

_See also_ +1+, 3; +3+, 118; +5+, 105; +28+, 16; +39+, 19

Ithaca, island of, +34+, 7

Ithomates, citadel of Messene, +7+, 11

Ithoria, a fort in Aetolia, +4+, 64

Itonian Artemis, +4+, 25; +25+, 3

JASON, +4+, 39

Jews, the, +16+, 39

Jordan, the, +5+, 70

Julius Caesar, Sex., consul B.C. 157, +32+, 24; +38+, 7-10

Junius Brutus, L., consul B.C. 509, +3+, 22

Junius Pullus, L., consul B.C. 249, +1+, 52, 54, 55

Junius Silanus, M., serves in Spain under Scipio, +10+, 6; +11+, 20, 23, 26, 33

Junius, Marcus, ambassador to Ariarathes, +31+, 13

Jupiter, Capitolinus, +3+, 23, 26;

Lapis, +3+, 25

KING’S DYKE, the, +5+, 51

LABAE, a city in Arabia, +13+, 9

Labeatis, a district in Illyria, +29+, 3

Labus, a mountain between Parthia and Hyrcania, +10+, 29, 31

Lacedaemon (or Sparta), its position and extent, +5+, 22; +9+, 21 _See also_ +2+, 41, 53, 65, 69, 70; +4+, 23, 34-36; +5+, 9, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 37, 92; +6+, 48; +9+, 8, 9, 18; +13+, 6, 8; +16+, 13, 16, 37; +18+, 17; +20+, 5, 12; +21+, 1, 41; +22+, 1, 3, 10, 13, 15, 16; +23+, 5, 6, 9, 11, 17, 18; +24+, 1, 2, 7, 10-12

Lacedaemonians (Spartans), their numbers and territory, +2+, 38; their constitution, +2+, 62; +4+, 81; +6+, 3, 10, 43, 45-51; +12+, 6, 11, 23; their iron money, +6+, 49; their use of the tibia in war, +4+, 20; admitted to the Achaean league, +23+, 17, 18 _See also_ +1+, 6, 63; +2+, 39, 45-47, 49, 50, 52, 57, 58, 62, 65, 69, 70; +3+, 5; +4+, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19-24, 27, 32-34, 36, 54, 80, 81; +5+, 2, 9, 19-23, 35, 76, 92, 28, 39; +11+, 11, 15-18; +12+, 6, 25; +13+, 6; +18+, 14; +20+, 12; +21+, 1, 2, 41; +22+, 3, 13, 16; +23+, 1, 4, 9, 18; +31+, 9; +37+, 1; +38+, 4, 8; +39+, 2, 8

Lacinium, a promontory of Bruttium, +3+, 33, 56; +15+, 1; +34+, 11

Laconia, +2+, 54, 65; +5+, 19, 20, 24, 92; +16+, 17, 20, 37; +38+, 4

Lade, an island off Miletus, +16+, 10, 14, 15

Ladicus, an Acarnanian, +4+, 80

Ladoceia, in the territory of Megalopolis, +2+, 51, 55

Laelius, Gaius, +10+, 3, 9, 12, 18, 19, 37, 39; +11+, 32, 33; +14+, 4, 9; +15+, 9, 12, 14

Laenas. _See_ Popilius

Laestrygones, the, +8+, 11

Lagius, an Achaean, +39+, 11

Lagoras, of Crete, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 61; +7+, 15-18

Lagus, father of Ptolemy I., +2+, 41; +5+, 67

Lai, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17

Lamia, a city in Thessaly, +9+, 29; +20+, 11

Lamius, of Ambracia, +18+, 10

Lampsacus, a city in Mysia, +5+, 78; +18+, 52; +21+, 13, 14

Laodice, wife of Seleucus Callinicus, +4+, 51; +8+, 22

Laodice, daughter of Mithridates IV., wife of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 43, 55

Laodice, another daughter of Mithridates IV., wife of Achaeus, +5+, 74; +8+, 21, 22, 23

Laodicea, a city in Phrygia, +5+, 57

Laodicea by-the-Sea, a city in Syria, +32+, 7

Laodicea, at Libanus, a city in Syria, +5+, 45

Lapateni, fr. xvii.

Lapethus, a city in Cyprus, +39+, 18

Lappa, a city in Crete, +4+, 53-55

Larinum, a city in North Apulia, +3+, 101

Larisa, a city in Thessaly, +4+, 66, 67; +5+, 97, 99; +9+, 18; +18+, 19, 27, 33; +28+, 5

Larisa Cremaste, in Thessalian Phthiotis, +18+, 3, 8; +18+, 38

Larius (Lake of Como), +34+, 10

Larymna, a town in Boeotia, +20+, 5

Lases, an ambassador from Thespiae, +27+, 1

Lasio, a town in Elis, +4+, 72-74; +5+, 102

Latin, old, +3+, 22

Latins, the, +1+, 6; +2+, 18, 24; +3+, 22

Latium, +3+, 22-24; +34+, 8

Lattabus, an Aetolian, +9+, 34

Lavina, daughter of Evander, fr. iii.

Laurentines, the, +3+, 22

Lebadeia, a town in Boeotia, +27+, 1

Lebecii, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17

Lechaeum, the harbour of Corinth, +5+, 2, 17, 18, 24, 25-28, 101

_Legion_, the Roman. _See_ Roman Army

Lemnos, island of, +30+, 21; +34+, 11

Leo, a Macedonian officer, +18+, 22

Leo, an officer of Eumenes I., +28+, 15

Leonidas I., son of Anaxandridas, king of Sparta B.C. 491-480, +9+, 38

Leonidas II., king of Sparta B.C. 257-242, +4+, 35

Leontini, a city in Sicily, +7+, 6; +8+, 11

Leontium, a city in Achaia, +2+, 41; +5+, 94; +24+, 10

Leontius, conspirator against Philip V., +4+, 87; +5+, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 14-16, 25-27, 29, 100

Leontius, governor of Pieria, +5+, 60

Lepreum, a city of Triphylia, +4+, 77-80

Leptines, of Syracuse, +1+, 9

Leptines, assassin of Gn. Octavius, +32+, 4, 6, 7

Leptis, a city of Africa, +1+, 87

Lergetae, an African tribe, +3+, 33

Leucas island, +5+, 5, 16-18, 95, 101, 108, 109; +18+, 47; +21+, 26; +34+, 6

Leuctra (in Boeotia), battle of, +1+, 6; +2+, 39, 41; +4+, 81; +8+, 13; +12+, 25_f_; +20+, 4

Libanus, Mt. (Lebanon), +5+, 45, 59, 69

Libba, a city in Mesopotamia on the Tigris, +5+, 51

Liburnus, Mt. in Apulia, +3+, 100

Libya, +1+, 3, 26, 29, 70, 72; +3+, 3, 33, 37-39; +5+, 1, 33, 65, 105; +12+, 4, 26_a_; +34+, 6, 7, 15, 16; +38+, 8; +39+, 11, 19

Libyans, their war with Carthage, +1+, 19, 65, 67, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84-87

_See also_ +3+, 33, 56, 72, 74, 79, 83, 87, 113-117; +5+, 65, 82; +6+, 52; +11+, 19, 22, 24; +31+, 27

Philammon governor of, +15+, 25

Libyan sea, +1+, 37, 42; +4+, 77

Libyophoenicians, +3+, 33

Licinius Crassus, P., consul B.C. 171, +27+, 6, 8; +30+, 3

Licinius, Marcus, +37+, 6

Licinius Lucullus, L., +37+, 6

Liger, a river in Gaul (_Loire_), +34+, 10

Ligures, a large tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 16; +12+, 28; +33+, 7, 10-12; +34+, 10

Serve the Carthaginians as mercenaries, +1+, 17, 67; +3+, 33; +11+, 19; +15+, 11;

their shields, +29+, 14

Liguria, +2+, 31; +3+, 41; +7+, 9

Lilybaeum, in Sicily, +1+, 25, 38-48, 52-56, 59-61, 66; +3+, 41, 61, 68, 96, 106, 109, 110; +7+, 3; +36+, 4, 5; +37+, 3

Limnaea, a town of Acarnania, +5+, 5, 6, 14

Limnaeus, a prince in Asia Minor, +5+, 90

Limnasus, a Macedonian, +29+, 4

Lingones, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17

Lipara, a city and island, +1+, 21, 24, 39

Liparae Islands, the, +1+, 25; +34+, 11

Lissus, a city of Illyria, +2+, 12; +3+, 16; +4+, 16; +8+, 15; +28+, 8

Lissus, a river in Sicily (_Fiume Ruina_), +7+, 6

Livius Macatus, Gaius, +8+, 27, 29, 32

Livius Salinator, Marcus, consul B.C. 219, 207, +11+, 1, 3

Livius Salinator, Gaius, consul B.C. 188, +21+, 3, 11

Lochagus, an Aetolian, +27+, 15

Locri, in Greece, the, +11+, 5; +12+, 6, 9-11; +18+, 11, 46, 47; +38+, 5, 10;

Locris, +18+, 10

Locri Epizephyrii, in Magna Graecia, +1+, 20; +10+, 1; +12+, 5-12;

Locris, +1+, 56

Logbasis, of Selge, +5+, 74-76

Longanus, a river in Sicily, +1+, 9

Lotophagi, the, +1+, 39; +34+, 3

Lucani, the, +2+, 24; +10+, 1

Luceria, in Daunia, +3+, 88, 100

Lucius, fr. xi., l., xvii.

Lucretius Gallus, Gaius, +27+, 7

Lucretius, Spurius, +31+, 12, 13

Lugdunum, a town in Gaul, +34+, 15

Luna, a town in Etruria, +34+, 11

Lusi, a town in Arcadia, +4+, 18, 25; +9+, 34

Lusitani, the, +10+, 17; +34+, 8; +35+, 2

Lusius, a stream in the territory of Megalopolis, +16+, 17

Lutatius Catulus, Gaius, consul B.C. 242, +1+, 59-62; +3+, 21; +29+, 3

Lutatius Catulus, Gaius, consul B.C. 220, +3+, 40

Lycaeum, a town in the territory of Megalopolis, +2+, 51, 55

Lycaeus, a mountain in Arcadia, +34+, 10

Lycaonia, a district of Asia Minor, +5+, 57; +21+, 22, 48

Lycastium, a district of Crete, +22+, 19

Lychnidius, a lake in Illyria, +5+, 108

Lychnis, a town in Illyria, +18+, 47; +34+, 12

Lycia, +21+, 24, 48; +22+, 5, 24; +24+, 9; +25+, 4; +30+, 5; +31+, 7, 15; +34+, 4

Lyciscus, an Acarnanian, +9+, 32-39

Lyciscus, an Aetolian, +27+, 15; +28+, 4; +30+, 13; +32+, 19, 20

Lycoa, a town in Arcadia, +16+, 17

Lycon, a Rhodian, +30+, 5

Lycophron, a Rhodian, +25+, 5

Lycopolis, a city in Egypt, +22+, 7

Lycopus, an Aetolian, +21+, 25, 26

Lycortas, of Megalopolis, Achaean Strategus, B.C. 184, 182, father of Polybius, +2+, 40; +22+, 3, 10, 12, 13, 16; +23+, 12, 16, 17; +24+, 6, 10; +28+, 3, 6; +29+, 23-25; +37+, 5

Lyctians, +22+, 18. _See_ Lyttus

Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator, +4+, 81; +6+, 3, 10-12, 46, 48-50; +10+, 2

Lycurgus, king of Sparta, B.C. 220-210, +4+, 2, 35-37, 60, 81; +5+, 5, 17, 18, 20-23, 29, 91, 92

Lycus, of Pharae, +5+, 94, 95

Lycus, a river in Mysia, +5+, 77

Lycus, a river of Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Lycus, a river of Assyria, +5+, 51

Lydia, +5+, 57, 79, 82; +21+, 16, 48

Lydiadas, tyrant of Megalopolis, +2+, 44, 51; +4+, 77

Lydiadas, a citizen of Megalopolis, +24+, 10

Lyncestae, a tribe in Macedonia, +34+, 12

Lysanias, a prince in Asia Minor, +5+, 90

Lysias, an ambassador of Antiochus the Great, +18+, 47, 50

Lysias, guardian of Antiochus V., +31+, 17, 19, 20

Lysimacheia, a city of Aetolia, +5+, 7

Lysimacheia, a city of the Thracian Chersonese, +5+, 34; +15+, 23; +18+, 3, 4, 50, 51; +21+, 15, 48

Lysimachus, successor of Alexander the Great in Thrace, +2+, 41, 71; +5+, 67; +15+, 25; +18+, 51; fr. xi.

Lysimachus, son of Ptolemy Philadelphus, +15+, 25

Lysimachus, a Gaul, +5+, 79

Lysinoe, a town in Pisidia, +21+, 36

Lysis, ambassador from Lacedaemonian exiles, +23+, 4

Lyttus, a town in Crete, +4+, 53, 54; +22+, 19

MACARAS, a river near Carthage (_Bagrodas_), +1+, 75, 86; +15+, 2

Maccoei, a tribe in Libya, +3+, 33

Macedonia, +2+, 70; +3+, 3; +4+, 1, 50, 51, 57, 62, 63, 66, 69, 85, 87; +5+, 5, 26, 30, 34, 97, 101, 106, 108-110; +27+, 4, 5, 8; +28+, 8, 10, 13, 17, 20; +29+, 1, 4, 22, 24; +30+, 8, 9, 13, 16, 18; +31+, 3, 12; +32+, 8, 11, 15, 23; +34+, 12; +35+, 4; +37+, 1, 2, 8; +38+, 5, 10; +39+, 2, 19;

Roman settlement of, vol. ii. p. 434

Macedonian soldiers at Alexandria, +15+, 26, 28, 29, 31

Macedonians, the, their empire, +1+, 2;

their government, +4+, 76; +5+, 27;

their freedom of speech, +5+, 27;

their supremacy in Greece, +9+, 28-36, 39;

their army, +2+, 65; +3+, 6; +4+, 8; +5+, 2, 65, 79, 82; +18+, 28-32 _See_ Phalanx; serving in Egypt, +15+, 26, 28, 31, 32

_See also_ +2+, 37, 39, 43, 48-51, 54, 56, 65-71; +3+, 5, 6, 16; +4+, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 16, 22-24, 34, 35, 37, 61, 64, 68-73, 76, 78, 80, 84, 87; +5+, 2-8, 13, 17, 18, 25, 29, 35, 97, 100, 109; +22+, 4; +27+, 2-10, 15; +28+, 2, 5, 8; +29+, 4, 21, 27; +31+, 3, 7, 12; +32+, 14; +35+, 4; +37+, 2, 9; +38+, 5; +39+, 6

Macedonians, the Upper, +5+, 97

Macella, a city in Sicily, +1+, 24

Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, +10+, 41; +11+, 11-18; +13+, 6

Machatas, an Aetolian, +4+, 34, 36

Machatas, son of Charops, +27+, 15

Maeander, the river, +21+, 24, 48; +22+, 5

Maeander, of Alexandria, +15+, 30

Maedi, a Thracian tribe, +10+, 41

Maeotis Palus (Sea of Azov), +4+, 39, 40, 42; +5+, 44; +10+, 27, 48; +34+, 7, 15

Magas, father of Berenice, +15+, 26

Magas, son of Ptolemy Euergetes and Berenice, +5+, 34, 36; +15+, 25

Magi, the, +34+, 2

Magilus, a Gallic chief, +3+, 44

_Magister equitum_, +3+, 87

_Magistrates_ at Rome, +3+, 87; +6+, 12, 19

Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, +5+, 99, 100; +18+, 11, 46, 47

Magnesia, a city of Ionia on the Maeander, +5+, 65; +16+, 24

Mago, brother of Hannibal, +3+, 71, 79, 85, 114; +9+, 22; +10+, 7, 38; +11+, 21

Mago Samnis, a friend of Hannibal, +9+, 25

Mago, commandant of New Carthage, +10+, 12, 15, 18, 19

Mago, an ambassador from Carthage, +36+, 3

Mago Bruttius, +36+, 5

Magonus, of Carthage, +7+, 9

Magus, the (false Smerdis), +5+, 43

Mahabal, an officer under Hannibal, +3+, 84, 85, 86

Malea, promontory of Laconia (_Maliá_), +5+, 95, 101, 109; +34+, 4, 7, 12

Malian Gulf, +9+, 41; +18+, 1; +20+, 10

Mamertines, the, +1+, 7-12, 20; +3+, 26

Mamilius Vitulus, Q., consul B.C. 262, +1+, 17-19

Mandonius, a Spanish chief, +10+, 18, 35; +11+, 29

Manilius, Manius, consul B.C. 145, +36+, 6; +37+, 3

Manlius, Lucius, praetor B.C. 218, +3+, 40

Manlius Torquatus, T., consul B.C. 224, +2+, 31

Manlius Torquatus, T., consul B.C. 165, sent to support Ptolemy Physcon, +31+, 18, 26-28; +32+, 1

Manlius Vulso Longus, L., consul B.C. 256, 250, +1+, 26, 28, 29, 39, 41-48

Manlius Vulso, Gnaeus, consul B.C. 189, +21+, 24, 34-39, 43, 44, 47, 48

Manlius Vulso, Lucius, brother of the preceding, +21+, 44, 46

Mantinea, a city of Arcadia, +2+, 46, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61; +4+, 8, 21, 27, 33; +9+, 8, 9, 34; +6+, 43; +11+, 11, 14; +12+, 25_f_; +38+, 4

Mantua, in Cisalpine Gaul (_Mantua_), +16+, 10

Marathus, a city in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Marcius, Ancus, fr. v., vi.

Marcius, Lucius, legatus of Scipio, +11+, 23

Marcius Philippus, Quintus, consul B.C. 186, 169, +23+, 4, 8, 9; +24+, 11; +27+; +28+, 1, 13, 16, 17; +29+, 23-25

Marcius Figulus, Gaius, praetor B.C. 169, consul B.C. 162, 156, +28+, 14, 17; +32+, 26

Marcius Censorinus, Lucius, consul B.C. 149, +36+, 6

Margites, +12+, 4_a_, 25

Margus, of Caryneia, first sole Achaean Strategus, B.C. 255; +2+, 10, 41, 43

Maroneia, a city of Thrace, +5+, 34; +22+, 1, 15, 17; +18+, 3; +22+, 9, 17, 18; +30+, 3

Marrucini, a tribe in Central Italy, +2+, 24; +3+, 88

Mars Quirinus, +3+, 25

Marseilles, +2+, 14, 16; +3+, 37, 41, 47, 61, 95; +33+, 7, 10, 11; +34+, 7, 10

Marsh, the town in the, +21+, 34

Marshes, the (_Barathra_), near Pelusium, +5+, 80

Marsi, a nation in Italy, +2+, 24

Marsyas, plain of, between Libanus and Antilibanus, +5+, 45, 46, 61

Masaesylii, a tribe in Africa, +3+, 33; +16+, 23

Massanissa, king of Numidia, +3+, 5; +9+, 25; +11+, 21; +14+, 3, 4, 8, 9; +15+, 3-5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18; +21+, 11, 21; +32+, 2;

character of, +37+, 10

Massolii, a Numidian tribe, +3+, 33

Mastia, a town of Africa, +3+, 24

Mastiani, a Spanish tribe, +3+, 33

Magna Mater, +21+, 37

Mathos, a Libyan leader of mercenaries, +1+, 69-73, 75, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86-88

Matiani, a tribe in Media, +5+, 44

Mauretania, +34+, 15

Mauretanians, the, +3+, 33; +15+, 11; +38+, 1

Medes, the, +5+, 44, 79, 82, 85; +16+, 22_a_; +39+, 6

Media, +5+, 40, 44, 45, 47, 51, 52, 54, 55; +10+, 27

_Medicine, Schools of_, +12+, 25_d_

_Medimnus, an Attic_, +6+, 39; _Sicilian_, +2+, 15; +9+, 44

Mediolanum (_Milan_), +2+, 34

Medion, a city of Acarnania, +2+, 2-4; +18+, 40

Mediterranean, the, +3+, 37, 39; +16+, 29

Megaleas, secretary of Philip V., +4+, 87; +5+, 2, 14-16, 25-28

Megalopolis, a city in Arcadia, +2+, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64-66; +4+, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 25, 32, 33, 37, 60, 69, 77, 80-82; +5+, 91-93; +9+, 18, 21, 28; +13+, 8; +16+, 17; +18+, 14; +20+, 12; +21+, 9; +22+, 10; +23+, 12, 16; +31+, 9;

taken by Cleomenes, +2+, 55

Megara, +2+, 43; +4+, 67; +20+, 6; +39+, 8

Megistus, a river of Mysia, +5+, 77

Melambium, a township in Pelasgic Thessaly, +18+, 20

Melancomas, of Ephesus, +8+, 17-20

Meleager, ambassador from Antiochus Epiphanes, +27+, 19; +28+, 1, 22; +31+, 21

Melitaea, a city of Phthiotis, +5+, 97; +9+, 18

Memphis, a city in Egypt, +5+, 62, 63, 66; +29+, 23

Menalcidas, of Sparta, +30+, 17; +39+, 11

Menecrates, a Macedonian, +29+, 6

Menedemus, of Alabanda, +5+, 69, 79, 82

Menelaium, a hill and shrine in Laconia, +5+, 18, 22

Menestheus, brother of Meleager and Apollonius, +31+, 21

Menestratus, of Epirus, +20+, 10; +21+, 31

Meninx, island of the Lotophagi, +1+, 39; +34+, 3

Menippus, a Macedonian, +10+, 42

Menneas, +5+, 71

Menochares, ambassador from Demetrius Soter, +32+, 4, 6

Menoetius, of Crete, +22+, 19

Menyllus, of Alabanda, +31+, 18, 20, 22; +32+, 1

Merganè, a town of Sicily, +1+, 8

Mesembriani, a Thracian people, +25+, 2

Mesopotamia, +5+, 44, 48

Messapii, a tribe in Apulia, +2+, 24; +3+, 88

Messene, in Sicily, +1+, 7-11, 15, 20, 21, 25, 38, 52; +3+, 26

Messene, in the Peloponnese, +2+, 5, 55, 61, 62, 79, 80; +3+, 19; +4+, 4, 33, 49, 77; +5+, 5, 17, 37, 91, 92; +7+, 10, 11; +8+, 10, 14; +12+, 6_b_; +16+, 13, 16, 17; +18+, 14, 42; +22+, 13; +23+, 5, 9, 12, 16, 17; +24+, 2, 11-13, 15; +39+, 9

Messenians, wars with the Aetolians, +4+, 3-7, 9, 15;

their old wars with Sparta, +4+, 33; +6+, 49;

endeavour to join Philip V. in his attacks on Sparta, +5+, 20;

Lycurgus prepares an invasion of them, +5+, 91, 92;

democracy among, +7+, 10;

obtain some Spartan territory, +9+, 28, 30;

in alliance with Nabis, +16+, 13;

quarrel with the Achaeans, +23+, 9;

poison Philopoemen, +23+, 12;

subdued by Lycortas, +23+, 16; +24+, 2, 11;

their attitude in B.C. 146, +39+, 9

Metagonia, a district in Africa, +3+, 33

Metapa, a town in Aetolia, +5+, 7, 13

Metapontium, a city in Magna Graecia, +8+, 36; +10+, 1

Meteon, a city of Labeatis in Illyria, +29+, 3

Methydrium, a town in Arcadia, +4+, 10, 11, 13

Methymna, a city in Lesbos, +33+, 13

_Metretes_, a, +2+, 15

Metrodorus, an officer of Philip V., +15+, 24; fr. lxxii.

Metrodorus, an ambassador from Perseus, +29+, 4, 11

Metropolis, a city of Acarnania, +4+, 64

Miccus, of Dyme, sub-Strategus of the Achaeans, +4+, 59

Micio, of Athens, +5+, 106

Micipsa, son of Massanissa, +37+, 10

Midon, of Beroea, +27+, 8

Milestones on Roman roads, +3+, 39; +34+, 11

Miletus, +16+, 12, 15; +21+, 48; +28+, 19; +31+, 21

Milo, an officer of Perseus, +29+, 15

Miltiades, ambassador from Demetrius Soter, +32+, 24

Milyas, a district in Asia Minor, +5+, 72, 77; +21+, 48

Mincius, a river in Cisalpine Gaul (_Mincio_), +34+, 10

_Minervae promontorium_, +34+, 11

Minoa Heracleia, a city in Sicily, +1+, 25

Minucius Rufus, M., +3+, 87, 90, 92, 94, 101-106

Minucius Rufus, Q., consul B.C. 194, +18+, 12

Minucius Thermus, Q., consul B.C. 183, +21+, 46

Minucius Thermus, L., legate in Egypt, +33+, 8

Misdes, a Carthaginian ambassador, +36+, 3

Misenum, a promontory in Campania, +34+, 11

Mithridates IV., king of Cappadocia on the Pontus from about B.C. 242 to about B.C. 190, +4+, 56; +5+, 43, 90; +8+, 22

Mithridates V., son of Pharnaces I., king of Cappadocia _circ._ B.C. 154-120, +25+, 2; +33+, 12

Mithridates, nephew of Antiochus the Great, and grandfather of the preceding, +8+, 25

Mithridates, Satrap of Armenia, +25+, 2

Mitylene, a city in Lesbos, +11+, 4

Mnaseas, of Argos, +18+, 14

Mnasiades, of Argos, an athlete, +5+, 64

Mnasilochus, of Acarnania, +21+, 17, 45

Mnasippus, of Coronea, +30+, 13; +32+, 20

Mnesis, a flute-girl, +14+, 11

Moagetes, tyrant of Cibyra, +21+, 34

_Mob-rule_, +6+, 4; +9+, 5

Mochyrinus, +31+, 27

Mocissus, a town in Cappadocia, +24+, 8

Moeragenes, guardian of Ptolemy Epiphanes, +15+, 27-29

Molon, Satrap of Media, +5+, 40-43, 61

Molossi, a people of Epirus, +27+, 16; +30+, 7, 16

Molpagoras, tyrant of the Ciani, +15+, 21

Molycria, a town in Aetolia, +5+, 94

_Monarchy_, +6+, 3-6, 8, 9

Monunius, an Illyrian chief, +29+, 13

_Mora_, a Spartan, fr. xxiv.

Morcus, an ambassador from Genthius, +29+, 3, 11

Morini, a Gallic tribe, +34+, 15

Morzias, a prince in Paphlagonia, +25+, 2

Mummius, Lucius, consul B.C. 146, +39+, 14, 17

Musaeum, in Macedonia, +37+, 8

Musaeum, at Tarentum, +8+, 27, 29

Musaeus, an ambassador from Antiochus the Great, +21+, 16, 43

_Music in Arcadia_, +4+, 20, 21

Mutina, in Cisalpine Gaul (_Modena_), +3+, 40

Mycenae, in Argolis, +16+, 16

Mygdonia, a district in Mesopotamia, +5+, 51

Myiscus, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 82

Mylae, a city in Sicily, +1+, 9, 23

Mylasa, a city in Caria, +16+, 24; +21+, 48; +30+, 5

Myndus, a city in Caria, +16+, 12, 15

Myrcanus, a Carthaginian, +7+, 9

Myrina, a city in Aeolis, +18+, 44

Myrrhicus, a Boeotian, +22+, 4

Myrtis, of Argos, +18+, 14

Myrtium, a courtesan of Alexandria, +14+, 11

Myrton, a friend of Charops, +32+, 20, 21

Mysia, +4+, 50, 52; +5+, 76, 77; +21+, 48

_Mysteries, the_, +28+, 19

Myttistratum, a town in Sicily, +1+, 24

Myttonus, a Libyan, +9+, 22

Myus, a town of Ionia, +16+, 24

NABIS, tyrant of Sparta, +4+, 81; +13+, 6-8; +16+, 13, 16, 17; +18+, 17; +21+, 2, 9, 11; +33+, 16 _See_ Apéga

Namnitae, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, +34+, 10

Naragara, a town in Africa, +15+, 5

Narávas, a Numidian, +1+, 78, 82, 84, 86

Narbo (or Atax), a river in Transalpine Gaul (the _Aude_), +5+, 37, 38; +34+, 10

Narbo (_Narbonne_), +34+, 6, 10

Naucratis, a city in Egypt, +22+, 7; +28+, 20

Naupactus, a city of the Aetolians (_Lepanto_), +4+, 16; +5+, 95, 102, 103; +16+, 27; +20+, 10, 13; +23+, 5; +38+, 11; fr. lxxxiii.;

the Hollows of, +5+, 103

Neapolis (_Naples_), +1+, 20; +3+, 91; +6+, 14

Neleus, +16+, 12

Nemean games, +2+, 70; +5+, 101; +10+, 26; +22+, 13

Neocaesareia, fr. xx.

Neocretans, +5+, 3, 65, 79

Neolaidas, an ambassador from Ptolemy Philometor, +33+, 8

Neolaus, brother of Molon, +5+, 53, 54

Neon, a Messenian, +18+, 14

Neon, a Boeotian, father of Brachylles, +20+, 5

Neon, a relation of the preceding, +27+, 1, 2, 6

Neptune, +10+, 11, 14. _See_ Poseidon

Nercobrica, a city in Spain, +35+, 2

Nereis, daughter of Pyrrhus, +7+, 4

Nestor Cropius, +27+, 16

Nesus, a town in Acarnania, +9+, 39

Nicaea, a town in Locris, +10+, 42; +18+, 1, 7

Nicagoras, of Messene, +5+, 37, 38

Nicagoras, of Rhodes, +28+, 2, 16

Nicander, Aetolian Strategus B.C. 190, +20+, 10; +21+, 25, 27, 30; +27+, 15; +28+, 4, 6

Nicander, of Rhodes, +18+, 2, 16

Nicanor, assassin of Seleucus III., +4+, 48

Nicanor, an officer of Philip V., +16+, 27

Nicanor Elephantus, +18+, 24

Nicanor, friend of Demetrius Soter, +31+, 22

Nicanor, son of Myrton, +32+, 20, 21

Nicarchus, officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 68, 71, 79, 83, 85

Nicasippus, of Elis, +5+, 94

Nicephorium, a temple at Pergamum, +16+, 1; +18+, 2, 6; +32+, 27

Nicias, of Athens, +9+, 19

Nicias, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 71

Nicias, of Epirus, +30+, 13

Nicippus, of Messene, +4+, 31

Nicodemus, of Elis, +22+, 3, 5

Nicodes, tyrant of Sicyon, +10+, 22

Nicolaus, an Aetolian, +5+, 61, 66, 68, 70; +10+, 29

Nicomachus, of Acarnania, +18+, 10

Nicomachus, of Rhodes, +8+, 17-19

Nicomedes, of Cos, +10+, 28

Nicomedes, son of king Prusias, +32+, 28; +37+, 6

Nicon, of Tarentum, +8+, 26, 29, 30

Nicon, connexion of Agathocles, +15+, 25, 33

Nicophanes, of Megalopolis, +2+, 48, 50

Nicostratus, an Aetolian, father of Dorimachus, +4+, 3; +9+, 34; +18+, 54

Nicostratus, a secretary of Agathocles, +15+, 27, 28

Nicostratus, of Rhodes, +16+, 5; +29+, 10

Nicostratus, of Xanthus, +25+, 4

Nile, the, +3+, 37; +34+, 2, 15;

canals of, +5+, 62;

drinking from, fr. xxvi.

Nisaean cavalry, +32+, 3. _See_ Herod. +9+, 20

Nola, a city in Campania (_Nola_), +2+, 17; +3+, 91

Nomads, the, a Scythian tribe, +11+, 34. _See also_ Apasiacae

Noricum (_Neumark in Styria_), +34+, 10

Nothocrates, of Gortyn, +28+, 15

Notium, harbour of Colophon, +21+, 48

Numenius, ambassador of the Ptolemies, +30+, 17

Numidians, the, +1+, 19, 31, 65, 74, 77, 78; +3+, 33, 44, 45, 65-73, 112, 116, 117; +11+, 21; +14+, 1-9; +15+, 9, 11, 12

_See also_ +37+, 10; +38+, 1

Numisius, Titus, commissioner to Egypt, +29+, 5

Nutria, a town in Illyria, +2+, 11

OBOLS, value of, +2+, 15; +6+, 39

_Ocean_, the, +3+, 33; +16+, 29; +34+, 15

Octavius, Gnaeus, praetor B.C. 166, +28+, 3-5; +30+, 19;

consul B.C. 165, +31+, 12, 13, 19, 20; +32+, 4, 6, 7

Odomantica, a district in Thrace, +37+, 2

Odrysae, a tribe in Thrace, +23+, 8; +30+, 18; fr. xi.

Oeanthia, a city of the Ozolian Locrians, +4+, 57; +5+, 17

Oenanthe, mother of Agathocles, +14+, 11; +15+, 25, 29, 33

Oeniadae, a town in Acarnania, +4+, 65; +9+, 39; +21+, 32

Oenis, of Messene, +4+, 31

Oenus, a river of Laconia, +2+, 65, 66

Ogygus, an ancient king of Achaia, +2+, 41; +4+, 1

Olana, a mouth of the Po, +2+, 16

Olenus, a town of Achaia, +2+, 41

_Oligarchy_, +6+, 3, 4, 8

Olygyrtus, a mountain in Arcadia, +4+, 11, 70

Olympia, +4+, 10, 73, 75, 77, 84, 86;

Olympic games, +4+, 73; +12+, 4_d_, 26; +29+, 9; +30+, 10; +39+, 17

Olympiad, an, 7th, fr. i.;

27th, +6+, 2;

124th, +2+, 41, 71;

129th, +1+, 5;

139th, +2+, 71;

140th, +1+, 3; +3+, 1; +4+, 26, 66; +5+, 30, 105;

141st, +9+, 1;

147th, +21+, 43;

148th, +22+, 1;

149th, +23+, 1, 9

Olympichus, a prince in Asia Minor, +5+, 90

Olympichus, of Coronea, +27+, 1

Olympieion, at Athens, +26+, 1

Olympiodorus, of Byzantium, +4+, 47

Olympion, an ambassador from Genthius, +29+, 3, 4

Olympus, Mt., in Laconia near Sallasia, +2+, 65, 66, 69; +5+, 24

Olympus, Mt., in Thessaly, +12+, 26; +34+, 10

Olympus, Mt., in Galatia (_Ala Dagh_), +21+, 37

Olynthus, a city in Macedonia, +9+, 28, 33

Omias, of Sparta, +4+, 23; +24+, 8

Onchestus, a river in Thessaly, +18+, 20

Onesigenes of Syracuse, +7+, 4

Onomarchus, a Phocian, +9+, 33

Onomastus, governor of Thrace, +22+, 17, 18

Opheltas, of Boeotia, +20+, 6

Opici, a tribe in Campania, +34+, 11

Opimius, Quintus, consul B.C. 154, +33+, 8, 10, 13

Oppius, Lucius, +33+, 13

Orchomenus, a city of Arcadia, +2+, 46, 54, 55; +4+, 6, 11, 12

Oreium, a mountain in Assyria, +5+, 52

Orestae, a tribe in Macedonia, +18+, 47

Orestes. _See_ Aurelius

Orestes, father of Tisamenus, +2+, 41; +4+, 1

Oretes, a Spanish tribe, +3+, 33

Oreus, a city in Euboea, +10+, 43; +11+, 5; +18+, 45, 47

Orgyssus, a town in Illyria, +5+, 108

Orion, the rise of, +1+, 37

Oroanda, a town in Pisidia, +21+, 44, 46

Orontes, a river in Syria, +5+, 59

Orontes, a mountain in Media, +10+, 27

Orophernes, usurper of Cappadocia, +3+, 5; +32+, 24, 25; +33+, 6

Oropus, in Boeotia, +32+, 25; +33+, 2

Orthosia, a town in Caria, +30+, 5

Ortiago, a Gallic chief, +21+, 38; +22+, 21

Ossa, Mt., in Thessaly, +34+, 10

Ostia, harbour of Rome, fr. v. (+6+, 2); +31+, 22; +34+, 11

Otacilius Crassus, Manius, consul B.C. 261, +1+, 20

Oxus, a river in Asia, +10+, 48

Oxybii, a tribe of Transalpine Gauls, +33+, 8, 10, 11

PACHYNUS, a promontory of Sicily (_Capo Passaro_), +1+, 25, 42, 54; +7+, 3

Padoa, a mouth of the Po, +2+, 16

Padus (the _Po_), +2+, 16, 17, 23, 28, 32, 34, 35; +3+, 40, 61, 64, 66, 69, 75, 86; +5+, 29; +10+, 3; +34+, 10;

the valley or plain of, +2+, 19, 35; +3+, 39, 44, 47, 48, 54, 56, 61

Paeanium, a town in Aetolia, +4+, 65

Paeonia, a district near Macedonia, +5+, 97; +23+, 10

Palatine, the, fr. iii.

Pale, a town in Cephallenia, +5+, 3, 5, 16, 17, 100

Pallas, son of Hercules and Pallantium, fr. iii.

Pamisus, a river in Messenia, +16+, 16

Pamphia, a hamlet in Aetolia, +5+, 8, 13

Pamphilidas, of Rhodes, +21+, 7, 10

Pamphylia, +5+, 34, 72, 77; +21+, 35, 43, 48; +32+, 4

Panachaicum, a mountain in Achaia, +5+, 30

Panaetolus, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 30

Panathenaea, the, +28+, 19

Pan-boeotii, +4+, 3; +9+, 34

Panchaea, a fabulous island of Arabia Felix, +34+, 5

Pancrates, of Rhodes, +28+, 16

Pancrates, tyrant of Cibyra, +30+, 9

Pangaeum, a mountain in Thrace, +22+, 8

_Panic_, a, +5+, 96, 100

Panium, a mountain in Coele-Syria (part of Lebanon), +16+, 18; +28+, 1

Panormus, a town in Sicily, +1+, 21, 24, 38-40, 55, 56

Pantacnotus, of Abydus, +16+, 30

Pantaleon, an Aetolian, father of Archidamus, +4+, 57

Pantaleon, an Aetolian ambassador, +20+, 9; +28+, 4

Pantauchus, son of Balacrus, +27+, 8; +29+, 3, 4

Panteus, of Sparta, +5+, 37

Paphlagonia, +25+, 2

Papiria, wife of Macedonicus, mother of the younger Africanus, +32+, 12, 14

Papirius, Gnaeus, +38+, 10, 11

Parapotamia, a district in Assyria, +5+, 48, 69

Parmenio, of Lampsacus, +18+, 52

Parmenio, ambassador from Genthius, +29+, 3, 11

Parnassus, a mountain in Phocis, +4+, 57; +34+, 10

Parnassus, a city in Cappadocia, +24+, 8

Paropus, a town in Sicily, +1+, 24

Parthenius, a mountain in the Peloponnese, +4+, 23

Parthians, the, +5+, 44; +10+, 28, 31

Parthus, a city in Illyria, +2+, 11; +7+, 9; +18+, 47

Pasiadas, an Achaean, +28+, 12, 19

_Passum_, raisin wine, fr. iv.

Patara, a city in Lycia, +21+, 46

Patrae, a city of Achaia, +2+, 41; +4+, 6, 7, 10, 25, 83; +5+, 2, 3, 30, 91, 95, 101; +28+, 6; +39+, 9

Pausiras, an Egyptian prince, +22+, 7

Pausistratus, of Rhodes, +21+, 7

Paxi, islands, near Corcyra, +2+, 10

Pedasa, a town in Caria, +18+, 44

Pednelissus, a city in Pisidia, +5+, 72, 73, 76

Pelagonia, a district in Macedonia, +5+, 108

Pelecas, a mountain in Mysia, +5+, 77

Pelion, a mountain in Thessaly, +8+, 11; +34+, 10

Pella, a city in Macedonia, +4+, 66; +29+, 4; +34+, 12

Pella, a town in Palestine, +5+, 70

Pellene, a city in Achaia, +2+, 41, 52; +4+, 8, 13, 72

Pellene, a town in Laconia, +4+, 81; +16+, 37

Pelopidas, of Thebes, +6+, 43; +8+, 1

Peloponnese, the, +1+, 42; +2+, 37, 43, 44, 49, 52, 54, 60, 62; +4+, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 32, 57, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70, 73, 77, 84, 87; +5+, 1, 3, 17, 36, 102, 106, 110; +12+, 4_d_; +22+, 1, 10, 13, 15; +23+, 4, 9; +24+, 2; +27+, 2, 18; +28+, 3, 7, 13; +29+, 23; +30+, 23; +33+, 3; +34+, 6, 12; +37+, 3; +38+, 7; +39+, 2, 9, 14

Peloponnesians, the, +2+, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 49, 52, 62; +3+, 3; +4+, 1, 7, 32, 67, 69, 77, 82; +5+, 92, 106; +6+, 49; +10+, 25; +11+, 5; +12+, 12_a_, 25_i_; +18+, 11, 14; +38+, 5

Pelops, of Alexandria, +15+, 25

Pelorias, a promontory of Sicily, +1+, 11, 42

Pelusium, a city of Egypt, +5+, 62, 80; +15+, 25; +28+, 18; +29+, 27

Penelope, +12+, 26_b_

Peparethus, island of, +10+, 42

Peraea Rhodiorum, a part of Caria, +18+, 2, 6, 8; +27+, 7; +30+, 24; +31+, 26

Pergamum (or Pergamos, +21+, 20), in Mysia, chief city of Attalus, +4+, 48; +5+, 78; +16+, 1; +21+, 10, 20; +24+, 5, 9; +32+, 27; +33+, 9

Perge, in Pamphylia, +5+, 72; +21+, 44

Pericles, of Athens, +9+, 23

Perigenes, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 68, 69

Perinthus, a city in Thrace on the Propontis, +18+, 2, 44; +34+, 12

_Perioeci_ of Sparta, the, +2+, 65; +4+, 34

Perippia (or -ii), +5+, 102

Perrhaebi, a tribe in Thessaly, +5+, 102; +18+, 46, 47; +22+, 1, 9, 15; +23+, 1; +28+, 13; +30+, 7

Perseus, son of Philip V., king of Macedonia B.C. 179-168, +1+, 3; +18+, 35; +22+, 8;

intrigues against his brother, +23+, 3, 7, 10;

beginning of his reign, +25+, 3, 4, 6;

war with Rome, +27+, 1-11, 14-16; +28+, 1, 2, 5, 12, 17;

defeated at Pydna, +29+, 3-22, 27; +30+, 1, 3, 6-8, 10, 13, 16, 18; +32+, 20, 21, 23;

in Alba, +37+, 1-3, 9

_See also_ +3+, 3, 5, 32; +20+, 11; +32+, 11; fr. lxxxi.

Persian Gulf, the, +5+, 46, 48, 54; +9+, 43; +13+, 9 (Ἐρυθρὰ θάλασσα, cp. Herod. +6+, 20)

Persian Gates, the, at Sardis, +7+, 17, 18

Persians, the, +1+, 2, 6, 63; +2+, 35; +3+, 6; +4+, 31; +5+, 10, 43, 55; +6+, 49; +9+, 34, 39; +10+, 28; +12+, 8, 20, 25_f_; +16+, 22; +22+, 8; +29+, 21; +39+, 6

Persis, +5+, 40, 44, 54; +31+, 11

Pessinus, a city of Galatia, +21+, 37

Petelia, a town of Bruttium (_Strongoli_), +7+, 1

Petraeus, of Epirus, +4+, 24; +5+, 17; +21+, 26

Petronius, Gaius, +32+, 28

Phacus, a town in Macedonia, +31+, 26

Phaeacians, the, +34+, 9

Phaeneas, Aetolian Strategus B.C. 198, 192, +18+, 1, 3, 4, 7, 37, 38; +20+, 9, 10; +21+, 25, 26, 29, 30

Phaestus, a city of Crete, +4+, 55

Phaethon, fall of, +2+, 16

Phalanx, the Macedonian, +2+, 65; +12+, 20, 21; +18+, 26-28; +29+, 17;

double, +2+, 66;

quadruple, +12+, 20;

of Pyrrhus, +18+, 28;

of Achaeans, +11+, 11, 15

Phalara, a city of Thessaly, +20+, 10, 11

Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, +7+, 7; +12+, 25

Phalasarna, a town in Crete, +22+, 19

Phanoteia, a town in Phocis, +5+, 96; +27+, 16; +29+, 12

Pharae (or Pharaea), a city of Achaia, +2+, 41; +4+, 6, 7, 25, 59, 60, 77; +5+, 30, 94, 95

Pharae, a town of Messenia, +16+, 16; +23+, 17

Pharnaces I., son of Mithridates IV., king of Cappadocia _circ._ B.C. 190-170, +3+, 3; +23+, 9; +24+, 1, 5, 8, 9; +25+, 2; +27+, 7, 17

Pharsalus, a city of Thessaly, +5+, 99; +18+, 3, 8; +18+, 20, 38, 47

Pharus, island and town of, +2+, 11; +3+, 18, 19; +5+, 108; +7+, 9. _See_ Demetrius

Pharycus, an Aetolian, +9+, 34

Phaselis, a city of Lycia, +30+, 9

Phasis, a river in Colchis, +4+, 56

Phayllus, an officer of Achaeus, +5+, 72, 73

Pheias, harbour town in Elis, +4+, 9

Pheidias, the Athenian artist, +30+, 10

Pheneus, a town in Arcadia, +2+, 52; +4+, 68

Pherae, a city of Thessaly, +5+, 99; +18+, 19, 20

Phibotides, a city of Illyria, +5+, 108

Phigaleia, a city in Arcadia, +4+, 3, 6, 31, 79, 80; +5+, 4

Philaenus, altars of, in the Greater Syrtis, +3+, 39; +10+, 40

Philaenis, +12+, 13

Philammon, governor of Libya, under Ptolemy Epiphanes, +15+, 25, 26_a_, 33

Philemenus, of Tarentum, +8+, 26, 27, 31, 32

Philetaerus, son of Attalus I., +39+, 7

Philiades, of Messene, +18+, 14

Philinus, historian, +1+, 14, 15; +3+, 26

Philinus, of Corinth, +39+, 11

Philip II., king of Macedonia, B.C. 360-336, +2+, 41, 48; +3+, 6; +5+, 10; +8+, 11-13; +9+, 28, 33; +18+, 14; +22+, 6, 8

Philip V., son of Demetrius II., king of Macedonia B.C. 229-179, +1+, 3;

his youth and succession, +2+, 2, 37, 45, 70;

engages in the social war, +4+, 2, 3, 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, 19, 22-27, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37;

invades Aetolia, +4+, 55, 57, 61-87;

renews the war by sea, attack on Thermus, +5+, 1-30, 34, 95, 97-105, 108-110;

makes a treaty with Hannibal, +7+, 9, cp. +3+, 2;

conduct at Messene, +7+, 11;

gets rid of Aratus, +8+, 3, 10-16;

fails in an attack on Megalopolis, +9+, 18;

his lawless conduct in Greece, +9+, 23, 30-32, 35-37, 41, 42;

supports Achaeans against Rome, and Attalus, and Aetolians, +10+, 9, 26, 27, 41;

second attack on Thermus, +11+, 5-7; +13+, 3-5;

his designs against Ptolemy Epiphanes, +15+, 20-25;

defeated at Chius, +16+, 1-11, 15, 22;

his energy, +16+, 28, 29;

war with Rome, +16+, 24-35, 38;

attends conference at Nicaea, +18+, 1-12;

battle of Cynoscephalae, +18+, 27, 33, 36-39, 41-48, 50, 51, 54;

supports the Romans against Antiochus, +20+, 5, 7, 11

_See also_ +21+, 2, 11, 23, 25, 31; +22+, 1, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17; +23+, 1-3, 7-10; +24+, 12; +25+, 3; +27+, 15; +32+, 27; +37+, 9; fr. xcviii.-cii.

For his change of character _see_ +4+, 77, 81; +7+, 12, 14; +9+, 23

Philip, adopted son of Perseus, +37+, 2

Philip, an Achaean, +30+, 13

Philip, an ambassador of Perseus, +27+, 4

Philip, a companion of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 82

Philippopolis, a city in Thessaly, +5+, 100

Phillidas, an Aetolian, +4+, 77-80

Philocles, friend of Philip V., +16+, 24; +22+, 18; +23+, 1, 3

Philocrates, of Rhodes, +30+, 4

Philodemus, of Argos, +7+, 2

Philomelum, a city in Phrygia, +21+, 35

Philomelus, of Phocis, +9+, 32

Philon, of Cnossus, +5+, 65

Philon, friend of Agathocles, +14+, 11; +15+, 30, 33

Philon, of Chalcis, +21+, 17, 45; +28+, 28, 2, 16; +30+, 4, 22

Philon, of Thessaly, +39+, 10

Philophron, of Rhodes, +22+, 5; +27+, 14

Philopoemen, of Megalopolis, Achaean Strategus B.C. 206, 204, 201, 192, 189-188, 183; completes the work of Aratus, +2+, 40;

at the battle of Sallasia, +2+, 67-69;

his education and reforms, +10+, 21-24; +11+, 9-18;

invades Laconia, +16+, 36, 37;

goes to defend Megara, +20+, 6;

refuses a present from the Spartans, +20+, 12;

restores some Spartan exiles, +21+, 41; +22+, 15;

accused at Rome, +22+, 3;

hostile steps against Boeotia, +22+, 4;

his error about the treaty with Ptolemy, +22+, 12;

his policy in Sparta blamed by Caecilius, +22+, 13;

his conduct to Archon, +22+, 14;

his Spartan policy discussed in the Roman Senate, +22+, 16;

enmity of Flamininus to, +23+, 5;

joins in refusing to summon a meeting of the league, _ib._;

captured by the Messenians and put to death, +23+, 12, 16;

his character, +24+, 13-15;

his statues spared by Mummius, +39+, 14

Philostratus, of Rhodes, +16+, 5

Philostratus, of Epirus, +27+, 16

Philoteria, a town in Palestine, +5+, 70

Philotis, mother of Charops, +32+, 20

Philoxenus, a poet and musician, +4+, 20

Phlegraean plains, the, +2+, 17; +3+, 91

Phlius, a city in the Peloponnese, +2+, 44, 52, 67; +4+, 67

Phocaea, a city in Ionia, +5+, 77; +21+, 6, 48

Phocis, +4+, 9, 15, 25, 55; +5+, 24, 26, 28, 96; +16+, 32; +18+, 10, 46, 47; +38+, 5; +39+, 9

Phoebidas, of Sparta, +4+, 27

Phoenice, a town in Epirus, +2+, 5, 6, 8; +16+, 27; +32+, 21, 26

Phoenicia, a district in Asia, +3+, 2; +5+, 59, 66, 67, 87; +8+, 19

Phoetiae, a town in Acarnania, +4+, 63

Pholeus, in Megalopolis, +9+, 18

Phoxidas, of Melitaea, +5+, 63, 65, 82, 85

Phrixa, a town in Triphylia, +4+, 77, 80

Phrygia, +5+, 57; on the Hellespont, +21+, 22, 48; the greater, +21+, 48

Phthiotid Thebes. _See_ Thebes

Phthiotis, Achaeans of, in Thessaly, +18+, 46, 47

_See also_ +18+, 20

Phylarchus, the historian, +2+, 56-63

Phyromachus, a statuary, +32+, 27

Physsias, of Elis, +5+, 94

Phytaeum, a town in Aetolia, +5+, 7

Phyxium, a place in Elis, +5+, 95

Picenus ager, +2+, 21; +3+, 86

Pictones, a tribe of Transalpine Gauls, +34+, 10

Pieria, a region in Macedonia, +4+, 62

Pieria, a region in Syria, +34+, 15

Pinarus, a river in Cilicia, +12+, 17, 18

Pindar, quoted, +4+, 31

Piraeus, the, +16+, 25

Pisae, in Etruria (_Pisa_), +2+, 16, 27, 28; +3+, 41, 56, 96

Pisantini, an Illyrian tribe, +5+, 108

Pisatis, a district in the Peloponnese, +4+, 74

Pisidia, +5+, 57, 72, 73; +21+, 22

Pisistratus, of Boeotia, +18+, 43

Pissaeum, a town in Macedonia, +5+, 108

Plains, the Great (near Carthage), +14+, 7, 8; the Fair, in Armenia, +8+, 25

Placentia (_Piacenza_), +3+, 40, 66, 74; +33+, 11

Platanus, a fortress in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Plato, +6+, 5, 45, 47; +7+, 13; +12+, 28

Plator, an officer of Philip V., +4+, 55

Plator, brother of Genthius, +29+, 13

_Pleiads_, the, +3+, 54; +4+, 37; +5+, 1; +9+, 18

Pleuratus, an Illyrian, father of Agron and Scerdilaidas, +2+, 2

Pleuratus, son of Scerdilaidas, father of Genthius, +10+, 41; +18+, 47; +21+, 11, 21; +32+, 18

Pleuratus, an Illyrian exile, +28+, 8

_Polemarch_, the, in the Peloponnese, +4+, 18; +9+, 17;

at Cynaetha, +4+, 18;

at Phigaleia, +4+, 79

Polemarchus, of Arsinoe, +18+, 10

Polemocles, of Rhodes, +4+, 52, 53

Polemocrates, a courtier of Perseus, +29+, 4, 8

Poliasium, in Laconia, +16+, 16

Polichna, a town in Laconia, +4+, 36

Polyaenus, of Cyprus, +11+, 18

Polyaenus, an Achaean, +28+, 6

Polyaratus, of Rhodes, +27+, 7, 14; +28+, 2; +29+, 27; +30+, 6, 7, 9

Polybius, of Megalopolis (not the historian), +11+, 15

Polybius, of Megalopolis, son of Lycortas, the historian, writes to instruct the Greeks and of contemporary events or those immediately preceding him, +1+, 3, 4; +4+, 2;

extent and scope of his history, +3+, 32;

his authorities for the Hannibalian war, +3+, 48;

his travels, +3+, 59;

interviews with Massanissa, +9+, 25;

his code of signals, +10+, 45;

his visits to Locri Epizephyrii, +12+, 5;

to Sardis, +21+, 38;

writes to Zeno of Rhodes, +16+, 20;

ambassador to Ptolemy Epiphanes B.C. 181, +24+, 6;

accused of hostility to Rome, +28+, 3;

hipparch, +28+, 6;

speech on the honours of Eumenes, +28+, 7;

ambassador to Marcius Philippus, +28+, 13, 14;

invited to Alexandria, +29+, 23-26;

advice to Demetrius Soter in Rome (B.C. 162), +31+, 19-21;

his intimacy with Scipio Aemilianus, +32+, 8-16;

visits Alexandria, +34+, 14;

tries to influence Cato, +35+, 5;

pleads in the Senate, +35+, 6;

sent for by the Consul Manius Manilius, +37+, 3;

the only man so called, +37+, 4, but _see_ +11+, 15;

his view of Providence, +37+, 9;

at the siege and capture of Carthage, +39+, 3;

at the burning of Corinth, +39+, 13;

saves the statues of Philopoemen, +39+, 14;

refuses confiscated goods, +39+, 15;

employed in settlement of Achaia, +39+, 16;

his fondness for hunting, +31+, 22; +32+, 15

Polycletus, of Cyrene, +7+, 2

Polycrates, of Argos, +5+, 64, 65, 82, 84; +15+, 29; +18+, 54, 55; +22+, 7

Polycritus, an Aetolian, +9+, 34

Polymedes, of Aegium, +5+, 17

Polyphontes, an officer of Philip V., +10+, 42

Polyphontes, of Sparta, +4+, 22

Polyrrhenii, a city in Crete, +4+, 53, 55, 61

Polyxenidas, of Rhodes, +10+, 29

Pompides, a Theban, +27+, 2

Pontus, the, _See_ Euxine;

Pontic fish, +31+, 24;

Cappadocia on the Pontus, +5+, 43

Popilius Laenas, Gaius, consul B.C. 172, 158, +28+, 3-5; +29+, 2, 27; +30+, 9, 17

Popilius Laenas, Marcus (? consul B.C. 139), +33+, 10

Popilius Laenas, the younger (? consul B.C. 132), +38+, 19

Porcius Cato, M., +31+, 24; +35+, 6; +36+, 8; +37+, 6; +39+, 12

Porphyrion, a town in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Poseidon, +7+, 9;

temple of, at Mantinea, +9+, 8, 34;

at Taenarum, +9+, 34;

near Miletus, +16+, 12

Postumius Albinus Megellus, L., consul B.C. 262, +1+, 17-19

Postumius Albinus, L., consul B.C. 229, +2+, 11, 12; +3+, 106, 118 (wrongly called Aulus in +2+, 11)

Postumius Albinus, Aulus, consul B.C. 180, +25+, 6; +27+, 3

Postumius Albinus, Aulus, consul B.C. 151, +33+, 1, 13; +35+, 3; +39+, 12

Pothine, a flute-girl, +14+, 11

Pothion, of Rhodes, +22+, 5

_Pound_, weight of a Roman, +21+, 45

Praeneste, in Latium (_Palestrina_), +6+, 14

_Praetorium_, +6+, 27, 33, 35, 41

Praetutianus ager, in Picenum, +3+, 88

Prasiae, a town in Laconia, +4+, 36

Pration, a Rhodian, +28+, 23

Priene, a city of Ionia, +33+, 6

Prinassus, a city of Caria, +16+, 11

Prion. _See_ Saw

Proagoras, of Megalopolis, +13+, 8

Proander, an Aetolian, +28+, 4

Prolaus, of Sicyon, +4+, 72

Pronni, harbour of Cephallenia, +5+, 3

Propontis, the (_Sea of Marmora_), +4+, 39, 43, 44; +16+, 29; +22+, 18

Propus, a place in Arcadia, +4+, 11

Prusias I., king of Bithynia _circ._ B.C. 220-180, +3+, 2; +4+, 47-52; +5+, 77, 90, 111

Prusias II., son of preceding, king of Bithynia B.C. 179-149, +3+, 3, 5; +15+, 23; +18+, 4, 5, 44; +21+, 11; +22+, 11, 20; +23+, 1, 3; +25+, 2; +30+, 19; +31+, 6, 9; +32+, 3, 5, 27, 28; +33+, 1, 9, 12, 13; +37+, 6

Prytanis, a Peripatetic philosopher, +5+, 93

_Prytanis_, a magistrate at Rhodes, +22+, 5

Pseudo-Philip, +37+, 1, 2, 9

Psophis, a city in Arcadia, +4+, 68-73

Ptolemais, a city in Phoenicia, +4+, 37; +5+, 61, 62, 71

Ptolemy Ceraunus, king of Thrace and Macedonia B.C. 281-280, son of Ptolemy I. of Egypt, +2+, 41; +9+, 35

Ptolemy I., son of Lagus, king of Egypt B.C. 323-285, +1+, 63; +2+, 41, 71, 67

Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, king of Egypt B.C. 286-247, +14+, 11; +15+, 25; +31+, 17; fr. xxvi.

Ptolemy III., Euergetes, king of Egypt B.C. 247-222, +2+, 47, 51, 63, 71; +4+, 1; +5+, 34, 35, 58; +15+, 25; +29+, 24

Ptolemy IV., Philopator, king of Egypt B.C. 222-205, +1+, 3; +2+, 71; +3+, 2; +4+, 2, 30, 37, 51; +5+, 1, 31, 34, 36, 38-40, 42, 45, 55, 57, 58, 61-68, 70, 79-87, 89, 100, 105-107; +8+, 17; +9+, 44; +11+, 4; +14+, 11, 12; +15+, 20, 25, 34; +18+, 1; +27+, 9; +39+, 19

Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, king of Egypt B.C. 205-181, +3+, 2; +15+, 20, 25-32; +16+, 22, 27, 34, 39; +18+, 1, 47, 49-51, 54, 55; +22+, 1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 22; +24+, 6; +28+, 1, 20

Ptolemy VI., Philometor, king of Egypt B.C. 181-146, +27+, 13, 19; +28+, 1, 12, 17, 23; +29+, 23-27; +30+, 9, 17; +31+, 4, 18, 20, 22, 27, 28; +32+, 1; +33+, 8; +39+, 18

Ptolemy VII., Physcon, brother of preceding, joint king B.C. 170-154, king of Cyrene B.C. 154-146, sole king B.C. 146-117, +28+, 19, 20, 21; +29+, 23-25, 27; +30+, 17; +31+, 18, 26-28; +32+, 1; +33+, 8; +34+, 14

Ptolemy, son of Aeropus, an Aetolian, +16+, 18

Ptolemy, son of Agesarchus of Megalopolis, +15+, 25; +18+, 55; +27+, 13

Ptolemy, son of Eumenes, +18+, 53

Ptolemy, a courtier of Philip V., +5+, 25, 26

Ptolemy, commandant of Alexandria, +5+, 39

Ptolemy, a rhetorician, +28+, 19; +31+, 28

Ptolemy, son of Sosibius, +15+, 25; +16+, 22

Ptolemy Sympetesis, +31+, 27

Ptolemy, son of Thraseas, +5+, 61

Publicius Malleolus, Lucius, +37+, 6

Punic army, +1+, 19; +11+, 19; strength and courage compared with Italian, +6+, 52; stratagem, +3+, 78

Pupius, Lucius, +33+, 10

Puteoli (_Dicaearchia_), a city in Campania (_Pozzuoli_), +3+, 91

Pylon, on the Via Egnatia, +34+, 12

Pylus, a town in Messenia, +4+, 16, 25; +9+, 38; +18+, 42

Pyrenees, the, +3+, 35, 37, 39-41; +10+, 39, 40; +34+, 7, 10

Pyrgus, a town of Triphylia, +4+, 77, 80

Pyrrhias, an Aetolian, +5+, 30, 91, 92

Pyrrhicus, put to death by Philip V., +23+, 10

Pyrrhus, palace of, at Ambracia, +21+, 27;

camp of, in Laconia, +5+, 19

_See also_ +1+, 6, 7, 23; +2+, 20, 41; +3+, 25; +32+, 2; +7+, 4; +8+, 26; +12+, 4, 25_k_; +18+, 3, 28; fr. xi.

Pythagoreans, the, +2+, 39

Pytheas, a traveller and writer, +34+, 5, 10

Pytheas, of Thebes, +39+, 7, 9

_Pythia_, the, +10+, 2

Pythiades, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 46

Pythias, of Pellene, +4+, 72

Pythion, a spy, +13+, 5

Pythionicus, tomb of, at Tarentum, +8+, 30

Pytho, an ambassador from Prusias, +31+, 6

Pythodorus, of Lampsacus, +18+, 52

QUAESTOR, the, +6+, 13, 31, 32, 35

Quinctius Crispinus, Titus, consul B.C. 208, +10+, 32

Quinctius Flamininus, T., consul B.C. 198, +18+, 1-12, 18-27, 33, 34, 36-39, 42-47, 50; +20+, 7; +21+, 30; +22+, 4, 13; +23+, 3-5; +27+, 15;

declares Greece free, +18+, 46

Quinctius Flamininus, Lucius, consul B.C. 192, +21+, 32

Quinctius Flamininus, Titus (son of Titus above), consul B.C. 150, +33+, 10

Quintus, commissioner to Egypt, +31+, 18;

and to Rhodes, +33+, 15

Quirinus, +3+, 25

RABBATAMANA (_Philadelphia_), a town in Palestine, +5+, 71

Rhaeti, an Alpine tribe, +34+, 10

Rhaphia, a town in Palestine, +5+, 80, 85, 86, 107

Rhaucus, a town in Crete, +22+, 19; +31+, 1

Rhegium, a city of Bruttium (_Reggio_), +1+, 6-8, 10; +3+, 26; +5+, 110; +9+, 7, 9, 27; +10+, 1

Rhigosages, mercenary Gauls, +5+, 53

Rhinocolura, a town of Egypt, +5+, 80

Rhium, promontory and harbour of Achaia, +4+, 10, 19, 26; +5+, 28-30; +12+, 12_a_;

Aetolian Rhium (_Antirrhium_), +5+, 94

Rhium, the strait between Rhium and Antirrhium, +4+, 64

Rhizon, a city in Illyria, +2+, 11

Rhodes, island of, +4+, 50; +13+, 5; +16+, 34, 35; +22+, 5; +25+, 4-6; +28+, 2, 16, 17, 23; +29+, 3, 4, 11, 19; +30+, 5, 7-9; +32+, 4;

earthquake at, +5+, 88-90;

Rhodians, +3+, 2, 3; +4+, 19, 37, 47-53, 56; +5+, 24, 28, 63, 88-90, 100; +9+, 27; +11+, 4; +13+, 4, 5; +15+, 22, 23; +16+, 4-10, 14, 15, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35; +18+, 1, 2, 6, 8, 52; +21+, 7, 10, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 29-31, 45, 48; +22+, 5; +23+, 9; +25+, 4, 5; +27+, 3, 4, 7; +28+, 2, 16, 23; +29+, 3, 4, 10, 11, 19; +30+, 4-9, 20, 22; +31+, 2, 3, 6, 7, 15, 16, 25, 26; +33+, 4, 6, 13, 15, 16, 17;

Rhodian magistrates, navarch, +30+, 5;

prytanies, +13+, 5; +15+, 23; +22+, 5; +27+, 7; +29+, 10;

their attempts to end the Social War, +5+, 24, 100; +11+, 4;

accept money for the cost of education, +31+, 25

Rhodon, of Phocaea, +21+, 6

Rhodope, mountain, Thrace, +34+, 10

Rhodophon, of Rhodes, +27+, 7; +28+, 2; +30+, 5

Rhone, the, +2+, 15, 22, 34; +3+, 35, 37, 39, 41-49, 60, 61, 64, 76; +34+, 10

Rhositeles, of Sicyon, +22+, 3

Rhyncus, in Aetolia, +6+, 59

Romans, their language, +29+, 20;

their character, +1+, 20, 55, 59, 64; +8+, 3; +28+, 8; +32+, 9;

their treatment of the conquered, +18+, 37;

their ceremonies in proclaiming war, +13+, 3;

their _fides_, +20+, 9; +36+, 4;

their desire for wealth, +32+, 12, 13;

Roman constitution, +6+, 11-42;

compared with others, +6+, 43-56

_See also_ +1+, 3, 64; +3+, 2, 118; +5+, 111; +6+, 47, 50, 51-58; +8+, 3; +10+, 16; +21+, 13

Their readiness in adopting improvements, +6+, 25; fr. xxvii.;

their incorruptibility, +6+, 56;

decline in their character, +18+, 35; +32+, 11; cp. +37+, 1;

Magistrates, _see_ dictator, consul, tribune, aedile

Roman Empire, extent of, +1+, 2;

how acquired, +1+, 3, 64; +18+, 28;

the first step out of Italy, +1+, 5, 11;

effect of their eastern conquests, +18+, 35

Roman Army, +6+, 19-42;

the legion, +1+, 16, 26; +2+, 24; +3+, 72, 107; +6+, 19-21, 26, 30; +10+, 16; +28+, 17;

enrollment of, +6+, 19, 26;

officers of, military tribunes, +6+, 19-21, 27, 33, 37;

centurions, +6+, 24, 30, 36, 41;

equites in, +3+, 107; +6+, 19, 20, 25; +11+, 21;

pedites in, +3+, 107; +6+, 19, 21;

velites, +6+, 21, 22, 24, 33, 35; +11+, 22-24, 32; +15+, 9;

hastati, +6+, 21, 23, 29, 33; +15+, 9;

principes, +6+, 21, 23, 29, 33;

triarii, +6+, 21, 23, 29, 33, cp. +1+, 26;

socii, +1+, 24; +3+, 72, 107; +6+, 13, 21, 26, 30; +10+, 16;

extraordinarii, +6+, 26, 31;

maniples, +6+, 24; +11+, 23;

arms of, _galea_, +6+, 22, 23;

_gladius_, +2+, 30, 33; +6+, 23;

_lorica_, +6+, 23, 25;

_pilum_, +1+, 40; +6+, 23;

_scutum_, +2+, 30; +6+, 23-51;

compared with those of the Macedonians, +18+, 28-32

_See also_ +2+, 33; +13+, 3

Line of battle compared with the Macedonian, _ib._;

camp, formation of, +6+, 27-37, 41, 42

Roman fleet, the first, +1+, 20;

its increase, +1+, 25;

rapid building of, +1+, 38, 52;

its destruction, +1+, 52;

another built, +1+, 59;

losses of, in the first Punic war, +1+, 63

Rome, foundation of, fr. i.;

captured by the Gauls, +1+, 6; +2+, 18;

crowns in honour of, +32+, 3, 24;

colossal statue to, at Rhodes, +31+, 15

Ruscinus, (or -o), a river in Gaul (_Tet_), +34+, 10

SABINES, the, +2+, 24

Sagalassus, a city in Pisidia, +21+, 36

Saguntum, a city in Spain, +3+, 6, 8, 14-17, 20, 21, 29, 30, 61, 97-99; +4+, 28, 37, 66; +15+, 17

Sais, a city in Egypt, +22+, 7

Salassi, an Alpine tribe (_Val d’ Aosta_), +34+, 10

Salii, the, +21+, 13

Sallentini, a tribe in Calabria, +34+, 15

Salutis via, at Tarentum, +8+, 35

Samaria, city and district in Palestine, +5+, 71; +16+, 39

Sambucae, siege engines, +8+, 6-8

Samicum, a town in Triphylia, +4+, 77, 80

Samnites, the, +1+, 6; +2+, 19; +3+, 90-92; +9+, 5

Samos, island of, +3+, 2; +5+, 35; +16+, 2; +21+, 8

Samothrace, an island in the Aegean, +28+, 21; +29+, 8

Samus, a poet, +5+, 9; +23+, 10

Sangarius, a river of Asia Minor (_Sakari_), +21+, 37

Saperda, in Pisidia, +5+, 72

Sarapieium, in Thrace, +4+, 39

Sardanapalus, king of Assyria, +8+, 12; +37+, 7

Sardinia, +1+, 2, 10, 24, 43, 79, 82, 83, 88; +2+, 23, 27; +3+, 10, 13, 15, 22-24, 27, 28, 30, 75, 96; +12+, 4_c_; +34+, 8

Sardinian sea, the, +1+, 10, 42; +2+, 14; +3+, 37, 41, 47; +34+, 6

Sardis, in Lydia, +5+, 77; +7+, 15-18; +8+, 17, 23; +21+, 11, 13, 16, 38; +29+, 12; +31+, 10

_Sarissae_, Macedonian spears, +12+, 20; +18+, 26, 29

Sarsina, a town in Umbria (_Sarsina_), +2+, 24

Sason, an island off Illyria, +5+, 110

Saspiri, an Asian tribe, +5+, 44

Sation, a town in Illyria, +5+, 108

Satrapeii, an Asian tribe, +5+, 44

Satyrus, of Ilium, +22+, 5

Satyrus, an Achaean, +31+, 6

Saw, the, a place in Sardis, +7+, 15; another in Libya, +1+, 85

Scardus, a mountain in Illyria, +28+, 8

Scerdilaidas, an Illyrian general, +2+, 5, 6; +4+, 16, 29; +5+, 3, 4, 95, 101, 108, 110; +10+, 41

_Science, progress of_, +10+, 12

Scipio. _See_ Cornelius. Cp. +34+, 10;

pedigree of, vol. ii. p. 456

_See also_ fr. xc.-xciii.

Scironian rocks, the, +16+, 16

Scodra, a town in Illyria, +28+, 8

Scopas, an Aetolian, +4+, 5, 6, 9, 14, 16, 19, 27, 37, 62; +5+, 3, 11; +13+, 1, 2; +15+, 25; +16+, 18, 19, 39; +18+, 53-55

Scopium, near Phthiotid Thebes, +5+, 99

Scorpions, name for cross-bows, +8+, 7

Scotitas, a forest in Laconia, +16+, 37

Scotusa, a town in Thessaly, +16+, 42; +18+, 20

_Scurvy_, the, +3+, 87

Scylla, +34+, 2, 3;

promontory of (_Scilla_), +34+, 2, 3

Scyron, of Messenia, +4+, 4

Scythian colonnade at Syracuse, +8+, 5

Scythians, the, +4+, 43; +9+, 34

Scythopolis, a city in Palestine, +5+, 70

Segesama, a town in Spain, +34+, 9

Segesta, a city in Sicily, +1+, 24

Seleucia Pieria (Seleucia on the sea), a town in Syria, +5+, 58-61, 66, 67; +34+, 15

Seleucia, on the Tigris, +5+, 45, 46, 48, 54; +13+, 9

Seleucia, in Mesopotamia, +5+, 43

Seleucus I., Nicanor, king of Syria B.C. 306-280, +2+, 41, 71; +5+, 67; +10+, 27; +18+, 51; +28+, 20; +31+, 7

Seleucus II., Callinicus, son of Antiochus I., king of Syria B.C. 246-226, +2+, 71; +4+, 48, 51; +5+, 40, 89; +8+, 22

Seleucus III., Ceraunus, son of the preceding, king of Syria B.C. 226-223, +2+, 71; +4+, 1, 2, 48; +5+, 34, 40, 41

Seleucus IV., Philopator, son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria B.C. 188-175, +18+, 51; +21+, 6, 8, 10; +22+, 1, 10-13; +23+, 5; +31+, 12

Selge, a city in Pisidia, +5+, 72-77; +31+, 9

Selinus, a city in Sicily, +1+, 39

Sellasia, a town in Laconia, +2+, 65; +4+, 69; +16+, 16, 37

Selybria, a city in Thrace, +18+, 49

Sempronius Blaesus, Gaius, consul B.C. 253, +1+, 39

Sempronius, Longus, Ti., consul B.C. 218, +3+, 40, 41, 61, 68-75; +4+, 66; +5+, 1

Sempronius, Gracchus, Ti., consul B.C. 215, 213, +8+, 1

Sempronius, Gracchus, Ti., consul B.C. 177, son-in-law of Africanus, +22+, 9, _note_; +25+, 1, 4; +31+, 5-7, 9, 14, 23; +32+, 3-5, 13; +35+, 2

Sena, a Roman colony in Cisalpine Gaul (_Sinigaglia_), +2+, 14, 16, 19; +34+, 11

Senate, the Roman, +3+, 20; +6+, 13, 16, 17;

the Spartan, +4+, 35; +6+, 45

Senones, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17, 19, 20

Sentinum, a town in Umbria (_Sentino_), +2+, 19

Serapis, +4+, 39

Sergius, Lucius, +15+, 1, 2

Sergius, Manius, +31+, 9

Serippus, a Lacedaemonian, +23+, 4, 9

Servilius Caepio, Gnaeus, consul B.C. 253, +1+, 39

Servilius Caepio, Gnaeus, consul B.C. 203, +14+, 1

Servilius Geminus, Gnaeus, consul B.C. 217, +3+, 75, 77, 86, 88, 96, 97, 106, 107, 114, 116

Servilius Geminus, Gnaeus, consul B.C. 203, +14+, 1

Servilius Glaucia, +31+, 23

Sestus, a city in Thrace, +4+, 44, 50; +16+, 29; +18+, 2; +34+, 7

Sibyrtus, of Epirus, +21+, 26

Sicca, a town near Carthage, +1+, 66, 67

Sicily, the war for, +1+, 13, 63, 83; +3+, 3, 9, 21, 22, 25, 27, 32, 37; +5+, 33; +39+, 19;

its position, +1+, 42

_See also_ +1+, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 16-74, 83; +2+, 1, 24, 36, 37, 43; +3+, 3, 13, 21-29, 32, 75, 96, 108; +5+, 33; +12+, 4, 25_k_, 26_b_; +28+, 2; +34+, 2-4, 11, 15; +36+, 5; +39+, 19

Sicilian Strait, the, +1+, 7, 11, 20, 21, 38, 49; +10+, 1; +5+, 110; +34+, 6

Sicilian medimnus, +2+, 15; +9+, 44; +34+, 8

Sicilian Sea, the, +1+, 42; +2+, 14, 16; +4+, 63; +5+, 3, 5; +10+, 1; +12+, 4; +34+, 11

Sicilians, the, +1+, 16; +2+, 20; +3+, 2; +5+, 104; +12+, 5, 6; +24+, 15

Sicyon, a city in Achaia, +2+, 43, 52, 54; +4+, 8, 13, 57, 67, 68; +5+, 1, 27; +10+, 22; +18+, 16; +23+, 17; +28+, 13; +29+, 24; +30+, 10, 23

Sida, a city of Pisidia, +5+, 73; +31+, 26

Sidon, a city in Phoenicia, +5+, 69, 70

_Signals_ by fire, +10+, 43-47; cp. +1+, 19; +8+, 30

_Silver_, value of, compared with gold, +21+, 32

Attic, +21+, 32, 45;

mines of, in Spain, +3+, 57; +10+, 10; +24+, 9

Simias, an Achaean, +11+, 18

Simon, a Boeotian, +22+, 4

Simonides, of Ceos, +29+, 26

Sinda, a town of Pisidia, +21+, 35

Sinope, a city of Paphlagonia, +4+, 56, 57; +23+, 9

Sinuessa, a city in Latium (_Mondragone_), +3+, 91

Sipontum, a city in Apulia, on the Adriatic (_Sta. Maria di Siponto_), +10+, 1

Sirynx, a city in Hyrcania, +10+, 31

_Six-banked ships_, +1+, 26; fr. xvii.

Smyrna, a city in Ionia, +5+, 77; +18+, 52; +21+, 13, 14, 17, 22, 48

Socrates, a Boeotian, +5+, 63, 65, 82

Socrates, a trainer, +27+, 7

Soli, a city in Cilicia, +21+, 24

Solon, a Macedonian, +27+, 6

Sophagasenus, an Indian king, +11+, 34

Sosander, friend of Attalus II., +32+, 27

Sosibius, a friend of Ptolemy Philopator, +5+, 35-38, 63, 65-67, 83, 85, 87; +8+, 17-19; +15+, 25, 32, 34

Sosibius, son of the preceding, +15+, 32; +16+, 22

Sosicrates, Achaean sub-Strategus, +39+, 11

Sosigenes, of Rhodes, +28+, 7

Sosiphanes, ambassador from Antiochus Epiphanes, +28+, 1, 22

Sostratus, a statuary, +4+, 78

Sostratus, of Calchedon, +8+, 24

Sosylus, an historian, +3+, 20

Sparta. _See_ Lacedaemon

Spendius, a leader in the mercenary war, +1+, 69, 70, 76-80, 82, 84, 86

_Stade_, a, +3+, 39; +34+, 12 _note_

Stair, the, a pass near Selge in Pisidia, +5+, 72

Stasinus, a poet, +23+, 10

Stephanus, of Athens, +32+, 17

Stertinius, Lucius, +18+, 48

Sthembanus, son of Massanissa, +37+, 10

Sthenelaus, of Sparta, +4+, 22

Stratius, of Tritaea, +28+, 6; +32+, 7; +38+, 11; +39+, 10

Stratius, a physician, +30+, 2

Strato, of Lampsacus, +12+, 25_c_

Stratocles, prytanis of Rhodes, +27+, 7

Stratonicea, a city in Caria, +30+, 22; +31+, 7

Stratus, a city in Acarnania, +4+, 63, 64; +5+, 6, 7, 13, 14, 96; +6+, 59; +18+, 10

Stratus, a town in Arcadia, +4+, 73

Strymon, the, river in Thrace, +37+, 2

Stubera, a town in Macedonia, +28+, 8

Stylangium, a town in Triphylia, +4+, 77, 80

Stymphalus, a city in Arcadia, +2+, 55; +4+, 68, 69

_Sub-strategus_, the Achaean, +5+, 94

_Suffete_, a Carthaginian magistrate, +3+, 33, 42; +6+, 51

Sulpicius Paterculus, Gaius, consul B.C. 258, +1+, 24

Sulpicius Galba, Publius, consul B.C. 211, 200, +8+, 3; +9+, 6, 7, 42; +10+, 41; +16+, 24; +18+, 23; +22+, 11

Sulpicius Gallus, Gaius, +31+, 9, 10

Sunium, promontory of Attica, +34+, 7

Susa, capital of Susiana, +5+, 48;

Susiana, +5+, 46, 52, 54

Sybaris, a city of Magna Graecia, +2+, 39; +7+, 1

Sycurium, a town in Thessaly, +27+, 8

Syleium, a city in Phrygia, +21+, 34

Synes, near Messene in Sicily, +1+, 11

Syphax, king of Numidia, +11+, 24; +14+, 1-9; +15+, 3-5; +16+, 23

His wife Sophanisba, +14+, 1, 7

Syracuse, +1+, 8-12, 15, 16, 43, 52-54, 62; +5+, 88; +8+, 5-9, 37; +9+, 10, 19; +12+, 4_d_, 15, 23, 25, 26; +15+, 35

Syria, +2+, 71; +3+, 5; +4+, 2, 48; +5+, 36, 43, 57, 58, 85, 87; +9+, 43; +12+, 17; +21+, 46; +28+, 1, 20; +29+, 27; +31+, 11, 13, 19-21; +32+, 6; +33+, 19; +34+, 15; +39+, 18, 19

Syrinx, a covered way at Alexandria, +15+, 30, 31

Syrinx, a town in Hyrcania, +10+, 31

Syrtes, the, +12+, 1;

the greater Syrtis, +3+, 39;

the lesser, +1+, 39; +3+, 23; +32+, 2; +34+, 15

TABAE, a city in Persia, +31+, 11

Taenarum, a promontory of Laconia (_C. Matapan_), +5+, 19; +9+, 34

Tagae, a city in Parthia, +10+, 29

Tagus, river in Spain, +3+, 14; +10+, 7, 39; +34+, 7

_Talent_ (weight), +4+, 56; +5+, 89; +9+, 41; _See_ +34+, 8 _note_

_Talent_ (money), +5+, 89; +22+, 12. _See Euboic, Attic_

Tambrax, a town in Hyrcania, +10+, 31

Tanais (the Don), +3+, 37, 38; +34+, 5, 7; confused with the Jaxartes, +10+, 48

Tannetus, a hamlet in Cisalpine Gaul, +3+, 40

Tantalus, +4+, 45

Tapuri, a Median tribe, +5+, 44; Tapuria, +10+, 49

Tarentines, _i.e._ mercenary cavalry, +4+, 77; +11+, 12; +16+, 18

Tarentum, a city in Italy (_Taranto_), +1+, 6, 20; +2+, 24; +3+, 75, 118; +8+, 26-36; +9+, 9; +10+, 1; +13+, 4; +29+, 12

Tarquinius Priscus (+6+, 2), fr. vi.

Tarracina, a city in Latium (_Terracina_), +3+, 22, 24

Tarraco, a city in Spain (_Tarragona_), +3+, 76, 95; +10+, 20, 34, 40; +11+, 33

Tarseium, a town in Spain (_Tartessus_), +3+, 24, 33

Taurini, a Gallic tribe in the valley of the Po, +3+, 60; +34+, 10

Taurion, minister of Philip V., +4+, 6, 10, 19, 80, 87; +5+, 27, 92, 95, 103; +8+, 14; +9+, 23

Taurisci, an Alpine tribe, +2+, 15, 28, 30

Taurisci Norici, a tribe near Aquileia, +34+, 10

Taurus, mountain in Asia Minor, +4+, 48; +5+, 40, 41, 107, 109; +10+, 28;

as a boundary of Asia from Syria and other kingdoms, +3+, 3; +4+, 2, 48; +5+, 40, 77; +8+, 22; +11+, 34; +21+, 14, 17, 21, 24, 43, 48

Taygetus, mountain in the Peloponnese, +34+, 10

Teanum Sidicinum, a city in Campania (_Teano_), +3+, 91

Tectosages, a Gallic tribe in Asia Minor, +21+, 39

Tegea, a city in Arcadia, +2+, 46, 54, 58, 70; +4+, 22, 23, 82; +5+, 17, 18, 20, 24, 92; +9+, 28; +11+, 11, 18; +16+, 17, 36, 37; +18+, 14; +38+, 8, 9

Tegean gate at Messene, +16+, 17

Telamon, on the coast of Etruria (_Telamone_), +2+, 27

Teleas, an ambassador of King Euthydemus, +11+, 34

Telecles, of Aegium, +32+, 7; +33+, 1

Telecles, of Megalopolis, +33+, 3

Teledamus, of Argos, +18+, 14

Telemnastus, of Crete, +29+, 4; +33+, 16

Telephus, of Rhodes, +29+, 10

Telmissus, a city of Lycia, +21+, 48

Telocritus, an Achaean, +28+, 12

Telphusa, a city in Arcadia, +2+, 54; +4+, 60, 77

Temenid gates at Tarentum, +8+, 27, 30

Temnus, a city in Aeolis, +5+, 77; +32+, 27

Tempe, in Thessaly, +18+, 27, 33, 36, 48; +22+, 1

Tenedos, island of, +16+, 34; +27+, 7

Teos, a city in Ionia, +5+, 77

Terentius Varro, Gaius, consul B.C. 216, +3+, 106, 110-117; +5+, 108

Terentius, Lucius, +18+, 48, 50

Termessus, a city in Pisidia, +21+, 35

Tetrapyrgia, in Cyrene, +31+, 27

Teuta, queen of Illyria, +2+, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12

Thalamae, a town in Laconia, +16+, 16

Thalamae, a fort in Elis, +4+, 75, 84

Thasos, island of, +15+, 24; +18+, 44, 48, 50

Theaetetus, of Rhodes, +22+, 5; +27+, 14; +28+, 2, 16; +29+, 11; +30+, 5, 22

Thearches, of Cleitor, +2+, 55

Thearidas, an Achaean, +32+, 17; +38+, 8

Thebe, a city in Mysia, +16+, 1; +21+, 10

Thebes, in Boeotia, +2+, 39, 62; +4+, 23, 27, 31; +5+, 10, 27, 28; +9+, 8, 28, 34, 39; +12+, 25; +20+, 5, 7; +27+, 1, 2, 5; +28+, 3; +38+, 4; +39+, 9, 12;

constitution of, +6+, 43

Thebes, Phthiotid, in Thessaly, +5+, 99-101; +18+, 3, 8, 19, 38, 47

Themison, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 79, 82

Themistes, of Alexandria Troas, +5+, 111

Themistocles, of Athens, +6+, 44

Themistocles, an officer of Achaeus, +5+, 77

Theodectes, an Achaean, +39+, 10

Theodoridas, of Sicyon, +22+, 3; +29+, 23

Theodorus, a Boeotian flute-player, +30+, 14

Theodotus, an Aetolian, +4+, 37; +5+, 40, 46, 61, 62, 66, 67, 79, 81; +7+, 16, 18

Theodotus Hemiolius, +5+, 42, 43, 45, 59, 68, 69, 71, 79, 83, 87

Theodotus, of Epirus, +27+, 16; +30+, 7

Theodotus, of Pherae, +18+, 10

Theogeiton, a Boeotian, +18+, 14

Theognetus, of Abydus, +16+, 33

Theophanes, of Rhodes, +33+, 16

Theophiliscus, of Rhodes, +16+, 2, 4, 5, 9

Theophrastus, a Peripatetic philosopher, +12+, 11, 23

Theopompus, of Chios, historian, +8+, 11-13; +12+, 4_a_, 25, 27; +16+, 12

Theopompus, a flute-player, +30+, 14

Theoprosopon, a promontory in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Theotimus, a friend of Orophernes, +32+, 25

Theris, ambassador from Antiochus Epiphanes, +28+, 20

Thermae (or Therma), a town in Sicily, +1+, 24, 39

Thermopylae, +2+, 52; +10+, 41

Thermus, capital of the Aetolian League, +5+, 6-9, 13, 18; +7+, 13; +9+, 30; +11+, 7; +28+, 3;

assemblies at, +5+, 8; +18+, 48; +28+, 4

Thersitae, a tribe in Spain, +3+, 33

Thersites, +12+, 26_b_

Thesmophoreium, temple of Demeter, +15+, 29, 33

Thespiae, a city in Boeotia, +27+, 1

Thessalians, +4+, 9, 76; +9+, 28, 33, 38; +11+, 5; +16+, 32; +18+, 3, 11, 46, 47; +22+, 1, 9; +23+, 1; +25+, 6; +30+, 7; +37+, 2;

Thessalian cavalry, +4+, 8; +18+, 22

Thessalonica, a city in Macedonia, +22+, 1, 15; +29+, 4; +34+, 7, 12

Thessaly, +2+, 49, 52; +4+, 57, 61, 62, 66, 67; +5+, 5, 17, 26, 29, 99, 100; +18+, 3, 14, 27, 38; +20+, 13; +22+, 1; +27+, 16; +28+, 3, 12, 13; +29+, 19; +39+, 2

Thestia (or Thestieis), a town in Aetolia, +5+, 7

Thetis, temple of, at Pharsalus, +18+, 20, 21

Thoas, an Aetolian, +21+, 17, 31, 45; +28+, 4

Thoas, an agent between Perseus and Rhodes, +30+, 8

Thrace, +4+, 39, 44, 45; +5+, 34, 74; +18+, 49; +22+, 15, 17; +23+, 8; +24+, 3; +34+, 7, 10;

Greek cities in, +9+, 28; +18+, 48, 51; +22+, 1, 9, 17; +23+, 8

Thracians, the, mercenaries, +5+, 65, 79, 82; +31+, 3

_See also_ +4+, 38, 45, 46, 51, 66; +5+, 7; +8+, 24; +10+, 41; +18+, 4, 22, 37; +21+, 49; +22+, 17, 18; +23+, 10; +34+, 7; +39+, 2

Thraseas, an Alexandrian, +5+, 65

Thrason, of Syracuse, +7+, 2

Thrasycrates, of Rhodes, +11+, 4

Thrasylochus of Messene, +18+, 14

Thrasymene Lake, the, +3+, 82, 84, 108; +5+, 101; +15+, 11

Thronium, a city of the Epicnemidian Locrians, +9+, 41; +18+, 9

Thucydides, the historian, +8+, 13

Thule, island of, +34+, 5

Thuria, a town in Messenia, +23+, 17

Thurii, in Magna Graecia, +8+, 26; +10+, 1

Thyateira, a town in Lydia, +16+, 1; +32+, 27

Thyestes, of Sparta, +4+, 22

Thyreum, a town in Arcadia, +4+, 6, 25; +18+, 10; +21+, 29; +28+, 5

Tiber, the, +6+, 2, 55; +31+, 20, 22; +35+, 2

Tiboetes, uncle of Prusias I., +4+, 50-52

Tibur (_Tivoli_), +6+, 14

Ticinus, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, +3+, 64; +34+, 10

Tigris, the, +5+, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52

Timaeus, of Tauromenium in Sicily, the historian, +1+, 5; +2+, 16; +8+, 12;

criticism of, +12+, 3-15, 23-28; +34+, 10; +39+, 19

Timaeus, an Aetolian, +4+, 34; +9+, 34

Timagoras, a Rhodian admiral, +27+, 7

Timagoras, another Rhodian, a captain of a vessel, +27+, 7

Timarchus, a Cretan, +4+, 53

Timocrates, of Pellene, +18+, 17

Timolas, of Boeotia, +18+, 14

Timolaus, of Sparta, +20+, 12

Timoleon, of Corinth, +12+, 23, 25, 25_k_, 26

Timotheus, ambassador from Ptolemy Philometor, +28+, 1

Timotheus, ambassador from Orophernes, +32+, 24

Timotheus, of Miletus, +4+, 20

Timoxenus, Achaean Strategus B.C. 216, +2+, 53; +4+, 6, 7, 82; +5+, 106

Tisaeus, Mt., in Thessaly, +10+, 42

Tisamenus, king of Achaia, +2+, 41; +4+, 1

Tisippus, an Aetolian, +30+, 13

Titti, a Spanish tribe, +35+, 2

Tium, a city in Bithynia, +25+, 2

Tlepolemus, commandant of Pelusium, +15+, 25-27, 29; +16+, 21, 22

Tlepolemus, ambassador from Ptolemy Physcon, +28+, 19

Tolistobogii, a tribe in Galatia, +21+, 37

_Torches._ _See_ Signals; used for starting horse races, fr. lxiv.

Torus, a hill near Agrigentum, +1+, 19

Tower, the, +5+, 102 _See_ Perippia.

Tragiscus, of Tarentum, +8+, 29, 30

Tragyrium, a city in Illyria, +32+, 18

Tralles, a city in Caria, +21+, 48

Trebia, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, +3+, 67-69, 72; battle of, +3+, 72-74, 108; +15+, 11

Trench, the, in Messenia, +4+, 33

Triarii. _See_ Roman Army

Tribuni militum. _See_ Roman Army; Tribuni plebi, +3+, 87; +6+, 12, 16; +30+, 4

Trichonium, a town in Aetolia, +5+, 7

Trichonian lake, the, in Aetolia, +5+, 7; +11+, 7

Trieres, a town in Phoenicia, +5+, 68

Trigaboli, at the head of the delta of the Po, +2+, 16

Triphylia, a district in the Peloponnese, +4+, 77, 79-81; +5+, 27; +18+, 42, 47

Triphylus, son of Arcas, +4+, 77

Tripolis, a district of Laconia, +4+, 81

Tritaea, a city of Achaia, +2+, 41; +4+, 6, 59; +5+, 95

Triton, +7+, 9

Triumph, a, +6+, 15. _See_ +3+, 19 (Paullus); +4+, 66; +11+, 33 (Scipio); +21+, 24 (L. and P. Scipio and L. Aemilius); +30+, 14 (L. Anicius)

Troas, +5+, 111. _See_ Alexandria

Trocmi, a tribe of Galatia, +31+, 13

Troezen, a city of Argolis, +2+, 52

Trojan war, the, +34+, 2; Trojans, the, +12+, 4_b_

Tunes, a city in Africa (_Tunis_), +1+, 30, 67, 69, 73, 76, 77, 79, 84-86; +14+, 10; +15+, 1

Turdetani, a Spanish tribe, +34+, 9

Turduli, a Spanish tribe, +34+, 9

Tychaeus, a Numidian, +15+, 3

Tychon, officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 54

Tylis, a town in Thrace, +4+, 46

Tylus, an island in the Arabian Gulf, +13+, 9

Tyndaris, a city in Sicily, +1+, 25, 27

Typaneae, a town in Triphylia, +4+, 77-79

_Tyranny_, +5+, 11; +6+, 3, 7, 8

Tyrrhenian Sea, +1+, 10; +2+, 14, 16; +3+, 61, 110; +34+, 6, 10

Tyre, +3+, 24; +4+, 37; +5+, 61, 62, 70; +16+, 22; +31+, 20

ULYSSES, +9+, 16; +12+, 27; +34+, 2-4; +35+, 6

Umbrians, the, +2+, 16, 24; +3+, 86

Utica, a city of Africa, +1+, 70, 73-76, 82, 83, 88; +14+, 1-3, 6-10; +15+, 2; +36+, 3, 6; +38+, 1

VACCAEI, a Spanish tribe, +3+, 5, 14; +34+, 9

Vadimonian Lake, the, in Etruria, +2+, 20

Valerius Flaccus, L., consul B.C. 261, +1+, 20

Valerius Flaccus, L., consul B.C. 195, +20+, 9, 10

Valerius Laevinus, M., consul B.C. 210, +8+, 3; +9+, 27; +21+, 29

Valerius Laevinus, C., son of the preceding, consul suff. B.C. 176, +21+, 29, 31

Valerius Maximus Messala, Manius, consul B.C. 263, +1+, 16, 17

Velia, a city in Lucania, +1+, 20

Velites. _See_ Roman Army

Veneti, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, +2+, 17, 18, 23, 24

Venusia, a city of Apulia, +3+, 90, 116, 117

Verbanus lacus (_Lago Maggiore_), +34+, 10

Vesta, +5+, 93

Vestini, a people of central Italy, +2+, 24

Vibo, a town in Bruttium (Hipponium, _Bivona_), +3+, 88

Villius Tapulus, P., consul B.C. 199, +18+, 48, 50

Vulturnus, a river in Samnium, +3+, 92

WALL, the, a fort near Dyme, +4+, 59, 83

Walls, the Two, a fort in Mysia, +5+, 77

_Walls_, scribbling on, +5+, 33

White Rock, the, +3+, 53; cp. +10+, 30

_World_, divisions of, +3+, 37; +12+, 25

XANTHIPPUS, of Sparta, +1+, 32-36

Xanthus, Macedonian hero, +23+, 10

Xanthus, a city in Lycia, +25+, 4

Xenarchus, an Achaean, +23+, 4

Xenis, a road near Mantinea, +11+, 11

Xeno, of Aegium, +32+, 7; +33+, 1

Xeno, tyrant of Hermione, +2+, 44

Xeno, of Patrae, +28+, 6

Xeno, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 42, 43, 45

Xenoetas, an Achaean, +5+, 45-48

Xenophanes, of Athens, +7+, 9

Xenophantus, of Rhodes, +4+, 50

Xenophon, the Athenian historian, +3+, 6; +6+, 45; +10+, 20

Xenophon, of Aegium, +18+, 1, 10; +28+, 19

Xerxes, king of Persia, +3+, 22; +6+, 11; +9+, 38; +38+, 4

Xerxes, a prince of Armosata, +8+, 25

ZABDIDELUS, an Arabian, +5+, 79

Zacynthus, island of (_Zante_), +5+, 4, 102

Zagrus, a mountain in Media, +5+, 44, 54, 55

Zaleucus, legislator of the Locrians, +12+, 16

Zama, battle of, +15+, 5-16

Zarax, a town in Laconia, +4+, 36

Zariaspa, a town of Bactriana, +10+, 49

Zarzas, a Libyan, +1+, 84, 85

Zelys, of Gortyn in Crete, +5+, 79

Zeno, of Rhodes, an historian, +16+, 14-17, 20

Zeugma, a bridge of boats across the Euphrates, +5+, 43

Zeus, Homarius, +2+, 39; +5+, 93; Idaeus, +28+, 14; Lycaeus, +4+, 33; Olympius, +9+, 27; +26+, 1; +39+, 17; Atabyrius, +9+, 27; temple of, at Selge (Cesbedium), +5+, 76; precinct of, in Arcadia, +16+, 12; statue of, by Pheidias, +30+, 10; worshipped by the Carthaginians, +3+, 11; +7+, 9 _See also_ +4+, 33; +7+, 9, 11; +12+, 26; +30+, 10

Zeuxippus, of Boeotia, +18+, 43; +22+, 4

Zeuxis, an officer of Antiochus the Great, +5+, 45-48, 51-54, 60

_See also_ +16+, 1, 24; +21+, 16, 17, 24

Zodiac, signs of the, +9+, 15

Zoippus, of Syracuse, +7+, 2

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_