CHAPTER VI.

THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN STATES.

§ 1. _The Division of the Frankish Empire._

Break-up of the Frankish power; origin of the states of modern Europe 134

Kingdoms of Italy and Aquitaine 134

Division of 817 135

Union of Neustria and Aquitaine; first glimpses of modern France 135

Division of Verdun; Eastern and Western _Francia_; _Lotharingia_; the Western Kingdom or Karolingia 137

Middle Kingdom or _Burgundy_ 137

Union under Charles the Fat; division on his deposition 137

No formal titles used; various names for the German Kingdom 138

Connexion between the German Kingdom and the Roman Empire 139

Extent of the German Kingdom; its duchies and _marks_ 139-140

Lotharingia 140-141

Extent of the Western Kingdom 141

Its great fiefs; Aquitaine; France; Normandy cut off from France 142

Origin of the French kingdom and nation; union of the duchy of France with the Western kingdom 143

New use of the word _France_; title of _Rex Francorum_ 143-144

Paris the kernel of France 144

Various uses of the name _Burgundy_ 144

The French Duchy; the Middle Kingdom; Transjurane and Cisjurane Burgundy 144-145

Great cities of the Burgundian kingdom 145

Separation of Burgundy from the Frankish kingdom; its union with Germany 145-146

Its later history; mainly swallowed up by France, but partly represented by Switzerland 146

Kingdom of Italy; its extent; separate principalities 146-147

Italy represents the Lombard kingdom; Milan its capital 147

Abeyance of the Western Empire; its restoration by Otto the Great; the three Imperial kingdoms 147-148

Rivalry between France and the Empire 148

§ 2. _The Eastern Empire._

Rivalry of the Eastern and Western Empires and Churches; Greek character of the Eastern Empire; fluctuations in its extent 149

The _Themes_; Asiatic Themes 149-151

The European Themes; Hellas; Lombardy; Sicily 151-152

Older Greek names supplanted by new ones 151

Character of the European and Asiatic dominion of the Empire; its supremacy by sea 152

Losses and gains; Crete; Sicily; Italy; Dalmatia; Greece; Syria; Bulgaria; Cherson 152-153

Greatness of the Empire under Basil the Second 153

§ 3. _Origin of the Spanish Kingdoms._

Special position of Spain; the Saracen conquest 153-154

Growth of the Christian states 154-155

Castile; Aragon; Portugal 155

Break-up of the Western Caliphate 156

§ 4. _Origin of the Slavonic States._

Slavonic and Turanian invasions of the Eastern Empire; Bulgarians; Magyars; Great Moravia 156-157

Special character of the Hungarian kingdom; effects of its religious connexion with the West 157

The Northern and Southern Slaves split asunder by the Magyars 158

The South-eastern Slaves 158

The North-western Slaves; Bohemia; Poland 159

Special position of Russia 159

§ 5. _Northern Europe._

Scandinavian settlements 159-160

Growth of the kingdom of England 160

The Danish invasions; division between Ælfred and Guthrum; Bernicia; Cumberland 161

Second West-Saxon advance; Wessex grows into England; submission of Scotland and Strathclyde; Cumberland and Lothian 162

Use of the Imperial titles by the English kings; Northern Empire of Cnut; England finally united by the Norman Conquest 162-163

Summary 163-165