The Historical Geography of Europe, Vol. I, Text
CHAPTER V.
THE FINAL DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE.
§ 1. _The Reunion of the Empire._
Continued existence of the Empire; position of the Teutonic kings 103
Extent of the Empire at the accession of Justinian 104
Conquests of Justinian; their effects 104-106
Provence ceded to the Franks 105
§ 2. _Settlement of the Lombards in Italy._
Early history of the Lombards; Gepidæ, Avars 106-107
Possibility of Teutonic powers on the Danube 107
Lombard conquest of Italy; its partial nature; territory kept by the Empire 107-108
§ 3. _Rise of the Saracens._
Loss of the Spanish province by the Empire 108
Wars of Chosroes and Heraclius 109
Extension of Roman power on the Euxine 109-110
Relation of the Arabs to Rome and Persia 110
Union of the Arabs under Mahomet; renewed Aryan and Semitic strife 110
Loss of the Eastern and African provinces of Rome 111
Saracen conquest of Persia 111
Conquest of Spain; Saracen province in Gaul 111-112
Effects of the Saracen conquests; distinction between the Latin, Greek, and Eastern provinces 112
Greatest extent of Saracen provinces 112
Loss of Septimania 113
§ 4. _Settlements of the Slavonic Nations._
Movements of the Slaves; Avars, Magyars, &c. 113-114
Geographical separation of the Slaves 114
Analogy between Teutons and Slaves 114
Slavonic settlements under Heraclius; the Dalmatian cities; displacement of the Illyrians 115
Slavonic settlements in Greece 115-116
Settlement of the Bulgarians 116
Curtailment of the Empire; moral influence of Constantinople 116-117
§ 5. _The Transfer of the Western Empire to the Franks._
Conquests of the Franks in Germany and Gaul 117-119
Their position in Germany, Northern Gaul, and Southern Gaul 119-120
Division of the Frankish dominion; Austria and Neustria 120-121
Use of the name _Francia_; Teutonic and Latin _Francia_; modern forms of the name 121
The Karlings; their conquests; German character of their power 121-122
The great powers of the eighth century: Romans, Franks, Saracens 122
Character of the Caliphate; its divisions 122
Relations between the Franks and the Empire 123
Lombard conquest of the Exarchate 123
Conquest of the Lombards by Charles the Great; he holds Lombardy as a separate kingdom 123
His Roman title of Patrician 123-124
Effects of his Imperial coronation; final division of the Empire 124
The two Empires become severally German and Greek; their separation and rivalry 124-125
The two Empires and the two Caliphates 125-126
Extent of the Carolingian Empire 126
Conquest of Saxony; dealings with Scandinavia; frontier of the Eider 126-127
Relations with the Slaves; overthrow of the Avars 127
The Spanish March 128
Divisions of the Empire; kingdoms of Aquitaine and Italy 128
Use of the names _Francia_, _Gallia_, _Germania_ 129
§ 6. _Northern Europe._
Lands beyond the Empire: Scandinavia and Britain 129
Stages of English Conquest in Britain; Teutonic and Celtic states 129-130
Supremacy of Wessex 130
Denmark; Norway; Sweden 130-131
Different directions of the Scandinavian settlements 131
Summary 131-133
Religious changes 132
Note on the Slavonic settlements 133