CHAPTER II.

GREECE AND THE GREEK COLONIES.

§ 1. _The Eastern or Greek Peninsula._

Geographical and historical characteristics of the Eastern, Greek, or Byzantine peninsula 18-19

Its chief divisions; Thrace and Illyria; their relations to Greece 19-20

Greece Proper and its peninsulas 20-21

Peloponnêsos 21

§ 2. _Insular and Asiatic Greece._

Extent of _Continuous Hellas_ 21

The Islands 22

Asiatic Greece 22-23

§ 3. _Ethnology of the Eastern Peninsula._

The Greeks and the kindred races 23

Illyrians, Albanians, or Skipetar 24

Inhabitants of Epeiros, Macedonia, Sicily, and Italy 24

Pelasgians 24-25

The Greek Nation 25

§ 4. _Earliest Geography of Greece and the Neighbouring Lands._

Homeric Greece: its extent and tribal divisions 25-27

Use of the name _Epeiros_ 26

The cities: their groupings unlike those of later times; supremacy of Mykênê 27

Extent of Greek colonization in Homeric times 28

The Asiatic catalogue 28

Probable kindred of all the neighbouring nations 28

Phœnician and Greek settlements in the islands 28

§ 5. _Change from Homeric to Historic Greece._

Changes in Peloponnêsos; Dorian and Aitolian settlements 29

Later divisions of Peloponnêsos 29-30

Change in Northern Greece; Thessaly 30

Akarnania and the Corinthian colonies 31

Foundation and destruction of cities 31

§ 6. _The Greek Colonies._

The Ægæan and Asiatic colonies 32-33

Early greatness of the Asiatic cities; Milêtos 32

Their submission to Lydians and Persians 32-33

The Thracian colonies; abiding greatness of Thessalonikê and Byzantion 33

More distant colonies; Sicily, Italy, Dalmatia 33-34

Parts of the Mediterranean not colonized by the Greeks; Phœnician settlements; struggles in Sicily and Cyprus 34-35

Greek colonies in Africa, Gaul, and Spain 35

Colonies on the Euxine; abiding greatness of Cherson and Trebizond 36

Beginning of the artificial Greek nation 36

§ 7. _Growth of Macedonia and Epeiros._

Growth of Macedonia; Philip; Alexander and the Successors; effects of their conquests 37

Epeiros under Pyrrhos; Athamania 37

The Macedonian kingdoms; Egypt; Syria 38

Independent states in Asia; Pergamos 38

Asiatic states; advance of Greek culture 39

Free cities; Hêrakleia 39

Sinôpê; Bosporos 39

§ 8. _Later Geography of Independent Greece._

The Confederations; Achaia, Aitolia; smaller confederations 40

Macedonian possessions 40

First Roman possessions east of the Hadriatic 40

Progress of Roman conquest in Macedonia and Greece 41

Special character of Greek history 42