CHAPTER XIII.

THE BRITISH ISLANDS AND COLONIES.

Isolation and independence of Britain; late Roman conquest and early loss; Britain another world and Empire 545

Shiftings of the Celtic and Teutonic kingdoms; little geographical change in later times 546

English settlements beyond sea; new English nations 547

§ 1. _The Kingdom of Scotland._

Greatness of Scotland due to its English elements; two English kingdoms in Britain 548

Use of the Scottish name 549

Analogy with Switzerland 549

The three elements in the later Scotland; English, British, Irish; Lothian, Strathclyde, Scotland 549

The Picts; their union with the Scots; Scottish Strathclyde; Galloway 550

Scandinavian settlements; Caithness and Sutherland 550

English supremacy; taking of Edinburgh; grants of Cumberland and Lothian 550-551

Difference of tenure gradually forgotten 551

Effects of the grant of Lothian; shiftings of Cumberland, Carlisle, and Northumberland 551-552

Boundary of England and Scotland; relations between the kingdoms 552

Struggle with the Northmen; recovery of Caithness, Galloway, and the Sudereys 553

History of Man; of Orkney 553

§ 2. _The Kingdom of England._

Changes of boundary toward Wales; conquests of Harold 553

Norman conquest of North Wales 554

Princes of North Wales; English conquest 554

The principality of Wales; full incorporation with England 554-555

The English shires; two classes of shires; ancient principalities; shires mapped out in the tenth century 555

The new shires; Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Rutland 555-556

§ 3. _Ireland._

Ireland the first Scotland; its provinces 556

Settlements of the Ostmen; increasing connexion with England; the English conquest; fluctuations of the Pale 556-557

Lordship and kingdom of Ireland; its relations to England and Great Britain 557

§ 4. _Outlying European Possessions of England._

The Norman Islands; Aquitaine, Calais, &c. 558

Outposts and islands 558

Greek possessions; the Ionian Islands; Cyprus 558-559

§ 5. _The American Colonies of England._

The United States of America 559

First English settlements; Virginia; the New England States; Maryland; Carolina 559-561

Settlements of the United Provinces and Sweden; New Netherlands; New Sweden; New York 561

The Jerseys; Pennsylvania; Delaware; Georgia 561-562

The thirteen Colonies; their independence 562

Nova Scotia; Canada; Louisiana; Florida 562-563

A new English nation formed; lack of a name; use of the name _America_ 563-564

Second English nation in North America; the Canadian confederation 564

The West India Islands, &c. 565

§ 6. _Other Colonies and Possessions of England._

The Australian colonies 565-566

The South-African colonies 566

Europe extended by colonization; contrast with barbaric dominion; Empire of India 567

Summary 568-569

INDEX 571

* * * * *

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

[Transcriber’s note: These additions and corrections have not been made in this electronic version of the text. Page numbers and line numbers reflect the pagination of the original text and may not reflect the structure of this version.]

P. 19, l. 10. Latterly the name _Balkan Peninsula_ has come into more general use.

P. 38, side-note. For ‘Cities of independent state’ read ‘Growth of independent states.’

P. 41, l. 10 from bottom. This is true in a rough practical way. But when I wrote this, I hardly took in the fact that not a few Greek cities, though practically subject to the Empire, were not finally incorporated with it till ages later, perhaps never formally incorporated at all.

P. 55, l. 7. For ‘south-east’ read ‘south-west.’

P. 55, l. 8. For ‘north-west’ read ‘north-east.’

P. 71. When I wrote this, I had not taken in the true history of the Rouman people. See below, p. 435.

P. 88, l. 14. Since this was written, I wrote the article ‘Goths,’ in the Encyclopædia Britannica, where I have gone rather more fully into their history from later and minuter study.

P. 90, l. 4 from the bottom. I believe the existence of a _Gothia_ by that name in Spain is a little doubtful. As to the _Gothia_ in Gaul, otherwise _Septimania_, and the other _Gothia_ in the Tauric Chersonêsos, there is no doubt.

P. 105, l. 14 from bottom. I believe however that the coins of some of the Provençal cities point to a retention of allegiance to the Empire much later. Still there is no doubt as to the formal cession.

P. 115, l. 5 from bottom. I now see no reason to believe in any Albanian migrations into Greece till long afterwards. But I still have no doubt that the Albanians strictly represent the old Illyrians.

P. 119. Dele side-note, ‘The cession of Gaulish possessions.’

P. 126, l. 6. For ‘_the_ great Mahometan powers’ read ‘_the two_ great Mahometan powers.’

P. 138, l. 9. Dele ‘much as.’

P. 154. The growth of the Christian states in Spain will be found more fully and accurately given in the specially Spanish chapter, Chapter XII.

P. 156, l. 4. It will be at once seen that this was written before the events of 1877-8. The later changes in these lands will be found described in Chapter X.

P. 167, l. 10. For ‘division’ read ‘divisions.’

P. 172, side-note. For ‘province’ read ‘provinces.’

P. 180, side-note. For ‘schemes’ read ‘scheme.’

P. 189, l. 12. For ‘were’ read ‘some were.’

P. 216, side-note. For ‘ecclesiastical towns’ read ‘ecclesiastical powers.’

P. 221, side-note. For ‘kingdom’ read ‘kingdoms.’

P. 258, l. 14. I was here speaking purely geographically, before much, if anything, had been heard of the cry of _Italia irredenta_. How far I go with that cry, how far not, I have explained in Historical Essays, Third Series, p. 206.

P. 261, l. 1. For ‘Montbeilliard,’ read ‘Montbeliard.’

P. 263, side-note. For ‘Burgundian possession of its county’ read ‘Burgundian possessions of its counts.’

P. 267, l. 1. For ‘maps’ read ‘map.’

P. 288, l. 11 from bottom. For ‘High and Low Savoy’ read ‘Savoy and High Savoy.’

P. 300, side-note. For ‘1662’ read ‘1663.’

P. 306, l. 8. At present it would seem that this mysterious name takes in all those kingdoms, counties, lordships, &c., which are held by the Archduke of Austria, and which do not form part of the kingdom of Hungary and its _partes annexæ_. For these I have elsewhere, according to an old analogy, suggested the more intelligible name of _Nungary_.

P. 319, l. 3. That is Philip ‘the Handsome,’ son of Maximilian and father of Charles the Fifth.

P. 334, l. 9. Aquitaine, the inheritance of Eleanor, did not come under the forfeiture of the fiefs actually held by John.

P. 340, l. 4 from bottom. Roussillon is another case of a land freed from homage and afterwards annexed as a foreign conquest.

P. 369, l. 17. For ‘farther’ read ‘further.’

P. 389, side-note. For ‘conquest’ read ‘conquests of.’

P. 408, side-note. For ‘final’ read ‘first.’

P. 413, side-note. For ‘possession of Venetian cities’ read ‘possessions of Venetian families.’

P. 429, l. 15. Since this was printed, Dulcigno has been restored to Montenegro, in exchange for some inland Albanian territory given back to the Turk. The formation of the Albanian League is not unlikely to affect the geography of Herzegovina; but no change has yet (January 1881) taken place which can be shown on the map.

P. 441, l. 8. How unpleasant this truth is felt to be in certain quarters, is shown by a small incident of last year. I sent a set of manuscript maps of Dalmatia to Mr. Arthur Evans for his suggestions. Those maps vanished in the Imperial, Royal, and Apostolic post-office, and never reached his address at Ragusa. If therefore the revolutions of Dalmatian geography are less accurately marked in this book than they should be, the fault is not mine. In Imperial, Royal, and Apostolic quarters it is doubtless inconvenient to allow any memory of days when free Ragusa had not bowed to any self-styled Emperor, either from Corsica or from Lorraine, or of still later days when free Tzernagora reached to her own sea at Cattaro. Those who have made it their business to filch the substance may naturally enough think it their business to filch the picture also.

P. 450, l. 5 from bottom. It is quite accurate to say that the Turk has never ruled at Tzetinje. It is perfectly true that the Turk has more than once harried Montenegro and Tzetinje itself; the Turk has professed to consider the land as included in a pashalik; but Montenegro has never been a regularly and avowedly tributary state, as Servia and Roumania were, as free Bulgaria is still.

P. 452, l. 7 from bottom. The promises of Europe on this head still remain unfulfilled (January 1881). It is hardly needful to notice the diplomatic quibble that the European order for the liberation of these lands was not contained in the document strictly called the Treaty of Berlin, but in another paper signed at the same time and place. The order has been renewed during the present year at the Second Berlin Conference.

P. 492, side-note. For ‘and’ read ‘under.’

P. 529, l. 9 from bottom. For ‘western’ read ‘eastern.’

P. 554, side-note. For ‘Northerners,’ read ‘Northmen.’

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE.