CHAPTER XII.

THE SPANISH PENINSULA AND ITS COLONIES.

Analogy between Spain and Scandinavia; slight relation of Spain with the Empire; break between its earlier and later history 525

Comparison of Spain and the Eastern Empire; the Spanish nation formed by the Saracen wars; analogy between Spain and Russia 525-526

Extent of West-Gothic and Saracen dominions; two centres of deliverance, native and Frankish 526-527

History of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal; use of the phrase ‘Spain and Portugal’ 527-528

Navarre 528

§ 1. _The Foundation of the Spanish Kingdoms._

Beginning of the kingdom of Leon 529

The Ommiad emirate; the Spanish March; its divisions 529

Navarre under Sancho the Great 529-530

Break-up of the kingdom of Navarre, and of the Ommiad caliphate; small Mussulman powers 530

Invasion of the Almoravides; use of the name _Moors_ 530

New kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, and Sobrarbe; union of Aragon and Sobrarbe 530

Shiftings of Castile, Leon, and Gallicia; final union; Castilian Empire 531

Decline of Navarre; growth of Aragon; union of Aragon and Barcelona; end of French superiority 531

County and kingdom of Portugal 532

Advance of Castile; taking of Toledo; checked by the Almoravides 532

Advance of Aragon; taking of Zaragoza 532

Advance of Portugal; taking of Lisbon 533

Second advance of Castile; invasion of the Almohades; their decline 533

Advance of Aragon and Portugal 533

Final advance of Castile; kingdom of Granada; Gibraltar 534

Geographical position of the Spanish kingdoms 534-535

Title of ‘King of Spain;’ the lesser kingdoms 535-536

§ 2. _Growth and Partition of the Great Spanish Monarchy._

Little geographical change in the peninsula; territories beyond the peninsula; the great Spanish Monarchy 536

Conquest of Granada; end of Mussulman rule 536-537

Union of Castile and Aragon; loss, recovery, and final loss of Roussillon; annexation and separation of Portugal 537-538

Gibraltar and Minorca 537

Advance of Aragon beyond the peninsula; union with the Sicilies and Sardinia 538

Extension of Castile dominion; the Burgundian inheritance; duchy of Milan 539

Extent of the Spanish Monarchy; loss of the United Netherlands; lands lost to France 539

Partition of the Spanish Monarchy; later relations with the Sicilies; duchy of Parma 539-540

§ 3. _The Colonial Dominion of Spain and Portugal._

Character of the outlying dominion of Portugal 540

African conquests of Portugal; kingdom of Algarve beyond the Sea; Ceuta, Tangier 541

Advance in Africa and the islands; Cape of Good Hope; dominion in India and Arabia 541-542

Settlement and history of Brazil; the one American monarchy 542

Division of the Indies between Spain and Portugal; African and insular dominion of Spain 542-543

American dominions of Spain; revolutions of the Spanish colonies; two Empires of Mexico 543-544

The Spanish West Indies 544