CHAPTER X.

THE EASTERN EMPIRE.

Comparison of the Eastern and Western Empires; the Western falls to pieces from within; the Eastern is broken to pieces from without 362-363

Tendencies to separation in the Eastern Empire 363

Closer connexion of the East with the elder Empire; retention of the Roman name; _Romania_ 363-364

Importance of the distinction of races in the East 364

The original races; Albanians, Greeks, Vlachs 364

Slavonic settlers 364

Turanian invasions from the North; Bulgarians, Magyars, &c. 365

The Saracens 365

The Seljuk and Ottoman Turks; comparison of Bulgarians, Magyars, and Ottomans 365

The Eastern Empire became nearly conterminous with the Greek nation; reappearance of the other original races 366

The Latin Conquest, and the revived Byzantine Empire 366-367

States which arose out of the Empire or on its borders; Sicily; Venice; Bulgaria; Hungary; Asiatic powers 367-368

Distinction between conquest and settlement 368

§ 1. _Changes in the Frontier of the Empire._

Power of revival in the Empire 369

Western possessions of the Empire; losses in the islands; advance in the mainland 369

Loss of Sardinia; gradual loss and temporary partial recovery of Sicily 369-370

Fluctuations of the Imperial power in Italy; the Normans 370-371

Loss and recovery of Crete and Cyprus; separation of Cyprus 371-372

Summary of the history of the great islands 372-373

Relations to the Slavonic powers; three Slavonic groups 373

Bulgarian migrations; White Bulgaria; the first Bulgarian kingdom south of the Danube 373-374

Use of the Bulgarian name 374

The slaves of Macedonia, &c. 375

Relations between the Empire and the Bulgarian kingdom 375

Recovery of Macedonia and Greece; use of the name _Hellênes_ 375-376

Servia, Croatia, and Dalmatia 376

Greatest extent of the first Bulgarian kingdom under Simeon 376-377

First conquest of Bulgaria 377

Second Bulgarian kingdom under Samuel; second conquest 377-378

Venice and Cherson 378

Asiatic conquests; annexation of Armenia 378-379

New enemies; Magyars; Turks 379

Revolt of Servia; loss of Belgrade 379

Advance of the Seljuk Turks; Sultans of _Roum_; loss of Antioch 379-380

Normans advance; loss of Corfu and Durazzo 380

Revival under John and Manuel, Komnênos; recovery of lands in Asia and Europe 381

Splitting off of distant possessions; loss of Dalmatia; Latin Kingdom of Cyprus 381

Third Bulgarian kingdom; the Empire more thoroughly Greek 382

Latin conquest of Constantinople; Act of Partition 383

Latin Empire of Romania 383-384

Latin kingdom of Thessalonikê 384-385

Despotat of Epeiros; Greek Empire of Thessalonikê; their separation 385

Empire of Trebizond; loss of its western dominion 386

The old Empire continued in the Empire of Nikaia; its advance in Europe and Asia; recovery of Constantinople 386-387

Loss in Asia and advance in Europe; recovery of Peloponnêsos 387-388

Advance in Macedonia and Epeiros 388

Losses in Asia; Knights of Saint John; advance of the Turks 389

Losses towards Servia and Bulgaria; conquests of Stephen Dushan 389-390

Fragmentary dominion of the Empire 390

Advance of the Turks in Europe; loss of Hadrianople; loss of Philadelphia 390

Recovery of territory after the fall of Bajazet 390-391

Turkish conquest of Constantinople; of Peloponnêsos 391

States which grew out of the Empire; Slavonic, Hungarian, and Rouman; Greek; Latin; Turkish 391-393

§ 2. _The Kingdom of Sicily._

The Norman Power in Italy and Sicily; its relations to the Eastern and Western Empires 393

Advance of the Normans in Italy; Aversa and Capua; duchy of Apulia; Robert Wiscard in Epeiros 394-395

Norman conquest of Sicily 395

Roger King of Sicily; his conquests in Italy, Corfu, and Africa 395-396

Eastern dominion of the two Sicilian crowns; kingdom of Margarito 396-397

Acre; Malta 398

§ 3. _The Crusading States._

Comparison between Sicily and the crusading states 398

Jerusalem; Cyprus; Armenia 399

Extent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem; other Latin states in Syria; loss and recovery of Jerusalem, final loss; loss of Acre 399-400

Kingdom of Cyprus; its relations to Jerusalem and Armenia 401

Frank principalities in Greece; possessions of the maritime commonwealths 401-402

§ 4. _The Eastern Dominion of Venice and Genoa._

The historic position of Venice springs from her relation to the Eastern Empire 402-403

Connexion of her Greek and Dalmatian rule 402

Comparison between Venice and Sicily 402

Her share in the Act of Partition compared with her real dominion; her main position Hadriatic 403-405

Venetian possessions not assigned by the partition; Crete; Cyprus; Thessalonikê 404

Taking of Zara in the fourth crusade 405

Relations of the Dalmatian cities to Servia, Croatia, Venice, Hungary, and the Empire 405-407

Pagania 406

Magyar Kingdom of Croatia; struggles between Venice and Hungary 407

Independence of Ragusa; Polizza 407

History of Corfu 408

Venetian posts in Peloponnêsos: history of Euboia; loss of the Ægæan islands 409

Advance of Venice and Dalmatia, Peloponnêsos, and the Western islands 410

Venice the champion against the Turk; losses of Venice; fluctuations in the Western Islands 410-412

Conquest and loss of Peloponnêsos 412

Frontier of Ragusa 412

Venetian fiefs; history of the duchy of Naxos 413

Possessions of Genoa; Galata; her dominions in the Euxine 413-414

Genoese fiefs; Lesbos; Chios; the Maona 414

Revolutions of Rhodes; knights of Saint John; their removal to Malta; revolutions of Malta 414-415

§ 5. _The Principalities of the Greek Mainland._

Greek and Latin states; use of the name _Môraia_ 415-416

Lordship and duchy of Athens; the Catalans; the later dukes; Ottoman conquest; momentary Venetian occupations 416-417

Salôna and Bodonitza 417

Principality of Achaia; recovery of Peloponnesian lands by the Empire 417-418

Angevin overlordship in Achaia; dismemberment of the principality 418

Patras under the Pope 418

Conquests of Constantine Palaiologos 418

Turkish conquest of Peloponnêsos; independence of Maina 419

Revolutions of Epeiros; dismemberment of the despotat; recovery of Epeiros by the Empire 419

Servian conquests; beginning of the Albanian power; kings of the house of Thopia 419-420

Servian dynasty in southern Epeiros; kingdom of Thessaly; Turkish conquest 420

The Buondelmonti in Northern Epeiros; history of the house of Tocco; _Karlili_; effects of their rule 420-421

Turkish conquest of Albania; revolt of Scanderbeg; Turkish reconquest 421

Empire of Trebizond; its relations to Constantinople 422

Turkish conquest of Trebizond; of Perateia or Gothia 422-423

§ 6. _The Slavonic States._

Effects of the Latin conquest on the Slavonic states 423

Comparison of Servia and Bulgaria; extent of Servia; its relation to the Empire; conquest by Manuel Komnênos; Servia independent 423-424

Relations towards Hungary; shiftings of Rama or Bosnia 424-425

Southern advance of Servia; Empire of Stephen Dushan 425

Break-up of the Servian power; the later Servian kingdom; conquests and deliverances of Servia 426

Kingdom of Bosnia; loss of Jayce; duchy of Saint Saba or Herzegovina; Turkish conquest of Bosnia; of Herzegovina 426-427

The Balsa at Skodra; loss of Skodra; beginning of Tzernagora or Montenegro 428

Loss of Zabljak; establishment of Tzetinje 428

The Vladikas; the lay princes 429

Montenegrin conquests and losses 428-429

Greatest extent of the third Bulgarian kingdom; its decline; shiftings of the frontier towards the Empire; Philippopolis 429-430

Break-up of the kingdom; principality of Dobrutcha; Turkish conquest 430-431

§ 7. _The Kingdom of Hungary._

Character and position of the Hungarian kingdom 431-432

Great Moravia overthrown by the Magyars; their relations to the two Empires 432-433

The two Chrobatias separated by the Magyars; their geographical position 433-434

Kingdom of Hungary; its relations to Croatia and Slavonia 434

Transsilvania or Siebenbürgen; origin of the name; German and other colonies 435

Origin of the Roumans; their northern migration 435-436

Rouman element in the third Bulgarian kingdom; occupation of the lands beyond the Danube; Great and Little Wallachia; Transsilvania; Moldavia 436-437

Conquests of Lewis the Great; Dalmatia; occupation of Halicz and Vladimir; pledging of Zips 437

Turkish invasion; disputes for Dalmatia 438

Reign of Matthias Corvinus; extension of Hungary east and west 438

Loss of Belgrade; the Austrian kings; Turkish conquest of Hungary; fragment kept by the Austrian kings; their tribute to the Turk; the Rouman lands 438-439

Recovery of Hungary from the Turk; peace of Carlowitz; of Passarowitz; losses at the peace of Belgrade 439-440

Galicia and Lodomeria; Bukovina; Dalmatia 440-441

Annexation of Spizza; administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina; renewed vassalage to the Turk 440-441

§ 8. _The Ottoman Power._

The Ottoman Turks; special character of their invasion; contrast with other Turanian invasions; comparison with the Saracens in Spain 442-443

Comparison of the Ottoman dominions with the Eastern Empire 443

Effects of the Mongolian invasion; origin of the Ottomans; their position in Europe and Asia; break-up and reunion of their dominion; its permanence 443-444

Advance of the Ottomans in Asia; in Europe; dominion of Bajazet 444-445

Victory of Timour; reunion of the Ottoman power under Mahomet the First 445-446

Mahomet the Second; taking of Constantinople; extent of his dominion; taking of Otranto 446

Conquest of Syria and Egypt 447

Reign of Suleiman; his conquests; Hungary; Rhodes; Naxos; his African overlordship 447

Conquest of Cyprus; decline of the Ottoman power 447-448

Greatest extent of the Ottoman power; Crete and Podolia 448

Ottoman loss of Hungary; loss and recovery of Peloponnêsos; Bosnia and Herzegovina; union of inland and maritime Illyria 448

English vassalage in Cyprus 449

Relations between Russia and the Turk; Azof; Treaty of Kainardji; Crim; Jedisan; Bessarabia; shiftings of the Moldavian frontier 449-450

§ 9. _The Liberated States._

Lands liberated from the Turk; comparison of Hungary with Greece, Servia, &c. 450

The Servian people the first to revolt 450

The Ionian Islands the first liberated state; the Septinsular Republic; overlordship of the Turk 451

The Venetian outposts given to the Turk; surrender of Parga; last Ottoman encroachment 451

The Ionian Islands under British protection 451

The Greek War of Independence; extent of the Greek nation; extent of the liberated lands 451-452

Kingdom of Greece; addition of the Ionian Islands; promised addition in Thessaly and Epeiros 452

First deliverance and reconquest of Servia 453

Second deliverance; Servia a tributary principality 452-453

Withdrawal of Turkish garrisons 453

Independence and enlargement of Servia 453

Fourfold division of the Servian nation 453

The Rouman principalities; union of Wallachia and Moldavia 453

Independence and new frontier of Roumania 453-454

Deliverance of part of Bulgaria; the Bulgaria of San Stefano 454

Treaty of Berlin; division of Bulgaria into free, half-free, and enslaved 454-455

Principality of Bulgaria; Eastern Roumelia 454

General survey 455-460

Note on M. Sathas 460-461