CHAPTER IV. THE LYDIANS

[b] PAUL KAROLIDES, _op. cit._

[c] GEORGE RADET, _La Lydie et le monde grec au temps des Mermnades_.

[d] A. H. SAYCE, from the article on “Lydia,” in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

[e] NICOLAS OF DAMASCUS, in _Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum_, Fragment 4.

[f] J. A. CRAMER, _Description of Asia Minor_.

[g] HERODOTUS, _op. cit._

[h] PLINIUS SECUNDUS, _Historia Naturalis_.

[i] STRABO, _op. cit._

[j] STEPHANUS BYZANTINUS, _Ethnica_.

[k] DEMETRIUS OF SCEPSIS, Τρωικὸς διάκοσμος.

[l] XANTHUS, _op. cit._

[m] H. C. BRUGSCH, _Geschichte Ægyptens unter den Pharaonen_.

[n] H. SCHLIEMANN, _Ilios_.

APPENDIX A. CLASSICAL TRADITIONS

[b] JUSTIN, _History of the World_ (translated from the Latin by T. Brown).

[c] POMPONIUS MELA, _The Rare and Singular Works of Pomponius Mela_ (translated from the Latin byA. Golding).

[d] DIODORUS SICULUS, _The Historical Library_ (translated from the Greek by G. Booth).

[e] HERODOTUS, _op. cit._

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MINOR NATIONS OF WESTERN ASIA

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR EDITORIALLY CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY

The nations of Asia Minor, having a relatively unimportant position, have naturally not attracted the attention of historians to any such extent as their more important contemporaries. The Hittites, as already noted, are mentioned a few times in the Hebrew writings, and are referred to explicitly in the Egyptian records of Ramses the Great. But they had passed from the scene before the advent of the Greek historians, which fact accounts largely for the infrequent reference to them in modern times, until the decipherment of the Egyptian and Assyrian records brought them again to notice. A peculiar interest attaches to the Hittites now, since their own monuments have shown that they possessed a unique form of hieroglyphic writing. Professor Sayce has investigated this perhaps more fully than any other scholar; but various others have entered into controversies as to its exact character,--controversies which as yet have led to no very definite conclusion.

Of the other nations of Asia Minor, the Lydians have received most attention from the historian. The chief known sources for Lydian history were the native historian Xanthus, whose works have mostly failed to come down to us; and Herodotus, whose stories of the Lydian kings, no doubt somewhat embellished, have been a source of interest to all subsequent investigators. In recent times special works on the Lydians have been written by Radet and by Schubert. Numerous travellers have given us more or less valuable notes on Asia Minor, chiefly of a geographical and archæological character. The best general treatment of the subject is to be found in the histories of antiquity of Duncker and Eduard Meyer. Duncker’s treatment is more popular, but in some respects not quite up to date. Eduard Meyer’s treatment is at once scientific and philosophical, but the first volume of his work has been out of print for some time, and the promised new edition is not yet forthcoming. The new archæological finds have given a fresh interest to the nations of Asia Minor, which will probably result in a much more voluminous literature on the subject in the near future.

=Ainsworth=, W. F., Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1842.

* * * * *

=Babelon=, E. Manuel, d’archéol. orientale, Paris, 1888.--=Baer=, K. E. von, Historische Fragen, 1873.--=Barkley=, A Ride through Asia Minor and Armenia, London, 1891.--=Belck=, W., Beiträge zur alten Geog. und Gesch. Vorderasiens, Leipsic, 1901.--=Belgiojoso=, C. di T., Asie mineure et Syrie: Souvenirs de Voyages, Paris, 1858.--=Bergmann=, F. H., Les Amazones dans l’histoire et dans la fable, Colmar, 1858.--=Bertacchi=, C., L’Asie Minore: L’oriente e gli Armeni, Messina, 1896.--=Billerbeck=, A., Eine Studie zur alten Geschichte Westasiens, Leipsic, 1893.--=Brockes=, F., Quer durch Kleinasien, Gütersloh, 1900.--=Brunnhofer=, H., Vom Pontus bis zum Indus, Leipsic, 1890.--=Bukowski=, Y. von, Die geologischen Verhältnisse der Umgebung von Balia Maaden im nordwestl. Kleinasien (Mysien), Leipsic, 1892.--=Buresch=, K., Aus Lydien: Epigraphisch-geographische Reiseberichte (herausg. von O. Ribbeck), Leipsic, 1898.--=Burnaby=, F., On Horseback through Asia Minor, London, 1898.

* * * * *

=Campbell=, John, The Hittites: their Inscriptions, their History, Toronto, 1890, and London, 1891.--=Cara=, P. Cesare A. de, Gli Hethei-Pelasgi, Rome, 1894.--=Choisy=, A., L’Asie Mineure et les Turcs en 1875 (in Revue Archéol., nouv. sér., Vol. XXXII, Paris).--=Conder=, C. R., Heth and Moab, London, 1885; The Hittites and their Language, Edinburgh, 1898.--=Cramer=, J. A., A Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor, Oxford, 1832, 2 vols.--=Curtius=, E., Beiträge zur Geschichte und Topographie Kleinasiens, Berlin, 1872.

* * * * *

=Davis=, E. J., Anatolica, London, 1874.--=Diodorus Siculus=, The Historical Library, London, 1700.--=Duncker=, Max, Geschichte des Alterthums, Leipsic, 1855-1877, 6 vols.

* * * * *

=Fellows=, Charles, An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, London, 1841; Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1852.--=Fradenburgh=, J. N., Old Heroes: The Hittites, New York, 1899.--=Fréret=, N., Recherches sur la chronologie de l’histoire de Lydie (in Mém. Acad. Inscr.), Paris, 1725.--=Fressl=, J., Skythen Saken, Munich, 1886.

* * * * *

=Gelzer=, J. H., Das Zeitalter des Gyges (im Rhein. Museum, Vol. XXXV), 1880.--=Georgiades=, Smyrne et l’Asie Mineure, Paris, 1885.--=Goltz=, C. von der, Anatolische Ausflüge, Berlin, 1896.--=Grote=, G., History of Greece, London, 1871, 10 vols.--=Guillaume=, E., and =Perrot=, G., Exploration archéologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie, d’une partie de la Mysie, de la Phrygie, de la Cappadocie, et du Pont, Paris, 1872.

* * * * *

=Halévy=, J., Introduction au déchiffrement des inscriptions pseudo-hittites, Paris, 1893.--=Hamilton=, W. J., Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1842, 2 vols.--=Head=, B. V., The Coinage of Lydia and Persia, London, 1874; Historia Nummorum, Oxford, 1887.--=Hennig=, R., Symbolæ ad Asiæ Minoris Reges, Sacerdotes, Ptolemonemque, Ponti reges, Leipsic, 1893.--=Herbedey=, R. (in collab. with A. =Wilhelm=), Reisen in Cicilien, ausgeführt 1891-1892 (im Auftrag d. k. Acad. d. Wiss.), Vienna, 1897; (in collab. with E. =Kalinka=), Ein Bericht über zwei Reisen im südwestl. Kleinasien, Vienna, 1896.--=Herodotus=, Historiæ, Strassburg, 1816, 5 vols.--=Herwegh=, D., Cogitationes philologicæ circa voces Scythicas etc. exhibitæ, Upsala, 1743.--=Herzog=, R., Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipsic, 1899.--=Hirschfeld=, G., Paphlagonische Felsengräber, Berlin, 1885; Die Felsenreliefs in Kleinasien und das Volk der Hittiter, Berlin, 1887.--=Hommel=, F., Notes on the Hittite Inscriptions (in Proc. Soc. of Bibl. Archæol., Vol. XXI); Die semitischen Völker und Sprachen, Leipsic, 1883.--=Humann=, K. (in collab. with O. =Puchstein=), Reisen in Kleinasien und Nordsyrien, Berlin, 1890.

* * * * *

=Jensen=, Peter, Hittiter und Armenier, Strassburg, 1898.--=Justinus=, Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV, Venice, 1470. An epitome of Trogus Pompeius.

* * * * *

=Kärger=, Kleinasien, Berlin, 1892.--=Karolides=, Paul, Die sogenannten Assyro-Chaldäer und Hittiten von Kleinasien, Athens, 1898.--=Kiepert=, H., Spezialkarte vom westlichen Kleinasien, Berlin, 1890.--=Kretschmer=, P., Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1896.

* * * * *

=Lanckoronski=, C., Les villes de la Pamphylie et de la Lydie, Paris, 1890.--=Langlois=, S. A., Voyage dans la Cilicie et dans les montagnes du Taurus, Paris, 1861; Rapport sur l’exploration archéologique de la Cilicie et de la Petite-Arménie, Paris, 1854.--=Lantsheere=, L. de, De la race et de la langue des Hittites, Brussels, 1891.--=Leemans=, C., Grieksche Opschriften uit Klein-Azie, Amsterdam, 1890.--=Lennep=, H. J. van, Travels in Little Known Parts of Asia Minor, London, 1870, 2 vols.--=Lenormant=, F., Monnaies royales de la Lydie, Paris, 1876; La monnaie dans l’antiquité, Paris, 1863; (in collab. with E. =Babelon=), Histoire ancienne de l’orient jusqu’aux guerres médiques (9th edition), Paris, 1881-1888.--=Lindau=, P., An der Westküste Kleinasiens, Berlin, 1899.

* * * * *

=Maerkher=, C., Das Stromgebiet des untern Kyzyl-Yrmak (Halys), (in Zeitschr. d. Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Vol. XXXIV, Berlin, 1899).--=Mahaffy=, J. P., The Greek World under Roman Sway, London, 1890.--=Meinhard=, F., Bahnen in Türkisch--Asien (in Deutsche Rundschau für Geogr. und Statistik, Vol. XXIV Vienna, 1901).--=Mela=, Pomponius, De situ orbis libri III (in Dionysius Alex. et Pomp. Mela sit. orb. desc. 1577); Rare and Singular Works, London, 1590.--=Ménant=, J., Éléments du syllabaire Hetéen, Paris, 1895.--=Mencke=, Lydiaca, Berlin, 1843.--=Messerschmidt=, L., Bemerkungen zu den hittitischen Inschriften (in Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat. Ges., Berlin, 1898); Corpus Inscriptionum Hetticarum (in Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat. Ges., Berlin, 1901).--=Meyer=, E., Geschichte des Alterthums, Stuttgart, 1884-1902, 5 vols.; Geschichte des Königreichs Pontos, Leipsic, 1879.--=Mitford=, W., History of Greece, London, 1841.--=Mordtmann=, Die Amazonen, Hanover, 1862.--=Müller=, W. Max, Ein neuer Hetiterkönig (in Vorderasiat. Ges. Mitteil., Berlin, 1896).

* * * * *

=Naumann=, E., Vom goldenen Horn zu den Quellen des Euphrat, Munich, 1893.--=Neumann=, Hellenen im Skythenlande, Berlin, 1855.--=Newton=, C. J., Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, London, 1865.

* * * * *

=Oberhummer=, R. (in collab. with H. =Zimmerer=), Durch Syrien und Kleinasien: Reiseschilderungen und Studien aus dem Jahr 1896, Berlin, 1898.--=Ohnefalsch-Richter=, Max, Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols.--=Oppenheim=, M. von, Bericht über eine im Jahr 1899 ausgeführte Erforschungsreise in der asiat. Türkei (in Zeitsch. Ges. f. Erdkunde, Vol. XXXVI); Vom Mittelmeer zum persischen Golf, Berlin, 1899-1900, 2 vols.

* * * * *

=Pargoire=, I., Inscriptions d’Asie mineure (in Bull. de corresp. hellénique, Vol. XXIII, Paris, 1899).--=Peiser=, F. E., Die Hetitischen Inschriften, Berlin, 1892.--=Perrot=, G. (in collab. with C. =Chipiez=), Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité, Paris, 1882-1898.--=Prokesch=, Osten A. von, Denkwürdigkeiten und Erinnerungen aus dem Orient, Stuttgart, 1836.--=Puchstein=, O., Pseudohethitische Kunst, Berlin, 1890.

* * * * *

=Radet=, George, La Lydie et le monde grec au temps des Mermnades, Paris, 1893.--=Ramsay=, W. M., Historical Geography of Asia Minor (in Journ. of Hellenic Studies, London, 1890); The Cities and Bishoprics in Phrygia, Oxford, 1895-1897; Phrygo-Galatian Slaves (in Classical Review, London, 1898); A Study of Phrygian Art (in Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1889); Early Christian Monuments in Phrygia, _ibid._; Syro-Cappadocian Monuments in Asia Minor, _ibid._; Antiquities of Southern Phrygia (in Amer. Journal Arch., Vol. III-IV).--=Rawlinson=, George, A Manual of Ancient History, Oxford, 1869.--=Reber=, F. von, Die phrygischen Felsendenkmäler (in K. Bayr. Acad. d. Wiss., Vol. XXI, Munich, 1898); Kunstgeschichte des Altertums, Leipsic, 1871.--=Reinach=, S., Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asie mineure, Paris, 1890.--=Ritter=, Kleinasien, Berlin, 1858-1859.--=Rylands=, W. H., A Complete Set of Hittite Inscriptions (in W. Wright’s The Empire of the Hittites, London, 1884); Hittite Inscriptions (in Proc. Soc. of Bibl. Archæology, London, 1887, Vol. IX; 1898, Vol. XX).

* * * * *

=Saint-Martin=, Vivien de, Asie mineure, Paris, 1845, 2 vols.--=Sayce=, A. H., Notes from Journeys in the Troad and Lydia (in Jour. of Hellen. Stud., London, 1880); The Carian Language and Inscriptions (in Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol. IX); Decipherment of Hittite Inscriptions (in W. Wright’s The Empire of the Hittites, London, 1884); The Hittites, or the Story of a Forgotten Empire, London, 1890; Hittite Notes (in Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol. XXI, London, 1899).--=Sarre=, Reise in Kleinasien (in Forschungen zur seldjukischen Kunst und Geogr. des Landes, Berlin, 1896).--=Savelsberg=, Beiträge zur Entzifferung der lykischen Sprachdenkmäler, Bonn, 1874.--=Schaffer=, F., Geologische Studien im südöstl. Kleinasien (Kais. Acad. d. Wiss., Vol. CIX, pt. I, Vienna, 1900); Erkundungen und Routen-Aufnahmen im Gebiet des Kyzyl-Yrmak und Jeshit (in Zeitsch. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde., Vol. XXXIV); Das heutige Cilicien (in Anthropol. Ges. Mitteil., Vol. XXXI).--=Scherzer=, K. von, Smyrna, Vienna, 1873.--=Schmidt=, M., Neue lykische Studien, Jena, 1869.--=Schubert=, R., Geschichte der Könige von Lydien, Breslau, 1884.--=Seiff=, Reisen in der asiatischen Türkei, Leipsic, 1875.--=Sebin=, F., Recherches sur les roys de Lydie (in Mém. Acad. Inscr., Paris, 1719-1724).--=Skeel=, C. A., Travel in the First Century A.D., with Special Reference to Asia Minor, Cambridge, 1901.--=Soltan=, F., Zur Erklärung der Sprache des Volkes der Skythen, Berlin, 1887.--=Stark=, K. B., Aus dem Reich des Tantalus und Kroesus, Berlin, 1872; Nach dem griechischen Orient, Heidelberg, 1874.--=Sterrett=, J. R. S., The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor, Boston, 1888.--=Super=, C. W., A Decade of Hittite Research (in American Antiquarian, Vol. XXI, Chicago, 1899).

* * * * *

=Taylor=, B., The Lands of the Saracens, or Pictures of Palestine, Asia Minor, Sicily, and Spain, New York, 1881.--=Texier=, C. F., Asie mineure, Paris, 1838, 6 vols.--=Tomaschek=, W., Die alten Thraker, Übersicht der Stämme: Eine Ethnolog. Untersuchung, Leipsic, 1893.--=Tchihatchef=, Pierre de, l’Asie mineure, description physique, statistique et archéologique de cette contrée, Paris, 1853-1856, 2 vols.

* * * * *

=Unger=, G. F., Kyaxares und Astyages, Munich, 1882.

* * * * *

=Vaux=, W. S., Greek Cities of Asia Minor, London, 1877.--=Volney=, C. F., Chronologie des rois Lydiens (in Recherches nouv. d’histoire ancienne, Paris, 1814).

* * * * *

=Ward=, W. H., The Hamath Inscriptions (in Palestine Explor. Soc., 2nd Ser., 1873); Some Hittite Seals (in Amer. Jour. of Archæol., Princeton, 1894); On Some Hittite Seal Cylinders (in Amer. Orient. Soc. Jour., New Haven, 1896).--=Weber=, G., Die Flüsse von Laodicea: Lykos, Kadmos, Kapros, Elnos und Asopos (in Kais. Dtsch. Archäol. Inst. Mitteil. Athen, Vol. XXIII).--=Wilson=, C., Handbook for Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, London, 1895.--=Wroth=, W., Catalogue of Greek Coins: Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, and the Kingdom of Bosporus, London, 1890; Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Mysia, London, 1892.