The Hero Of Esthonia And Other Studies In The Romantic Literatu
Chapter 29
Esthonian Ballads, &c.
For reasons stated in the Preface, only a few specimens are here given.
THE HERALD OF WAR[79]
To the Finnish Bridge when driving On the west wind's path of copper, On the pathway of the rainbow, With the king's note in my wallet, And his mandate in my bosom, And upon my tongue defiance, What was that which came to meet me, And what horror to confound me? Nothing but an ancient corbie, Aged crow, a wretched creature; [Pg 288] With his beak he sniffed around him, And his nostrils snuffed the vapour; He had smelt the war already, When his nostrils snuffed the vapour, That he might discern the message Which I carried in my pocket; He had smelt the war already, And the scent of blood allured him. To the Finnish Bridge when driving On the west wind's path of copper, On the pathway of the rainbow, Swift I hastened as an envoy, With the king's note in my wallet, And his mandate in my bosom, In my charge the leader's orders, And upon my tongue the secret That the flags in breeze should flutter, And the lance-points smite in battle, And the swords should do their duty. What was that which came to meet me, And what horror to confound me? 'Twas an eagle came to meet me, Eagle fierce with beak hooked sharply; With his beak he sniffed around him, Through the mist he pushed his nostrils, By the scent he sought to fathom What was in the envoy's message. He had smelt the war already, And the scent of blood had reached him, And he went to call his comrades. To the Finnish Bridge when driving [Pg 289] On the west wind's path of copper, On the pathway of the rainbow, Swift I hastened on as envoy, With the king's note in my wallet, And his mandate in my bosom, And upon my tongue the secret And the leader's secret orders That the flags should now be waving, And the spear-points should be sharpened, What was it I there encountered, And what met me there to vex me? 'Twas the raven's son that met me, 'Twas a carrion-bird that met me; With his beak he sniffed around him, And his nostrils snuffed the vapour, That the meaning of my message With his nose he thus might fathom. He had smelt the war already, And the scent of blood had reached him, And he went to call his comrades. To the Finnish Bridge when driving On the west wind's path of copper, On the pathway of the rainbow, While I hastened as an envoy, With the king's note in my wallet, And his mandate in my bosom, And upon my tongue the secret, And the leader's secret orders, What was that which came to meet me, And what horror to confound me? 'Twas a little wolf that met me, [Pg 290] And a bear that followed closely; With their snouts they sniffed around them, Through the mist they pushed their nostrils, Seeking thus to probe the secret, And the letter to discover; They had smelt the war already, And the scent of blood had reached them, And they ran to spread the tidings. To the Finnish Bridge when driving On the west wind's path of copper, On the pathway of the rainbow, While I hastened as an envoy, With the king's note in my wallet, And his mandate in my bosom, And upon my tongue defiance, With the leader's secret orders That the flags unfurled should flutter, And the spear-points do their duty, And the axes should be lifted, And the swords should flash in sunlight, What was that which came to meet me, And what horror to confound me? It was Famine met me tottering, Tottering Famine, chewing garbage; With her nose she sniffed around her, That the meaning of my message With her nose she thus might fathom; For she smelt the war already, And the scent of blood had reached her, And she went to call her comrades. To the Finnish Bridge while driving [Pg 291] On the west wind's path of copper, On the pathway of the rainbow, While I hastened as an envoy, With the king's note in my wallet, And his mandate in my bosom, On my tongue the secret orders That the flags unfurled should flutter, And the spear-points do their duty, And the axes and the fish-spears All should do the work before them, What was that which came to meet me, What unlooked-for horror met me? 'Twas the Plague I there encountered, Crafty Plague, the people's murderer, Of the sevenfold war-plagues direst; With his nose he sniffed around him, And his nostrils snuffed the vapour, Seeking thus to probe the matter, And the letter to discover; He had smelt the war already, And the scent of blood had lured him And he went to call his comrades. After this my horse I halted, Yoked him with a yoke of iron, Fettered him with Kalev's fetters, That he stood as rooted firmly, From the spot to move unable, While I pondered and considered, Deeply in my heart reflecting If the profit of my journey Were not lost in greater evil [Pg 292] For the war brings wounds and bloodshed, And the war has throat of serpent. Wherefore then should I the battle, Whence springs only pain and murder, Forth to peaceful homesteads carry? Let a message so accursed In the ocean-depths be sunken, There to sleep in endless slumber, Lost among the spawn of fishes, There to rest in deepest caverns, Rather than that I should take it, Till it spreads among the hamlets. Thereupon I took the mandate Which I carried in my wallet, And amid the depths I sunk it, Underneath the waves of ocean, Till the waves to foam had torn it, And to mud had quite reduced it, While the fishes fled before it. Thus was hushed the sound of warfare, Thus was lost the news of battle.
THE BLUE BIRD[80] (I.).
Siuru, bird and Taara's daughter, Siuru, bird of azure plumage, With the shining silken feathers, [Pg 293] Was not reared by care of father, Nor the nursing of her mother, Nor affection of her sisters, Nor protection of her brothers; For the bird was wholly nestless, Like a swallow needing shelter, Where her down could grow to feathers And her wing-plumes could develop; Yet did Ukko wisely order, And the aged Father's wisdom Gave his daughter wind-like pinions, Wings of wind and cloudy pinions, That his child might float upon them, Far into the distance soaring. Siuru, bird and Taara's daughter, Siuru, bird of azure plumage, Sailed afar into the distance, And she winged her way to southward, Then she turned again to northward, And above three worlds went sailing. One of these the world of maidens, One where dwell the curly-headed, One the home of prattling children, Where the little ones are tended. Siuru bird outspread her pinions, Wide her silken plumes expanding, Soaring far aloft to heaven. To the fortress of the sunlight, To the lighter halls of moonlight, To the little gate of copper. Siuru bird outspread her pinions, [Pg 294] Wide her silken plumes expanding, Soaring far into the distance, Till she reached her home at evening; And her father asked his daughter, "Whither have thy pinions borne thee? Whither didst thou take thy journey? Tell me what thine eyes have witnessed." Siuru heard and comprehended, And without alarm she answered, "Where my pinions have conveyed me, There I scattered feathers from me; Where I sailed above the country, There I scattered silken feathers; Where I shook and flapped my pinions, From my tail I dropped the feathers: What I saw with marten keenness, Might be told in seven narrations, Or in eight tales be recounted. Long I flew on path of thunder, On the roadway of the rainbow, And the hailstone's toilsome pathway; Onwards thus I sailed light-hearted, Heedless, far into the distance, And at length three worlds discovered, One the country of the maidens, One where dwell the curly-headed, One the world of prattling children, Where the little ones are tended; There it is they rear the fair ones, Slender-grown and silky-headed." "What thou heardest? speak and tell me; [Pg 295] What thou sawest, let us hear it." "What then heard I, sire beloved, What beheld, O dearest father? There I heard the sport of maidens, There I heard their mirth and sadness, Jesting from the curly-headed, From the little infants wailing. Wherefore, said the maidens, jesting, Do the curly-headed children Dwell in solitude and lonely, Living thus apart from nurses? And they asked in every quarter, Are no youths in starry regions, Youths of starry birth or other, Who might dwell among the maidens, And amuse the curly-headed?" Ukko heard her words, and answered, "Soar away, my dearest daughter, Steer thy flight again to southward, Sailing far away till evening, Turning then unto the northward, Come before the doors of Ukko, To the western mother's threshold, To the northern mother's region; Seek thou there the youths to woo them, Youths that may release the maidens."
[Pg 296] THE BLUE BIRD (II.).
This totally different ballad is from Neus, _Ehstnische Volkslieder_, p. 42. Neus quotes Ganander as saying that one of the names of the Finnish Wood-goddess (the spouse of Tapio) is Blue Bird. The present poem is _possibly_ a fragment of a creation-myth.
Lo, the bird with azure plumage, Feathers blue and eyes all lustrous, Took her flight, and hovered, soaring, Over forests four in number, Over four woods in succession; One a wood of golden pine-trees, One a wood of beauteous apples, One a wood of silver birch-trees, One a swampy wood of lime-trees.
Lo, the bird with azure plumage, Feathers blue and eyes all lustrous, Took her flight, and hovered, soaring, Over lakelets three in number; Three the lakes all close together, And the first with wine was brimming, And with ale the second foaming, And the third with mead was frothing.
[Pg 297] Lo, the bird with azure plumage, Feathers blue and eyes all lustrous, Took her flight, and hovered, soaring, Over three fields in succession, Over three fields close together; In the first the oats were growing, In the second rye was waving, In the third the wheat was springing.
And the wood of golden pine-trees Was a wood of youthful striplings, And the wood of beauteous apples Was a wood of youthful maidens, And the wood of silver birch-trees Was a wood of youthful matrons, And the swampy wood of lime-trees Was a wood of men all aged.
And the lake with wine o'erbrimming Was the lake of youthful striplings, And the lake with ale up-foaming Was the lake of youthful matrons, And the lake where mead was frothing Was the lake of youthful maidens.
And the field where oats were growing Was the field of youthful striplings, And the field where rye was waving Was the field of youthful matrons, And the field where wheat was springing Was the share of youthful maidens.
[Pg 298] CHARM AGAINST SNAKE-BITE.[81]
Thou beneath the bridge, the smooth wood Under juniper the rough wood, Thou the arrow in the willows, O thou challenged gold-adorned one, Earthy-coloured, liver-coloured, Rainy-hued and hazel-coloured, Firebrand hued and cherry-coloured, Do not thou in secret bite me, Nor attack me unsuspecting, Do not bite me when I heed not.
[Pg 299] BIBLIOGRAPHY
The present list contains only books and papers which have been used or specially consulted in the preparation of this work, or which have been published in England on Esthonian tales and poems. Other books quoted are referred to in the Index and Glossary.
Blumberg, G. _Quellen und Realien des Kalewipoeg, nebst Varianten und Ergänzungen_. Dorpat, 1869. An important work, including a map, from which we have borrowed some particulars.
Boecler, J.M. _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen, und Gewohnheiten, von Johann Wolfgang Boecler, weiland Pastor zu Kusal in Ehstland und des Consistorii in Reval Assessor. Mit auf die Gegenwart bezüglichen Anmerkungen beleuchtet von Dr. F. R. Kreutzwald_. St. Petersburg, 1854.
Bouquet _from the Baltic_. _All the Year Round_, IV. pp. 80-83 (Nov. 3, 1860). Relates to some of the legends of Vanemuine, the _Kalevipoeg_, and Koit and Aemmerik.
Dido, A. _Littérature orale des Estoniens_. _Bibliographie des principale Publications de l'Estonie, et en particulier celle du Dr. Frédéric Reinhold Kreutzwald_, 1804-1882. _Revue des Traditions Populaires_, VIII. pp. 353-365, 424-428, 485-495 (1893). Contains an ac[Pg 300]count, more or less detailed, of the longer tales in Kreutzwald's collection, a few being fully translated.
Dido, A. _Kalewipoeg, Épopée nationale Estonienne_. Op. cit. IX. pp. 137-155 (1894). Contains an analysis of the poem.
Donner, A. _Kalevipoeg jumalaistarulliselta ja historialliselta kannalta katsottuna_. _Suomi_, ser. 2, vol. 5 (1866). Discusses the mythological and historical character of the _Kalevipoeg_, and its relations to the _Kalevala_, especially as regards the episode of Kullervo.
Esthonia. _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (ed. IX.), vol. viii. pp. 561-563 (1878).
Gould, S.B. _The Kalevipoeg_. _Fraser's Magazine_, vol. 78, pp. 534-544 (Oct. 1868). A fragmentary account of the poem, containing some curious errors, such as "Sarwik" being translated "Hell;" but with useful comments, especially on the Kalevide's voyage to the North Pole. We cannot see, however, that the Esthonian writings exhibit the melancholy character of a depressed nation, as Mr. Baring-Gould imagines.
Grosse, Julius. _Die Abenteuer des Kalewiden: Esthnisches Volksmärchen_. Leipzig, 1875. An abstract of the story in hexameters.
Israel, C. Chr. _Kalewipoeg, oder die Abenteuer des Kalewiden, Eine estnische Sage frei nach dem Estnischen bearbeitet_. Frankfort-on-Main, 1873. A good prose abstract of the poem, somewhat rearranged.
Jannsen, Harry. _Märchen und Sagen des estnischen Volkes_. Two Parts. Dorpat, 1881, and Riga, 1888. A selection of tales from various sources, some few being from Kreutzwald's collection. Valuable notes are appended to Part ii.
----. _Esthnische Märchen_. _Veckenstedt's Zeitschrift für Volkskunde_, i. pp. 314-317 (1889). Contains three[Pg 301] stories: "The Devil's Visit," "The Talking Trees" (Christian variant), and "The Officious Flies." Jannsen states that the first has already been printed in the original, and that the other two are from his own collections.
Kalewipoeg, _Üks ennemuistene Eesti jut_. Kuopio, 1862. An earlier edition was published at Dorpat with the German translation; but this is the one which I have consulted in the preparation of this work.
Kalewipoeg, _eine estnische Sage, zusammengestellt von F.R. Kreutzwald, verdeutscht von C. Reinthal und Dr. Bertram_. Dorpat, 1857-61.
Kirby, W.F. _On the Progress of Folk-lore Collections in Esthonia, with special reference to the work of Pastor Jacob Hurt_. _Papers and Transactions of International Folk-lore Congress_, 1892, pp. 427-429. Based on information published by, or received from, Prof. Kaarle Krohn of Helsingfors.
Kreutzwald, F.R. _Eestirahwa ennemuisted jutud. Rahwa suust korjanud ja üleskirjutanud_. Helsingfors, 1866. One of the first and best collections of Esthonian tales, but without notes. I believe that several later editions have been published at Dorpat.
---- _Ehstnische Märchen, aufgezeichnet von Friedrich Kreutzwald_. _Aus dem Ehstnischen übersetzt von F. Löwe, ehem. Bibliothekar a. d. Petersb. Akad. d. Wissenschaften_. _Nebst einem Vorwort von Anton Schiefner, und Anmerkungen von Reinhold Köhler und Anton Schiefner_. Halle, 1869. Includes a very close translation of most of the longer tales in Kreutzwald's collection. The notes, too, are valuable.
Kreutzwald, Fr., und Neus, H. _Mythische und Magische Lieder der Ehsten_. St. Petersburg, 1854. In Esthonian and German.[Pg 302]
Krohn, Kaarle. _Die geographische Verbreitung Estnischer Lieder_. Kuopio, 1892. This paper is noted in "Folk-Lore," IV. p. 19 (March, 1893).
Latham, R. _Nationalities of Europe_. 2 vols. London, 1863. Vol. i. includes translations of fourteen of the principal poems from Neus' _Ehstnische Volkslieder_.
Löwe, F. _See_ Kreutzwald.
Neus, H. _Ehstnische Volkslieder. Urschrift und Uebersetzung_. Reval, 1850-52. A collection of 119 poems in Esthonian and German, with notes.
Oxenford, John. _The Esthonian Hercules_. _Macmillan's Magazine_, vol. 30, pp. 263-272 (July 1874). An outline of the story of the _Kalevipoeg_, based on Israel's little book.
Popular Poetry _of the Esthonians_. Varieties of Literature from Foreign Literary Journals and Original MSS., now first published. London, 1795, pp. 22-44 (reprinted in "Folk-Lore Journal," iii. pp. 156-169, 1885). Contains twelve specimens of lyric poetry, undoubtedly based on some German publication. The anonymous compiler makes the strange mistake of regarding the Esthonians as "Sclavonians."
Schiefner, A. _Ueber die ehstnische Sage vom Kalewipoeg_. _Bulletin de l'Académie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg_, ii. pp. 273-297 (1860). Contains an analysis of the first thirteen cantos of the _Kalevipoeg_, with reference to Finnish, Scandinavian, and Classical parallels.
Schott. _Ueber finnische und estnische Heldensagen, Monatsbericht d. k.k. Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin_, 1866, pp. 249-260.
I am indebted to Mr. Sydney Hartland for kindly calling my attention to one or two papers which I might otherwise have overlooked.
[Pg 305] INDEX AND GLOSSARY
Abercromby, Hon. J., specimens of Finnish charms, ii. 298 note.
Adam and Eve, i. 252 note.
Aennchen, Cinderella sometimes called in German, ii. 4.
Äike, one of the names of the Thunder-God, i. xxviii., 24.
Ämarik (Evening-Glow), ii. 30, 299.
Ahti, in Esthonian, the God of the Waters; in Finnish, one of the names of the hero Lemminkainen, i. xxviii., 221; ii. 95 note.
Ahto, Finnish name of the God of the Waters, i. xxviii.
Aino, a heroine of the "Kalevala," who was drowned in a lake, i. 34 note; ii. 147 note.
Air-Maiden, the daughter of the Thunder-God, i. xxviii., 4, 71.
Alder-beetle, divination by, i. 19.
Alev, ancestor of a race of heroes, probably a brother of Kalev, i. xxii., 2 note.
Alevide or Alevipoeg, a hero of the race of Alev, the chief friend and companion of his cousin, the Kalevipoeg, i. xxii., 4, 5, 6.
Alevide and water-demon, i. 64.
Alevide, death of the, i. 138.
Ali Shar and Zumurrud, a story of the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 187 note.
Alutaga, a district north of Lake Peipus, i. 237.
Angantyr, a famous Berserk in the Hervarar Saga, i. 60 note.
Anna, widows named, ii. 145.
Apes and Khaleefeh the fisherman, in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 270.
Apples, golden, ii. 14.
Argument of "Kalevipoeg," i. 2.
Ariel's song, i. 21 note.
[Pg 306]Arju or Harju (German, Harrien), a province of Esthonia, i. xiv., 14 note.
Arjuna, one of the heroes of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata, ii. 23 note.
Ark, ass entering, ii. 76 note.
Armageddon, i. 135.
Armi, name of dog, i. 25 note.
Arthur, King, i. xxxii.
Aschenputtel, German name for Cinderella, ii. 4.
Ash-Katie (Tuhka-Triinu, Cinderella), ii. 4.
Ass and Devil, ii. 76 note.
Bagpipe, i. 304 note; ii. 150.
Ballads and other short poems, i. xxiii.; ii. 287.
Baltic, Bouquet from the, ii. 299.
Baltic Provinces of Russia, i. xiii.
Banyan-tree, i. 39 note.
Barbarossa, i. xxxii.
Baring-Gould. _See_ Gould.
Barnkeeper, courageous, ii. 195.
Bast shoes, magic, ii. 25.
Bast shoes, man with the, ii. 278.
Bathhouse visited by devils, ii. 186
Bathroom employed for accouchements, i. 21.
Bath-whisks, i. 98; ii. 235
Battles of the Kalevide, i. 119, 136, 137.
Bear, i. 52, 97; ii. 279, 290.
Beast-stories, ii. 274.
Beauty and the Beast, ii. 43 note.
Beer in Hades, i. xxxi., 173, 198.
Beetle as coachman, ii. 5.
Beetle and brooch, divination by, i. 19.
Beggar, God disguised as, ii. 182.
Bell, magic, i. 197.
Bell of Sarvik, i. 121, 126.
Beowulf, hero of an Anglo-Saxon poem of the same name, ii. 147 note.
[Pg 307]Berserk, a Viking mad with battle-frenzy (the nearest modern parallel is the Malay custom of running amok), i. 39 note, 60 note.
Berserk, Angantyr the, i. 60 note.
Berserk, Kalevipoeg a, i. 39 note.
Bertram, Dr., part translator of the "Kalevipoeg," i. xix.; ii. 301.
Bewitched horse, ii. 193.
Bhima, one of the heroes of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata. i. 25 note; ii. 23 note.
Bibliography, ii. 299.
Birch-bark maid, ii. 180.
Birch-tree, crooked, ii. 189.
Birch-twigs for bath-whisks, ii. 235.
Birds, language of, i. 215, 223; ii. 239.
Bitch, Devil's mother in form of, i. xxxi., 68.
Black Gods, ii. 136.
Black magic, stories of, ii. 148, 167, 188.
Black pool, ii. 146.
Blood, souls sold by, ii. 150, 175, 181, 245.
Blood, spells to stay flow of, i. 136.
Blood used in magical practices, i. 248; ii. 229.
Blood-vessel of Wisdom, ii. 186.
Bluebeard, ii. 1.
Blue bird, i. xxviii.; ii. 292, 296.
Blue spring, ii. 145.
Blumberg on the "Kalevipoeg," ii. 299.
Blumberg's account of Lake Endla, ii. 85 note.
Boecler on Esthonian customs, beliefs, &c., ii. 299.
Bouquet from the Baltic, ii. 299.
Brandy offered by lovers, i. 10; ii. 89.
Break-Iron, name of dog, ii. 6.
Breslau edition of the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 72 note.
Bridge-builder or wishing-rod, i. 91, 105, 108, 198.
Bridge, Finnish, i. 4, 48; ii. 287.
Brobdingnagians, Gulliver's remark respecting, i. 116 note.
Brooch and beetle, divination by, i. 19.
Brothers, friendly, i. 3, 49; ii. 23.
Brothers, gifted, ii. 12.
[Pg 308]Brothers, parting of, i. 55.
Brothers, unnatural, ii. 41, 70, 71, 267.
Brothers of the Kalevipoeg, i. 18, 25, 51, 55.
Brothers, two, and the Frost, ii. 71.
"Brynhilda," poem by W. Herbert, i. 60.
Bug, Devil changed into, ii. 181.
Bugs, origin of, ii. 127, 181.
Boys, orphan, i. 4, 85, 261.
Bulookiya, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 236.
Cat, Devil in form of black, ii. 192, 199, 202, 276.
Cat, dog, and mouse, ii. 282.
Cat, pet, ii. 43.
Cave-dwellers, ii. 114.
Chamisso's Alsatian legend, "Das Riesenspielzeug," the "Giant's Toy," or the "Giant's Daughter and the Peasant," i. 116 note.
Chamois-hunter's inexhaustible cheese, i. 265 note.
Charlemagne, i. xxxii.
Charm against snake-bite, ii. 298.
Charms to stanch blood, i. 136.
Chase of Slieve Cullin, Irish legend, i. 71.
Cholera, arrival of, in a Greek island, ii. 271 note.
Christ, Väinämöinen quitting Finland on the coming of, ii. 60.
Church stories, ii. 282.
Church, Devil in, ii. 112.
Church at Fellin, ii. 265.
Church of the Holy Cross, ii. 265.
Church of Lais, ii. 145.
Church at Pühalepp, ii. 263.
Church at Revel, ii. 262.
Chuvash of Kasan call God Tora, i. 6 note.
Cinderella, i. 273; ii. 4.
Clever countrywoman, i. 186.
Coach, Devil's, ii. 186.
Cock-crowing, i. 250; ii. 40, 251, 291.
Cock, red, euphemism for burning a house, i. 108, 234.
Cock, witch riding on, ii. 140.
[Pg 309]Cockchafer, spinning, i. 19 note.
Coiners of Leal, ii. 192.
Coins, discovery of English, ii. 194.
Cologne Cathedral, legend of, ii. 261 note.
Compassionate shoemaker, ii. 182.
Compassionate woodcutter, ii. 124.
Contest of brothers, i. 55.
Copper, man of, i. 3, 35.
Courageous barn-keeper, ii. 195.
Courland, Province of, i. xiii.; ii. 25.
Cox, Marian Roalfe, "Cinderella, Three Hundred and Forty-five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin, and Cap o' Rushes, abstracted and tabulated, with a discussion of mediæval analogues and notes, with an introduction by Andrew Lang, M.A.," London, 1893, ii. 4.
Crafty Hans, ii. 115, 211.
Crayfish, i. 85, 139, 140, 190.
Crayfish, powerful, ii. 48.
Creation-myths of Finns, ii. 60.
Cross, Church of Holy, ii. 285.
Cross-dance, i. 14.
Crow, slave-girl born from, i. 2, 10.
Cruel stepmothers, i. 85 note, 276, 280; ii. 4, 46.
Cuckoo, i. 82.
Cudgel, magic, ii. 25, 74.
Cup-bearer of Kalevide, i. 4, 66.
Cup-bearer visits Põrgu, i. 66.
Cup-bearer, disappearance of, i. 115.
Dagö, Island of, i. xiii.; ii. 112, 222, 283.
Damocles, sword of, ii. 8.
Danish ballads, Prior's, i. 115 note.
Daughters, Twelve, ii. 59, 87.
Dawn, story of, ii. 30.
Death-sorcerer, i. xxxi.
Demon cookery, i. 4, 88.
Despised younger son, ii. 40.
[Pg 310]Devil, names and attributes of, i. xxx.
Devil, stories of, ii. 38, 78, 148.
Devil, animals hostile to, ii. 76.
Devil called Old Boy, i. xxx., 153.
Devil creates the wolf, ii. 274.
Devil in church, ii. 112.
Devil provides horses for the Kalevipoeg, i. 142.
Devil steals fish, ii. 155.
Devil tries to destroy churches, ii. 263.
Devil with the three golden hairs, ii. 71.
Devil and Soldier, ii. 76.
Devil's mother or grandmother, i. 58 note, 66, 99, 142 note, 165.
Devil's Treasure, ii. 225.
Devil's Visit, ii. 38, 301.
Dido on Esthonian tales and the "Kalevipoeg," i. xxii., 133 note; ii. 299, 300.
"Die gelehrte Ehstnische Gesellschaft," i. xvii.
Divination by brooch and beetle, i. 19.
Diving Jinn, ii. 96 note.
Dog and cat, ii. 282.
Dog and Devil, ii. 76.
Dog-men, i. 5, 117.
"Donica," poem by Southey, ii. 147 note.
Donner on the "Kalevipoeg" and "Kalevala," ii. 300.
Dragon-slayer, ii. 6.
Dragons as saurians, ii. 7.
Draupadi, the heroine of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata, ii. 23 note.
Drinking-bouts, i. 3, 45, 131.
Dvergar (dwarfs), Old Norse name for the Gnomes, ii. 113.
Dorpat, i. 56 note.
Ducks with gold and silver plumage, i. xxx., 202.
Dwarf and heroes, i. 115.
Dwarf's christening, ii. 8.
Dwarf's quarrel, ii. 25.
Dwarfs, headless, ii. 213.
Dwarfs stealing food, i. 121, 187, 207; ii. 26.
[Pg 311]Eagle of the North, i. 2, 8, 227, 257, 268, 271.
East, magician of, ii. 239.
Edda (Grandmother), name applied to the two principal collections of Scandinavian mythological and heroic poems and legends, the Poetical Edda, or the Edda of Sæmund, and the Prose Edda, or the Edda of Snore, i. 60 note, 91 note; ii. 29, 71 note.
"Ed-Dimiryaht" (a king of the Jinn, and one of the two chief Wezeers of Solomon), poem by Kirby, ii. 236.
Egg-born princess, i. 273.
Egg, Linda born from, i. 2, 9.
Egg, Suometar born from, i. 10 note.
Egg, magic, ii. 234.
Elemental spirits, ii. 96 note.
Elements, stories of spirits of, ii. 60.
Elsie, i. 240.
Elves, Tieck's story of, i. 236.
Emmu Lake and Virts Lake, ii. 144.
Endel or Endla, son of Ilmarine, ii. 87.
Endla, Lake, i. 88; ii. 85.
"Encyclopædia Britannica," article on Esthonia in, ii. 300.
Envious sisters, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 9.
Epic of Esthonia, the "Kalevipoeg," i. 1.
Epic of Finland, the "Kalevala," i. 1.
Esau and Jacob, i. 19.
Esquimaux, i. 117 note.
Esthonia, article in "Encyclopædia Britannica," ii. 300.
Esthonia, Epic of, the "Kalevipoeg," i. 1.
Esthonia, hero of, the "Kalevipoeg," i. 1.
Esthonia, language of, i. xv., xvi.
Esthonia, province of, i. xiii.
Esthonian ballads, &c., ii. 287.
Esthonian dances, i. 14.
Esthonian folk-tales, i. 145; ii. 1.
Esthonian Hercules, ii. 302.
Euseküll, Lake at, ii. 142.
[Pg 312]Fählmann, Dr., work of, i. xviii.
Faithless fisherman, ii. 104.
Familiar stories of Northern Europe, ii. 48.
Famine personified, ii. 290.
Fate of Linda, i. 24.
"Faust," Goethe's, i. xxi., 214.
Feasts, public, i. 3, 6, 45, 131, 187, 195.
Feathers transformed to birds and warriors, i. 40.
Fellin, a town in Livonia, ii. 111, 135.
Fellin, church at, ii. 285.
Fenland or Finland, ii. 135 note.
"Festus," poem by Bailey, i. xxi.
Fetishism in Esthonia and Finland, i. xxvi.; ii. 167, 274 note.
Fight with the sorcerer's sons, i. 80.
Finland, Epic of, the "Kalevala," i. 1.
Finland, Gulf of, i. xiii.
Finland, Kalevide's journey to, i. 3, 5, 32, 38, 112.
Finland, names of, ii. 135 note.
Finn, the Irish hero, i. xxxii., 71.
Finnish Bridge, i. 4, 43; ii. 287.
Finnish Literary Society's publications, i. xxii.
Finnish magicians and sorcerers, i. 2, 3, 23, 26, 38, 41, 111, 220, 226, 260, 299; ii. 181, 260.
Finnish sorcerer seeks the hand of Linda, i. 2, 23.
Finnish sorcerer carries off Linda, i. 2, 26.
Finnish sorcerer and the Kalevide, i. 3, 38.
Finnish sorcerer slain by the Kalevide, i. 3, 41.
Finnish stories, ii. 29, 41, 60.
Finnish sword-smiths, i. 3, 42, 84.
Finnish-Ugrian race, i. xv.
Fire Island (Iceland), i. 5, 113, 114.
Fish, Devil stealing, ii. 155.
Fisherman, faithless, ii. 104.
Fisherman and his Wife, ii. 148.
Flies, Officious, ii. 285, 301.
Flood, ii. 182 note.
Floods, magic, i. 105, 107, 108.
[Pg 313]Flute, story of magic, ii. 43 note.
Flute-player, Tiidu the, i. 303.
"Folk-lore," organ of the English Folk-lore Society, ii. 298 note.
Folk-tales in prose, Esthonian, i. xxii., 145; ii. 1.
Foot, stamping with, to open hidden door or to lay a ghost, i. 110, 124, 158; ii. 190, 193.
Forests in fairy tales, i. 211.
Foundling, i. 321; ii. 112.
Four gifts of the water-sprite, ii. 98.
Freemasons, ii. 236.
Free-shooters, ii. 191.
Frog, Northern, ii. 237.
Frost, two brothers and the, ii. 71.
Galland's "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 9.
Gallows dwarfs, ii. 211.
Ganander, a writer on Finnish mythology in the last century, ii. 296.
Garm, the dog which guards Helheim, in the Scandinavian mythology, i. 261.
Geese with gold and silver feathers, i. xxx., 202.
German Knights of the Sword, i. xiv., 194.
Germans in Esthonia, i. xv., 246, 248, 284.
Giallar Horn, the horn of Heimdall in the Scandinavian mythology, which he is to blow to summon the gods to battle at Ragnarök, i. 136 note.
"Giant's Daughter," and poem by Chamisso, i. 115, 116 note.
Gifted brothers, ii. 22.
Gifted servants, ii. 24.
Gifts of water-sprite, ii. 98.
Glass mountain, ii. 40.
Gnomes, ii. 113.
God disguised as beggar, ii. 182.
God, name of, engraved on Solomon's seal, ii. 236.
God, names of, i. xxvii.
God-daughter of the Rock-maidens, i. 321.
Gods, Esthonian and Finnish, i. xxvii.
Gods, stories of the, ii. 60.
[Pg 314]Gods, white and black, ii. 136, 137.
"Goethe," poem by Kenealy, i. xx.
Goethe's "Faust," i. xxi., 214.
Gold king, i. 52.
Gold mountain, i. 19.
Gold shoes of Tuhka Triinu, ii. 6.
Golden, an epithet of endearment, i. 92.
Golden apples, ii. 14.
Golden land, i. 152.
Gold snakes, ii. 224.
Gold-spinners, i. 208.
Goldsmith's "Goody Two-Shoes," i. 249 note.
Gomme, Alice Bertha, "The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland," vol. i. 1894, i. 91 note.
Good deed rewarded, ii, 128.
"Goody Two-Shoes," i. 249 note.
Goose-Tony, ii. 2.
Gottland, island of, identified with Kungla, i. 15 note.
Gould, S. Baring, on the "Kalevipoeg," i. 112 note, 117 note; ii. 300.
Grass-mother, i. xxix., 13 note.
Grateful prince, i. 152.
Grave of Kalev, i. 3, 21, 30, 54, 134.
Grave, visits to father's, ii. 41.
Greenland, i. 117 note.
Grey women in "Faust," i. 214 note.
Grimm's "Kinder und Hausmärchen," ii. 48, 71.
Grosse's German version of the "Kalevipoeg," i. xix.; ii. 300.
Grôtta-Söngr, the Mill-Song, one of the poems in the Edda of Sæmund, ii. 71 note.
Gulliver's remark respecting the Brobdingnagians, i. 115.
Hades (Põrgu), i. xxxi.
Hades, Kalevide's first journey to, i. 87.
Hair, beliefs connected with, ii. 19.
Hand grasped by magician or giant, i. 176; ii. 22, 189.
Hans, crafty, ii. 115, 211.
[Pg 315]Harju or Arju, province of Esthonia, i. xiv., 14 note.
Harrien, German name of province of Harju, i. 14.
Hasan of El Basrah, story in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 25.
Hasib, story in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 234 note.
Hat of nail-parings, i. 91, 103; ii. 25.
Hat, soldier's, ii. 130.
Haycock, wonderful, ii. 133.
Headless dwarfs, ii. 213.
Heath legends, ii. 111, 132.
Hedgehog, Kalevide's meeting with, i. 4, 81.
Heidelberg, Wolfsbrunnen, near, ii. 86 note.
Heimdall, horn of, in Scandinavian mythology, i. 126 note.
Helena the Fair, Princess, Russian story, ii. 41 note.
"Helga," poem by W. Herbert, i. 60.
Helheim, the Scandinavian Hades, i. 261 note.
Hell (Põrgu), i. xxxi.
Hell-hounds, i. 261; ii. 192.
Hell-Maiden, ii. 242.
Hemlock used to poison witch, i. 233.
Hen, Salme born from, i. 2, 9.
Heracles and Hylas, i. 115 note.
Herald, voyage of, i. 139 note.
Herald of War, i. 63; ii. 287.
Herbert, William, "Helga, a poem in eight cantos," London, 1815, i. 60 note.
Hercules of Esthonia, ii. 302.
Herd-boy, royal, i. 279.
Herd-boy, sinking in heath, ii. 133.
Herd-boys, i. 84.
Hero of Esthonia, the Kalevipoeg, i. 1.
Heroes and dwarf, i. 115.
Heroes and water-demon, i. 64.
Heroes carried by eagles, i. 2, 8.
Heroes, last feast of, i. 129.
Heywood, Thomas, "Hierarchies of the Blessed Angels," London, 1635, ii. 147 note.
[Pg 316]Hialmar, hero of the Hervarar Saga, i. 60 note.
"Hiawatha," poem by Longfellow, i. xx., 81 note.
Hidden treasures, i. 135; ii. 194.
Holger or Olger, Danish hero expected to return, i. xxxii.
Holy Cross, Church of, ii. 285.
Hornet and spider, ii. 284.
Horse, bewitched, ii. 193.
Horse of Kalevide, i. 3, 58, 128, 130.
Horse of the tempest, i. 15.
Horses devoted to the Devil, ii. 181, 187.
Horses, white, i. 59, 142, 260.
House-spirit, i. xxxi. 207; ii. 167.
How the sea became salt, ii. 70.
How seven tailors went to war in Turkey, i. xxiii.
Hunter's lost luck, ii. 191.
Hurt, Pastor, collection of Esthonian folk-lore, i. xxiv.; ii. 301, 302.
Hylas and Heracles, i. 115 note.
Iblees (Satan), entering ark with ass, ii. 76 note.
Iceland (Fire Island), i. 114 note.
Idiot's luck, ii. 14.
Iliad, origin of, i. xi.
Ilma, Lake, i. 87, 110.
Ilmarine or Ilmarinen, the Vulcan of Esthonia and Finland, i. xxi., xxx., 4, 83; ii. 120, 159.
Ilmarine, wife of, i. 291 note.
Ilmatar, the Daughter of the Air, the mother of Väinämöinen, and the creatrix of the world in the first Runo of the "Kalevala," where she apparently represents the Spirit of God floating on the surface of the waters, i. 71 note; ii. 60.
Inexhaustible wallets, &c., i. 265.
Ingoldsby Legends, ii. 159.
Insatiable wife, ii. 48.
Invasions, i. 129, 132.
Irish lakes, water-nymphs in, ii. 147 note.
Irmi, name of dog, i. 25 note.
[Pg 317]Iru, Mount, i. 27, 51.
Island of Dagö, i. xiii.; ii. 222, 283.
Island of Fire (Iceland), i. 5, 114.
Island of Œsel, i. xiii.
Island Maiden, i. 3, 32, 50.
Israel's work on the "Kalevipoeg," i. xix.; ii. 300.
Jacob and Esau, i. 18 note.
Jacobs on "junior right," i. 18 note.
Jalopeura, Finnish name for lion and lynx, i. 89 note.
Jamasp, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 234 note.
Jann = Jinn, i. 72 note.
Jannsen, Harry, "Esthonian Tales," i. xxii.; ii. 300.
Järva (the Lake District), province of Esthonia, i. xiv.
Jephthah, i. 152 note.
Jerwen, German name of province of Järva, i. xiv.
Jews, Passover of, i. 265 note.
Jews, persecution of, i. 155.
Jinn of Arabia, ii. 96 note.
Jinn, oblique eyes of, i. 72 note.
Jones, W.H., and Kropf, L.L., "The Folk-Tales of the Magyars," London, 1889, ii. 30 note.
Joodar, story in the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 199 note, 265 note; ii. 229.
Joyce, P.W., "Old Celtic Romances," 2nd edition, London, 1894, i. 71.
Jullanar of the Sea, story in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 96 note.
Jumal or Jumala, name of God, i. xxiii., 8.
Junior right, i. 18 note.
Jutta, foster-daughter of Vanemuine, and Queen of the Birds, i. xxviii., 85.
Jutta, priestess of Hertha, ii. 86 note.
Käpä, a brook flowing into Lake Peipus, in which the Kalevide's sword was sunk, i. 4, 6, 75, 140.
[Pg 318]Kalev, Kallev, or Kaleva, a mythical giant-king of Esthonia, the father of the Kalevipoeg, i. 1.
Kalev, arrival in Esthonia, i. 2, 8.
Kalev, wooing of Linda, i. 16.
Kalev, marriage of, i. 2, 16, 17.
Kalev, children of, i. 2, 18, 22.
Kalev, death of, i. 2, 18.
Kalev, burial of, i. 2, 21.
Kalev, visits to grave of, i. 2, 21, 30, 54, 134.
Kalevala, the country of Kaleva, i. 1.
Kalevala, name chosen by Lönnrot for the great Finnish Epic, first issued by the Finnish Literary Society in thirty-two Runos or Cantos in 1835, and subsequently enlarged and recast, and published in 1849 in fifty Runos, since when it has been reprinted several times, the best edition of the text being that issued by the above-mentioned Society in 1887. More or less complete translations have appeared in English, French, German, Swedish, Magyar, and Russian, besides specimens in Danish and Italian. Of these versions, the most elegant appear to me to be the abridged Swedish translations of Herzberg, in prose and verse. The recent German translation of Paul is most esteemed in Finland; though it was that of Schiefner, published in 1852, which inspired Longfellow to write his "Hiawatha." The "Kalevala" commences with creation-myths, and the birth of the patriarch-minstrel and culture-hero Väinämöinen; proceeds with Väinämöinen's unsuccessful wooing of the Lapp girl Aino; and the rest of the poem is mainly occupied with the negotiations and wars of the three heroes, Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, and Lemminkainen, with Louhi, the witch-queen of Lapland. The adventures of Kullervo, the morose and wicked slave, who corresponds to the Kalevipoeg in so many particulars, that he was certainly originally the same character, form a long episode, extending from Runos 31-35 inclusive. The last Runo contains a strange confused story of the Nativity, and ends with the consequent departure of Väinämöinen from Finland. Many episodes and parallels of the "Kalevala"[Pg 319] reappear in the "Kalevipoeg," i. xi., xviii., xxi., xxx., 1, 7, 8, 10, 33 note, 34 note, 35 note, 39 note, 40 note, 71 note, 85 note, 88 note, 93 note, 291 note; ii. 81, 147 note, 149, 154, 160 note, 160.
Kalevide, a hero of the race of Kalev, the usual title of the Kalevipoeg, i. xviii., 1.
Kalevide, birth of, i. 2, 22.
Kalevide, childhood of, i. 2, 22.
Kalevide, hunting of, i. 2, 25.
Kalevide swims to Finland, i. 3, 32.
Kalevide, meeting with the Island Maiden, i. 3, 32.
Kalevide and Finnish sorcerer, i. 3, 38.
Kalevide and sword-smiths, i. 3, 42.
Kalevide, return of, i. 3, 49.
Kalevide visits his father's grave, i. 3, 21, 30, 54, 134.
Kalevide ploughing, i. 3, 58.
Kalevide wades through Lake Peipus, i. 4, 72, 122, 142.
Kalevide, journeys to Põrgu, i. 5, 87, 124, 142.
Kalevide, voyage of, i. 5, 110.
Kalevide, death of, i. 6, 141.
Kalevide, a Berserk, i. 39 note.
Kalevipoeg, the son of Kalev, a mythical giant-hero and king of Esthonia, whose adventures are related in the poem of the same name. _See_ Kalevide.
"Kalevipoeg," the national Epic of Esthonia, i. xviii., 1.
"Kalevipoeg," origin of poem, i. xviii.
"Kalevipoeg," bibliography, ii. 299.
"Kalevipoeg," editions of, ii. 301.
"Kalevipoeg," tales illustrative of, i. 147.
"Kanteletar," the "Daughter of the Harp," the name applied to the great collection of Finnish songs and ballads compiled by Lönnrot, and published by the Finnish Literary Society, i. 10 note, 20.
Karkus, name of a mythical king, ii. 136.
Katrina finds egg which produces Suometar, i. 10.
Katrina, name of Cinderella, ii. 4.
Keightley, Thomas, "The Fairy Mythology, illustrative of the[Pg 320] Romance and Superstition of various Countries," new edition, London (Bohn), 1860, ii. 282 note.
Kenealy, Edward Vaughan, "Goethe, a New Pantomime," London, 1850, i. xx.
Kenealy, "A New Pantomime," London, 1863, i. xx.
Kenealy, "Poems and Translations," London, 1864, i. 76.
Kertell, treasure at, ii. 224.
Khaleefeh the fisherman, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 270.
Kidd the Pirate, ii. 195.
Kiisike (Pussy), a fairy child, i. 245.
Kikerpärä, swamp of, i. 64.
King of Esthonia, Kalev becomes, i. 2, 9.
King, Kalevide chosen, i. 3, 58.
King Karkus, ii. 136.
King of the Misty Hill, i. 259.
King's Wood, i. 27.
Kirby, W.F., "Ed-Dimiryaht, an Oriental Romance, and other Poems," London, 1867, ii. 236.
Kirby and Kaarle Krohn on Pastor Hurt's collections of Esthonian folk-lore, i. xxiv.; ii. 301, 302.
Knapsack, magic, ii. 72.
Knights of the Sword, i. xiv., 134.
Köhler, R., notes on Kreutzwald's Tales, ii. 301.
Kõu, one of the names of the Thunder-God, i. xxviii.; ii. 158.
Kõver or Kõwer, Crooked, ii. 131 note.
Koit (Dawn) and Ämarik (Evening Glow), ii. 30, 299.
Koiva, River, i. 139.
Kon, a frog or toad, ii. 237 note.
Korküll, Lake, ii. 135.
Kratt, one of the names of the house-spirit, i. xxxi.; ii. 167, 169.
Kreutzwald, Dr., and his works, i. xix., xxii., xxiii., 39 note; ii. 301.
Kristina, Cinderella called in Finnish, ii. 4 note.
Krohn, Kaarle, on Pastor Hurt's Esthonian Folk-lore collections, i. xxiv.; ii. 301, 302.
Krohn, on distribution of Esthonian legends, i. xxv., 301.
[Pg 321]Kullervo, a hero of the "Kalevala," who, though the slave of Ilmarinen, corresponds to the Kalevipoeg; he ultimately commits suicide by falling on his own sword, i. xxi., 1, 8 note, 22 note, 33 note, 42 note, 85 note, 291 note; ii. 160 note.
Kungla, a country of fabulous wealth, possibly the island of Gottland, i. 15, 28, 182, 187, 304.
Kurat, the Evil One, one of the names of the Devil, i. xxx.
Kuri vaim, evil spirit, ii. 199.
Kylliki, a heroine of the "Kalevala," who refused the hand of the Sun and Moon, but was afterwards carried off by Lemminkainen, i. 10 note.
Lääne, the West Country, a province of Esthonia, i. xiv., 8; ii. 49.
Lady-bird, i. 19 note.
Lady of the Waters, ii. 95.
Lais, church of, ii. 145.
Lake-dwellers, ii. 98.
Lake legends, ii. 135.
Lake Emmu, ii. 144.
Lake Endla, i. 88; ii. 85.
Lake at Euseküll, ii. 142.
Lake Korküll or Oiso, ii. 135.
Lake Peipus, i. xiv., 4, 72, 122, 142; ii. 136.
Lake Virts, i. xiv.; ii. 144.
Lalli, a port near Lindanisa, i. 118.
Land of Ten Thousand Lakes (Finland), ii. 135.
Lane's "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 76 note.
Lapland, Louhi, witch-queen of, in the "Kalevala," ii. 149.
Lapland, Kalevide's voyage to, i. 5, 112.
Lapland stories, i. xvi.; ii. 29, 38.
Last feast of the heroes, i. 129, 131.
Latham, R.G., "Nationalities of Europe," 2 vols, London, 1863, i. xxiii., xxvii., 9 note, 33; ii. 38 note, 112 note, 302.
Lauma, Lithuanian Nightmare, ii. 112 note.
Leal, coiners of, ii. 192.
Lemminkainen, one of the heroes of the "Kalevala," i. xxix., 34 note, 40 note.
[Pg 322]Lennuk, the Flyer, the Kalevide's ship, i. 5, 112.
Letts, demons compared to, i. 67, 69.
Letts, war with, i. 137.
"Light Princess," story by George Macdonald, i. 211 note.
Lijon, festival of, ii. 33.
Lind or Lindu, a bird, i. 10.
Linda, the wife of Kalev and the mother of the Kalevipoeg, born from an egg, i. xxviii., 2, 10; ii. 85 note.
Linda, marriage of, i. 2, 16, 17.
Linda, mourning of, i. 2, 20.
Linda, children of, i. 2, 18, 22.
Linda, carried off by Finnish sorcerer, i. 2, 26.
Linda, transformed to a rock, i. 2, 27.
Linda, fate of, i. 24.
Linda, shade of, in Põrgu, i. 127, 129.
Lindanisa, "Linda's Bosom," the Kalevide's capital, now called Tallin, Revel, or Reval, i. 6, 118, 119, 131.
Lindu, the daughter of Uko, the queen of the birds, i. xxviii., 9 note, 10 note, 147.
Lion, Kalevide compared to, i. 89.
Lithuanian tales, ii. 112 note, 182 note, 224.
Lithuanian Thunder-God. _See_ Perkunas.
Little Red Riding Hood, ii. 39, 276.
Livonia, province of, i. xiii.
Longfellow's "Hiawatha," i. xx., 81 note.
Loss of the Kalevide's sword, i. 72.
Lots cast for princess, ii. 23.
Louhi, witch-queen of Lapland, in the "Kalevala" (may not this name, though feminine, be connected with Loki?), ii. 149, 154.
Löwe's translation of Kreutzwald's Tales, i. xxii.; ii. 301.
Lucky egg, i. 308.
Lucky rouble, i. 25 note; ii. 6.
Maasika (Strawberry), i. 321.
"Mabinogion," old Welsh romances, translated by Lady Guest, ii. 272 note.
Macdonald, George, story of the Light Princess, i. 211.
[Pg 323]Macgillivray's adventure in the Solomon Islands, i. 139.
Maelström, i. 114 note.
Magic cudgel, ii. 25, 74.
Magic egg, ii. 234.
Magic flute, ii. 43 note.
Magic hat, i. 91, 103; ii. 25.
Magic knapsack, i. 265; ii. 72.
Magic reel, i. 177.
Magic saddlebags, i. 265, note.
Magic shoes, ii. 25.
Magic, skill of Lapps, Finns, and Esthonians in, i. 20 note.
Magic sword, i. 198.
Magician in the pocket, i. 321.
Magician's heirs, ii. 24.
Magpie speaking, ii. 4.
Magyar Folk-tales, ii. 30 note.
Maha-Bharata, Indian Epic, i. 25 note; ii. 25, 234 note.
Maiden of Island, i. 3, 32.
Maiden at the Vaskjala Bridge, ii. 34.
Maiden's Wood, i. 27.
Maidens who bathed in the moonlight, ii. 233.
Maidens in Sarvik's palace, i. 5, 90.
Maidens spinning, i. 5, 90, 209.
Mail-clad warriors, i. 134.
Man in the moon, ii. 29, 164.
Man with the bast shoes, ii. 278.
Mana, God of Death, i. 143; ii. 17.
Mana tark = necromancer, ii. 223 note.
Manx dog, ii. 192 note.
Mare, white, i. xxvi., 99, 142.
Martin and his dead master, i. xxxii.; ii. 188.
Marya, Cinderella called, in Slavonic tales, ii. 4 note.
Meadow Queen, or Grass-Mother (Muru eit), the goddess of the meadows and of the home-field, i. xxix., 11, 188, 235, 259.
Megissogwon, a magician slain by Hiawatha, i. 81 note.
Melusina, ii. 48.
Mermaid, ii. 49.
[Pg 324]Mermaid and Lord of Pahlen, ii. 106.
Michael Scot, ii. 172 note.
Michel the Beggar, ii. 168.
Milk-cans cleaned with pebbles, ii. 89.
Milky Way, i. 9 note, 147.
Misty Hill, King of the, i. 259.
Moon, man in, ii. 29, 164.
Moon-painter, ii. 29, 159.
Moon seeking the hand of maidens, i. 10, 11, 148.
Moon, sons and daughters of, ii. 29.
Moon stolen by sorcerers, i. 20 note; ii. 148, 154 note, 160 note.
Moon-stories, ii. 29, 159.
Moon, woman in, ii. 29, 37.
Moon-dwellers, i. 186.
Morality of Esthonian folk-tales, i. 155.
Moth, sorcerer in form of, ii. 16.
Mother of the Grass. _See_ Meadow Queen.
Mother of the Waters, i. xxix.
Mother of the Wind, i. xxix., 218; ii. 106.
Mouse speaking, i. 125; ii. 186.
Mouse and cat, ii. 282.
Mundane egg, i. 8 note.
Muru eit = Grass-Mother. _See_ Meadow Queen.
Mussel-shells as boats, i. 202.
Mustapall, i. 64.
Mustukene (Blackie), name of dog, i. 25 note.
Mythology, Esthonian, i. xxvi.
Naglfar, nail-ship in Scandinavian Mythology, i. 91 note.
Näki neitsi, mermaid, ii. 49.
Nail-parings, hat of, i. 91, 103; ii. 25.
Nakula, one of the heroes of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata, ii. 23 note.
Name, calling by, an omen of death, ii. 262.
Narova, river flowing from Lake Peipus to Narva, ii. 141.
Narva, a port-town on the east frontier of Esthonia, i. 304.
"Nationalities of Europe." _See_ Latham.
[Pg 325]Nativity, travesty of, in "Kalevala," i. xxvii.
Nature-worship among Esthonians and Finns, i. xxvii.
Necromancers, i. xxx., 20; ii. 233 note.
Neus, works of, i. xxiii., 9 note, 33, 39 note; ii. 302.
Nicholas, story of Silly, ii. 71 note.
Nicodemus, i. 146, 192, 200.
Nightmare, Lauma, or Lithuanian, ii. 112 note.
Noah and the Ark, ii. 76 note.
Nocturnal church-goers, ii. 226.
Noor Ed-Deen and Shems Ed-Deen, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 86 note.
North Cape, i. 112 note.
Northern Frog, ii. 237.
Northern Lights, spirits of, i. xxxi., 5, 111, 117, 149; ii. 107.
Nose-tree, i. 203, 306.
Nuckö, Plague in island of, ii. 272.
Oak sacred to Taara, i. xxvii.
Oak forest of Taara, i. 8, 56.
Oak-tree, great, i. xxvii., 3, 34, 39, 47, 111.
Odyssey, origin of, i. xi.
Œsel, Island of, i. xiii.
Officious flies, ii. 285, 300.
Oiso, district and lake of, ii. 135, 142.
Olaf the architect, i. 282.
Olaf, St., and the giant Wind-and-Weather, ii. 282 note.
Old Boy (Vana pois), usual Esthonian euphemism for the Devil, i. xxx., 153; ii. 10, 132, 144, 151, 192.
Old Father (Vana isa), frequent epithet for God in Esthonian, i. xxvii., xxx.; ii. 144, 150 note.
"Old Harp" (Vana kannel), Pastor Hurt's collection of Esthonian songs and ballads, i. xxiv.
Old Hornie (Vana Sarvik), one of the names of the Devil, i. xxxi., 89 note; ii. 195.
Olev the master-builder, possibly a brother of Kalev, i. xxii., 2, 108, 111, 118, 119, 139; ii. 282 note.
Olevide, a hero of the race of Olev; the term is often applied to[Pg 326] his son, the Olevipoeg, the companion, and perhaps the cousin, of the Kalevide. The Olevide is, however, frequently called by his father's name, Olev, i. xxii., 6, 108.
Olevide meets the Kalevide, i. 108.
Olevide builds ships, i. 111.
Olevide builds Lindanisa, i. 119.
Olevide appointed successor to the throne, i. 139.
Olger or Holger, a famous Danish hero, one of Charlemagne's Paladins (Ogier le Danois), who is expected to return, i. xxxii.
Oriental tales, ii. 233.
Origin of bugs, ii. 127, 181.
Origin of the swallow, ii. 283.
Origin of the wolf, ii. 274.
Orphan and foundling stories, i. 84, 236.
Orphan-boy and the Hell-hounds, i. 261.
Orphan-boys, i. 4, 85, 261.
Orphan's hand-mill, i. 260.
Orphan's Wood, i. 27.
Orpheus, ii. 60.
Othin, i. 261 note.
Ox, great, i. xxvi., 88, 130.
Ox of Videvik, ii. 30.
Ox, strange tale of an, ii. 24.
Oxenford, John, on the "Kalevipoeg," ii. 302.
Oxen of Ukraine, i. 270.
Pärtel = Bartholomew, i. 310.
Pahlen, Lord of, and mermaid, ii. 106.
Palace of Sarvik, i. 4, 5, 94, 127.
Palmerin, a legendary Emperor of Constantinople, whose adventures and those of his family are contained in a series of three romances of chivalry, the last and most celebrated of which relates to his grandson and namesake, Palmerin of England, i. xxxii.
Pandavas, five princes, the reputed sons of Pandu, the heroes of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata; their names were Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, ii. 23 note.
[Pg 327]Parika Heath, ii. 111.
Paristaja, one of the names of the Thunder-God (? = Sanscrit, Parjanya), i. xxviii.
Parting of brothers, i. 55.
Passover, Jews', i. 265 note.
Pastor Hurt's collections of Esthonian Folk-lore, i. xxiv.; ii. 301.
Peacock and Peahen, story in the "Thousand and One Nights," ii. 76 note.
Peas given to the watchers of the dead, i. 157, 256.
Peipa the witch, ii. 137.
Peipus or Peipse, Lake, i. xiv., 4, 6, 44, 71, 72, 237; ii. 98.
Perkunas, Lithuanian and Lettish Thunder-God (the Slavonians called him Perun; the Finnish word Piru (Devil) may be connected with this), i. xxviii., 24 note.
Perm, identified with Kungla, i. 15 note.
Pernau, ii. 283.
Peter, i. 25 note; ii. 6.
Peter, St., disguised as beggar, ii. 182 note.
Pihgast, Pleskau, or Pskov, lake, district, and town of, i. xiv.
Piirisilla, the sorcerer, ii. 19.
Piker, one of the names of the Thunder-God, i. xxviii.
Pikker, one of the names of the Thunder-God, i. xxviii., 24, 26; ii. 155.
Pikne, one of the names of the Thunder-God, i. xxviii., 24; ii. 28.
Pikne's trumpet, ii. 149 note.
Plague legends, ii. 271, 291.
Plantain-leaf as boat, i. 265.
Plate, gold and silver, in Põrgu, i. xxx., 66, 93, 95, 203.
Pleskau, Pihgast, or Pskov, district, lake, and town of, i. xiv., 73, 173.
Pliha, River, ii. 142.
Poestion, J. C, "Lapplandishe Märchen, Volksagen, Rathsel und Sprichwörter. Nach lappländischen, norwegischen, und schwedischen Quellen. Mit Beiträgen von Felix Liebrecht," Vienna, 1886, ii. 38.
Pohjola, the North Country, Finnish name for Lapland, i. 8 note, 40 note.
Poles, invasion of, i. 132, 137; ii. 142.
[Pg 328]Polyphemus, ii. 38, 159.
Poor brother and the rich one, ii. 267.
Popular Poetry of Esthonians, ii. 302.
Põrgu, Hell or Hades, i xxxi., 4, 5, 6, 66, 110, 124, 142, 164; ii. 154.
Põrgu neitsi, the Hell-Maiden, ii. 242.
Pouka, the Irish, i. xxxi.
Poverty, personified, ii. 269.
Powerful crayfish and the insatiable wife, ii. 48.
Prince Ahmed, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 246 note.
Prince, Grateful, i. 152.
Prince who rescued his brothers, ii. 10.
Princess, Egg-born, i. 273.
Princess Helena the Fair, Russian story of, ii. 41 note.
Princess, lots cast for, ii. 23.
Princess Rannapuura, ii. 37.
Princess who slept for seven years, ii. 44.
Prince, L.C. Alexander, "Ancient Danish Ballads, translated from the originals," 3 vols., London, 1860, i. 115 note.
Pskov, Pihgast, or Pleskau, district, lake, and town of, i. xiv.
Puck, i. xxxi.
Pühalepp, church at, ii. 283.
Puuk, one of the names of the house-spirit, i. xxxi.
Puuläne ja Tohtläne (wooden man and birch-bark maid), ii. 181.
Ragnarök, the Twilight of the Gods, the end of the world in the Scandinavian mythology, when the evil powers will break loose, and fight with the gods, to the mutual destruction of most of the combatants, after which the earth will be destroyed by fire and water and regenerated, i. 90 note, 108 note, 261 note.
Ralston, W.R.S., "Russian Folk-Tales," London, 1873, ii. 41 note.
Rannapungern, estate of, ii. 142.
Rannapuura, Princess, ii. 137.
Rat, Devil transformed into, ii. 181.
Raven speaking, i. 110, 215.
Rebuliina, Princess, i. 275.
[Pg 329]Red cock, symbolic of fire, i. 108, 234.
Red Riding-Hood, ii. 38, 276.
Reel, magic, i. 177.
Reindeer, swift, ii. 21.
Reinthal's translation of the "Kalevipoeg," i. xix., 301.
Return of the Kalevide, i. 49.
Revel, Reval, or Tallin, Cathedral of, i. 21.
Revel, church at, ii. 282.
Revel, town of, ii. 104.
"Revue des Traditions Populaires," ii. 133 note, 299, 300.
Rich brother and the poor one, ii. 267.
Riddles, i. 115.
"Riesenspielzeug," the "Giant's Toy," poem by Chamisso, i. 116 note.
Riga, Gulf of, i. xiii.
Ring of dwarf, i. 194.
Ringen, castle and church at, ii. 225.
River Koiva, i. 139.
River Narova, ii. 142.
River Pliha, ii. 142.
River Vöhandu, i. 137.
Rock-Maidens, god-daughter of the, i. 321.
Rogö, arrival of Plague in island of, ii. 271.
Roland, horn of, i. 136 note.
Rose-bush, maiden transformed to, i. 181, 302.
Rosicrucians, ii. 96 note.
Rõugutaja, an Esthonian god, i. xxviii., xxix., 22.
Rõugutaja's Daughter, ii. 45.
Rowan-tree, i. 228; ii. 4.
Rumours of War, i. 61.
Run-for-food (name of dog), ii. 6.
Russian tales, ii. 41 note.
Saad Järv, a lake north of Dorpat, i. 56.
Saari, a place mentioned in the "Kalevala," i. 10 note.
Sack, Devil pounded in, ii. 15.
[Pg 330]Sahadeva, one of the heroes of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata, ii. 23 note.
St. George's Dogs (wolves), ii. 277.
St. Olaf and the giant Wind-and-Weather, ii. 282 note.
St. Peter disguised as beggar, ii. 182 note.
St. Petersburg, Government of, i. xiii.
Salme, a maiden sprung from a hen, who married the Youth of the Stars, i. 2, 7.
Sampo, a magic mill constructed by Ilmarinen in the "Kalevala," ii. 71 note, 154 note.
Sand Mountain, i. 228.
Sarvik, the Prince of Põrgu (Hades), usually called Vana Sarvik or Old Hornie, i. xxx., 5, 89, 97, 126, 142.
Sarvik, palace of, i. 94, 127.
Saurians as dragons, ii. 7.
Saxon, term for everything above the common in Esthonia, i. 146.
Schaibar in the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 246 note.
Schiefner on the "Kalevipoeg," and Esthonian tales, ii. 301, 302.
Schoolboy sold to Devil, ii. 146.
Schott on the "Kalevipoeg," ii. 302.
Seaforth, hag seen by Lord, ii. 272 note.
Seal of Solomon, ii. 236.
Serpents, king of, i. 321; ii. 233.
Servants, gifted, ii. 24.
Shoemaker, compassionate, ii. 182.
Shoes, magic, ii. 25.
Shoes, man with the bast, ii. 278.
Shooting feats, ii. 23, 191.
Silly Nicholas, story of, ii. 71 note.
Sisters, Three, ii. 43.
Siuru, a mythical blue bird, the daughter of Taara, i. xxviii., 10 note, 96, 131; ii. 292.
Slave-girl born from a crow, i. 2, 10.
Sleep of the Kalevide, i. 4, 39, 61, 74, 82, 131.
Sleepy Tony, ii. 50.
Slyboots, i. 187.
[Pg 331]Smiths, Finnish, i. 42.
Smith's son, murder of, i. 46, 84.
Smithy of Ilmarine, i. xxx., 4, 83.
Smithy, underground, ii. 83, 116.
Snake animating a clay image, i. 247
Snake, maiden transformed to white, i. 312.
Snake-bite, charm against, ii. 298.
Snakes, golden, ii. 224.
Snow-white, the Glass Mountain, and the Despised Youngest Son, ii. 40.
Sohni, name of the Kalevipoeg, i. 18.
Soldier and the Devil, ii. 76.
Soldier's hat, ii. 130.
Solomon, Seal of, ii. 236.
Solomon Islands, Macgillivray's adventure in, i. 139 note.
Son, of the Thunder-God, ii. 149.
Song-God's departure, ii. 81.
"Song of Vala," a poem by W. Herbert, appended to his "Helga," an abridged paraphrase of the "Völuspa," one of the poems in the Edda of Sæmund, i. 60 note.
Soothsayers, i. xxxi., 19, 20.
Sorcerer in form of moth, ii. 16.
Sorcerer, Finnish. _See_ Finnish Sorcerer.
Sorcerer's sons, fight with the, i. 4, 80.
Sorcerers, i. xxxi.
Sorcerers of Lake Peipus, i. 4, 72, 82.
Sorcerers stealing sun and moon, ii. 148, 154 note, 160 note.
Sorcery in Esthonia, Finland, and Lapland, ii. 148.
Southey's poem of "Donica," ii. 147 note.
Spider and hornet, ii. 284.
Spiders, magic, ii. 17.
Spirit of the Whirlwind, ii. 110.
Spirits of the Northern Lights, i. xxxi., 5, 111, 117, 149; ii. 107.
Spirits of the Elements, stories of, ii. 60.
Stamping with heel or foot. _See_ Foot.
Stars seeking the hand of maidens, i. 12; ii. 10, 148.
Stead, W.T., "More Ghost Stories," London, 1892, ii. 273 note.
[Pg 332]Stepmothers, i. 85 note, 276, 280; ii. 5, 46.
Stick, magic, ii. 25.
Stones for cleaning milk-cans, ii. 89.
Stories of the Gods and Spirits of the Elements, ii. 60.
Stories of Northern Europe, ii. 48.
Strange tale of an ox, ii. 24.
Sulev or Sullev, ancestor of a race of heroes, apparently a brother of Kalev, i. xxxii., 2, 33 note.
Sulevide, a hero of the race of Sulev, usually applied to the Kalevide's companion and cousin, i. xxii., 6.
Sulevide visits the Fire Island, i. 114.
Sulevide wounded, i. 136.
Sulevide, death of, i. 138.
Sun seeking the hand of maidens, i. 10, 11, 148.
Sun, sons and daughters of, ii. 29.
Sun stolen by sorcerers, i. 20 note; ii. 148, 154 note, 160 note.
Suometar, Finland's daughter, born from an egg, i. 10 note.
Suomi = Finland, also the name of the journal issued by the Finnish Literary Society, ii. 135 note, 300.
Surtur, the leader of the Sons of Fire, at Ragnarök, in the Scandinavian mythology, i. 108 note.
Swallow, origin of, ii. 284.
Swan-maiden stories in Lapland, i. xvi.
Swedes, ii. 23, 50, 142.
Swiftfoot, Quickhand, and Sharpeye, ii. 12.
Swift-footed Princess, ii. 23.
Sword of Damocles, ii. 8.
Sword of the Kalevide, i. 3, 41, 44, 70, 72, 74, 83, 140.
Sword-smiths, the Kalevide and the, i. 42, 84.
Taara or Ukko, principal God of the Esthonians, i. xxvii., 4, 6.
Taara, daughters of, i. xxvii., 9 note, 10 note; ii. 86, 292.
Taara, halls of, i. 141.
Taara, oak forest of, i. 8, 56.
Taara, race of, i. 7.
Taara, Vanemuine at hill of, ii. 81.
Tailors, how seven, went to war in Turkey, i. xxiii.
[Pg 333]Talking trees, ii. 125, 301.
Tallin, one of the names of the town of Revel, ii. 104.
Tapio, the Finnish God of the Forests, ii. 127, 131 note, 296.
Tartar, Devil compared to a, i. 156.
Tartars, invasion of, i. 137.
Tear-down (name of dog), ii. 6.
Third Calendar's Story ("Thousand and One Nights"), i. 35 note.
Thor, Scandinavian Thunder-God. Notwithstanding the name of Taara, and the fact that Thursday is sacred to him, it is worth noting that Taara and Thor have no attributes in common; Thor corresponding to the Esthonian Äike, i. xxvii., 24 note, 107 note.
"Thousand and One Nights." The various stories quoted, and which are also referred to under their separate headings, will be found in the versions of Galland, Lane, and Burton; but chiefly the two latter, i. 35, 72 note, 86 note, 187, 199 note, 246 note, 265 note; ii. 9, 25, 76 note, 229, 234 note, 270.
Three Sisters, ii. 43.
Three Wishes, ii. 45.
Thunder-God, i. xxviii., xxxi., 24; ii. 20.
Thunder-God, daughter of, i. xxviii., 71.
Thunder-God, son of, i. xxviii.; ii. 149.
Thursday, sacred to Taara, i. xxvii.
Tieck's German story of the Elves, i. 236.
Tiidu the Flute-player, i. 303.
Time, lapse of, in other worlds, i. 184.
Tohfat El Kulub, story of, in the "Thousand and One Nights," i. 72 note.
Tohtläne, birch-bark maid, ii. 181.
Tont, or house-spirit, i. xxxi., 236; ii. 167.
Tontla, Wood of, ii. 237.
Tony, Goose, ii. 2.
Tony, Sleepy, ii. 52.
Tora, name of God among the Chuvash of Kasan, i. 6.
Treasure at Kertell, ii. 224.
Treasure-bringer, ii. xxxii., 88, 168.
Trees, bleeding, i. 238.
[Pg 334]Trees for birds to rest on, ii. 4.
Trees, talking, i. 238; ii. 125, 300.
Trumpet, Pikne's, ii. 149 note.
Tühi, the Empty One, or rather, perhaps, the Contemptible One, name of one of the principal demons, or of the Devil. In the "Kalevipoeg" he is represented as Sarvik's brother-in-law, i. xxx., 5, 99, 105; ii. 149 note.
Tühja = Tühi, i. xxx., 84.
Tuhka-Triinu, Ash-Katie, Cinderella, ii. 4.
Turkey, how seven tailors went to war in, i. xxiii.
Turkey-disease, i. 307.
Twelve daughters, ii. 59, note, 87.
Twilight, story of, ii. 30.
Two brothers and the frost, ii. 71.
Ukko or Uko, principal God of Finns and Esthonians, often called Taara by the latter, i. xxvii., 6, 22, 62; ii. 86, 284.
Ülemiste järv, Upper Lake, near Revel, formed of Linda's tears for the death of Kalev, i. 21; ii. 104.
Underground people, ii. 98 note.
Underground smithy, ii. 116.
Unnatural brothers, i. 189; ii. 41, 70, 207.
Unnatural sisters, ii. 43.
Vad Velen, the Yellow Plague in Britain, ii. 272 note.
Väinämöinen, a patriarch and culture-hero, the principal character in the "Kalevala," identical with the Esthonian Vanemuine, i. xxi., xxvii., xxix., 7; ii. 60.
Väinämöinen worshipped by Finns, i. xxvii.; ii. 81.
Valkyrior, the maidens of Othin in the Scandinavian mythology, who choose the heroes destined to fall in battle, i. 60 note.
Vampyrism (this is said to be still prevalent in Eastern Europe, though it has disappeared from Western Europe along with witchcraft. The best preventative or cure is cremation), i. xxxii.; ii. 188.
Vana, Old, term of respect applied to gods and devils, ii. 144 note.
Vana isa. _See_ Old Father.
[Pg 335]Vana kannel, "Old Harp," i. xxiv.
Vana mees, "Old Man," one of the epithets for the Devil, ii. 181.
Vana pois. _See_ Old Boy.
Vana Sarvik, "Old Hornie." _See_ Sarvik.
Vanemuine, God of Music among the Esthonians, identical with the Finnish Väinämöinen, i. xxi., xxix., 7; ii. 60, 81, 299.
Vanemuine, farewell to Esthonia, ii. 85.
Varrak, a wise Laplander, i. 5, 113, 132.
Vaskjala bridge, Maiden of the, ii. 34.
Videvik (Twilight), Koit, and Ämarik, ii. 30.
Villein, Prince, i. 275.
Villina Hills, ii. 145.
Virgilius the Enchanter, ii. 20 note.
Virgin Mary worshipped by Finns, i. xxvii.; ii. 81.
Virts, Lake, i. xiv.
Virts Lake and Emmu Lake, ii. 144.
Viru, native name for Esthonia proper, i. xiv., 8.
Vladinin, Prince of Kief, the suzerain of the mythical Russian heroes, i. xxxii.
Vöhandu River, i. 137.
Voyage of the Kalevide, i. 110.
War, Herald of, i. 63; ii. 287.
War, rumours of, i. 61.
Water-lily, girls transformed to, i. 225; ii. 46.
Water-mother, i. xxiv., ii. 61.
Water-nymphs of Irish lakes, ii. 147 note.
Water-sprite, gifts of, ii. 98.
Water of strength and weakness (this is perhaps connected with the Russian Water of Death and Life, the first of which heals the wounds of a dead body, and the second restores it to life), i. 90, 100, 127.
Waters, Lord of, seeks the hand of Linda, i. 15.
Waters, Lady of the, ii. 95.
Were-wolves, ii. 277.
Weil, G., "Biblische Legenden der Muselmänner aus arabischen[Pg 336] Quellen, zusammengetragen und mit jüdischen Sagen verglichen," Frankfort-on-Main, 1845, ii. 236.
Whirlwind, spirit of the, i. xxxi.; ii. 110.
White Horse. _See_ Horses. (I have forgotten to notice elsewhere that the White Horse is a universally sacred emblem. It occurs more than once in the Apocalypse (Rev. vi. 2, xix. 11, 14)).
White Mare. _See_ Mare.
Why the dog and cat and cat and mouse are enemies, ii. 282.
Wicked farmer's wife devoured by wolves, i. 291.
Widow of Lääne, i. 2, 9.
Widows at magic well, ii. 145.
Wiek, German name for the province of Lääne, i. xiv., 8 note.
Wierland, German name for the province of Viru, or Esthonia proper, i. xiv.
Wife, insatiable, ii. 48.
Wife-murderer (Bluebeard), ii. 1.
Will o' the Wisps, ii. 111.
William Tell expected to return, i. xxxii.
Wind seeks the hand of Linda, i. 15.
Wind magician, i. 19, 20.
Wind-mother, i. xxiv, 218; ii. 106.
Wind sorcerers, i. xxix., xxxi.
Wind-and-Weather, name of a giant, ii. 282 note.
Winds, King of, ii. 95.
Wishes, Three, ii. 45.
Wishing-rod, i. 91, 105, 108, 198.
Witch-Bride, ii. 45.
Witch Peipa, ii. 137.
Witch poisoned with hemlock-roots, i. 233.
Witch riding on cock, ii. 140.
Witch's coil, i. 218.
Wolf, i. 52, 84, 97, 171; ii. 31.
Wolf, creation of, ii. 274.
Wolf, Devil changed into, ii. 181.
Wolf stories, ii. 274.
Wolf and Devil, i. xxxi.; ii. 76 note, 274.
Wolfsbrunnen, near Heidelberg, ii. 86 note.
[Pg 337]Woman in the Moon, ii. 29, 37.
Wonderful Haycock, ii. 133.
Wood of Tontla, ii. 237.
Wood-goddess, ii. 196.
Woodcutter, compassionate, ii. 124.
Wooden man and birch-bark maid, ii. 180.
Woodpecker and Iliawatha, i. 81 note.
Word-sorcerers, i. xxxi.
Yellow Plague in Britain, ii. 272 note.
Yggdrasil (properly Yggthrasil), the sacred ash-tree of Scandinavian mythology, i. 39 note.
Ymir, giant from whose body the earth was formed, in the Scandinavian mythology, i. 60 note.
Youngest son, despised, ii. 44.
Yudhishthira, one of the heroes of the Indian Epic, the Maha-Bharata, i. 25 note; ii. 23 note.
THE END
VOL. II.
_Printed by_ Ballantvne, Hanson & Co.
_Edinburgh and London_
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Here Cinderella's real name is Katrina; in Finnish she is sometimes called Kristina (see Miss Cox, _Cinderella_, p. 552), while in Slavonic tales she is called Marya, and in some German adaptations Aennchen.
[2] When Väinämöinen cleared the forest, he left a birch-tree standing for the same purpose (_Kalevala_, Runo ii.).
[3] A black dung-beetle (_Geotrupes_) is meant, not a cockroach.
[4] This story is one of those which Löwe has passed over, and it is also omitted by Miss Cox.
[5] Peeter.
[6] Not a bad description of a conventional dragon. If these stories could be traced back to their original source, we should certainly find them to be founded on traditions of some of the great extinct Saurians. They are too explicit, and too discordant, to be founded only on rumours of the existence of crocodiles.
[7] The word used means a little girl or a doll; Löwe translates it "doll," which seems to be incorrect in this place.
[8] The God of Death.
[9] Combings or cuttings of hair are never burned or allowed to be blown about in the air in Esthonia, but carefully buried; otherwise the owner would suffer from violent headache.
[10] This word would have no apparent meaning as a proper name; but Löwe suggests that it might be a corruption of Virgilius, which, though not impossible, seems rather far fetched.
[11] Compare vol. i. p. 176.
[12] Their good faith and absence of envy is as conspicuous as in the case of the sons of Kalev (vol. i. p. 58).
[13] When the five Pandavas, the heroes of the Maha-Bharata, were returning victorious from an expedition during which Arjuna had won the princess Draupadi in a contest with the bow, their mother, hearing them coming, but not knowing what had happened, cried out, "Share equally what you have brought." Upon which it was arranged that she should become the joint wife of the five brother princes.
[14] The Esthonian term is peculiar. "Ox-knee people"—_i.e._, people as tall as an ox's knee.
[15] Compare the _Kalevipoeg_, Cantos 13 and 14.
[16] Compare Croker's Irish story of "Master and Man."
[17] The Thunder-God.
[18] This story has been already printed in English, (Jones and Kropf, _Folk-Tales of the Magyars_, pp. 326-328), but I was unwilling to omit it.
[19] The constellation of the Great Bear is of course intended.
[20] The dictionary gives no further explanation than "Name of a mythical personage."
[21] According to Jannsen, the forest which once surrounded the river Vaskia, which flows through a village of the same name near Revel, was formerly sacred to a goddess named Vaskia.
[22] Compare the _Kalevipoeg_, Canto 1.
[23] Poestion, _Lappländische Märchen_, p. 122. Another Lapp version, almost identical with Homer's, is given by Latham, _Nationalities of Europe_, i. p. 237.
[24] It must be said, to the credit of the Esthonian devils, that they only appear occasionally in the light of ogres. In many tales they are harmless, and sometimes amiable.
[25] There are several very similar stories in Finnish.
[26] Compare the story of "Princess Helena the Fair" (Ralston's _Russian Folk-Tales_, p. 256).
[27] The commencement of this story reminds us of "Beauty and the Beast;" the second part is that of the "Magic Flute."
[28] See vol. i. p. 22.
[29] Schiefner considers the name of this story (_Näki Neitsi_) to indicate a Swedish origin; but this seems to be very doubtful evidence, and the incidental allusion to the Swedes in the course of the narrative seems opposed to such an idea.
[30] George.
[31] Compare the story of the "Twelve Daughters."
[32] It will be remembered that the Sampo, the magic mill in the _Kalevala_, ground salt as well as corn and money, and was ultimately broken to pieces and sunk in the sea. The Grôtta-Söngr in the Edda of Sæmund is better known; and many other variants might be cited. The story in the text much resembles that of "Silly Nicholas," which I remember reading in one of Chambers's publications many years ago.
[33] Odd stories are told in many countries about the relations between various animals and the Devil. In Esthonia the wolf and the dog are peculiarly hostile to the Devil. In the East it is the ass, concerning which Lane quotes the following amusing explanation in a note to the story of the "Peacock and Peahen," &c. (_Thousand and One Nights_, notes to Chap. ix. of Lane's translation):—"The last animal that entered with Noah into the ark was the ass, and Iblees (whom God curse!) clung to his tail. The ass had just entered the ark, and began to be agitated, and could not enter further into the ark, whereupon Noah said to him, 'Enter, woe to thee!' But the ass was still agitated, and was unable to advance. So Noah said, 'Enter, though the Devil be with thee!' And the ass entered, and Iblees (whom God curse!) entered with him. And Noah said, 'O enemy of God, who introduced thee into the ark?' He answered, 'Thou; thou saidst unto the ass, "Enter, though the Devil be with thee."' So it is said that this is the reason why the ass when he seeth the Devil brayeth."
[34] Jannsen remarks that the _third_ strap would form a cross, and that the _three_ straps might be an allusion to the Trinity.
[35] This story is also related, more briefly, by Blumberg, who states that Lake Endla lies in an impassable swamp in the district of Vaimastfer, and is visible from the hill near Kardis. The fish and birds are under the protection of Jutta, and there is no place in the country where birds congregate to such an extent, and birds of passage remain so long. Jutta is perhaps the same as Lindu (vol. ii. p. 147). Near Heidelberg is a spring called the "Wolfsbrunnen," where a beautiful enchantress named Jutta, the priestess of Hertha, is said to have had an assignation with her lover; but he found she had been killed by a wolf, the messenger of the offended goddess. Whether there is any connection between the German and Esthonian Jutta I do not know.
[36] Or Endel, the son of Ilmarine. Blumberg writes "Wanemuinen" and "Ilmarinen" in his account of the legend, which nearly approach the Finnish forms of the names.
[37] Compare the story of the "Treasure-Bringer," in a later section of the volume.
[38] Brandy is offered by a lover in Esthonia, and accepted by the girl if she favours him.
[39] Small stones are used for cleaning milk-cans.
[40] Jannsen remarks that her authority seems to have been limited to these, and also that she cannot have been the supreme Water-Goddess, whose husband is Ahti, the God of the Sea.
[41] These long-lived, but mortal Elemental Powers seem to correspond to some classes of the Arabian Jinn, as for instance, the Diving Jinn in such tales as "Jullanar of the Sea" (_Thousand and One Nights_). They may also be compared with the Elemental Spirits of the Rosicrucians, who are long-lived, but likewise mortal.
[42] These beings who dwell beneath the sea or lakes are often called "underground people" in Esthonian and Lappish stories.
[43] In Canto xvi. of the _Kalevipoeg_, the spirits of the Northern Lights are described as carrying on mimic combats in the air.
[44] Latham (_Nationalities of Europe_, i. p. 34) relates a very similar Lithuanian story of a Lauma or Nightmare.
[45] Jannsen regards this master-smith as Ilmarine.
[46] The hat reminds us of the doll in the story of the Tontla Wood. In the original the stranger is simply called "Köwer." Jannsen interprets the name to mean "Köwer-silm" (Crooked-eye), and thinks the stranger might have been Tapio himself. But it appears to me from the whole context that he was simply the indwelling spirit of one particular crooked birch-tree, whom we find at the beginning of the story wandering at a distance from home.
[47] Finland itself means Fenland, and is only a translation of the native name Suomi.
[48] God is frequently called Vanaisa, the Old Father, just as the Devil is frequently called Vanapois, the Old Boy.
[49] In the neighbourhood of Dorpat.
[50] Dreadful stories are told in many countries of the fiends inhabiting the undrained swamps. Monsters as terrible as those described in "Beowulf" are popularly believed to have haunted the English fens almost to the present day. Aino, in the _Kalevala_ (Runo 4), was lured into a lake by the sight of some maidens bathing; and it is said that it is unsafe for sensitive people to venture near the banks of some of the Irish lakes in the evening, lest they should be lured into the water by the singing of the water-nymphs. In this connection, we may refer to the oft-quoted passage from the notes to Heywood's _Hierarchies of the Blessed Angels_ (1635): "In Finland there is a castle, which is called the New Rock, moated about with a river of unsounded depth, the water black, and the fish therein very distasteful to the palate. In this are spectres often seen, which foreshow either the death of the Governor, or of some prime officer belonging to the place; and most often it appeareth in the shape of a harper, sweetly singing and dallying and playing under the water."—See Southey's _Donica_.
[51] There is a variant of this story (Pikne's Trumpet: Kreutzwald) in which Tühi himself steals the trumpet while Pikne is asleep. Pikne is afraid to apply for aid to the Old Father, for fear of being punished for losing it, but recovers it by an artifice similar to that employed in the present story. This is interesting as showing Pikne to be only a subordinate deity. Löwe considers the Thunderer's musical instrument to be a bagpipe.
[52] He does not call his father Vanaisa, which would identify him with the Supreme God, but uses another term, _Vana taat_.
[53] As Louhi, in the _Kalevala_, secures the magic mill, the Sampo.
[54] This story is probably connected with the Finnish and Esthonian legends of the theft of the sun and moon by sorcerers.
[55] Ilmarine or Ilmarinen is the Vulcan of the Finnish and Esthonian legends. He is represented in the _Kalevala_ as a young and handsome hero, but deficient in courage. In Esthonian tales he generally appears as a demigod. In the _Kalevala_ he plays a part second only to that of Väinämöinen himself, but fails in many of his undertakings; for though he is said to have forged the sky, he cannot confer speech or warmth on the bride of gold and silver whom he forges for himself after his first wife has been given to the wolves and bears by Kullervo; and when he forges a new sun and moon, after the old ones have been stolen by Louhi, they turn out miserable failures.
[56] One of Michael Scot's familiars was a devil of this kind, whom he got rid of ultimately by setting him to spin ropes of sea-sand.
[57] This disguise is often assumed by God in the stories of Eastern Europe, when he wishes to be incognito; nor is it always clear whether God or Christ is intended. I remember once reading a Lithuanian story in which God and St. Peter are represented as descending to earth disguised as beggars, for fear they might be recognised, to inquire into the wickedness of mankind before the Flood.
[58] The bath is a special place of resort for devils in Mohammedan folk-lore.
[59] The Manx story will occur to the reader. Compare also the story of the "Courageous Barn-keeper" in the following section of our work.
[60] _Põrgulise_ is the actual word used here.
[61] This term, _kuri vaim_, is explicitly used here, not _Vana pois_, as we find in the earlier part of the story; and seems to indicate a different and much more malevolent being than the simpleton who visited the barn-keeper, though the term _Vana pois_ sometimes occurs in stories like "The Wooden Man and Birch-bark Maid," in which souls are actually sold to the Devil.
[62] Hans is a generic term in Esthonia for the cunning fellow who always contrives to outwit the Devil, &c.
[63] This seems to be an error in the story; for the context shows that the prohibition was not to speak a word during the ceremony.
[64] _Kergi_ (rise up), spelt backwards.
[65] As in the story of Joodar (_Thousand and One Nights_).
[66] There has been some discussion as to the right meaning to be put upon the words, _Mana tark_ (Death-magician), but it appears to me that necromancer is simply a literal rendering.
[67] This serpent-gathering so much resembles those described in the first book of the _Maha-Bharata_, and in the story of Hasib (or Jamasp) in the _Thousand and One Nights_, that I have referred the present story to the class of tales of Oriental origin.
[68] In Finland and Esthonia they use dried birch-twigs with the leaves attached to whisk themselves with when bathing.
[69] See vol. i. p. 13.
[70] Löwe translates the word _kon_, "dragon," but it primarily means a frog or toad; and "dragon" is not among the other meanings which I find in the dictionaries. Besides, the creature is described as resembling a frog in many respects.
[71] Compare vol. i. p. 223.
[72] _Põrgu neitsi_. Who she was is not clearly explained.
[73] Doubtless Olev of the _Kalevipoeg_; possibly St. Olaf may also be intended.
[74] This incident reminds us of the story of St. Olaf and the giant Wind and Weather (see Keightley's _Fairy Mythology_, Bohn's edition, 1860, p. 117), though here it is the giant church-builder who falls. According to one of the legends of Cologne Cathedral, the architect was hurled from the top of the unfinished building by the Devil. The calling of a person by name was often regarded by the Scandinavians as a death-omen.
[75] There is a similar tale told of the arrival of the Cholera in one of the Greek islands.
[76] Speaking of the Vad Velen, the Yellow Plague, in Britain, we are told in the _Mabinogion_ that all who saw him were doomed to die.
[77] This story somewhat resembles that of the old hag seen by Lord Seaforth when lying ill of scarlet fever with several of his schoolfellows. The narrative has been reprinted several times, and is included in Stead's _More Ghost Stories_, p. 37.
[78] Such origins are common in Esthonian and Finnish folk-literature, and I regard them as relics of fetishism.
[79] _Kalevipoeg_, Canto 9, lines 769-925. Neus, _Ehstnische Volkslieder_, pp. 305-311. The manner in which the gathering symbols of the horrors of war, each more terrible than the last, are successively brought upon the scene in this poem is very fine.
[80] _Kalevipoeg_, xix. 493-583.
[81] Kreutzwald and Neus, _Mythische und magische Lieder_, p. 7. Charms of this kind are very common in Finland and Esthonia, and a whole volume has been published by the Finnish Literary Society under the name of _Loitsurunoja_, selections from which have been recently published in "Folklore" by the Hon. John Abercromby.