Chapter 8

Ace, n. A single point won by a stroke, as in handball, rackets, etc.; in tennis, frequently, a point won by a service stroke.

A*ce"qui*a (?), n. [Sp.] A canal or trench for irrigating land. [Sp. Amer.]

Ac"e*tol (?), n. [Acetic + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) Methyl ketol; also, any of various homologues of the same.

||Ac`e*to*næ"mi*a, -ne"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Acetone; Hæma-.] (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by the presence of acetone in the blood, as in diabetes.

||Ac`e*to*nu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Acetone; Urine.] (Med.) Excess of acetone in the urine, as in starvation or diabetes.

Ac`e*to*phe"none (?), n. [Acetic + phenyl + one.] (Chem.) A crystalline ketone, CH3COC6H5, which may be obtained by the dry distillation of a mixture of the calcium salts of acetic and benzoic acids. It is used as a hypnotic under the name of hypnone.

||A` che*val" (?). [F., lit., on horseback.] Astride; with a part on each side; -- used specif. in designating the position of an army with the wings separated by some line of demarcation, as a river or road.

A position à cheval on a river is not one which a general willingly assumes.

Swinton.

A*chro"ma*tous (?), a. [See Ahromatic.] Lacking, or deficient in, color; as, achromatous blood.

A*chro"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; colorless; &?; priv. + &?; color.] Free from color; colorless; as, in Physiol. Chem., the achromic point of a starch solution acted upon by an amylolytic enzyme is the point at which it fails to give any color with iodine.

Ac"id proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) That variety of either the Bessemer or the open-hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to basic process.

Ac`o*nit"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pert. to or designating a crystalline tribasic acid, &?;, obtained from aconite and other plants. It is a carboxyl derivative of itaconic acid.

Ac*tin"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -gram.] A record made by the actinograph.

||Ac`ti*no*my*co"sis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the presence of Actinomyces bovis. It causes local suppurating tumors, esp. about the jaw. Called also lumpy jaw or big jaw. -- Ac`ti*no*my*cot"ic (#), a.

Ac*tin"o*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; voice.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays.

Ac*tin`o*phon"ic (?), a. (Physics) Pertaining to, or causing the production of, sound by means of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays; as, actinophonic phenomena.

Ac`u*tor"sion (?), n. [L. acus needle + torsion.] (Med.) The twisting of an artery with a needle to arrest hemorrhage.

A*cyc"lic (?), a. [Pref. a- not + cyclic.] Not cyclic; not disposed in cycles or whorls; as: (a) (Bot.) Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle. (b) (Org. Chem.) Having an open-chain structure; aliphatic.

Ac"yl (?), n. [Acid + - yl.] (Org. Chem.) An acid radical, as acetyl, malonyl, or benzoyl.

Ad*dress", v. t. -- To address the ball (Golf), to take aim at the ball, adjusting the grip on the club, the attitude of the body, etc., to a convenient position.

Ad"e*noid (?), n. (Med.) A swelling produced by overgrowth of the adenoid tissue in the roof of the pharynx; -- usually in pl.

||Ad`e*no"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL.; adeno- + -oma.] (Med.) A benign tumor of a glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. -- Ad`e*nom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"e*nop"a*thy (?), n. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; suffering, &?; to suffer.] (Med.) Disease of a gland.

||Ad"e*no*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; adeno- + sclerosis.] (Med.) The hardening of a gland.

A"den ul"cer (?). [So named after Aden, a seaport in Southern Arabia, where it occurs.] (Med.) A disease endemic in various parts of tropical Asia, due to a specific microörganism which produces chronic ulcers on the limbs. It is often fatal. Called also Cochin China ulcer, Persian ulcer, tropical ulcer, etc.

||A`dios" (?), interj. [Sp., fr. L. ad to + deus god. Cf. Adieu.] Adieu; farewell; good-by; -- chiefly used among Spanish-speaking people.

This word is often pronounced å*d"s, but the Spanish accent, though weak, is on the final syllable.

Ad`i*pog"e*nous (?), a. [See Adipose; -genous.] (Med.) Producing fat.

||Ad`i*pol"y*sis (?), n. [NL.; L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Physiol.) The digestion of fats.

Ad`i*po*lyt"ic (?), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; to loose.] (Chem.) Hydrolyzing fats; converting neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty acids, esp. by the action of an enzyme; as, adipolytic action.

||Ad`i*po"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL. See Adipose; -oma.] (Med.) A mass of fat found internally; also, a fatty tumor. -- Ad`i*pom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"i*pose` (?), n. (Physiol.) The fat present in the cells of adipose tissue, composed mainly of varying mixtures of tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein. It solidifies after death.

{ Adjusting plane or surface. } (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface, usually capable of adjustment but not of manipulation, for preserving lateral balance in an aëroplane or flying machine.

Ad*mit"tance, n. (Elec.) The reciprocal of impedance.

||A*do"be (?), n. 1. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made. [Western U. S.]

2. (Geol.) Alluvial and playa clays of desert and arid regions, differing from ordinary clays of humid regions in containing carbonates and other soluble minerals.

||Ad`o*na"i (?), n. [Heb. adni, lit., my lord.] A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the Old Testament by the word "Lord".

The later Jews used its vowel points to fill out the tetragrammaton Yhvh, or Ihvh, "the incommunicable name," and in reading substituted "Adonai".

Ad*re"nal*ine (?), n. Also Ad*re"nal*in (&?;). (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance, C9H13O3N, obtained from suprarenal extract, of which it is regarded as the active principle. It is used in medicine as a stimulant and hemostatic.

Ad*su"ki bean (?). [Jap. adzuki.] A cultivated variety of the Asiatic gram, now introduced into the United States.

Ad"u*rol (?), n. (Photog.) Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers.

Ad*van"cing edge. (Aëronautics) The front edge (in direction of motion) of a supporting surface; -- contr. with following edge, which is the rear edge.

Ad*van"cing sur"face. (Aëronautics) The first of two or more surfaces arranged in tandem; -- contr. with following surface, which is the rear surface.

Æ*ol"ic, a. [L. Aeolus, Gr. &?;, name of the god of the winds.] (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, caused by, or designating, the action of the wind in modifying the earth's surface; as, æolic erosion; æolic sand. [Written also eolic.]

A"ër*a`tor (?), n. That which supplies with air or gas; specif.: (a) An apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water. (b) A fumigator used to bleach grain, destroying fungi and insects.

{ A"ër*en`chym (?), ||A`ër*en"chy*ma (?) }, n. [NL. aërenchyma. See Aëro-; Enchyma.] (Bot.) A secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces.

A*ë`ri*al rail"way`. (a) A stretched wire or rope elevated above the ground and forming a way along which a trolley may travel, for conveying a load suspended from the trolley. (b) An elevated cableway.

A*ë"ri*al sick"ness. A sickness felt by aëronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness.

A"ër*o (?), n. An aëroplane, airship, or the like. [Colloq.]

A`ër*o"bic (?), a. (Biol.) Growing or thriving only in the presence of oxygen; also, pertaining to, or induced by, aërobies; as, aërobic fermentation. -- A`ër*o"bic*al*ly (#), adv.

A"ër*o*boat` (?), n. [Aëro- + boat.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

A"ër*o*bus` (?), n. [Aëro- + bus.] An aëroplane or airship designed to carry passengers.

A"ër*o*club` (?), n. [Aëro- + club.] A club or association of persons interested in aëronautics.

A"ër*o*curve` (?), n. [Aëro- + curve.] (Aëronautics) A modification of the aëroplane, having curved surfaces, the advantages of which were first demonstrated by Lilienthal.

A`ë*ro*do*net"ics (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; shaken, &?; to shake.] (Aëronautics) The science of gliding and soaring flight.

A"ë*ro*drome` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; a running.] (Aëronautics) (a) A shed for housing an airship or aëroplane. (b) A ground or field, esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities, used for flying purposes. -- A`ër*o*drom"ic (#), a.

A"ër*o*foil` (?), n. [Aëro- + foil.] A plane or arched surface for sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; a spread wing, as of a bird.

A"ër*o*gun` (?), n. [Aëro- + gun.] A cannon capable of being trained at very high angles for use against aircraft.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), n. A mechanic or mechanician expert in the art and practice of aëronautics.

{ A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), A`ër*o*me*chan"ical (?) }, a. Of or pert. to aëromechanics.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ics (?), n. The science of equilibrium and motion of air or an aëriform fluid, including aërodynamics and aërostatics.

A"ër*o*nat` (?), n. [F. aéronat. See Aëro-; Natation.] A dirigible balloon.

A"ër*o*nef` (?), n. [F. aéronef.] A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine.

A"ër*o*phone` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; voice.] (a) A form of combined speaking and ear trumpet. (b) An instrument, proposed by Edison, for greatly intensifying speech. It consists of a phonograph diaphragm so arranged that its action opens and closes valves, producing synchronous air blasts sufficient to operate a larger diaphragm with greater amplitude of vibration.

A"ër*o*plane` (?), n. [Aëro- + plane.] (Aëronautics) A light rigid plane used in aërial navigation to oppose sudden upward or downward movement in the air, as in gliding machines; specif., such a plane slightly inclined and driven forward as a lifting device in some flying machines; hence, a flying machine using such a device. These machines are called monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes, or quadruplanes, according to the number of main supporting planes used in their constraction. Being heavier than air they depend for their levitation on motion imparted by one or more propellers actuated by a gasoline engine. They start from the ground by a run on small wheels or runners, and are guided by a steering apparatus consisting of horizontal and vertical movable planes. There are many varieties of form and construction, which in some cases are known by the names of their inventors.

A"ër*o*plan`ist (?), n. One who flies in an aëroplane.

A"ër*o*stat (?), n. (Aëronautics) A passive balloon; a balloon without motive power.

A`ër*o*sta"tion (?), n. That part of aëronautics that deals with passive balloons.

||A"ër*o*tax`is (?), n. [NL. See Aëro-; Taxis.] (Bacteriology) The positive or negative stimulus exerted by oxygen on aërobic and anaërobic bacteria. -- A`ër*o*tac"tic (#), a.

A`ër*o*ther`a*pen"tics (?), n. [Aëro- + therapeutics.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by the use of air or other gases.

A"ër*o*yacht` (?), n. [Aëro- + yacht.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

||Æ"sir (?), n. pl. [Icel., pl. of ss god.] In the old Norse mythology, the gods Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, Frigg, and the others. Their home was called Asgard.

Af*fect" (?), n. (Psychotherapy) The emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state. In hysteria, the affect is sometimes entirely dissociated, sometimes transferred to another than the original idea.

||Af`fiche" (?), n. [F., fr. afficher to affix.] A written or printed notice to be posted, as on a wall; a poster; a placard.

Af"fri*cate (?), n. [L. affricatus, p. p. of affricare to rub against; af- = ad- + fricare to rub.] (Phon.) A combination of a stop, or explosive, with an immediately following fricative or spirant of corresponding organic position, as pf in german Pfeffer, pepper, z (= ts) in German Zeit, time.

<! p. 1962 !>

A*float", adv. & a. Covered with water bearing floating articles; flooded; as, the decks are afloat.

A. F. of L. (Abbrev.) American Federation of Labor.

Aft"er*sen*sa`tion (?), n. (Psychol.) A sensation or sense impression following the removal of a stimulus producing a primary sensation, and reproducing the primary sensation in positive, negative, or complementary form. The aftersensation may be continuous with the primary sensation or follow it after an interval.

A`gar-a"gar (?), n. A gelatinlike substance, or a solution of it, prepared from certain seaweeds containing gelose, and used in the artificial cultivation of bacteria; -- often called agar, by abbreviation.

Age, n. In poker, the right belonging to the player to the left of the dealer to pass the first round in betting, and then to come in last or stay out; also, the player holding this position; the eldest hand.

Ag*grade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrading.] (Phys. Geog.) To bring, or tend to bring, to a uniform grade, or slope, by addition of material; as, streams aggrade their beds by depositing sediment.

||Ag"nus Scyth"i*cus (?). [L., Scythian lamb.] (Bot.) The Scythian lamb, a kind of woolly-skinned rootstock. See Barometz.

Ag"ro*tech`ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; field, land + &?; an art.] That branch of agriculture dealing with the methods of conversion of agricultural products into manufactured articles; agricultural technology.

Ai"le*ron (?), n. [F., dim. of aile wing.] 1. A half gable, as at the end of a penthouse or of the aisle of a church.

2. (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface capable of being manipulated by the pilot of a flying machine to preserve or destroy lateral balance; a hinged wing tip; a lateral stabilizing or balancing plane.

Air brush. A kind of atomizer for applying liquid coloring matter in a spray by compressed air.

Air cooling. In gasoline-engine motor vehicles, the cooling of the cylinder by increasing its radiating surface by means of ribs or radiators, and placing it so that it is exposed to a current of air. Cf. Water cooling. -- Air"- cooled`, a.

Air"craft` (?), n. sing. & pl. Any device, as a balloon, aëroplane, etc., for floating in, or flying through, the air.

Air gap. (Physics) An air-filled gap in a magnetic or electric circuit; specif., in a dynamo or motor, the space between the field-magnet poles and the armature; clearance.

Air hole. (Aëronautics) A local region in the atmosphere having a downward movement and offering less than normal support for the sustaining surfaces of a flying machine.

Air line. A path through the air made easy for aërial navigation by steady winds.

Air"man (?), n. A man who ascends or flies in an aircraft; a flying machine pilot.

Air"man*ship (?), n. Art, skill, or ability in the practice of aërial navigation.

Air"ol (?), n. (Pharm.) A grayish green antiseptic powder, consisting of a basic iodide and gallate of bismuth, sometimes used in place of iodoform. [A Trademark]

Air`sick` (?), a. Affected with aërial sickness. -- Air"sick`ness, n.

Air"wom`an (?), n. A woman who ascends or flies in an aircraft.

||Aj"a*va (?), n. (Bot.) See Ajouan.

{ ||Aj"ou*an ||Aj"ow*an } (?), n. [Written also ajwain.] [Prob. native name.] (Bot.) The fruit of Ammi Copticum, syn. Carum Ajowan, used both as a medicine and as a condiment. An oil containing thymol is extracted from it. Called also Javanee seed, Javanese seed, and ajava.

||A*la"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a talking; cf. &?; speechless.] (Med.) Inability to utter articulate sounds, due either to paralysis of the larynx or to that form of aphasia, called motor, or ataxis, aphasia, due to loss of control of the muscles of speech.

Al"bert ware. A soft ornamental terra-cotta pottery, sold in the biscuit state for decorating.

Alb Sunday. (Eccl.) The first Sunday after Easter Sunday, properly Albless Sunday, because in the early church those who had been baptized on Easter eve laid aside on the following Saturday their white albs which had been put on after baptism.

||Al*bu`mi*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. E. albumin.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to excessive increase of albuminous elements in the blood.

Al*cade" (?), n. Var. of Alcaid.

||Al`cal*di"a (?), n. [Sp. Alcaldía.] The jurisdiction or office of an alcalde; also, the building or chamber in which he conducts the business of his office.

||Al`cor*no"que (?), n. [Sp., cork tree.] The bark of several trees, esp. of Bowdichia virgilioides of Brazil, used as a remedy for consumption; of Byrsonima crassifolia, used in tanning; of Alchornea latifolia, used medicinally; or of Quercus ilex, the cork tree.

Al"der fly. 1. Any of numerous neuropterous insects of the genus Sialis or allied genera. They have aquatic larvæ, which are used for bait.

2. (Angling) An artificial fly with brown mottled wings, body of peacock harl, and black legs.

Al"dol (?), n. [Aldehyde + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C4H8O2, obtained by condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO + CH3CHO = H3CH(OH)CH2CO; also, any of various derivatives of this. The same reaction has been applied, under the name of aldol condensation, to the production of many compounds.

||Al"em (?), n. [Turk. 'alem, fr. Ar. 'alam.] (Mil.) The imperial standard of the Turkish Empire.

{ A*lep"po boil, button, or evil }. (Med.) A chronic skin affection terminating in an ulcer, most commonly of the face. It is endemic along the Mediterranean, and is probably due to a specific bacillus. Called also Aleppo ulcer, Biskara boil, Delhi boil, Oriental sore, etc.

Aleppo grass. (Bot.) One of the cultivated forms of Andropogon Halepensis (syn. Sorghum Halepense). See Andropogon, below.

A*leu"ro*nat (?), n. [See Aleurone.] Flour made of aleurone, used as a substitute for ordinary flour in preparing bread for diabetic persons.

||A*lex"i*a (?), n. [NL.; a- not + Gr. &?; speech, fr. &?; to speak, confused with L. legere to read.] (Med.) (a) As used by some, inability to read aloud, due to brain disease. (b) More commonly, inability, due to brain disease, to understand written or printed symbols although they can be seen, as in case of word blindness.

{ ||Al*fil`e*ri"a , ||Al*fil`e*ril"la } (?), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] Same as Alfilaria.

||Al*for"ja (?), n. [Also alfarga, alforge.] [Sp.] A saddlebag. [Sp. Amer.]

Al"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling gelatin, obtained from certain algæ.

Al*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; pain + -meter.] (Psychol.) An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pressure. It has a piston rod with a blunted tip which is pressed against the skin. -- Al*gom"e*try (#), n. -- Al`go*met"ric (#), *met"ric*al (#), a. -- Al`go*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Al*gon"ki*an (?), a. 1. Var. of Algonquian.

2. (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a period or era recognized by the United States Geological Survey and some other authorities, between the Archæan and the Paleozoic, from both of which it is generally separated in the record by unconformities. Algonkian rocks are both sedimentary and igneous. Although fossils are rare, life certainly existed in this period. -- n. The Algonkian period or era, or system or group of systems.

Al*gon"qui*an (?), a. Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, their territory formerly including practically all of Canada east of the 115th meridian and south of Hudson's Bay and the part of the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Tennessee and Virginia, with the exception of the territory occupied by the northern Iroquoian tribes. There are nearly 100,000 Indians of the Algonquian tribes, of which the strongest are the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Micmacs, and Blackfeet. -- n. An Algonquian Indian.

Al`i*phat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, oil, fat.] (Org. Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, fat; fatty; -- applied to compounds having an openc-hain structure. The aliphatic compounds thus include not only the fatty acids and other derivatives of the paraffin hydrocarbons, but also unsaturated compounds, as the ethylene and acetylene series.

Al"ka*li (?), n. Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, contained in soils of natural waters. [Western U. S.]

Alkali flat. A sterile plain, containing an excess of alkali, at the bottom of an undrained basin in an arid region; a playa.

Alkali soil. Any one of various soils found in arid and semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble mineral salts which effloresce in the form of a powder or crust (usually white) in dry weather following rains or irrigation. The basis of these salts is mainly soda with a smaller amount of potash, and usually a little lime and magnesia. Two main classes of alkali are commonly distinguished: black alkali, which may be any alkaline carbonate, but which practically consists of sodium carbonate (sal soda), which is highly corrosive and destructive to vegetation; and white alkali, characterized by the presence of sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), which is less injurious to vegetation. Black alkali is so called because water containing it dissolves humus, forming a dark-colored solution which, when it collects in puddles and evaporates, produces characteristic black spots.

Alkali waste. Waste material from the manufacture of alkali; specif., soda waste.

Al`le*ghe"ni*an (?), a. Also Al`le*gha"ni*an. (Biogeography) Pertaining to or designating the humid division of the Transition zone extending across the northern United States from New England to eastern Dakota, and including also most of Pennsylvania and the mountainous region as far south as northern Georgia.

Al"le*ghe`ny (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or the region where they are situated. Also Al"le*gha`ny.

2. [From the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania.] (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a subdivision of the Pennsylvanian coal measure.

Al*le"lo*morph (?), n. [Gr. &?; of one another + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) One of the pure unit characters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells of Mendelian hybrids, and exhibited in varying proportion among the organisms themselves. Allelomorphs which under certain circumstances are themselves compound are called hypallelomorphs. See Mendel's law. -- Al*le`lo*mor"phic (#), a.

As we know that the several unit characters are of such a nature that any one of them is capable of independently displacing or being displaced by one or more alternative characters taken singly, we may recognize this fact by naming such characters allelomorphs.

Bateson.

Al"li*ga`tor wrench. (Mech.) A kind of pipe wrench having a flaring jaw with teeth on one side.

Al`lo*troph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; other + trophic.] (a) (Physiol.) Changed or modified in nutritive power by the process of digestion. (b) (Plant Physiol.) Dependent upon other organisms for nutrition; heterotrophic; -- said of plants unable to perform photosynthesis, as all saprophytes; -- opposed to autotrophic.

Al"loy steel. Any steel containing a notable quantity of some other metal alloyed with the iron, usually chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, or vanadium.

Al*lu"vi*al (?), n. Alluvial soil; specif., in Australia, gold-bearing alluvial soil.

Al"pen*glow` (?), n. A reddish glow seen near sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains; specif., a reillumination sometimes observed after the summits have passed into shadow, supposed to be due to a curving downward (refraction) of the light rays from the west resulting from the cooling of the air.

{ Al"pen*horn` (?), Alp"horn` }, n. [G. Alpenhorn.] A curved wooden horn about three feet long, with a cupped mouthpiece and a bell, used by the Swiss to sound the ranz des vaches and other melodies. Its notes are open harmonics of the tube.