Chapter 47

Trim"mer, n. (Coal Storage) An apparatus used for piling the coal in gradually increasing piles made by building up at the point of the cone or top of the prism.

Tri*no"mi*al, a. (Nat. Hist.) Consisting of, or involving the use of, three terms; as, a trinomial systematic name specifying the genus, species, and variety.

Tri"o*nal (?), n. [Pref. tri- + sulphonal; -- so called because it contains three ethyls.] (Chem.) A compound similar to sulphonal, used as a hypnotic in medicine.

Tri"ose (?), n. [Tri- + - ose.] (Chem.) (a) A sugar derived from a trihydric alcohol. (b) A trisaccharide.

||Tri*pit"a*ka (?), n. [Skr. tripiaka.] The three divisions, or "baskets" (pitakas), of buddhist scriptures, -- the Vinayapitaka [Skr. Vinayapiaka] , or Basket of Discipline; Suttapitaka [Pali] , or Basket of Discourses; and Abhidhammapitaka [Pali] , or Basket of Metaphysics.

Tri"plex (?), a. (Mach.) Havingthree principal operative parts or motions, so as to produce a three-fold effect.

Tri*sac"cha*ride (?), n. Also - rid. (Chem.) A complex sugar, as raffinose, yielding by hydrolysis three simple sugar molecules.

{ Tris*kel"i*on (?), or Tris"kele (?) }, n. [Gr. &?; three-legged. See Tri-; Isosceles.] A figure composed of three branches, usually curved, radiating from a center, as the figure composed of three human legs, with bent knees, which has long been used as a badge or symbol of Sicily and of the Isle of Man.

Tri`tu*ber"cu*lar (?), a. (a) Having or designating teeth with three cusps or tubercles; tricuspid. (b) Pertaining to trituberculy.

Tri`tu*ber"cu*ly (?), n. [Pref. tri- + L. tuberculum tubercle.] (Zoöl.) A theory of the development of mammalian molar teeth. The primitive stage is that of simple cones, as in reptiles. The simple cone then developed a smaller cone in front and another behind. Next, a cingulum was developed, and the three cones became arranged in a triangle, the two smaller cusps having moved to the outer side in upper and to the inner in lower molars. This primitive triangle is called the trigon or trigonid and this stage the tritubercular or trigonodont. The trigon being a cutting apparatus, an extension of the posterior part of the crown was developed in lower molars for crushing, and a smaller corresponding part appeared in upper molars. Another large cone then arose, usually from the cingulum. In more complex forms, smaller intermediate cusps appeared.

||Tro"cha (?), n. [Sp., bypath, crossroad.] (Mil.) A line of fortifications, usually rough, constructed to prevent the passage of an enemy across a region. [Sp. Amer.]

Tro"i*lus butterfly (?). A large American butterfly (Papilio troilus). It is black, with yellow marginal spots on the front wings, and blue on the rear.

||Trois` point" (?). [F. trois three.] (Backgammon) The third point from the outer edge on each player's home table.

Tro"jan (?), n. One who shows the pluck, endurance, determined energy, or the like, attributed to the defenders of Troy; -- used chiefly or only in the phrase like a Trojan; as, he endured the pain like a Trojan; he studies like a Trojan.

Trol"ley car. (Elec.) A motor car to which the current is conveyed by means of a trolley.

Trolley wire. A heavy conducting wire on which the trolley car runs and from which it receives the current.

Troop, n. See Boy scout, above.

Troop, v. t. -- To troop the colors or colours (Mil.), in the British army, to perform a ceremony consisting essentially in carrying the colors, accompanied by the band and escort, slowly before the troops drawn up in single file and usually in a hollow square, as in London on the sovereign's birthday.

Troop"er, n. A mounted policeman. [Australia] The black troopers of Queensland are a regiment of aboriginal police, employed chiefly for dispersing wild aborigines who encroach on sheep runs.

Tro"pism (?), n. [Gr. &?; a turning, &?; to turn + -ism.] (Physiol.) Modification of the direction of growth.

||Trop"po (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) Too much; as, allegro ma non troppo, brisk but not too much so.

Trough (?), n. (Meteor.) The transverse section of a cyclonic area where the barometric pressure, neither rising nor falling, has reached its lowest point.

||Trousse (?), n. [F. See Truss; cf. Trousseau.] A case for small implements; as, a surgeon's trousse.

Trudg"en stroke (?). (Swimming) A racing stroke in which a double over-arm motion is used; -- so called from its use by an amateur named Trudgen, but often erroneously written trudgeon.

True (tr), a. (Biol.) Genuine; real; not deviating from the essential characters of a class; as, a lizard is a true reptile; a whale is a true, but not a typical, mammal.

||Trui`té" (?), a. [F., fr. truite trout.] Having a delicately crackled surface; -- applied to porcelian, etc.

Trunk engine. An engine having a trunk piston, as most internal combustion engines.

Trunk piston. In a single-acting engine, an elongated hollow piston, open at the end, in which the end of the connecting rod is pivoted. The piston rod, crosshead and stuffing box are thus dispensed with.

Trunk steamer. A freight steamer having a high hatch coaming extending almost continuously fore and aft, but not of whaleback form at the sides.

Trust (?), n. 1. An equitable right or interest in property distinct from the legal ownership thereof; a use (as it existed before the Statute of Uses); also, a property interest held by one person for the benefit of another. Trusts are active, or special, express, implied, constructive, etc. In a passive trust the trustee simply has title to the trust property, while its control and management are in the beneficiary.

2. A business organization or combination consisting of a number of firms or corporations operating, and often united, under an agreement creating a trust (in sense 1), esp. one formed mainly for the purpose of regulating the supply and price of commodities, etc.; often, opprobriously, a combination formed for the purpose of controlling or monopolizing a trade, industry, or business, by doing acts in restraint or trade; as, a sugar trust. A trust may take the form of a corporation or of a body of persons or corporations acting together by mutual arrangement, as under a contract or a so-called gentlemen's agreement. When it consists of corporations it may be effected by putting a majority of their stock either in the hands of a board of trustees (whence the name trust for the combination) or by transferring a majority to a holding company. The advantages of a trust are partly due to the economies made possible in carrying on a large business, as well as the doing away with competition. In the United States severe statutes against trusts have been passed by the Federal government and in many States, with elaborate statutory definitions.

Trust company. Any corporation formed for the purpose of acting as trustee. Such companies usually do more or less of a banking business.

Trus*tee" proc"ess. (Law) The process of attachment by garnishment. [U. S.]

Trustee stock. (Finance) High-grade stock in which trust funds may be legally invested. [Colloq.]

Try, n. In Rugby and Northern Union football, a score (counting three points) made by grounding the ball on or behind the opponent's goal line; -- so called because it entitles the side making it to a place kick for a goal (counting two points more if successful).

Try cock. A cock for withdrawing a small quantity of liquid, as for testing.

Try"out (?), n. (Sports) A test by which the fitness of a player or contestant to remain in a certain class is determined.

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||Tsung"-li Ya"men (?). [Written also Tsung-li- Yamen or Tsungli Yamen.] [Chin.] The board or department of foreign affairs in the Chinese government. See Yamen.

||Tsung" tu` (?). A viceroy or governor-general, the highest provincial official in China, with civil and military authority over one or more provinces.

Tu`a*ta"ra (?), n. [Maori tuatàra; tua on the farther side (the back) + tara spine.] A large iguanalike reptile (Sphenodon punctatum) formerly common in New Zealand, but now confined to certain islets near the coast. It reaches a length of two and a half feet, is dark olive-green with small white or yellowish specks on the sides, and has yellow spines along the back, except on the neck.

Tube (?), n. (Elec. Railways) A tunnel for a tube railway; also (Colloq.), a tube railway. [Chiefly Eng.]

Tu*ber"cu*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. i-zing (?).] [Tubercular + -ize.] (Med.) To infect with tuberculosis. -- Tu*ber`cu*lar*i*za"tion (#), n.

Tu*ber"cu*lin test (?). The hypodermic injection of tuberculin, which has little or no effect with healthy cattle, but causes a marked rise in temperature in tuberculous animals.

Tu*ber"cu*lo*ci`din (?), n. [Tuberculum + root of L. caedere to kill.] (Physiol. Chem.) A special substance contained in tuberculin, supposed to be the active agent of the latter freed from various impurities.

Tu*ber"cu*loid (?), a. [Tuberculum + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling a tubercle.

Tu*ber"cu*losed` (?), a. (Med.) Affected with tuberculosis.

Tu*ber"cu*lous (?), a. (Med.) Pertaining to, or affected with, a tuberculosis.

Tuck"er, n. [Cf. Tuck, n., 5.] Daily food; meals; also, food in general. [Slang or Colloq.]

Tobacco, matches, and tucker, the latter comprising almost anything within the province of food.

C. L. Money.

Tuck pointing. (Masonry) The finishing of joints along the center lines with a narrow ridge of putty or fine lime mortar.

Tu`me*fa"cient (?), a. [L. tumefaciens, -entis, p. pr. of tumefacere to tumefy; tumere to swell + facere to make.] Producing swelling; tumefying.

Tu*mes"cence (?), n. [L. tumescens, -entis, p.pr. of tumescere to swell up, v. incho. fr. tumere to swell.] The act of becoming tumid; the state of being swollen; intumescence.

Tu*mes"cent (?), a. Slightly tumid; swollen, as certain moss capsules.

||Tun"dra (?), n. [Russ.] One of the level or undulating treeless plains characteristic of northern arctic regions in both hemispheres. The tundras mark the limit of arborescent vegetation; they consist of black mucky soil with a permanently frozen subsoil, but support a dense growth of mosses and lichens, and dwarf herbs and shrubs, often showy-flowered.

Tung"sten lamp. An electric glow lamp having filaments of metallic tungsten. Such lamps, owing to the refractory nature of the metal, may be maintained at a very high temperature and require an expenditure of only about 1.25 watts per candle power.

Tungsten steel. (Metal.) A steel containing a small amount of tungsten, noted for tenacity and hardness, even under a considerable degree of heat. Magnets made of it are said to be highly permanent. It often contains manganese.

Tun"nel stern. A design of motor-boat stern, for use in shallow waters, in which the propeller is housed in a tunnel and does not extend below the greatest draft.

Tu"pi (?), n. An Indian of the tribe from which the Tupian stock takes its name, dwelling, at the advent of the Portuguese, about the mouth of the Amazon. Also, their language, which is the basis of the Indian trade language of the Amazon.

Tu"pi*an (?), a. Designating, or pert. to, a linguistic stock of South American Indians comprising the most important Brazilian tribes. Agriculture, pottery, and stone working were practiced by them at the time of the conquest. The Tupi and the Guarani were originally the most powerful of the stock, which is hence also called Tupi-Guaranian.

Tuque (?), n. [Canadian F. See Toque.] A kind of warm cap winter wear, made from a knit bag with closed tapered ends by pushing one end within the other, thus making a conical cap of double thickness.

Picturesque fellow with tuques, red sashes, and fur coats.

F. Remington.

Tur"bine (?), n. A form of steam engine analogous in construction and action to the water turbine. There are practically only two distinct kinds, and they are typified in the de Laval and the Parsons and Curtis turbines. The de Laval turbine is an impulse turbine, in which steam impinges upon revolving blades from a flared nozzle. The flare of the nozzle causes expansion of the steam, and hence changes its pressure energy into kinetic energy. An enormous velocity (30,000 revolutions per minute in the 5 H. P. size) is requisite for high efficiency, and the machine has therefore to be geared down to be of practical use. Some recent development of this type include turbines formed of several de Laval elements compounded as in the ordinary expansion engine. The Parsons turbine is an impulse-and-reaction turbine, usually of the axial type. The steam is constrained to pass successively through alternate rows of fixed and moving blades, being expanded down to a condenser pressure of about 1 lb. per square inch absolute. The Curtis turbine is somewhat simpler than the Parsons, and consists of elements each of which has at least two rows of moving blades and one row of stationary. The bucket velocity is lowered by fractional velocity reduction. Both the Parsons and Curtis turbines are suitable for driving dynamos and steamships directly. In efficiency, lightness, and bulk for a given power, they compare favorably with reciprocating engines.

Tur`bo*gen"er*a`tor (?), n. [See Turbine, and Generator.] An electric generator or dynamo which is combined on one frame with a turbomotor, by which it is driven.

Tur"key-trot` (?), n. An eccentric ragtime dance, danced with the feet well apart and with a characteristic rise on the ball of the foot, followed by a drop upon the heel. The original form, owning to the positions assumed by the dancers, is offensively suggestive. Similar dances are the bunny hug and grizzly bear, so called in allusion to the movements and the positions assumed by the partners in dancing.

Turk"ism (?), n. A Turkish idiom or expression; also, in general, a Turkish mode or custom.

Tur`ko-I*ra"ni*an (?), a. (Ethnol.) Designating, or pert. to, a mixed racial type including the Afghans, and characterized chiefly by stature above mean, fair complexion, dark, or sometimes gray, eyes, brachycephaly, and very long, prominent, and moderately narrow nose.

Tur`ko-I*ra"ni*an, n. A member of any race of the Turko-Iranian type.

Turk's"-head`, n. 1. (Naut.) A knot of turbanlike form worked on a rope with a piece of small line.

2. (a) The melon cactus. [West Indies] (b) Any of several species of Echinocactus. [California]

3. A long-handled, round-headed broom for sweeping ceilings, etc. [Colloq. or Dial.]

Turn (?), v. t. To make a turn about or around (something); to go or pass around by turning; as, to turn a corner.

The ranges are not high or steep, and one can turn a kopje instead of cutting or tunneling through it.

James Bryce.

To turn turtle, to capsize bottom upward; -- said of a vessel. [Naut. slang] -- To turn under (Agric.), to put, as soil, manure, etc., underneath from the surface by plowing, digging, or the like.

Turn"down` (?), a. 1. Capable of being turned down; specif. (Elec.), designating, or pertaining to, an incandescent lamp with a small additional filament which can be made incandescent when only a small amount of light is required.

2. Made to wear with the upper part turned down; as, a turndown collar.

Tur"pen*tine State. North Carolina; -- a nickname alluding to its extensive production of turpentine.

Tur"ret deck. A narrow superstructure running from stem to stern on the upper deck of a steam cargo vessel having a rounded gunwale and sides curved inward convexly.

Tur"ret steam`er. A whaleback steamer with a hatch coaming, usually about seven feet high, extending almost continuously fore and aft.

Tur"tle*back` (?), n. 1. (Archæol.) A rude stone celt of a form suggesting the back of a turtle.

2. (Naut.) A convex deck at the bow or stern of a vessel, so made to shed the seas quickly.

Tur"tle peg. A sharp steel spear attached to a cord, used in taking sea turtles. -- Turtle pegging.

{ ||Tusch"e (?), n. Also Tushe, Tousche, etc. }[G. tusche, fr. F. toucher to touch.] A lithographic drawing or painting material of the same nature as lithographic ink. It is also used as a resistant in the biting-in process.

Tusk"er, n. (Zoöl.) A large wild boar.

{ Tus"sah Tus"seh } (ts"s), n. [Also tussa, tussar, tusser, tussur, etc.] [Prob. fr. Hind. tasar a shuttle, Skr. tasara, trasara.] An undomesticated East Indian silkworn (Antheræa mylitta), that feeds on the leaves of the oak and other plants.

Tus"sal (?), a. [L. tussis cough.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or manifested by, cough.

||Tus"sis (?), n. [L.] (Med.) A cough.

Tus"sive (?), a. (Med.) Pertaining to a cough; caused by coughing.

Tut"ti-frut`ti (?), n. [It., lit., all fruits.] A confection of different kinds of preserved fruits. -- a. Flavored with, or containing, various fruits.

||Tu"um (?), n. [L.] Lit., thine; that which is thine; -- used in meum and tuum. See 2d Meum.

{ Tux*e"do coat`, or Tux*e"do } (?), n. A kind of black coat for evening dress made without skirts; -- so named after a fashionable country club at Tuxedo Park, New York. [U. S.]

{ Twad"dell (?), n., Twad"dell's hy*drom"e*ter (?) }. [After one Twaddell, its inventor.] A form of hydrometer for liquids heavier than water, graduated with an arbitrary scale such that the readings when multiplied by .005 and added to unity give the specific gravity.

Twee"dle*dum` and Twee"dle*dee` (?). Two things practically alike; -- a phrase coined by John Byrom (1692-1793) in his satire "On the Feuds between Handel and Bononcini."

Twist (?), n. 1. Act of imparting a turning or twisting motion, as to a pitched ball; also, the motion thus imparted; as, the twist of a billiard ball.

2. A strong individual tendency, or bent; a marked inclination; a bias; -- often implying a peculiar or unusual tendency; as, a twist toward fanaticism.

Two"-cy`cle, n. (Thermodynamics) A two-stroke cycle for an internal-combustion engine. -- Two"-cy`cle, a.

Two"-name`, a. (Banking) Having or bearing two names; as, two-name paper, that is, negotiable paper on which at least two persons are severally liable as separate makers, or, usually, one as maker and one as indorser. [Colloq.]

Two"-phase` (?), a., Two"- phas`er (&?;), n. (Elec.) Same as Diphase, Diphaser.

Two"-port`, a. Having two ports; specif.: Designating a type of two-cycle internal-combustion engine in which the admission of the mixture to the crank case is through a suction valve.

Two"-speed`, a. Adapted for producing or for receiving either of two speeds; -- said of a power- transmitting device.

Two"-step` (?), n. A kind of round dance in march or polka time; also, a piece of music for this dance. [U. S.]

Two"-throw` (?), a. (Mach.) (a) Capable of being thrown or cranked in two directions, usually opposite to one another; as, a two-throw crank; a two-throw switch. (b) Having two crank set near together and opposite to one another; as, a two-throw crank shaft.

Two"-to-one", a. (Mach.) Designating, or pert. to, a gear for reducing or increasing a velocity ratio two to one.

Two"-way` (?), a. (Pipe Fitting) Serving to connect at will one pipe or channel with either of two others; as, a two-way cock.

Ty"chism (?), n. [Gr. ty`chh fortune, chance + -ism.] Any theory which conceives chance as an objective reality; esp., a theory of evolution which considers that variation may be purely fortuitous.

Typ"i*fy (?), v. t. To embody the essential or salient characteristics of; to be the type of; as, the genus Rosa typifies the family Rosaceæ, which in turn typifies the series Rosales.

Typ"ist (?), n. A person who operates a typewriting machine; a typewriter.

Ty"po*graph (?), n. [Type + - graph.] A machine for setting type or for casting lines of type and setting them.

Ty`po*li*thog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; type + lithography.] A branch of lithography in which impressions from printers' types are transferred to stone for reproduction. -- Ty`po*lith`o*graph"ic (#), a.

U.

U"dal (?), n. & a. U"dal*born`, U"dal*er, U"dal*man, etc. Vars. of Odal, etc. Obs. exc. in Shetland and the Orkney Islands, where udal designates land held in fee simple without any charter and free of any feudal character.

||Uit"land`er (?), n. [D. Cf. Outlander.] A foreigner; an outlander. [South Africa]

||U`le*ma" (?), n. [Turk. & Ar. 'ulam the wise or learned men, pl. of 'lim wise, learned.] (Mohammedanism) A college or body composed of the hierarchy (the imams, muftis, and cadis). That of Turkey alone now has political power; its head is the sheik ul Islam.

U"loid (?), a. [Written also ouloid.] [Gr. &?; scar + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling a scar; scarlike.

Ul`tra*gas"e*ous (?), a. [Pref. ultra + gaseous.] (Physics) Having the properties exhibited by gases under very low pressures (one millionth of an atmosphere or less). Matter under this condition, which has been termed the fourth state of matter, is sometimes called radiant matter.

Un`as*sent"ed (?), a. Not assented; -- said specif. of stocks or bonds the holders of which refuse to deposit them by way of assent to an agreement altering their status, as in a readjustment.

Un"cle, n. An eldery man; -- used chiefly as a kindly or familiar appellation, esp. (Southern U. S.) for a worthy old negro; as, "Uncle Remus." [Colloq.]

Plain old uncle as he [Socrates] was, with his great ears, -- an immense talker.

Emerson.

Un*cut" vel"vet. A fabric woven like velvet, but with the loops of the warp threads uncut.

Un"der*cut` (?), p.a. Cut away below.

Un"der*ground` in*sur"ance. Wildcat insurance.

Un"der*load start`er. (Elec.) A motor starter provided with an underload switch.

Underload switch. (Elec.) A switch which opens a circuit when the current falls below a certain predetermined value, used to protect certain types of motors from running at excessive speed upon decrease of load.

Un`der*plant" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Underplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Underplanting.] To plant under; specif. (Forestry), to plant (young trees) under an existing stand.

Un`der*run" (?), v. t. -- To underrun a hose (Naut.), to lift it up at one end, then walk along shifting one hand after another so that the water will run out.

{ Un"der*slung` (?), Un"der*hung" (?) }, a. Of an automobile body, suspended from the springs in such a manner that the frame of the chassis is below the axles, the object being to lower the center of gravity of the car.

Un`em*ploy"ment (?), n. Quality or state of being not employed; -- used esp. in economics, of the condition of various social classes when temporarily thrown out of employment, as those engaged for short periods, those whose trade is decaying, and those least competent.

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U`ni*va"ri*ant (?), a. (Chem.) Having one degree of freedom or variability.

U`ni*ver"si*ty ex*ten"sion. The extension of the advantages of university instruction by means of lectures and classes at various centers.

Un*list"ed (?), a. Not listed; specif. (New York Stock Exchange), admitted to quotation in the unlisted department, that is, admitted to be dealt in on the floor, but not to the "regular list."

Un*par"don*a*ble (?), a. Not admitting of pardon or forgiveness; inexcusable.

Up"keep` (?), n. The act of keeping up, or maintaining; maintenance. "Horse artillery . . . expensive in the upkeep." Scribner's Mag.

Small outlays for repairs or upkeep of buildings.

A. R. Colquhoun.

Up"-o`ver, a. (Mining & Civil Eng.) Designating a method of shaft excavation by drifting to a point below, and then raising instead of sinking.

Up"right` (?), a. (Golf) Designating a club in which the head is approximately at a right angle with the shaft.

Up"right` (?), n. (Basketwork) A tool made from a flat strip of steel with chisel edges at both ends, bent into horseshoe, the opening between the cutting edges being adjustable, used for reducing splits to skeins. Called in full upright shave.