Chapter 46

Ton*tine" in*su"rance. (Life Insurance) Insurance in which the benefits of the insurance are distributed upon the tontine principle. Under the old, or full tontine, plan, all benefits were forfeited on lapsed policies, on the policies of those who died within the tontine period only the face of the policy was paid without any share of the surplus, and the survivor at the end of the tontine period received the entire surplus. This plan of tontine insurance has been replaced in the United States by the semitontine plan, in which the surplus is divided among the holders of policies in force at the termination of the tontine period, but the reverse for the paid-up value is paid on lapsed policies, and on the policies of those that have died the face is paid. Other modified forms are called free tontine, deferred dividend, etc., according to the nature of the tontine arrangement.

Tool (tl), v. i. [Cf. Tool, v. t., 2.] To travel in a vehicle; to ride or drive. [Colloq.]

Boys on their bicycles tooling along the well- kept roads.

Illust. American.

Tool steel. Hard steel, usually crucible steel, capable of being tempered so as to be suitable for tools.

Too"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tootled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tootling (?).] [Freq. of toot.] To toot gently, repeatedly, or continuously, on a wind instrument, as a flute; also, to make a similar noise by any means. "The tootling robin." John Clare.

Top, n. (Golf) (a) A stroke on the top of the ball. (b) A forward spin given to the ball by hitting it on or near the top. -- From top to toe, from head to foot; altogether.

Top, v. t. 1. (Dyeing) To cover with another dye; as, to top aniline black with methyl violet to prevent greening and crocking.

2. To put a stiffening piece or back on (a saw blade).

3. To arrange, as fruit, with the best on top. [Cant]

4. To strike the top of, as a wall, with the hind feet, in jumping, so as to gain new impetus; -- said of a horse.

5. To improve (domestic animals, esp. sheep) by crossing certain individuals or breeds with other superior.

6. (Naut.) To raise one end of, as a yard, so that that end becomes higher than the other.

7. To cut, break, or otherwise take off the top of (a steel ingot) to remove unsound metal.

8. (Golf) To strike (the ball) above the center; also, to make (as a stroke) by hitting the ball in this way.

Top, v. i. 1. (Golf) To strike a ball above the center.

2. (Naut.) To rise at one end, as a yard; -- usually with up.

To"pek (?), n. [Eskimo tupek.] An ESkimo house made of material other than snow, esp. one having walls of turf, driftwood, rock, or skin, and a roof of skins of the walrus or seal. In Alaska it is often partially underground and covered with timber and turf. Topeks are also used by Indians of the lower Yukon region.

Top fermentation. An alcoholic fermentation during which the yeast cells are carried to the top of the fermening liquid. It proceeds with some violence and requires a temperature of 14- 30° C. (58-86° F.). It is used in the production of ale, porter, etc., and of wines high in alcohol, and in distilling.

To"pi (?), n. An antelope (Damaliscus corrigum jimela) having a glossy purplish brown coat. It is related to the blesbok and is native of British East Africa. Also, any of various related varieties of other districts south of the Sahara.

Top"o*nym (?), n. A name of a place; more broadly, a name, as in the binomial name of a plant, based on, or derived from, a place name, or based on the location of the thing named.

To*pon"y*my (?), n. A system of toponyms; the use of toponyms. -- To*pon"y*mal (#), Top`o*nym"ic (#), Top`o*nym"ic*al (#), a.

Top"o*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?; place + Gr. &?; sound.] A double ear trumpet for estimating the direction from which sounds proceed, esp. for the use of navigators.

Top out. (Building) To top off; to finish by putting on a cap of top (uppermost) course (called a top`ping- out" course).

Top"per (?), n. 1. One that tops, in any sense of the verb; specif.: (a) A cover of a top layer or part. [Colloq.] (b) One that excels, surpasses, or is extraordinary of its kind. [Slang] (c) Any device for cutting off tops; as, a turnip topper. (d) One who tops steel ingots. (e) A three-square float (file) used by comb makers.

2. A top hat. [Slang or Colloq.]

3. Tobacco left in the bottom of a pipe bowl; -- so called from its being often taken out and placed on top of the newly filled bowl. Also, a cigar stump. [Slang]

Top"ping, n. (Angling) The tail of an artificial fly.

Top rake. (Mech.) The angle that the front edge of the point of a tool is set back from the normal to the surface being cut.

{ ||To"rah, ||To"ra } (?), n.; pl. Toroth (#). [Heb. trh.] (Jewish Lit.) (a) A law; a precept.

A considerable body of priestly Toroth.

S. R. Driver.

(b) Divine instruction; revelation.

Tora, . . . before the time of Malachi, is generally used of the revelations of God's will made through the prophets.

T. K. Cheyne.

(c) The Pentateuch or "Law of Moses."

The Hebrew Bible is divided into three parts: (1) The Torah, "Law," or Pentateuch. (2) The Prophets . . . (3) The Kethubim, or the "Writings," generally termed Hagiographa.

C. H. H. Wright.

{ To"ran (?), ||To"ra*na (?) }, n. [Skr. traa an arch, a gate.] (Indian Arch.) A gateway, commonly of wood, but sometimes of stone, consisting of two upright pillars carrying one to three transverse lintels. It is often minutely carved with symbolic sculpture, and serves as a monumental approach to a Buddhist temple.

Tor"chon pa"per (?). [F. papier torchon.] Paper with a rough surface; esp., handmade paper of great hardness for the use of painters in water colors.

Torch race. A race by men carrying torches, as in ancient Greece.

Tor*pe"do, n. An automobile with a torpedo body. [Cant]

Tor*pe"do-boat` de*stroy"er. A larger, swifter, and more powerful armed type of torpedo boat, originally intended principally for the destruction of torpedo boats, but later used also as a more formidable torpedo boat.

Tor*pe"do body. An automobile body which is built so that the side surfaces are flush. [Cant]

Tor*pe"do boom. A spar formerly carried by men-of- war, having a torpedo on its end.

Tor*pe"do catch"er. A small fast vessel for pursuing and destroying torpedo boats.

Tor*pe"do*ist, n. (Nav.) One skilled in the theory or use of torpedoes; also, one who favors the use of torpedoes.

Torpedo shell. (Ordnance) A shell longer than a deck-piercing shell, with thinner walls and a larger cavity for the bursting charge, which consists of about 130 pounds of high explosive. It has no soft cap, and is intended to effect its damage by the powerful explosion which follows on slight resistance. It is used chiefly in 12-inch mortars.

Torpedo station. A headquarters for torpedo vessels and their supplies, usually having facilities for repairs and for instruction and experiments. The principal torpedo station of the United States is at Newport, R.I.

Torpedo stern. A broad stern without overhang, flattened on the bottom, used in some torpedo and fast power boats. It prevents settling in the water at high speed.

Torpedo tube. (Nav.) A tube fixed below or near the water line through which a torpedo is fired, usually by a small charge of gunpowder. On torpedo vessels the tubes are on deck and usually in broadside, on larger vessels usually submerged in broadside and fitted with a movable shield which is pushed out from the vessel's side to protect the torpedo until clear, but formerly sometimes in the bow. In submarine torpedo boats they are in the bow.

Tor"pid (?), n. [See Torpid, a.] [Slang, Oxford University, Eng.] 1. An inferior racing boat, or one who rows in such a boat.

2. pl. The Lenten rowing races.

Tor"rens sys`tem (?). A system of registration of titles to land (as distinct from registration of deeds) introduced into South Australia by the Real Property (or Torrens) Act (act 15 of 1857-58), drafted by Sir Robert Torrens (1814-84). Its essential feature is the guaranty by the government of properly registered titles. The system has been generally adopted in Australia and British Columbia, and in its original or a modified form in some other countries, including some States of the United States. Hence Torrens title, etc.

Tor*sade" (?), n. [F.] A twisted cord; also, a molded or worked ornament of similar form.

The crown decked with torsades of pearls.

Harper's Mag.

Tor"sion e*lec*trom"e*ter. (Elec.) A torsion balance used for measuring electric attraction or repulsion.

Torsion galvanometer. (Elec.) A galvanometer in which current is measured by torsion.

Torsion head. That part of a torsion balance from which the wire or filament is suspended.

Torsion indicator. An autographic torsion meter.

Torsion meter. (Mech.) An instrument for determining the torque on a shaft, and hence the horse power of an engine, esp. of a marine engine of high power, by measuring the amount of twist of a given length of the shaft. Called also torsimeter, torsiometer, torsometer.

Tot (?), n. [L.] Lit., so much; -- a term used in the English exchequer to indicate that a debt was good or collectible for the amount specified, and often written opposite the item.

Tot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Totted; p. pr. & vb. n. Totting.] 1. To mark with the word "tot"; as, a totted debt. See Tot, n.

2. [Cf. Total.] To add; to count; to make up the sum of; to total; -- often with up. [Colloq., Eng.]

The last two tot up the bill.

Thackeray.

To"tal (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Totaled (?) or Totalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Totaling or Totalling.] To bring to a total; to add; also, to reach as a total; to amount to. [Colloq.]

To"tal*is (?), n. [See Total, a.] The total.

I look on nothing but totalis.

B. Jonson.

To"tal*i*sa`tor (?), n. Same as Totalizator.

To`tal*i*za"tion (?), n. Act of totalizing, or state of being totalized.

To"tal*i*za`tor (?), n. [From Totalize: cf. F. totalisateur.] A machine for registering and indicating the number and nature of bets made on horse races, as in Australia and South Africa. Called also totalizer.

To"tal*ize, v. i. To use a totalizator.

To"tal*i`zer (?), n. Same as Totalizator.

To"ta*ra (?), n. [Maori.] A coniferous tree (Podocarpus totara), next to the kauri the most valuable timber tree of New Zeland. Its hard reddish wood is used for furniture and building, esp. in wharves, bridges, etc. Also mahogany pine.

{ To"tem pole or post }. A pole or pillar, carved and painted with a series of totemic symbols, set up before the house of certain Indian tribes of the northwest coast of North America, esp. Indians of the Koluschan stock.

Touch, v. t. 1. To compare with; of be equal to; -- usually with a negative; as, he held that for good cheer nothing could touch an open fire. [Colloq.]

2. To induce to give or lend; to borrow from; as, to touch one for a loan; hence, to steal from. [Slang]

Touch, n. 1. (Change Ringing) A set of changes less than the total possible on seven bells, that is, less than 5,040.

2. An act of borrowing or stealing. [Slang]

3. Tallow; -- a plumber's term. [Eng.]

Tour"ing car. An automobile designed for touring; specif., a roomy car, not a limousine, for five or more passengers.

Tou"sy (?), a. [See Touse, n. & v.] Tousled; tangled; rough; shaggy. [Colloq.]

Tout (?), n. [Prob. fr. F. tout all.] In the game of solo, a proposal to win all eight tricks.

Tout (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Touted; p. pr. & vb. n. Touting.] 1. To look narrowly; spy. [Scot. & Dial. Eng.]

2. (Horse Racing) (a) To spy out the movements of race horses at their trials, or to get by stealth or other improper means the secrets of the stable, for betting purposes. [Cant, Eng.] (b) To act as a tout; to tout, or give a tip on, a race horse. [Cant, U. S.]

Tout, v. t. (Horse Racing) (a) To spy out information about, as a racing stable or horse. [Cant, Eng.] (b) To give a tip on (a race horse) to a better with the expectation of sharing in the latter's winnings. [Cant, U. S.]

Tout, n. 1. One who gives a tip on a race horses for an expected compensation, esp. in hopes of a share in any winnings; -- usually contemptuous. [Cant, U. S.]

2. One who solicits custom, as a runner for a hotel, cab, gambling place. [Colloq.]

3. A spy for a smuggler, thief, or the like. [Colloq.]

Tow"-head` (?), n. A low alluvial island or shoal in a river. [Local, U. S.]

Tox`al*bu"min (?), n. [See Toxic; Albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Any of a class of toxic substances of protein nature; a toxin.

Tox`i*ca"tion (?), n. [L. toxicum a poison: cf. toxicatus smeared with poison.] Poisoning.

Tox*ic"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being toxic or poisonous; poisonousness.

Tox`i*co*gen"ic (?), a. [See Toxic, and -genic.] (Physiol. & Med.) Producing toxic products; as, toxicogenic germs or bacteria.

Tox"oid (?), n. [Toxin + - oid.] (Physiol. Chem.) An altered form of a toxin, possessing little or no toxic power.

Trace (?), n. (Mech.) A connecting bar or rod, pivoted at each end to the end of another piece, for transmitting motion, esp. from one plane to another; specif., such a piece in an organ-stop action to transmit motion from the trundle to the lever actuating the stop slider.

Trac"er (?), n. 1. A person engaged (esp. in the express or railway service) in tracing, or searching out, missing articles, as packages or freight cars.

2. An inquiry sent out (esp. in transportation service) for a missing article, as a letter or an express package.

Tra"cer*y, n. A tracing of lines; a system of lines produced by, or as if by, tracing, esp. when interweaving or branching out in ornamental or graceful figures. "Knit with curious tracery." Burns.

||Tra`che*i"tis (?), n. [NL. See Trachea; -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe.

||Tra*cho"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; roughness, fr. &?; rough.] (Med.) Granular conjunctivitis due to a specific micrococcus. -- Tra*chom"a*tous (#), a.

Track"age, n. (Railroads) Lines of track, collectively; as, an extensive trackage.

Track"lay`er (?), n. (Railroads) Any workman engaged in work involved in putting the track in place. [U. S. & Canada] -- Track"lay`ing, n.

Track"man (?), n.; pl. - men (&?;). (Railroads) One employed on work on the track; specif., a trackwalker.

Track"walk`er (?), n. (Railroads) A person employed to walk over and inspect a section of tracks.

Track"way` (?), n. Any of two or more narrow paths, of steel, smooth stone, or the like, laid in a public roadway otherwise formed of an inferior pavement, as cobblestones, to provide an easy way for wheels.

Trac"tion*al (?), a. Of or relating to traction.

Traction wheel. (Mach.) (a) A locomotive driving wheel which acts by friction adhesion to a smooth track. (b) A smooth-rimmed friction wheel for giving motion to an endless link belt or the like.

Tract"or (?), n. An aëroplane flying machine having one or more tractor screws.

{ Tractor screw or propeller }. (Aviation) A propeller screw placed in front of the supporting planes of an aëroplane instead of behind them, so that it exerts a pull instead of a push. Hence, Tractor monoplane, Tractor biplane, etc.

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Trade name. 1. (a) The name by which an article is called among traders, etc.; as, tin spirits is a common trade name in the dyeing industry for various solutions of tin salts. (b) An invented or arbitrary adopted name given by a manufacturer or merchant to an article to distinguish it as produced or sold by him.

2. The name or style under which a concern or firm does business. This name becomes a part of the good will of a business; it is not protected by the registration acts, but a qualified common-law protection against its misuse exists, analogous to that existing in the case of trade-marks.

Traf"fic mile. (Railroad Accounting) Any unit of the total obtained by adding the passenger miles and ton miles in a railroad's transportation for a given period; -- a term and practice of restricted or erroneous usage.

Traffic mile is a term designed to furnish an excuse for the erroneous practice of adding together two things (ton miles and passenger miles) which, being of different kinds, cannot properly be added.

Hadley.

Trail"er, n. A car coupled to, and drawn by, a motor car in front of it; -- used esp. of such cars on street railroads. Called also trail car.

Trail"ing edge. (Aëronautics) A following edge. See Advancing edge, above.

Trail rope. (Aëronautics) Same as Guide rope, above.

Train (?), n. 1. A heavy long sleigh used in Canada for the transportation of merchandise, wood, and the like.

2. (Mil.) The aggregation of men, animals, and vehicles which accompany an army or one of its subdivisions, and transport its baggage, ammunition, supplies, and reserve materials of all kinds.

Train dispatcher. An official who gives the orders on a railroad as to the running of trains and their right of way.

Tram (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tramming.] To convey or transport on a tramway or on a tram car.

Tram, v. i. To operate, or conduct the business of, a tramway; to travel by tramway.

Tram, n. (Mech.) Same as Trammel, n., 6.

||Tra"ma (?), n. [L., woof.] (Bot.) The loosely woven substance which lines the chambers within the gleba in certain Gasteromycetes.

Tram"mel wheel`. (Mach.) A circular plate or a cross, with two or more cross grooves intersecting at the center, used on the end of a shaft to transmit motion to another shaft not in line with the first.

||Tra`mon*ta"na (?), n. [It. See Tramontane.] (Meteor.) A dry, cold, violent, northerly wind of the Adriatic.

Tram"rail` (?), n. (Mach.) An overhead rail forming a track on which a trolley runs to convey a load, as in a shop.

Tram"way`, n. A street railway or interurban railway for local traffic, on which cable cars, or trolley cars, etc., are used, in distinction from an extended railway line for trains drawn by steam or electric locomotives.

Trans*form"er, n. -- Multiple transformer. (Elec.) (a) A transformer connected in multiple or in parallel with the primary circuit. (b) A transformer with more than one primary or more than one secondary coil. -- Parallel transformer (Elec.), a transformer connected in parallel.

Trans*isth"mi*an (?), a. Extending across an isthmus, as at Suez or Panama.

Tran*si"tion zone. (Biogeography) The zone lying between the Boreal and Sonoran zones of North America. It includes an eastern or humid subdivision and a western arid one of corresponding temperature comprising the northern Great Plains and the lower slopes of the mountains of the western United States and Mexico. Called also Neutral zone.

Trans*mis"sion dy`na*mom"e*ter. (Mach.) A dynamometer in which power is measured, without being absorbed or used up, during transmission.

Trans*mis"sion*ist, n. An adherent of a theory, the transmission theory, that the brain serves to "transmit," rather than to originate, conclusions, and hence that consciousness may exist independently of the brain.

Trap shooting. (Sport) Shooting at pigeons liberated, or glass balls or clay pigeons sprung into the air, from a trap. -- Trap shooter.

||Tra`vail" (?), n. [Cf. F. travail, a frame for confining a horse, or OF. travail beam, and E. trave, n. Cf. Travail, v. i.] Same as Travois.

Trav"erse drill. (Mach.) A machine tool for drilling slots, in which the work or tool has a lateral motion back and forth; also, a drilling machine in which the spindle holder can be adjusted laterally.

||Tra`vois" (?), n. [Cf. Travail.] 1. A primitive vehicle, common among the North American Indians, usually two trailing poles serving as shafts and bearing a platform or net for a load.

On the plains they will have horses dragging travoises; dogs with travoises, women and children loaded with impediments.

Julian Ralph.

2. A logging sled. [Northern U. S. & Canada]

Treas"ur*y stock. (Finance) Issued stock of an incorporated company held by the company itself.

Tre*cen"tist (?), n. A member of the trecento, or an imitator of its characteristics.

||Tre*cen"to (?), n. & a. [It., three hundred, abbr. for thirteen hundred.] The fourteenth century, when applied to Italian art, literature, etc. It marks the period of Dante, Petrarch, and boccaccio in literature, and of Giotto in painting.

Tree burial. Disposal of the dead by placing the corpse among the branches of a tree or in a hollow trunk, a practice among many primitive peoples.

Tree calf. A bright brown polished calfskin binding of books, stained with a conventional treelike design.

Tref (?), a. [Yiddish, fr. Heb. trphh an animal torn by wild beasts.] Ceremonially unclean, according to the Jewish law; -- opposed to kosher.

Trek (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trekked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trekking.] [Written also treck.] [D. trekken. See Track, n.] [South Africa] 1. To draw or haul a load, as oxen.

2. To travel, esp. by ox wagon; to go from place to place; to migrate. [Chiefly South Africa]

One of the motives which induced the Boers of 1836 to trek out of the Colony.

James Bryce.

Trek, n. [Written also treck.] [D. Cf. Track, n.] The act of trekking; a drawing or a traveling; a journey; a migration. [Chiefly South Africa]

To the north a trek was projected, and some years later was nearly carried out, for the occupation of the Mashonaland.

James Bryce.

Great Trek, the great emigration of Boers from Cape Colony which began in 1836, and resulted in the founding of the South African Republic and Orange Free State.

Trek"ker (?), n. [D.] One that treks. [Written also trecker.] [South Africa] James Bryce.

Trek*om"e*ter (?), n. [Cf. Trechometer.] (Mil.) A field range finger used in the British service.

Trem"bler (?), n. 1. Any of certain West Indian birds of the genera Cinclocerthia and Rhamphocinclus, of the family Mimidæ.

2. (Elec.) The vibrating hammer, or spring contact piece of a hammer break, as of the electric ignition apparatus for an internal-combustion engine.

Trem"ie (?), n. [F. trémie hopper.] (Hydraulic Engin.) An apparatus for depositing and consolidating concrete under water, essentially a tube of wood or sheet metal with a hooperlike top. It is usually handled by a crane.

Tren"nel (?), n. Corrupt form of Treenail.

||Trente" et` qua`rante" (?). [F., lit., thirty and forty.] Same as Rouge et noir, under Rouge.

Tres"-tine` (?), n. [Cf. L. tris, tres, three, and E. tyne, tine, a prong.] The third tine above the base of a stag's antler; the royal antler.

Tri"al bal`ance. (Bookkeeping) The testing of a ledger to discover whether the debits and credits balance, by finding whether the sum of the personal credits increased by the difference between the debit and credit sums in the merchandise and other impersonal accounts equals the sum of personal debits. The equality would not show that the items were all correctly posted.

{ Tri*bro`mo*phe"nol (?), Tri`brom*phe"nol (?) }, n. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance prepared by the reaction of carbolic acid with bromine.

||Tri`bu*nal" (?), n. [Sp.] In villages of the Philippine Islands, a kind of townhall. At the tribunal the head men of the village met to transact business, prisoners were confined, and troops and travelers were often quartered.

Tric"kle (?), n. The act or state of trickling; also, that which trickles; a small stream; drip.

Streams that . . . are short and rapid torrents after a storm, but at other times dwindle to feeble trickles of mud.

James Bryce.

Tri`ger proc"ess (?). [After M. Triger, French engineer.] (Engin. & Mining) A method of sinking through water-bearing ground, in which the shaft is lined with tubbing and provided with an air lock, work being proceeded with under air pressure.

Tri"gon (?), n. (Zoöl.) The cutting region of the crown of an upper molar, usually the anterior part. That of a lower molar is the Tri"go*nid (&?;).

Trig"o*no*dont` (?), a. [See Trigon; Odonto.] See Trituberculy.

Tri*hy"brid (?), n. (Biol.) A hybrid whose parents differ by three pairs of contrasting Mendelian characters.