Chapter 43

||Stun"dist (?), n. [Russ. shtundist, prob. fr. G. stunde hour; -- from their meetings for Bible reading.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a large sect of Russian dissenters founded, about 1860, in the village of Osnova, near Odessa, by a peasant, Onishchenko, who had apparently been influenced by a German sect settled near there. They zealously practice Bible reading and reject priestly dominion and all external rites of worship. -- Stun"dism (#), n.

Stunt (?), n. [Cf. Stint a task.] A feat hard to perform; an act which is striking for the skill, strength, or the like, required to do it; a feat. [Colloq.]

An extraordinary man does three or four different "stunts" with remarkable dexterity.

The Bookman.

He does not try to do stunts; and, above all, he does not care to go in swimming.

L. Hutton.

||Sty"lus, n. In a photograph, a pointed piece which is moved by the vibrations given to the diaphragm by a sound, and produces the indented record; also, a pointed piece which follows the indented record, vibrates the diaphragm, and reproduces the sound.

{ Sty"mie (?), n. Also Sti"my }. [Orig. uncertain.] (Golf) The position of two balls on the putting green such that, being more than six inches apart, one ball lies directly between the other and the hole at which the latter must be played; also, the act of bringing the balls into this position.

{ Sty"mie, v. t. Also Sti"my }. (Golf) To bring into the position of, or impede by, a stymie.

Sub*ac"e*tate (?), n. (Chem.) An acetate containing an excess of the basic constituent.

Sub*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A carbonate containing an excess of the basic constituent.

Sub*cel"lar (?), n. A cellar beneath another story wholly or partly underground; usually, a cellar under a cellar.

Sub*con"scious*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being subconscious; a state of mind in which perception and other mental processes occur without distinct consciousness.

Su`ber*i*za"tion (?), n. (Bot.) Conversion of the cell walls into cork tissue by development of suberin; -- commonly taking place in exposed tissues, as when a callus forms over a wound. Suberized cell walls are impervious to water.

Su"ber*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. -izing (?).] [L. suber cork.] (Bot.) To effect suberization of.

Sub*lim"i*nal (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. limen threshold.] (Philos.) Existing in the mind, but below the surface or threshold of consciousness; that is, existing as feeling rather than as clear ideas.

Sub`ma*rine" (?), n. A submarine boat; esp., Nav., a submarine torpedo boat; -- called specif. submergible submarine when capable of operating at various depths and of traveling considerable distances under water, and submersible submarine when capable of being only partly submerged, i.e., so that the conning tower, etc., is still above water. The latter type and most of the former type are submerged as desired by regulating the amount of water admitted to the ballast tanks and sink on an even keel; some of the former type effect submersion while under way by means of horizontal rudders, in some cases also with admission of water to the ballast tanks.

Sub*sist"ence De*part"ment. (Mil.) A staff department of the United States army charged, under the supervision of the Chief of Staff, with the purchasing and issuing to the army of such supplies as make up the ration. It also supplies, for authorized sales, certain articles of food and other minor stores. It is commanded by any officer of the rank of brigadier general, called commissary general, and the department is popularly called the Commissary Department.

Suck"er State. Illinois; -- a nickname.

Sudd (sd), n. [Ar. sadd barrier.] A tangled mass of floating vegetal matter obstructing navigation. [Central Africa]

Suède (swd or swâd), n. [F., Sweden.] Swedish glove leather, -- usually made from lambskins tanned with willow bark. Also used adjectively; as, suède gloves.

Sug*ges"tion (?), n. (Hypnotism) The control of the mind of an hypnotic subject by ideas in the mind of the hypnotizer.

Sug*gest"ive med"i*cine (?). Treatment by commands or positive statements addressed to a more or less hypnotized patient.

Sul"phite (?), n. A person who is spontaneous and original in his habits of thought and conversation. [Slang] -- Sul*phit"ic (#), a. [Slang]

A sulphite is a person who does his own thinking, he is a person who has surprises up his sleeve. He is explosive.

Gelett Burgess.

Su*lu" (?), n. [Malay Suluk.] A member of the most prominent tribe of the Moro tribes, occupying the Sulu Archipelago; also, their language.

Su*ma"tra leaf (?). A thin, elastic, uniformly light- colored tobacco leaf, raised in Sumatra and extensively used for cigar wrappers.

Su*me"ri*an (?), a. [Written also Sumirian.] Of or pertaining to the region of lower Babylonia, which was anciently called Sumer, or its inhabitants or their language.

Su*me"ri*an, n. [Written also Sumirian.] A native of lower Babylonia, anciently called Sumer.

||Sum"mum bo"num (?). [L.] (Philos.) The supreme or highest good, -- referring to the object of human life.

Sun"cup` (?), n. A yellow flowered evening primrose (Taraxia, syn. Œnothera, ovata) native of California.

Sun"dog`, n. (Meteor.) A fragmentary rainbow; a small rainbow near the horizon; -- called also dog and weathergaw.

Sun"down`er (?), n. A tramp or vagabond in the Australian bush; -- so called from his coming to sheep stations at sunset of ask for supper and a bed, when it is too late to work; -- called also traveler and swagman (but not all swagmen are sundowners).

Sundowners, -- men who loaf about till sunset, and then come in with the demand for unrefusable rations.

Francis Adams.

Sun"drops` (?), n. [Sun + drop.] (Bot.) Any one of the several species of Kneiffia, esp. K. fruticosa (syn. Œnothera fruticosa), of the Evening-primrose family, having flowers that open by daylight.

Sun"flow`er State. Kansas; a nickname.

Su`per*dread"nought` (?), n. See Dreadnought, above.

Su`per*heat" (?), v. t. To heat a liquid above its boiling point without converting it into vapor.

Su"per*man` (?), n. = Overman, above.

Su"per*tax` (?), n. [Super- + tax.] A tax in addition to the usual or normal tax; specif., in the United Kingdom, an income tax of sixpence for every pound in addition to the normal income tax of one shilling and twopence for every pound, imposed, by the Finance Act of 1909-1910 (c. 8, ss 66, 72), on the amount by which the income of any person exceeds £3,000 when his total income exceeds £5,000.

Sur*charge", v. t. To print or write a surcharge on (a postage stamp).

Sur*charge", n. [F.] 1. (Railroads) A charge over the usual or legal rates.

2. Something printed or written on a postage stamp to give it a new legal effect, as a new valuation, a place, a date, etc.; also (Colloq.), a stamp with a surcharge.

Sur"face load`ing. (Aëronautics) The weight supported per square unit of surface; the quotient obtained by dividing the gross weight, in pounds, of a fully loaded flying machine, by the total area, in square feet, of its supporting surface.

Sur"face ten"sion. (Physics) That property, due to molecular forces, which exists in the surface film of all liquids and tends to bring the contained volume into a form having the least superficial area. The thickness of this film, amounting to less than a thousandth of a millimeter, is considered to equal the radius of the sphere of molecular action, that is, the greatest distance at which there is cohesion between two particles. Particles lying below this film, being equally acted on from all sides, are in equilibrium as to forces of cohesion, but those in the film are on the whole attracted inward, and tension results.

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Sur*ren"der, n. (Insurance) The voluntary cancellation of the legal liability of the company by the insured and beneficiary for a consideration (called the surrender value).

||Sur"sum cor"da (?). [L. sursum upward + corda hearts.] (Eccl.) In the Eucharist, the versicles immediately before the preface, inviting the people to join in the service by "lifting up the heart" to God.

Swag (?), v. i. To tramp carrying a swag. [Australia]

Swag, n. [Australia] (a) A tramping bushman's luggage, rolled up either in canvas or in a blanket so as to form a long bundle, and carried on the back or over the shoulder; -- called also a bluey, or a drum. (b) Any bundle of luggage similarly rolled up; hence, luggage in general.

He tramped for years till the swag he bore seemed part of himself.

Lawson.

Swag"ger (?), n. A swagman. [Australia]

Swag"gie (?), n. A swagman. [Australia]

Swag"man (?), n. A bushman carrying a swag and traveling on foot; -- called also swagsman, swagger, and swaggie.

Swags"man (?), n. A swagman. [Australia]

{ Swas"ti*ka, Swas"ti*ca } (?), n. [Also suastica, svastika, etc.] [Skr. svastika, fr. svasti walfare; su well + asti being.] A symbol or ornament in the form of a Greek cross with the ends of the arms at right angles all in the same direction, and each prolonged to the height of the parallel arm of the cross. A great many modified forms exist, ogee and volute as well as rectilinear, while various decorative designs, as Greek fret or meander, are derived from or closely associated with it. The swastika is found in remains from the Bronze Age in various parts of Europe, esp. at Hissarlik (Troy), and was in frequent use as late as the 10th century. It is found in ancient Persia, in India, where both Jains and Buddhists used (or still use) it as religious symbol, in China and Japan, and among Indian tribes of North, Central, and South America. It is usually thought to be a charm, talisman, or religious token, esp. a sign of good luck or benediction. Max MüLler distinguished from the swastika, with arms prolonged to the right, the suavastika, with arms prolonged to the left, but this distinction is not commonly recognized. Other names for the swastika are fylfot and gammadion.

Sway bar. (Vehicles) (a) A bar attached to the hounds, in the rear of the front axle, so as to slide on the reach as the axle is swung in turning the vehicle. (b) Either of the two bars used in coupling the front and rear sleds of a logging sled; also, the bar used to couple two logging cars.

Switch (?), n. (Elec.) A device for shifting an electric current to another circuit, or for making and breaking a circuit.

Syl"la*bus (?), n. (Law) The headnote of a reported case; the brief statement of the points of law determined prefixed to a reported case. The opinion controls the syllabus, the latter being merely explanatory of the former.

Syl"van*ite (?), n. [Fr. Transylvania, where first found.] (Min.) A telluride of gold and silver, (Au, Ag)Te2, of a steel gray, silver white, or brass yellow. It often occurs in implanted crystals resembling written characters, and hence is called graphic tellurium. H., 1.5-2. Sp.gr., 7.9-8.3.

||Sym`bi*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a living together, &?; to live together; &?; with + &?; to live.] (Biol.) The living together in more or less imitative association or even close union of two dissimilar organisms. In a broad sense the term includes parasitism, or antagonistic, or antipathetic, symbiosis, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms, but ordinarily it is used of cases where the association is advantageous, or often necessary, to one or both, and not harmful to either. When there is bodily union (in extreme cases so close that the two form practically a single body, as in the union of algæ and fungi to form lichens, and in the inclusion of algæ in radiolarians) it is called conjunctive symbiosis; if there is no actual union of the organisms (as in the association of ants with myrmecophytes), disjunctive symbiosis.

Sym`bi*ot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Biol.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, or living in, a state of symbiosis. -- Sym`bi*ot"ic*al (#), a. -- Sym`bi*ot"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Sym"pa*thy, n. (Physiol. & Med.) (a) The reciprocal influence exercised by organs or parts on one another, as shown in the effects of a diseased condition of one part on another part or organ, as in the vomiting produced by a tumor of the brain. (b) The influence of a certain psychological state in one person in producing a like state in another.

Syn"cre*tism (?), n. (Philol.) The union or fusion into one of two or more originally different inflectional forms, as of two cases.

{ Syn*dac"tyl, Syn*dac"tyle } (?), a. [Syn- + Gr. &?; finger, toe.] (Zoöl. & Med.) Having two or more digits wholly or partly united. See Syndactylism.

Syn"dic (?), n. (Civil Law) One appointed to manage an estate, essentially as a trustee, under English law.

Syn"dic*al (?), a. 1. Consisting of, or pert. to, a syndic.

2. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, syndicalism.

Syn"dic*al*ism (?), n. [F. syndicalisme.] The theory, plan, or practice of trade- union action (originally as advocated and practiced by the French Confédération Générale du Travail) which aims to abolish the present political and social system by means of the general strike (as distinguished from the local or sectional strike) and direct action of whatever kind (as distinguished from action which takes effect only through the medium of political action) -- direct action including any kind of action that is directly effective, whether it be a simple strike, a peaceful public demonstration, sabotage, or revolutionary violence. By the general strike and direct action syndicalism aims to establish a social system in which the means and processes of production are in the control of local organizations of workers, who are manage them for the common good.

Syn"dic*al*ist, n. One who advocates or practices syndicalism. -- Syn`dic*al*is"tic (#), a.

Syn"di*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -cated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. -cating (?).] 1. To combine or form into, or manage as, a syndicate.

2. To acquire or control for or by, or to subject to the management of, a syndicate; as, syndicated newspapers.

Syn"di*cate, v. i. To unite to form a syndicate.

Syn`di*ca"tion (?), n. Act or process of syndicating or forming a syndicate.

Syn"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; intelligence.] (Gram.) A construction in which adherence to some element in the sense causes a departure from strict syntax, as in "Philip went down to Samaria and preached Christ unto them."

Syn"o*nym (?), n. 1. An incorrect or incorrectly applied scientific name, as a new name applied to a species or genus already properly named, or a specific name preoccupied by that of another species of the same genus; -- so used in the system of nomenclature (which see) in which the correct scientific names of certain natural groups (usually genera, species, and subspecies) are regarded as determined by priority.

2. One of two or more words corresponding in meaning but of different languages; a heteronym. [Rare]

Syn*ton"ic (?), a. (Physics) Of or pert. to syntony; specif., designating, or pert. to, a system of wireless telegraphy in which the transmitting and receiving apparatus are in syntony with, and only with, one another. -- Syn*ton"ic*al (#), a. -- Syn*ton"ic*al*ly, adv.

Syn"to*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -nized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. -nizing (?).] [See Syntony.] (Physics) To adjust or devise so as to emit or respond to electric oscillations of a certain wave length; to tune; specif., to put (two or more instruments or systems of wireless telegraphy) in syntony with each other. -- Syn`to*ni*za"tion (#), n.

Syn"to*niz`er (?), n. (Physics) One that syntonizes; specif., a device consisting essentially of a variable inductance coil and condenser with a pair of adjustable spark balls, for attuning the time periods of antennæ in wireless telegraphy (called also syntonizing coil).

Syn"to*ny (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; agreement. See Syn-; Tone.] (Physics) State of being adjusted to a certain wave length; agreement or tuning between the time period of an apparatus emitting electric oscillations and that of a receiving apparatus, esp. in wireless telegraphy.

Sys"to*le (?), n. (Physiol. & Biol.) The contraction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up; also, the contraction of a rhythmically pulsating contractile vacuole; -- correlative to diastole. -- Sys*tol"ic (#), a.

Syz"y*gy (sz"*j), n. The intimately united and apparently fused condition of certain low organisms during conjugation.

T.

Ta*bas"co sauce (?). [So named after Tabasco, a river and state of Mexico.] A kind of very pungent sauce made from red peppers.

||Ta`bleau", n. (Solitaire) The arrangement, or layout, of cards.

||Ta"ble d'hôte". Now, commonly, a meal, usually of several courses, in a restaurant, hotel, or the like, for which one pays a fixed price irrespective of what one orders; -- often used adjectively; as, a table-d'hôte meal.

Table work. (Print.) Typesetting of tabular nmatter, or the type matter set in tabular form.

Tab"loid (?), n. [A table-mark.] A compressed portion of one or more drugs or chemicals, or of food, etc.

Tab"loid, a. Compressed or condensed, as into a tabloid; administrated in or as in tabloids, or small condensed bits; as, a tabloid form of imparting information.

Ta*boo" (?), a. [Written also tapu.] [Polynesian tabu, tapu, sacred, under restriction, a prohibition.] Set apart or sacred by religious custom among certain races of Polynesia, New Zealand, etc., and forbidden to certain persons or uses; hence, prohibited under severe penalties; interdicted; as, food, places, words, customs, etc., may be taboo.

||Tac`-au-tac" (?), n. [F., fr. riposter du tac au tac to parry (where tac imitates the sound made by the steel).] (Fencing) The parry which is connected with a riposte; also, a series of quick attacks and parries in which neither fencer gains a point.

Ta*chis"to*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;, superl. of &?; swift + -scope.] (Physiol.) An apparatus for exposing briefly to view a screen bearing letters or figures. It is used in studying the range of attention, or the power of distinguishing separate objects in a single impression.

Tach"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; speed + -graph.] A recording or registering tachometer; also, its autographic record.

Ta*chom"e*try (?), n. Measurement by a tachometer; the science or use of tachometers.

Tach"y*graph (?), n. An example of tachygraphy; esp., an ancient Greek or Roman tachygraphic manuscript.

Ta*chyg"ra*pher (?), n. [Gr. &?; a fast writer.] One who writes shorthand; a stenographer; esp., an ancient Greek or Roman notary.

Ta*chym"e*ter (?), n. [Tachy- + -meter.] 1. (Surveying) An instrument, esp. a transit or theodolite with stadia wires, for determining quickly the distances, bearings, and elevations of distant objects.

2. A speed indicator; a tachometer.

Ta*chym"e*try (?), n. The science or use of the tachymeter. -- Ta`chy*met"ric (#), a.

Tach"y*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; quick + -scope.] An early form of antimated-picture machine, devised in 1889 by Otto Anschütz of Berlin, in which the chronophotographs were mounted upon the periphery of a rotating wheel.

Tack"y (?), a. [Etymol. uncert.] Dowdy, shabby, or neglected in appearance; unkempt. [Local, U. S.]

Tack"y, n. [Written also tackey.] An ill-conditioned, ill-fed, or neglected horse; also, a person in a like condition. [Southern U. S.]

Tact"ful (?), a. Full of tact; characterized by a discerning sense of what is right, proper, or judicious.

Tac"tic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Tactics.] Of or pert. to military or naval tactics; hence, pert. to, or characterized by, planning or maneuvering.

{ Tæ"ni*a*cide` (?), n. Also Te"ni*a*cide` }. [Tænia + -cide.] (Med.) A remedy to destroy tapeworms.

{ Tæ"ni*a*fuge` (?), n. Also Te"ni*a*fuge` }. [Tænia + L. fugare to drive away.] (Med.) A remedy to expel tapeworms.

{ ||Tæ*ni"a*sis (?), n. Also ||Te*ni"a*sis }. [NL. See Tænia.] (Med.) Ill health due to tænia, or tapeworms.

Ta*gal" (?), n. 1. One of a Malayan race, mainly of central Luzon, next to the Visayans the most numerous of the native peoples of the Philippines. Nearly all are Christians and many are highly educated.

2. The language of the Tagals; Tagalog.

Ta*ga"log (?), n. 1. (Ethnol.) Any member of a certain tribe which is one of the leading and most civilized of those native of the Philippine Islands.

2. The language of the Tagalogs. It belongs to the Malay family of languages and is one of the most highly developed members of the family.

Tag day. A day on which contributions to some public or private charity or fund are solicited promiscuously on the street, and tags given to contributors to wear as an evidence of their having contributed. Such solicitation is now subject to legal restriction in various places.

Tai (?), a. Designating, or pertaining to, the chief linguistic stock of Indo-China, including the peoples of Siamese and Shan speech.

Tai, n. A member of one of the tribes of the Tai stock.

The Tais first appeared in history in Yunnan, and from thence they migrated into Upper Burma. The earliest swarms appear to have entered that tract about two thousand years ago, and were small in number.

Census of India, 1901.

Tail, n. 1. pl. (Rope Making) In some forms of rope-laying machine, pieces of rope attached to the iron bar passing through the grooven wooden top containing the strands, for wrapping around the rope to be laid.

2. pl. A tailed coat; a tail coat. [Colloq. or Dial.]

Tail, n. (Aëronautics) In flying machines, a plane or group of planes used at the rear to confer stability.

Tail"ing, n. (Elec.) A prolongation of current in a telegraph line, due to capacity in the line and causing signals to run together.

Tai"lor-made`, a. Made by a tailor or according to a tailor's fashion; -- said specif. of women's garments made with certain closeness of fit, simplicity of ornament, etc.

Tail"piece` (?), n. 1. (Locks) A piece for transmitting motion from the hub of a lock to the latch bolt.

2. The part of a telescope containing the adjusting device for the eyepiece, etc.

Taint (?), v. t. Aphetic form of Attaint.

{ Tai"ping", or Tae"ping" } (?), a. [Chin. t'aip'ing great peace.] (Chinese Hist.) Pertaining to or designating a dynasty with which one Hung-Siu-Chuen, a half-religious, half-political enthusiast, attempted to supplant the Manchu dynasty by the Taiping rebellion, incited by him in 1850 and suppressed by General Gordon about 1864.

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Taj Ma*hal" (täj m*häl"). [Corruption of Per. Mumtz-i-Maal, lit., the distinguished one of the palace, fr. Ar.] A marble mausoleum built at Agra, India, by the Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan, in memory of his favorite wife. In beauty of design and rich decorative detail it is one of the best examples of Saracenic architecture.

Take (tk), v. t. 1. To make a picture, photograph, or the like, of; as, to take a group or a scene. [Colloq.]

2. To give or deliver (a blow to); to strike; hit; as, he took me in the face; he took me a blow on the head. [Obs. exc. Slang or Dial.]

Take"-off`, n. The spot at which one takes off; specif., the place from which a jumper rises in leaping.

The take-off should be selected with great care, and a pit of large dimensions provided on the landing side.

Encyc. of Sport.

Tak"ing-off`, n. 1. (Print.) The removal of sheets from the press. [Eng.]

2. Act of presenting a take-off, or burlesque imitation.

||Tal"a*poin (tl"*poin), n. [Pg. talapoi, talapoin, name for Buddhist priest, fr. Siamese t‘ama p‘r; t‘ama, honorific title + p‘r priest.] A Buddhist monk or priest. [Ceylon & Indo- China]

||Tal"cum (?), n. [NL.] (Min.) Same as Talc.

Tall"boy` (?), n. 1. A kind of long-stemmed wineglass or cup.

2. A piece of household furniture common in the eighteenth century, usually in two separate parts, with larger drawers above and smaller ones below and raised on legs fifteen inches or more in height; -- called also highboy.

3. A long sheet-metal pipe for a chimney top.

||Tal"lis (?), n. Same as Tallith.