Chapter 40

San Jo*sé" scale (?). A very destructive scale insect (Aspidiotus perniciosus) that infests the apple, pear, and other fruit trees. So called because first introduced into the United States at San José, California.

Sap"ro*phyt*ism (?), n. State or fact of being saprophytic.

Sas*tru"gi (?). Incorrect, but common, var. of Zastrugi.

Sat`i*nette" (?), n. One of a breed of fancy frilled pigeons allied to the owls and turbits, having the body white, the shoulders tricolored, and the tail bluish black with a large white spot on each feather.

Sat"in weave. A style of weaving producing smooth- faced fabric in which the warp interlaces with the filling at points distributed over the surface.

{ Sav"vy, Sav"vey } (?), v. t. & i. [Written also savey.] [Sp. saber to know, sabe usted do you know?] To understand; to comprehend; know. [Slang, U. S.]

{ Sav"vy, Sav"vey }, n. Comprehension; knowledge of affairs; mental grasp. [Slang, U. S.]

Sax"o*ny (?), n. [So named after the kingdom of Saxony, reputed to produce fine wool.] 1. A kind of glossy woolen cloth formerly much used.

2. Saxony yarn, or flannel made of it or similar yarn.

Saxony yarn. A fine grade of woolen yarn twisted somewhat harder and smoother than zephyr yarn.

Scab, n. (Bot.) Any one of various more or less destructive fungus diseases attacking cultivated plants, and usually forming dark-colored crustlike spots.

{ Scar"ab, Scar"a*bee` }, n. } Same as Scarabæus.

||Scar*a*bæ"us, n. (Egypt. Archæol.) A conventionalized representation of a beetle, with its legs held closely at its sides, carved in natural or made in baked clay, and commonly having an inscription on the flat underside.

Scav"enge (?), v. i. (Internal- combustion Engines) To remove the burned gases from the cylinder after a working stroke; as, this engine does not scavenge well.

Scav"enge, v. t. To remove (burned gases) from the cylinder after a working stroke.

Scav"eng*ing (?), p. pr. & vb. n. of Scavenge. Hence, n. (Internal-combustion Engines) Act or process of expelling the exhaust gases from the cylinder by some special means, as, in many four-cycle engines, by utilizing the momentum of the exhaust gases in a long exhaust pipe.

||Schap"pe (?), n. [G. dial. (Swiss), waste, impurity.] A silk yarn or fabric made out of carded spun silk.

Schat"chen (?), n. [Yiddish, fr. NHeb. shadkhn, fr. shdakh to bring about a marriage, orig., to persuade.] A person whose business is marriage brokage; a marriage broker, esp. among certain Jews.

Schi"zont (sk"znt or skz"nt), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, p.pr., cleaving.] (Zoöl.) In certain Sporozoa, a cell formed by the growth of a sporozoite or merozoite (in a cell or corpuscle of the host) which segment by superficial cleavage, without encystment or conjugation, into merozoites.

||Schnor"rer (?), n. [Yiddish, fr. G. schnurrer, fr. schnurren to hum, whir, hence, from the sound of the musical instrument used by strolling beggars, to beg.] Among the Jews, a beggar.

Sci*ag"ra*phy, n. (Physics) Same as Radiography.

Sclaff (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sclaffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sclaffing.] [Orig. uncert.] 1. To scuff or shuffle along. [Scot.]

2. (Golf) To scrape the ground with the sole of the club, before striking the ball, in making a stroke.

Sclaff, v. t. (Golf) To scrape (the club) on the ground, in a stroke, before hitting the ball; also, to make (a stroke) in that way.

Sclaff, n. [Scot.] 1. A slight blow; a slap; a soft fall; also, the accompanying noise.

2. (Golf) The stroke made by one who sclaffs.

3. A thin, solid substance, esp. a thin shoe or slipper.

Scoop (?), n. A beat. [Newspaper Slang]

Scoop, v. t. To get a scoop, or a beat, on (a rival). [Newspaper Slang]

Scorch, v. i. To ride or drive at great, usually at excessive, speed; -- applied chiefly to automobilists and bicyclists. [Colloq.] -- Scorch"er, n. [Colloq.]

Score (?), v. i. 1. To keep the score in a game; to act as scorer.

2. To make or count a point or points, as in a game; to tally.

3. To run up a score, or account of dues.

Scotch rite. (Freemasonry) The ceremonial observed by one of the Masonic systems, called in full the Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite; also, the system itself, which confers thirty-three degrees, of which the first three are nearly identical with those of the York rite.

Scotch terrier. (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small terriers with long, rough hair.

Scot"tish ter"ri*er. (Zoöl.) Same as Scotch terrier.

Scour (?), v. t. To cleanse or clear, as by a current of water; to flush.

If my neighbor ought to scour a ditch.

Blackstone.

Scour, n. 1. The act of scouring.

2. A place scoured out by running water, as in the bed of a stream below a fall.

If you catch the two sole denizens [trout] of a particular scour, you will find another pair installed in their place to-morrow.

Grant Allen.

Scout, n. A boy scout (which see, above).

Scrag (?), v. t. [Cf. Scrag.] To seize, pull, or twist the neck of; specif., to hang by the neck; to kill by hanging. [Colloq.]

An enthusiastic mob will scrag me to a certainty the day war breaks out.

Pall Mall Mag.

Scram"bled eggs (?). Eggs of which the whites and yolks are stirred together while cooking, or eggs beaten slightly, often with a little milk, and stirred while cooking.

Scrap"ple (?), n. [Dim. of scrap.] An article of food made by boiling together bits or scraps of meat, usually pork, and flour or Indian meal.

Scratch, n. In various sports, the line from which the start is made, except in the case of contestants receiving a distance handicap.

{ Scratch player, runner, etc. } One that starts from the scratch; hence, one of first-rate ability.

Scream"er (?), n. 1. Something so remarkable as to provoke a scream, as of joy. [Slang]

2. An exclamation mark. [Printer's Slang]

Screen (skrn), n. (Cricket) An erection of white canvas or wood placed on the boundary opposite a batsman to enable him to see ball better.

Scrub (?), n. 1. Vegetation of inferior quality, though sometimes thick and impenetrable, growing in poor soil or in sand; also, brush. See Brush, above. [Australia & South Africa]

2. (Forestry) A low, straggling tree of inferior quality.

||Scru`tin" de liste" (skr`tN" d lst). [F., voting by list.] Voting for a group of candidates for the same kind of office on one ticket or ballot, containing a list of them; -- the method, used in France, as from June, 1885, to Feb., 1889, in elections for the Chamber of Deputies, each elector voting for the candidates for the whole department in which he lived, as disting. from scrutin d'arrondissement (d`rôN`ds`mäN"), or voting by each elector for the candidate or candidates for his own arrondissement only.

Scut"ter (?), v. i. [Cf. Scuttle, v. i.] To run quickly; to scurry; to scuttle. [Prov. Eng.]

A mangy little jackal . . . cocked up his ears and tail, and scuttered across the shallows.

Kipling.

Seal"skin` (?), n. The skin of a seal; the pelt of a seal prepared for use, esp. of the fur seal; also, a garment made of this material.

Search"light` (?), n. (a) An apparatus for projecting a powerful beam of light of approximately parallel rays, usually devised so that it can be swiveled about. (b) The beam of light projecting by this apparatus.

Se"cret serv"ice. The detective service of a government. In the United States, in time of peace the bureau of secret service is under the treasury department, and in time of war it aids the war department in securing information concerning the movements of the enemy.

See, v. t. In poker and similar games at cards, to meet (a bet), or to equal the bet of (a player), by staking the same sum.

See"catch (?), n. [Russ. siekach.] (Zoöl.) A full-grown male fur seal. [Alaska]

Seep"age, n. The act or process of seeping; percolation.

Seis"mo*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?; earthquake + -gram.] (Physics) The trace or record of an earth tremor, made by means of a seismograph.

Self (?), a. Having its own or a single nature or character, as in color, composition, etc., without addition or change; unmixed; as, a self bow, one made from a single piece of wood; self flower or plant, one which is wholly of one color; self-colored.

Self`-bind"er (?), n. A reaping machine containing mechanism for binding the grain into sheaves.

Self`-ex*cite", v. t. (Elec.) To energize or excite (the field magnets of a dynamo) by induction from the residual magnetism of its cores, leading all or a part of the current thus produced through the field-magnet coils.

Self`-hard"en*ing, a. (Metal.) Designating, or pert. to, any of various steels that harden when heated to above a red heat and cooled in air, usually in a blast of cold air with moderate rapidity, without quenching. Such steels are alloys of iron and carbon with manganese, tungsten and manganese, chromium, molybdenum and manganese, etc. They are chiefly used as high-speed steels. -- Self`-hard"en*ed, a.

Self`-help", n. (Law) The right or fact of redressing or preventing wrongs by one's own action without recourse to legal proceedings, as in self-defense, distress, abatement of a nuisance, etc.

Self`-in*duc"tion, n. (Elec.) Induction in a circuit due to the action of one portion of a current upon an adjacent portion during periods of varying current strength. The nature of the induction is such as to oppose the action which produces it.

Self`-start"er, n. A mechanism (usually one operated by electricity, compressed air, a spring, or an explosive gas), attached to an internal-combustion engine, as on an automobile, and used as a means of starting the engine without cranking it by hand.

Se*ma`si*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; signification + -logy.] (Philol.) The science of meanings or sense development (of words); the explanation of the development and changes of the meanings of words. -- Se*ma`si*o*log"ic*al (#), a.

Se*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, sign, token.] Significant; ominous; serving as a warning of danger; -- applied esp. to the warning colors or forms of certain animals.

Sem`i-Die"sel (?), a. Designating an internal-combustion engine of a type resembling the Diesel engine in using as fuel heavy oil which is injected in a spray just before the end of the compression stroke and is fired without electrical ignition. The fuel is sprayed into an iron box (called a hot bulb or hot pot) opening into the combustion chamber, and heated for ignition by a blast-lamp until the engine is running, when it is, ordinarily, kept red hot by the heat of combustion.

Sem`i*nar" (?), n. [G. See Seminary, n.] A group of students engaged, under the guidance of an instructor, in original research in a particular line of study, and in the exposition of the results by theses, lectures, etc.; -- called also seminary.

Sem`i*ra"di*al (?), a. Half radial.

Semiradial engine. (Mach.) See Radial engine, above.

Sem`i*ton*tine" (?), a. (LIfe Insurance) Lit., half-tontine; -- used to designate a form of tontine life insurance. See Tontine insurance. -- Sem`i*ton*tine", n.

||Se*nhor" (?), n. [Pg. Cf. Señor, Senior.] A Portuguese title of courtesy corresponding to the Spanish señor or the English Mr. or sir; also, a gentleman.

||Se*nho"ra (?), n. [Pg. Cf. Señora.] A Portuguese title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady.

Sen`si*tom"e*ter (?), n. [See Sensitive; -meter.] (Photog.) An instrument or apparatus for comparing and grading the sensitiveness of plates, films, etc., as a screen divided into squares of different shades or colors, from which a picture is made on the plate to be tested.

Sen"tence meth`od. (Education) A method of teaching reading by giving first attention to phrases and sentences and later analyzing these into their verbal and alphabetic components; -- contrasted with alphabet and word methods.

Se*phar"dic (?), a. [From Sephardim, a name applied to the Spanish Jews, fr. Sephard, name of a place where Jews were held in captivity (Ob. 20).] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Jews (the Sephardim, also called Spanish or Portuguese Jews) descended from Jewish families driven from Spain by the Inquisition.

Se*phar"dim (?), n. pl. [NHeb.; orig. uncert.] Jews who are descendants of the former Jews of Spain and Portugal. They are as a rule darker than the northern Jews, and have more delicate features.

||Sé`rac" (?), n. [F. (in the Alps), orig., a kind of solid cheese.] A pinnacle of ice among the crevasses of a glacier; also, one of the blocks into which a glacier breaks on a steep grade.

Se"ries (?), n. 1. (Bot.) In Engler's system of plant classification, a group of families showing certain structural or morphological relationships. It corresponds to the cohort of some writers, and to the order of many modern systematists.

2. (Elec.) A mode of arranging the separate parts of a circuit by connecting them successively end to end to form a single path for the current; -- opposed to parallel. The parts so arranged are said to be in series.

3. (Com.) A parcel of rough diamonds of assorted qualities.

Series dynamo. (Elec.) (a) A series-wound dynamo. (b) A dynamo running in series with another or others.

Series motor. (Elec.) (a) A series-wound motor. (b) A motor capable of being used in a series circuit.

Series turns. (Elec.) The turns in a series circuit.

Series winding. (Elec.) A winding in which the armature coil and the field-magnet coil are in series with the external circuits; -- opposed to shunt winding. -- Se"ries-wound`, a.

Ser`i*graph (?), n. [L. sericum silk + E. -graph.] An autographic device to test the strength of raw silk.

Se`ro*ther"a*py (?), n. (Med.) (a) Serum-therapy. (b) The whey cure.

Se"rum-ther`a*py (?), n. (Med.) The treatment of disease by the injection of blood serum from immune animals.

{ Serv"ice cap or hat }. (Mil.) A cap or hat worn by officers or enlisted men when full-dress uniform, or dress uniform, is not worn. In the United States army the service cap is round, about 3½ inches high, flat-topped, with a visor. The service hat is of soft felt of khaki color, with broad brim and high crown, creased down the middle.

Service uniform. (Mil. & Nav.) The uniform prescribed in regulations for active or routine service, in distinction from dress, full dress, etc. In the United States army it is of olive-drab woolen or khaki-colored cotton, with all metal attachments of dull-finish bronze, with the exceptional of insignia of rank, which are of gold or silver finish.

Ser`vo-mo"tor (?), n. [Sometimes erroneously spelt serro-motor.] [F. servo-moteur. See Serf; Motor.] (Mach.) A relay apparatus; specif.: (a) An auxiliary motor, regulated by a hand lever, for quickly and easily moving the reversing gear of a large marine engine into any desired position indicated by that of the hand lever, which controls the valve of the motor. (b) In a Whitehead torpedo, a compressed-air motor, for moving the rudders so as to correct deviations from the course.

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Set, n. 1. (Textiles) Any of various standards of measurement of the fineness of cloth; specif., the number of reeds in one inch and the number of threads in each reed. The exact meaning varies according to the location where it is used. Sometimes written sett.

2. A stone, commonly of granite, shaped like a short brick and usually somewhat larger than one, used for street paving. Commonly written sett.

3. Camber of a curved roofing tile.

4. The manner, state, or quality of setting or fitting; fit; as, the set of a coat. [Colloq.]

Set chisel. (Mech.) A kind of chisel or punch, variously shaped, with a broad flat end, used for stripping off rivet heads, etc.

Set`ting-up" ex"er*cise. Any one of a series of gymnastic exercises used, as in drilling recruits, for the purpose of giving an erect carriage, supple muscles, and an easy control of the limbs.

Shack, n. [Cf. Shack, v. i.] A hut; a shanty; a cabin. [Colloq.]

These miserable shacks are so low that their occupants cannot stand erect.

D. C. Worcester.

Shade (?), v. i. [See Shade, n.] To undergo or exhibit minute difference or variation, as of color, meaning, expression, etc.; to pass by slight changes; -- used chiefly with a preposition, as into, away, off.

This small group will be most conveniently treated with the emotional division, into which it shades.

Edmund Gurney.

{ ||Shai"tan, ||Shei"tan } (?), n. [Written also sheytan.] [Hind. shaitn, fr. Ar. shain.] 1. Among Mohammedans: (a) An evil spirit; the evil one; the devil. (b) One of bad disposition; a fiend. [Colloq.]

2. (Meteor.) A dust storm. [India]

||Shak"u*do" (?), n. [Jap.] An alloy of copper, invented by the Japanese, having a very dark blue color approaching black.

Shaps (?), n. pl. [Shortened fr. chaparajos. Cf. Chaps.] Chaparajos. [Western U. S.]

A pair of gorgeous buckskin shaps, embroidered up the sides and adorned with innumerable ermine skins.

The Century.

Shas"ta (?), n. A mountain peak, etc., in California.

Shasta daisy. A large-flowered garden variety of the oxeye daisy.

Shasta fir. A Californian fir (Abies shastensis).

Shasta Sam. (Card Playing) A game like California Jack, except that the pack drawn from is turned face down.

Shear steel. See under Shear.

Shed, n. (Aëronautics) A covered structure for housing aircraft; a hangar.

Shell (?), n. 1. Something similar in form or action to an ordnance shell; specif.: (a) (Fireworks) A case or cartridge containing a charge of explosive material, which bursts after having been thrown high into the air. It is often elevated through the agency of a larger firework in which it is contained. (b) (Oil Wells) A torpedo.

2. A concave rough cast-iron tool in which a convex lens is ground to shape.

3. A gouge bit or shell bit.

Sher"ard*ize (?), v. t. [From Sherard Cowper-Coles, the inventor.] (Metal.) To subject to the process of vapor galvanizing (which see, below).

Shi"cer (sh"sr), n. [Prob. fr. G. scheisser one who dungs.] (Mining) An unproductive mine; a duffer. [Australia]

||Shin Shu (?). [Jap., lit., true sect.] The leading and most progressive Buddhist sect of Japan, resting its faith rather upon Amida than Gautama Buddha. Rites and ceremonies are held useless without uprightness.

{ Shin"ti*yan (shn"t*yn), Shin"ty*an (shn"t*n) }, n.} [Ar. shintn.] A kind of wide loose drawers or trousers worn by women in Mohammedan countries.

Ship"ping note. (Com.) A document used in shipping goods by sea. In the case of free goods the shipping notes are the receiving note, addressed by the shipper to the chief officer of the vessel, requesting him to receive on board specified goods, and a receipt for the mate to sign, on receiving whose signature it is called the mate's receipt, and is surrendered by the shipper for the bills of lading.

||Ship*po" (?), n. [Jap. shipp seven precious things; Chin. ts'ih seven + pao gem.] (Japanese Art) Cloisonné enamel on a background of metal or porcelain.

Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway running into the water with a cradelike car on which a vessel may be drawn out on land, as for repairs. (b) A railway on which to transport vessels overland between bodies of water.

Shire horse. One of an English breed of heavy draft horses believed to be descended largely from the horses used in war in the days of heavy armor. They are the largest of the British draft breeds, and have long hair on the back of the cannons and fetlocks. Brown or bay with white on the face and legs is now the commonest color.

Shirt waist. A belted waist resembling a shirt in plainness of cut and style, worn by women or children; -- in England called a blouse.

Shirt-waist suit. A costume consisting of a plain belted waist and skirt of the same material.

||Shi*zo"ku (?), n. sing. & pl. [Jap. shi-zoku, fr. Chin. ch' (chi) branch, posterity + tsu kindered, class.] The Japanese warrior gentry or middle class, formerly called samurai; also, any member of this class.

Shock, v. t. (Physiol.) To subject to the action of an electrical discharge so as to cause a more or less violent depression or commotion of the nervous system.

Shod"dy (?), n. [Perh. akin to Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shed or thrown off; cf. dial. shod to shed, and E. Shed a parting, separation, Shode a parting.] Fluffy, fibrous waste from wool carding, worsted spinning, or weaving of woolens.

Shoddy fever. (Med.) A febrile disease characterized by dyspnœa and bronchitis caused by inhaling dust.

Shoe (sh), n. The outer cover or tread of a pneumatic tire, esp. for an automobile.

Shoe"fly` (?), n. 1. (Railroading) A contrivance for throwing the track temporarily to one side for convenience in filling washouts or effecting other repairs. [Cant, U. S.]

2. (Print.) In some cylinder presses, a device with long fingers for freeing the sheet from the cylinder.

Shop (?), n. 1. A person's occupation, business, profession, or the like, as a subject of attention, interest, conversation, etc.; -- generally in deprecation.

2. A place where any industry is carried on; as, a chemist's shop; also, (Slang), any of the various places of business which are commonly called offices, as of a lawyer, doctor, broker, etc.

3. Any place of resort, as one's house, a restaurant, etc. [Slang, Chiefly Eng.]

Shot, n. 1. (Fisheries) (a) A cast of a net. (b) The entire throw of nets at one time. (c) A place or spot for setting nets. (d) A single draft or catch of fish made.

2. (Athletics) A spherical weight, to be put, or thrown, in competition for distance.

3. A stroke or propulsive action in certain games, as in billiards, hockey, curling, etc.; also, a move, as in chess.

4. A guess; conjecture; also, an attempt. [Colloq.]

Shot samples. (Metal.) Samples taken for assay from a molten metallic mass pouring a portion into water, to granulate it.

Shoul"der, v. i. To push with the shoulder; to make one's way, as through a crowd, by using the shoulders; to move swaying the shoulders from side to side.

A yoke of the great sulky white bullocks . . . came shouldering along together.

Kipling.

Shout (?), v. i. To entertain with refreshments or the like gratuitously; to treat. [Slang, Australia & U. S.]

Shout, v. t. To treat (one) to something; also, to give (something) by way of treating. [Slang, Australia & U. S.]

Shout, n. A gratuitous entertainment, with refreshments or the like; a treat. [Slang, Australia & U. S.]

Shrine (?), n. Short for Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, a secret order professedly originated by one Kalif Alu, a son-in-law of Mohammed, at Mecca, in the year of the Hegira 25 (about 646 a. d.) In the modern order, established in the United States in 1872, only Knights Templars or thirty-second degree Masons are eligible for admission, though the order itself is not Masonic.

Shroff"age (?), n. A money dealer's commission; also, more commonly, the examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased.

Shrop"shire (?), n. [From Shropshire, country of England.] An English breed of black-faced hornless sheep similar to the Southdown, but larger, now extensively raised in many parts of the world.

Shuck, v. t. To remove or take off (shucks); hence, to discard; to lay aside; -- usually with off. [Colloq.]

"Shucking" his coronet, after he had imbibed several draughts of fire water.

F. A. Ober.

He had only been in Africa long enough to shuck off the notions he had acquired about the engineering of a west coast colony.

Pall Mall Mag.

Shunt"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Shunt. Specif.: vb. n. (a) (Railroads) Switching; as, shunting engine, yard, etc. [British] (b) (Finance) Arbitrage conducted between certain local markets without the necessity of the exchange involved in foreign arbitrage. [Great Britain]

Shunt valve. (Mach.) A valve permitting a fluid under pressure an easier avenue of escape than normally; specif., a valve, actuated by the governor, used in one system of marine-engine governing to connect both ends of the low-pressure cylinder as a supplementary control.