Chapter 39

Re*serve", n. 1. (Finance) (a) That part of the assets of a bank or other financial institution specially kept in cash in a more or less liquid form as a reasonable provision for meeting all demands which may be made upon it; specif.: (b) (Banking) Usually, the uninvested cash kept on hand for this purpose, called the real reserve. In Great Britain the ultimate real reserve is the gold kept on hand in the Bank of England, largely represented by the notes in hand in its own banking department; and any balance which a bank has with the Bank of England is a part of its reserve. In the United States the reserve of a national bank consists of the amount of lawful money it holds on hand against deposits, which is required by law to be not less than 15 per cent (U. S. Rev. Stat. secs. 5191, 5192), three fifths of which the banks not in a reserve city (which see) may keep deposited as balances in national banks that are in reserve cities (U. S. Rev. Stat. sec. 5192). (c) (Life Insurance) The amount of funds or assets necessary for a company to have at any given time to enable it, with interest and premiums paid as they shall accure, to meet all claims on the insurance then in force as they would mature according to the particular mortality table accepted. The reserve is always reckoned as a liability, and is calculated on net premiums. It is theoretically the difference between the present value of the total insurance and the present value of the future premiums on the insurance. The reserve, being an amount for which another company could, theoretically, afford to take over the insurance, is sometimes called the reinsurance fund or the self-insurance fund. For the first year upon any policy the net premium is called the initial reserve, and the balance left at the end of the year including interest is the terminal reserve. For subsequent years the initial reserve is the net premium, if any, plus the terminal reserve of the previous year. The portion of the reserve to be absorbed from the initial reserve in any year in payment of losses is sometimes called the insurance reserve, and the terminal reserve is then called the investment reserve.

2. In exhibitions, a distinction which indicates that the recipient will get a prize if another should be disqualified.

3. (Calico Printing) A resist.

4. A preparation used on an object being electroplated to fix the limits of the deposit.

5. See Army organization, above.

Reserve city. (Banking) In the national banking system of the United States, any of certain cities in which the national banks are required (U. S. Rev. Stat. sec. 5191) to keep a larger reserve (25 per cent) than the minimum (15 per cent) required of all other banks. The banks in certain of the reserve cities (specifically called central reserve cities) are required to keep their reserve on hand in cash; banks in other reserve cities may keep half of their reserve as deposits in these banks (U. S. Rev. Stat. sec. 5195).

||Re`si*den"cia (?), n. [Sp.] In Spanish countries, a court or trial held, sometimes as long as six months, by a newly elected official, as the governor of a province, to examine into the conduct of a predecessor.

Re*sist", n. (Technical) Something that resists or prevents a certain action; specif.: A substance applied to a surface, as of metal, to prevent the action on it of acid or other chemical agent.

Re*sist"ance frame`. (Elec.) A rheostat consisting of an open frame on which are stretched spirals of wire. Being freely exposed to the air, they radiate heat rapidly.

Res"o*nance, n. An electric phenomenon corresponding to that of acoustic resonance, due to the existance of certain relations of the capacity, inductance, resistance, and frequency of an alternating circuit.

Res"o*nant, a. (Elec.) Adjusted as to dimensions (as an electric circuit) so that currents or electric surgings are produced by the passage of electric waves of a given frequency.

Res"o*na`tor (?), n. [NL. & G.] Anything that resounds or resonates; specif.: (a) (Teleg.) An open box for containing a sounder and designed to concentrate and amplify the sound. (b) (Elec.) Any of various apparatus for exhibiting or utilizing the effects of resonance in connection with open circuits, as a device having an oscillating circuit which includes a helix of bare copper wire, a variable number of coils of which can be connected in circuit with a condenser and spark gap excited with an induction coil. It is used to create high-frequency electric brush discharges. (c) (Wireless Teleg.) The antenna system and other high-frequency circuits of a receiving apparatus.

Re*sorp"tion (r*sôrp"shn), n. (Petrography) The redissolving wholly or in part, in the molten magma of an igneous rock, of crystals previously formed. The dissolved material may again solidify, giving rise to a mass of small crystals, usually of a different kind.

||Res"sal*dar (rs"sal*där), n. [Hind. risldr, fr. risl troop of horse + Per. dr holding.] (Mil.) In the Anglo-Indian army, a native commander of a ressala.

Rest cure. (Med.) Treatment of severe nervous disorder, as neurasthenia, by rest and isolation with systematic feeding and the use of massage and electricity.

Re*tard"er (r*tär"dr), n. 1. (Steam Boiler) Any of various devices, as a helix of flat metal strip, introduced into a boiler tube to increase the heating effect of the fire.

2. (Photog.) A substance, as potassium bromide, added to a developer to retard its action.

||Re*trous`sé" (?), a. [F., p.p. of retrousser to turn up.] Turned up; -- said of a pug nose.

||Re*vers" (?), n.sing & pl. [F. See Reverse, n.] (Dressmaking, Tailoring, etc.) A part turned or folded back so as to show the inside, or a piece put on in imitation of such a part, as the lapel of a coat.

||Rez`-de-chaus`sée" (?), n. [F., lit., level of the street. See Raze, v. t., and Causey.] (Arch.) The ground story of a building, either on a level with the street or raised slightly above it; -- said esp. of buildings on the continent of Europe.

Tier above tier of neat apartments rise over the little shops which form the rez-de-chaussée.

The Century.

Rhe"o*crat (?), n. [Gr. "rei^n to flow + kratei^n to rule.] (Elec.) A kind of motor speed controller permitting of very gradual variation in speed and of reverse. It is especially suitable for use with motor driven machine tools.

||Ri*dot"to (?), n. [See Redoubt.] (Music) An arrangement or abridgment of a piece from the full score.

||Ri*fa`ci*men"to (?), n.; pl. Rifacimenti (#). [It.] A remaking or recasting; an adaptation, esp. of a literary work or musical composition.

Rif"fle (?), n. [Cf. Riffle a trough.] A ripple in a stream or current of water; also, a place where the water ripples, as on a shallow rapid. [Local, U. S.]

The bass have left the cool depth beside the rock and are on the riffle or just below it.

James A. Henshall.

Rig"ger, n. (Painting) A long slender, and pointed sable brush for making fine lines, etc.; -- said to be so called from its use by marine painters for drawing the lines of the rigging.

Rig`o*lette" (?), n. [Prob. fr. Rigolette, name of a girl in Eugene Sue's novel "Mystères de Paris."] A woman's light scarflike head covering, usually knit or crocheted of wool.

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Rig"or*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. rigorisme.] (Ethics) Strictness in ethical principles; -- usually applied to ascetic ethics, and opposed to ethical latitudinarianism.

||Rigs"dag (?), n. [Dan. Cf. Reichstag.] See Legislature, Denmark.

Rim"-fire` (?), a. Having the percussion fulminate in a rim surrounding the base, distinguished from center-fire; -- said of cartridges; also, using rim-fire cartridges; as, a rim-fire gun. Such cartridges are now little used.

||Rin*con" (?), n.; pl. Rincones (#). [Sp. rincón.] An interior corner; a nook; hence, an angular recess or hollow bend in a mountain, river, cliff, or the like. [Western & Southern U. S.] D. S. Jordan.

Ring armature. (Elec.) An armature for a dynamo or motor having the conductors wound on a ring.

Ring winding. (Elec.) Armature winding in which the wire is wound round the outer and inner surfaces alternately of an annular or cylindrical core.

Rip cord. (Aëronautics) A cord by which the gas bag of a balloon may be ripped open for a limited distance to release the gas quickly and so cause immediate descent.

{ Rip"per act or bill }. An act or a bill conferring upon a chief executive, as a governor or mayor, large powers of appointment and removal of heads of departments or other subordinate officials. [Polit. Cant, U. S.]

Rip"ping cord. (Aëronautics) = Rip cord.

Ripping panel. (Aëronautics) A long patch, on a balloon, to be ripped off, by the rip cord, at landing, in order to allow the immediate escape of gas and instant deflation of the bag.

Ripping strip. = Ripping panel.

Rise (?), v. t. [See Rise, v. i.] 1. To go up; to ascend; to climb; as, to rise a hill.

2. To cause to rise; as, to rise a fish, or cause it to come to the surface of the water; to rise a ship, or bring it above the horizon by approaching it; to raise.

Until we rose the bark we could not pretend to call it a chase.

W. C. Russell.

{ ||Ris`qué", a. masc., ||Ris`quée", a. fem. }, (&?;). [F., p.p. of risquer to risk.] Hazardous; risky; esp., fig., verging upon impropriety; dangerously close to, or suggestive of, what is indecent or of doubtful morality; as, a risqué story. Henry Austin.

||Ri`vière" (?), n. [F.] A necklace of diamonds or other precious stones, esp. one of several strings.

Roar"ing for"ties (?). (Naut.) The middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere. So called from the boisterous and prevailing westerly winds, which are especially strong in the South Indian Ocean up to 50° S.

Rob"a*lo (?), n. [Sp. róbalo.] Any of several pikelike marine fishes of the West Indies and tropical America constituting the family Oxylabracidæ, esp. the largest species (Oxylabrax, syn. Centropomus, undecimalis), a valuable food fish called also snook, the smaller species being called Rob`a*li"to (&?;).

||Ro"ble (?), n. [Sp., oak.] (Bot.) The California white oak (Quercus lobata).

||Ro`caille" (?), n. [F. Cf. Rock a stone.] (Art) (a) Artificial rockwork made of rough stones and cement, as for gardens. (b) The rococo system of scroll ornament, based in part on the forms of shells and water-worn rocks.

Roe, Richard. (Law) A fictious name for a party, real or fictious, to an act or proceeding. Other names were formerly similarly used, as John-a-Nokes, John o', or of the, Nokes, or Noakes, John-a-Stiles, etc.

Rog"er (?), n. [From a proper name Roger.] A black flag with white skull and crossbones, formerly used by pirates; -- called also Jolly Roger.

Roll"er bear"ing. (Mach.) A bearing containing friction rollers.

Roller coaster. An amusement railroad in which cars coast by gravity over a long winding track, with steep pitches and ascents.

Rol"li*che (?), n. [Also Rol"le*jee (&?;), Rol"li*chie.] [D. rolletje a little roll.] A kind of sausage, made in a bag of tripe, sliced and fried, famous among the Dutch of New Amsterdam and still known, esp. in New Jersey.

Ro"ma*ji*ka`i (?), n. [Jap. rmajikai.] An association, including both Japanese and Europeans, having for its object the changing of the Japanese method of writing by substituting Roman letters for Japanese characters.

Roman calendar. The calendar of the ancient Romans, from which our modern calendars are derived. It is said to have consisted originally of ten months, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December, having a total of 304 days. Numa added two months, Januarius at the beginning of the year, and Februarius at the end, making in all 355 days. He also ordered an intercalary month, Mercedinus, to be inserted every second year. Later the order of the months was changed so that January should come before February. Through abuse of power by the pontiffs to whose care it was committed, this calendar fell into confusion. It was replaced by the Julian calendar. In designating the days of the month, the Romans reckoned backward from three fixed points, the calends, the nones, and the ides. The calends were always the first day of the month. The ides fell on the 15th in March, May, July (Quintilis), and October, and on the 13th in other months. The nones came on the eighth day (the ninth, counting the ides) before the ides. Thus, Jan. 13 was called the ides of January, Jan. 12, the day before the ides, and Jan. 11, the third day before the ides (since the ides count as one), while Jan. 14 was the 19th day before the calends of February.

||Ro"nin" (?), n. [Jap. r- nin, fr. Chin. lang profligate, lawless + jên (old sound nn) man.] In Japan, under the feudal system, a samurai who had renounced his clan or who had been discharged or ostracized and had become a wanderer without a lord; an outcast; an outlaw.

Rönt"gen (?), a. Of or pertaining to the German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, or the rays discovered by him; as, Röntgen apparatus.

Rönt"gen*ize (?), v. t. (Physics) To render (air or other gas) conducting by the passage of Röntgen rays.

Röntgen ray. (Physics) Any of the rays produced when cathode rays strike upon surface of a solid (as the wall of the vacuum tube). Röntgen rays are noted for their penetration of many opaque substances, as wood and flesh, their action on photographic plates, and their fluorescent effects. They were called X rays by their discoverer, W. K. Röntgen. They also ionize gases, but cannot be reflected, or polarized, or deflected by a magnetic field. They are regarded as nonperiodic, transverse pulses in the ether. They are used in examining opaque objects, as for locating fractures or bullets in the human body.

Root, v. i. [Cf. Rout to roar.] To shout for, or otherwise noisly applaud or encourage, a contestant, as in sports; hence, to wish earnestly for the success of some one or the happening of some event, with the superstitious notion that this action may have efficacy; -- usually with for; as, the crowd rooted for the home team. [Slang or Cant, U. S.]

Root"er, n. One who roots, or applauds. [Slang, U. S.]

Roque (rk), n. [Abbr. fr. Croquet.] A form of croquet modified for greater accuracy of play. The court has a wood border often faced with rubber, used as a cushion in bank shots. The balls are 3¼ in. in diameter, the cage (center arches or wickets) 3 in. wide, the other arches 3½ in. wide.

{ Roque`fort" cheese, or Roque`fort" } (?), n. A highly flavored blue-molded cheese, made at Roquefort, department of Aveyron, France. It is made from milk of ewes, sometimes with cow's milk added, and is cured in caves. Improperly, a cheese made in imitation of it.

Ros"sel cur`rent (?). [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography) A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea.

Ro"to*graph (?), n. (Photography) A photograph printed by a process in which a strip or roll of sensitized paper is automatically fed over the negative so that a series of prints are made, and are then developed, fixed, cut apart, and washed at a very rapid rate.

Ro"tor (?), n. (Elec.) The rotating part of a generator or motor.

||Ro`ture (?), n. [F.] 1. The condition of being a roturier.

2. (Fr. & Canadian Law) A feudal tenure of lands by one who has no privileges of nobility, but is permitted to discharge all his obligations to his feudal lord or superior by a payment of rent in money or kind and without rendering any personal services.

Rough"rid`er (?), n. An officer or enlisted man in the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry, a regiment raised for the Spanish war of 1898, composed mostly of Western cowboys and hunters and Eastern college athletes and sportsmen, largely organized, and later commanded, by Theodore Roosevelt. Sometimes, locally, a member of any of various volunteer cavalry commands raised in 1898. [Colloq.]

Rou*lette" (?), n. A small toothed wheel used to make short incisions in paper, as a sheet of postage stamps to facilitate their separation.

Rou*lette", v. t. To make short incisions in with a roulette; to separate by incisions made with a roulette; as, to roulette a sheet of postage stamps.

Rou*ma"ni*an (?), a. [Written also Rumanian.] [From Roumania, the name of the country, Roumanian România, fr. Român Roumanian, L. Romanus Roman.] Of or pertaining to Roumania.

Rou*ma"ni*an, n. An inhabitant of Roumania; also, the language of Roumania, one of the Romance or Romanic languages descended from Latin, but containing many words from other languages, as Slavic, Turkish, and Greek.

Round"-up`, n. 1. A rounding up, or upward curvature or convexity, as in the deck of a vessel.

2. A gathering in of scattered persons or things; as, s round-up of criminals. [Colloq., U. S.]

Rout" cake` (?). A kind of rich sweet cake made for routs, or evening parties.

Twenty-four little rout cakes that were lying neglected in a plate.

Thackeray.

Rout"er (?), n. (Mach.) A machine with a rapidly revolving vertical spindle and cutter for scooping out the surface of wood or metal, as between and around the engraved parts of an electrotype.

Roy"al, n. (Auction Bridge) A royal spade.

Royal spade. (Auction Bridge) A spade when spades are trumps under the condition that every trick over six taken by the successful bidder has a score value of 9; -- usually in pl.

Rub, n. -- Rub of the green (Golf), anything happening to a ball in motion, such as its being deflected or stopped by any agency outside the match, or by the fore caddie.

||Ru*bai*yat" (?), n. pl.; sing. Rubai (&?;). [Ar. rub'iyh quatrian, pl. of rub'iy having four radicals, fr. rub' four.] Quatrians; as, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Sometimes in pl. construed as sing., a poem in such stanzas.

Rub"ber*ize (?), v. t. To coat or impregnate with rubber or a rubber solution or preparation, as silk.

||Rud*beck"i*a (?), n. [NL. So named after Olaf Rudebeck, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, the coneflowers, consisting of perennial herbs with showy pedunculate heads, having a hemispherical involucre, sterile ray flowers, and a conical chaffy receptacle. There are about thirty species, exclusively North American. Rudbeckia hirta, the black-eyed Susan, is a common weed in meadows.

Rud"der, n. In an aircraft, a surface the function of which is to exert a turning moment about an axis of the craft.

Rule, n. -- Rule of the road (Law), any of the various regulations imposed upon travelers by land or water for their mutual convenience or safety. In the United States it is a rule of the road that land travelers passing in opposite directions shall turn out each to his own right, and generally that overtaking persons or vehicles shall turn out to the left; in England the rule for vehicles (but not for pedestrians) is the opposite of this.

Run (?), n. 1. (Piquet, Cribbage, etc.) A number of cards of the same suit in sequence; as, a run of four in hearts.

2. (Golf) (a) The movement communicated to a golf ball by running. (b) The distance a ball travels after touching the ground from a stroke.

Run, v. t. (Golf) To strike (the ball) in such a way as to cause it to run along the ground, as when approaching a hole.

Run"-a*round`, n. (Med.) A whitlow running around the finger nail, but not affecting the bone. [Colloq.]

Run"ning load. (Aëronautics) (a) The air pressure supported by each longitudinal foot segment of a wing. (b) Commonly, the whole weight of aëroplane and load divided by the span, or length from tip to tip.

Rus"sian Church. The established church of the Russian empire. It forms a portion, by far the largest, of the Eastern Church and is governed by the Holy Synod. The czar is the head of the church, but he has never claimed the right of deciding questions of theology and dogma.

S.

||Sa`bo`tage" (?), n. [F.] (a) Scamped work. (b) Malicious waste or destruction of an employer's property or injury to his interests by workmen during labor troubles.

Sad"dle (?), n. 1. (Phys. Geog.) A ridge connected two higher elevations; a low point in the crest line of a ridge; a col.

2. (Mining) A formation of gold- bearing quartz occurring along the crest of an anticlinal fold, esp. in Australia.

||Saeng"er*bund` (?), n.; G. pl. -bünde (#). [G. sängerbund.] (Music) A singers' union; an association of singers or singing clubs, esp. German.

Safe"ty (?), n. (a) (Amer. Football) A safety touchdown. (b) Short for Safety bicycle.

Safety bicycle. A bicycle with equal or nearly equal wheels, usually 28 inches diameter, driven by pedals connected to the rear (driving) wheel by a multiplying gear.

Safety chain. (a) (Railroads) A normally slack chain for preventing excessive movement between a truck and a car body in sluing. (b) An auxiliary watch chain, secured to the clothes, usually out of sight, to prevent stealing of the watch. (c) A chain of sheet metal links with an elongated hole through each broad end, made up by doubling the first link on itself, slipping the next link through and doubling, and so on.

Sagebrush State. Nevada; -- a nickname.

Saint-Si"mon*ism (?), n. A system of socialism in which the state owns all the property and the laborer is entitled to share according to the quality and amount of his work, founded by Saint Simon (1760-1825).

{ Sak"i*eh (?), Sak"i*yeh (?) }, n.} [Ar. sqah canal, trench.] A kind of water wheel used in Egypt for raising water, from wells or pits, in buckets attached to its periphery or to an endless rope.

||Sa`lon" (?), n. An apartment for the reception and exhibition of works of art; hence, an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, etc., held in Paris by the Society of French Artists; -- sometimes called the Old Salon. New Salon is a popular name for an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, etc., held in Paris at the Champs de Mars, by the Société Nationale des Beaux- Arts (National Society of Fine Arts), a body of artists who, in 1890, seceded from the Société des Artistes Français (Society of French Artists).

||Sa*maj" (?), n. [Hind. samj meeting, assembly, fr. Skr. samja a community.] A society or congregation; a church or religious body. [India]

Sam"bo (?), n. [Sp. zambo bandy- legged, the child of a negro and an Indian; prob. of African origin.] 1. A negro; sometimes, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto. [Colloq. or Humorous]

2. In Central America, an Indian and negro half-breed, or mixed blood.

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||Sam"i*sen (?), n. [Jap.] (Mus.) A Japanese musical instrument with three strings, resembling a guitar or banjo.

Samp (?), n. [Massachusetts Indian nasàump unparched meal porridge.] An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy. [U. S.]

||Sa"mu*rai` (?), n. pl. & sing. [Jap.] In the former feudal system of Japan, the class or a member of the class, of military retainers of the daimios, constituting the gentry or lesser nobility. They possessed power of life and death over the commoners, and wore two swords as their distinguishing mark. Their special rights and privileges were abolished with the fall of feudalism in 1871.

San"cho (?), n. [Sp., a proper name.] (Card Playing) The nine of trumps in sancho pedro.

Sancho pedro. [Sp. Pedro Peter.] (Card Playing) A variety of auction pitch in which the nine (sancho) and five (pedro) of trumps are added as counting cards at their pip value, and the ten of trumps counts game.

Sand"-lot`, a. Lit., of or pert. to a lot or piece of sandy ground, -- hence, pert. to, or characteristic of, the policy or practices of the socialistic or communistic followers of the Irish agitator Denis Kearney, who delivered many of his speeches in the open sand lots about San Francisco; as, the sand-lot constitution of California, framed in 1879, under the influence of sand-lot agitation.