Chapter 37

||Pre*mière" (?), a. fem. [F., prop. fem. of premier first. See Premier, a.] First; chief; as, a première danseuse. -- n. fem.; pl. - mières (F. pre*myâr"). (a) The leading woman of a group, esp. in a theatrical cast. (b) A first performance, as of a play; a first night.

Pre-Raph"a*el*ite, n. Popularly, any modern artist thought to be a would-be restorer of early ideas or methods, as one of the German painters often called Nazarenes, or one who paints and draws with extreme minuteness of detail.

{ Pres"ent value or worth } (of money payable at a future date). The principal which, drawing interest at a given rate, will amount to the given sum at the date on which this is to be paid; thus, interest being at 6%, the present value of $106 due one year hence is $100.

Press"board` (?), n. A kind of highly sized rag paper or board, sometimes containing a small admixture of wood pulp; -- so called because used originally, as now, in presses for pressing and finishing knit underwear.

Press cake. A cake of compressed substance, as: in gunpowder manufacture, the cake resulting from compressing the meal powder; in the treatment of coal tar, the pressed product at various stages of the process; or, in beet-sugar manufacture, the vegetable residue after the sugar juice has been expressed.

Press proof. (Print.) (a) The last proof for correction before sending to press. (b) A proof taken on a press, esp. to show impression, margins, color, etc.

Press revise. (Print.) A proof for final revision.

Pres"sure (?), n. Electro-motive force.

Pressure wires. (Elec.) Wires leading from various points of an electric system to a central station, where a voltmeter indicates the potential of the system at those points.

Press"work` (?), n. 1. Work done on or by a press.

2. (Metal Work) Act or process of pressing or drawing with dies or presses; also, the product of such work.

3. (Cabinetmaking) Work consisting of a series of cross-grained veneers united by glue, heat, and pressure.

4. Pottery produced by pressing clay into molds.

5. Usually Press work. The work of a press agent. [Chiefly Theat. Cant]

Prime, a. (Math.) (a) Divisible by no number except itself or unity; as, 7 is a prime number. (b) Having no common factor; -- used with to; as, 12 is prime to 25.

Prim"rose` League. (Eng. Politics) A league of both sexes among the Conservatives, founded in 1883. So called because primrose was (erroneously, it is said) taken to be the favorite flower of the Conservative statesman Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield.

Print"ing in. (Photog.) A process by which cloud effects or other features not in the original negative are introduced into a photograph. Portions, such as the sky, are covered while printing and the blank space thus reserved is filled in by printing from another negative.

Printing out. (Photog.) A method of printing, in which the image is fully brought out by the direct actinic action of light without subsequent development by means of chemicals.

Pri"or (?), a. First, precedent, or superior in the order of cognition, reason or generality, origin, development, rank, etc.

Prism glass. Glass with one side smooth and the other side formed into sharp-edged ridges so as to reflect the light that passes through, used at windows to throw the light into the interior.

||Pri*vat"do*cent` (?), n.; G. pl. -docenten (#). [Also Privatdozent.] [G.; privat private + docent teacher. See Docent.] In the universities of Germany and some other European countries, a licensed teacher or lecturer having no share in the university government and dependent upon fees for remuneration.

Proc"ess plate. (a) A plate prepared by a mechanical process, esp. a photomechanical process. (b) A very slow photographic plate, giving good contrasts between high lights and shadows, used esp. for making lantern slides.

Prod"uce race. (Horse Racing) A race to be run by the produce of horses named or described at the time of entry.

Pro*duc"er's goods (?). (Polit. Econ.) Goods that satisfy wants only indirectly as factors in the production of other goods, such as tools and raw material; -- called also instrumental goods, auxiliary goods, intermediate goods, or goods of the second and higher orders, and disting. from consumers' goods.

Producer's surplus. (Polit. Econ.) Any profit above the normal rate of interest and wages accruing to a producer on account of some monopoly (temporary or permanent) of the means or materials of production; -- called also Producer's rent.

Pro*gress"ive, a. (U. S. Politics) Of or pertaining to the Progressive party.

Progressive party. (U. S. Politics) The political party formed, chiefly out of the Republican party, by the adherents of Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912. The name Progressive party was chosen at the meeting held on Aug. 7, 1912, when the candidates were nominated and the platform adopted. Among the chief articles in the platform are those demanding direct primaries, preferential primaries for presidential nominations, direct election of United States senators, women's suffrage, and recall of judicial decisions in certain cases.

Pro*jec"tor, n. An optical instrument for projecting a picture upon a screen, as by a magic lantern or by an instrument for projecting (by reflection instead of transmission of light) a picture of an opaque object, as photographs, picture post-cards, insects, etc., in the colors of the object itself. In this latter form the projection is accomplished by means of a combination of lenses with a prism and a mirror or reflector. Specific instruments have been called by different names, such as radiopticon, mirrorscope, balopticon, etc.

||Pro"sit (?), interj. [L., 3d pers. sing. subj. present of prodesse to do good; pro for + esse to be.] Lit., may it do (you) good; -- a salutation used in well wishing, esp. among Germans, as in drinking healths.

Pro"te*id, n. -- Defensive proteid (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of proteid substances, present in some animal tissues and fluids, that make the body immune to certain infectious diseases by destroying or rendering inactive the toxic products of bacterial growth.

Pro"te*in, n. (Physiol. Chem.) In chemical analysis, the total nitrogenous material in vegetable or animal substances, obtained by multiplying the total nitrogen found by a factor, usually 6.25, assuming most proteids to contain approximately 16 per cent of nitrogen.

Pro"te*ose` (?), n. [Proteid + -ose.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a class of soluble products formed in the digestion of proteids with gastric and pancreatic juice, and also by the hydrolytic action of boiling dilute acids on proteids. Proteoses are divided into the two groups, the primary and secondary proteoses.

Pro`to*met"als (?), n. pl. A finer form of metals, indicated by enhanced lines in their spark spectra (which are also observed in the spectra of some stars), obtained at the highest available laboratory temperatures (Lockyer); as protocalcium, protochromium, protocopper, protonickel, protosilicon, protostrontium, prototitanium, protovanadium. -- Pro`to*me*tal"ic (#), a.

Prov"e*nance (?), n. [F., fr. provenir to originate, to come forth, L. provenire. Cf. Provenience.] Origin; source; provenience.

Their age attested by their provenance and associations.

A. H. Keane.

Pro*ve"ni*ence (?), n. [L. proveniens, -entis, p.pr. of provenire to come forth; pro forth + venire to come.] Origin; source; place where found or produced; provenance; -- used esp. in the fine arts and in archæology; as, the provenience of a patera.

Pro*ve"ni*ent (?), a. [L. proveniens, p.pr.] Forthcoming; issuing. [Rare]

Prox`e*ne"tism (?), n. [Gr. &?; agent + -ism; cf. F. proxénétisme.] The action of a go-between or broker in negotiating immoral bargains between the sexes; procuring.

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Psy`cha*nal"y*sis (?), n. [Psycho- + analysis.] A method or process of psychotherapeutic analysis based on the work of Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856- --) of Vienna. The method rests upon the theory that hysteria is characteristically due to repression of desires consciously rejected but subconsciously persistent; it consists in a close analysis of the patient's mental history, stress being laid upon the dream life, and of treatment by means of suggestion. -- Psy*chan`a*lyt"ic (#), a. -- Psy`cha*nal"y*sist (#), n.

Psy`cho*a*nal"y*sis (?), n. -- Psy`cho*an`a*lyt"ic, a. etc. = Psychanalysis, Psychanalytic.

Psy`cho*ther`a*peu"tics (?), n. [Psycho- + therapeutics.] (Med.) The treatment of disease by acting on the mind, as by suggestion; mind cure; psychotherapy.

Psy`cho*ther"a*py (?), n. [Psycho- + therapy.] (Med.) Psychotherapeutics.

Publicity pamphlet. A pamphlet which, in some States of the United States having the initiative or referendum, is mailed to the voters to inform them as to the nature of a measure submitted by the initiative or referendum. The pamphlet contains a copy of the proposed law and arguments for and against it by those favoring and opposing it, respectively.

Public school. (a) In Great Britain, any of various schools maintained by the community, wholly or partly under public control, or maintained largely by endowment and not carried on chiefly for profit; specif., and commonly, any of various select and usually expensive endowed schools which give a liberal modern education or prepare pupils for the universities. Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and Winchester are of this class. (b) In the United States, a free primary, grammar, or high school maintained by the local government.

{ Public-service corporation or sometimes Quasi-public corporation }. A corporation, such as a railroad company, lighting company, water company, etc., organized or chartered to follow a public calling or to render services more or less essential to the general public convenience or safety.

Puck (?), n. A disk of vulcanized rubber used in the game of hockey, as the object to be driven through the goals.

||Puck"a (?), a. [Written also pukka.] [Hind. pakk cooked, ripe, solid.] Good of its kind; -- variously used as implying substantial, real, fixed, sure, etc., and specif., of buildings, made of brick and mortar. [India]

It's pukka famine, by the looks of it.

Kipling.

{ Pud"ding fish, Pudding wife }. [Prob. corrupted fr. the Sp. name in Cuba, pudiano verde.] (Zoöl.) A large, handsomely colored, blue and bronze, labroid fish (Iridio, syn. Platyglossus, radiatus) of Florida, Bermuda, and the West Indies. Called also pudiano, doncella, and, at Bermuda, bluefish.

||Pug (?), n. [Hind. pag foot.] A footprint; a track; as of a boar. [India]

Pug"ga*ree (?), n. Same as Puggry.

{ Pug"gry (?), Pug"gree (?) }, n. [Written also puggaree, puggeree, etc.] [Hind. pagi turban.] A light scarf wound around a hat or helmet to protect the head from the sun. [India] Yule.

A blue-gray felt hat with a gold puggaree.

Kipling.

||Puk"ka (?), a. Same as Pucka. [India]

Pull"dev`il (?), n. A number of fishhooks rigidly fastened back to be pulled through the water to catch fish.

Pul*mom"e*try (?), n. [L. pulmo a lung + -metry.] The determination of the capacity of the lungs.

Pul"mo`tor (?), n. [L. pulmo lung + E. motor.] An apparatus for producing artificial respiration by pumping oxygen or air or a mixture of the two into and out of the lungs, as of a person who has been asphyxiated by drowning, breathing poisonous gases, or the like, or of one who has been stunned by an electrical shock.

||Pu"na (?), n. [Sp., of Peruv. origin.] A cold arid table-land, as in the Andes of Peru.

Pun"ish, v. t. To deal with roughly or harshly; -- chiefly used with regard to a contest; as, our troops punished the enemy. [Colloq. or Slang]

Pun"ish*ment (?), n. Severe, rough, or disastrous treatment. [Colloq. or Slang]

Punk"ie (?), n. [Orig. unknown.] A minute biting fly of the genus Ceratopogon or allied genus of the family Chironomidæ, found in swarms in various densely wooded or mountaneous regions. [U. S.]

Punt, v. i. 1. To boat or hunt in a punt.

2. To punt a football.

||Pun*tel"lo (?), n.; pl. - li (#). [It., dim. of punto point.] (Sculpture) One of the points sometimes drilled as guides for cutting away superfluous stone.

Punt"er, n. (London Stock Exchange) A scalper.

Punt"-out`, n. (American Football) A punt made from the goal line by a player of the side which has made a touchdown to one of his own side for a fair catch, from which an attempt to kick a goal may be made.

Push, n. A crowd; a company or clique of associates; a gang. [Slang]

Push button. (Elec.) A simple device, resembling a button in form, so arranged that pushing it closes an electric circuit, as of an electric bell.

Pu*tresce" (?), v. i. [See Putrescent.] To become putrescent or putrid; to putrefy.

Ordinarily sewage does not putresce until from twenty-four to sixty hours after its discharge.

Nature.

Putt (?), n. [Cf. Put, v. t.] (Golf) A stroke made on the putting green to play the ball into a hole.

Putt, v. i. (Golf) To make a putt.

Put"tee (?), n. Same as Putty, a kind of gaiter.

Putt"er (?), n. (Golf) (a) A club with a short shaft and either a wooden or a metal head, used in putting. (b) One who putts.

Putt"ing green (?). (Golf) The green, or plot of smooth turf, surrounding a hole. "The term putting green shall mean the ground within twenty yards of the hole, excepting hazards." Golf Rules.

Put"ty (?), n. (Golf) A ball made of composition and not gutta percha. [Colloq.]

Put"ty, n.; pl. Putties (#). [Written also puttee, puttie.] [Hind. pai ribbon, brace, tie.] A kind of gaiter of waterproof cloth wrapped around the leg, used by soldiers, etc.

Puz"zle-head`ed, a. Having the head full of confused notions; given to getting perplexed over simple matters; also, characteristic of persons that are so. Johnson.

{ ||Py*æ"mi*a, ||Py*e"mi*a } (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pus + &?; blood.] (Med.) A form of blood poisoning produced by the absorption of pyogenic microorganisms into the blood, usually from a wound or local inflammation. It is characterized by multiple abscesses throughout the body, and is attended with irregularly recurring chills, fever, profuse sweating, and exhaustion. -- Py*æ"mic, Py*e"mic (#), a.

Pyg"my, n. One of a race of Central African Negritos found chiefly in the great forests of the equatorial belt. THey are the shortest of known races, the adults ranging from less than four to about five feet in stature. They are timid and shy, dwelling in the recesses of the forests, though often on good terms with neighboring Negroes.

Py*ja"mas (?), or, chiefly U. S., Pa*ja"mas (&?;), n. pl. A garment, similar to the Oriental pyjama (which see), adopted among Europeans, Americans, and other Occidentals, for wear in the dressing room and during sleep; also, a suit of drawers and blouse for such wear.

Py"lon, n. 1. A tower, commonly of steelwork, for supporting either end of a wire, as for a telegraph line, over a long span.

2. (Aëronautics) (a) Formerly, a starting derrick (the use of which is now abandoned) for an aëroplane. (b) A post, tower, or the like, as on an aërodrome, or flying ground, serving to bound or mark a prescribed course of flight.

Pyr"a*mid (?), v. i. (Speculation) To enlarge one's holding or interest in a series of operations on a continued rise or decline by using the profits to buy or sell additional amounts on a margin, as where one buys on a 10% margin 100 shares of stock quoted at 100, holds it till it rises to 105, and then uses the paper profit to buy 50 shares more, etc. The series of operations constitutes a pyramid.

Pyr"a*mid, v. t. (Speculation) To use, or to deal in, in a pyramiding transaction. See Pyramid, v. i.

Pyr"a*mid, n. (Speculation) The series of operations involved in pyramiding. See Pyramid, v. i.

{ Pyr"a*zine (?), n. Also -zin }. [Pyridine + Gr. &?; not + &?; life.] (Org. Chem.) A feebly basic solid, C4H4N2, obtained by distilling piperazine with zinc dust, and in other ways. Also, by extension, any of various derivatives of the same.

Py"ro*graph (?), n. A production of pyrography.

Py`ro*gra*vure" (?), n. [Pyro- + F. gravure engraving.] Pyrography; also, a design or picture made by pyrography.

Py`ro*lig"nite (?), n. A crude acetate produced by treating pyroligneous acid with a metal or basic compound; as, pyrolignite of iron (iron liquor).

Py`rone (?), n. [G. pyron, an abbr. of pyrokoman.] (Org. Chem.) An unsaturated cyclic compound, C5H4O2, of which two varieties are known, &alpha; and &gamma;. &gamma;-pyrone is the parent substance of several natural yellow dyestuffs.

Q.

Qua`dril`lé" (?), a. [F.] (Art) Marked with squares, generally by thin lines crossing at right angles and at equal intervals; as, quadrillé paper, or plotting paper.

Quad"ru*plane (?), n. [L. quadru- in comp. + E. plane.] An aëroplane with four superposed main supporting surfaces.

Quad"ru*plet (?), n. [From Quadruple.] 1. A collection or combination of four of a kind.

2. pl. Four children born in the same labor.

3. A cycle for carrying four riders, so arranged that all the reders can assist in the propulsion.

Quar"tered (?), a. 1. Divided into four equal parts or quarters; separated into four parts or regions.

2. Furnished with quarters; provided with shelter or entertainment.

3. Quarter-sawed; -- said of timber, commonly oak.

Quar"ter-saw` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarter-sawed -sawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarter-sawing.] To saw (a log) into quarters; specif., to saw into quarters and then into boards, as by cutting alternately from each face of a quarter, to secure lumber that will warp relatively little or show the grain advantageously.

Qua"si cor`po*ra"tion. A corporation consisting of a person or body of persons invested with some of the qualities of an artificial person, though not expressly incorporated, esp. the official of certain municipal divisions such as counties, schools districts, and the towns of some States of the United States, certain church officials, as a churchwarden, etc.

||Quat`tro*cen"to (?), n. & a. [It., four hundred, used as an abbreviated expression for the dates beginning with fourteen hundred.] The fifteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as, the sculpture of the quattrocento; quattrocento style. -- Quat`tro*cen"tist (#), n.

Queen olive. [Cf. Sp. aceituna de la Reina olive of the Queen.] (Olive Trade) Properly, a kind of superior olive grown in the region of Seville, Spain. It is large size and oblong shape with a small but long pit; it is cured when green, keeps well, and has a delicate flavor. Loosely, any olive of similar character.

Queer (?), v. t. [From Queer, a.] 1. To puzzle. [Prov. Eng. or Slang]

2. To ridicule; to banter; to rally. [Slang]

3. To spoil the effect or success of, as by ridicule; to throw a wet blanket on; to spoil. [Slang]

Ques"tion*a*ry (?), n. A set of questions for submission to a group of persons for the purpose of bringing out their resemblances and differences in the matter considered. The questionary method is a recognized form of psychological investigation.

||Ques`tion`naire" (?), n.; pl. -naires (F. &?;). [F.] = Questionary, above.

Qui"chuan (?), a. Designating, or pertaining to, a linguistic stock of South American Indians, including the majority of the civilized tribes of the ancient Peruvian Empire with some wild tribes never subjugated by the Incas. Most of these Indians are short, but heavy and strong. They are brachycephalic and of remarkably low cranial capacity. Nevertheless, they represent one of the highest of native American civilizations, characterized by agricultural, military, and administrative skill rather than by science or literature, although they were adept potters, weavers, and goldsmiths, and preserved by the aid of the mnemonic quipu a body of legendary lore in part written down since the introduction of writing.

Quid (?), n. [Etym. uncertain.] An English coin, a sovereign. [Slang, Eng.]

They invited him to come to-morrow, . . . and bring half a quid with him.

Charles Reade.

Quill, n. (Pharm.) A roll of dried bark; as, a quill of cinnamon or of cinchona.

Quin*troon" (?), n. [Sp. quinteron the off-spring of a quadroon and a white.] (Ethnol.) The off-spring of an octoroon and a white person.

Quin"tu*plet (?), n. [From Quintuple.] 1. A collection or combination of five of a kind.

2. pl. Five children born in the same labor.

3. (Mus.) A group of five connected notes; a turn of five notes.

4. A cycle having five crank shafts and adapted for five riders, all of whom can assist in the propulsion.

Quir"i*nal (?), a. [L. Quirinals, fr. Quirinus, a name of Romulus.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the hill Collis Quirinalis, now Monte Quirinale (one of the seven hills of Rome), or a modern royal place situated upon it. Also used substantively.

Quod (?), v. t. To put in quod, or prison; to lock up; to jug. [Slang] Kipling.

R.

||Ra`bat" (?), n. [F. Cf. Rabato.] (Eccl.) (a) A clerical linen collar. (b) A kind of clerical scarf fitted to a collar; as, a black silk rabat.

Race"a*bout` (?), n. (Naut.) A small sloop-rigged racing yacht carrying about six hundred square feet of sail, distinguished from a knockabout by having a short bowsprit.

Race suicide. The voluntary failure of the members of a race or people to have a number of children sufficient to keep the birth rate equal to the death rate.

Rack"a*rock` (?), n. [Rack to stretch, strain + a + rock.] A Sprengel explosive consisting of potassium chlorate and mono-nitrobenzene.

Rack"et, n. A scheme, dodge, trick, or the like; something taking place considered as exciting, trying, unusual, or the like; also, such occurrence considered as an ordeal; as, to work a racket; to stand upon the racket. [Slang]

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Radial engine. (Mach.) An engine, usually an internal-combustion engine of a certain type (the radial type) having several cylinders arranged radially like the spokes of a complete wheel. The semiradial engine has radiating cylinders on only one side of the crank shaft.

Ra"di*ant (?), a. (Physics) Emitted or transmitted by radiation; as, a radiant energy; radiant heat.

Radiant engine. (Mach.) A semiradial engine. See Radial engine, above.

Ra"di*a`tor (?), n. 1. Any of various devices for cooling an internal substance by radiation, as a system og rings on a gun barrel for cooling it, or a nest of tubes with large radiating surface for cooling circulating water, as in an automobile.

2. (Wireless Teleg.) An oscillator.

Ra"di*o (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or employing, or operated by, radiant energy, specifically that of electric waves; hence, pertaining to, or employed in, radiotelegraphy.

Ra`di*o-ac"tive (?), a. [Radio- + active.] (Physics) Capable of luminescence under the action of cathode rays, X rays, or any of the allied forms of radiation. -- Ra`di*o-ac*tiv"i*ty, n.

Ra`di*o*con*duc"tor (?), n. (Elec.) A substance or device that has its conductivity altered in some way by electric waves, as a coherer.

Ra"di*o*graph (?), n. [Radio- + -graph.] 1. An instrument for measuring and recording solar radiation.

2. An image or picture produced upon a sensitive surface, as of a photographic plate, by some form of radiation other than light, as the Röntgen rays, radium rays, etc.; esp., a picture of opaque objects traversed by the rays; a skiagraph.

Ra"di*o*graph, v. t. To make a radiograph of. -- Ra`di*og"ra*pher (#), n.

Ra`di*og"ra*phy (?), n. Art or process of making radiographs. -- Ra`di*o*graph"ic (#), *graph"ic*al (#), a. -- Ra`di*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ra`di*om"e*try (?), n. (Physics) The use of the radiometer, or the measurement of radiation. -- Ra`di*o*met"ric (#), a.

Ra"di*o*phare (?), n. [Radio- + phare.] A radiotelegraphic station serving solely for determining the position of ships. The radius of operation of such stations was restricted by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention (1912) to 30 nautical miles.