Chapter 35

3. (Elec.) The relation at any instant of a periodically varying electric magnitude, as electro-motive force, a current, etc., to its initial value as expressed in factorial parts of the complete cycle. It is usually expressed in angular measure, the cycle beb four right angles, or 360°. Such periodic variations are generally well represented by sine curves; and phase relations are shown by the relative positions of the crests and hollows of such curves. Magnitudes which have the same phase are said to be in phase.

Phase (?), v. t. [Cf. Feeze.] To disturb the composure of; to disconcert; to nonplus. [Colloq.]

Phase angle. (Elec.) The angle expressing phase relation.

Phase converter. (Elec.) A machine for converting an alternating current into an alternating current of a different number of phases and the same frequency.

Phase displacement. (Elec.) A charge of phase whereby an alternating current attains its maximum later or earlier. An inductance would cause a lag, a capacity would cause an advance, in phase.

{ Phase meter, or Phase"me`ter }, n. (Elec.) A device for measuring the difference in phase of two alternating currents of electromotive forces.

Phase rule. (Phys. Chem.) A generalization with regard to systems of chemical equilibrium, discovered by Prof. J. Willard Gibbs. It may be stated thus: The degree of variableness (number of degrees of freedom) of a system is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases, plus two. Thus, if the components be salt and water, and the phases salt, ice, saturated solution, and vapor, the system is invariant, that is, there is only one set of conditions under which these four phases can exist in equilibrium. If only three phases be considered, the system is univariant, that is, the fixing of one condition, as temperature, determines the others.

Phase splitter. (Elec.) A device by which a single-phase current is split into two or more currents differing in phase. It is used in starting single-phase induction motors.

Phase splitting. (Elec.) The dephasing of the two parts of a single alternating current in two dissimilar branches of a given circuit.

Phas"ing (?), a. (Elec.) Pertaining to phase or differences of phase.

Phasing current. The momentary current between two alternating-current generators when juxtaposed in parallel and not agreeing exactly in phase or period.

Phasing transformer. Any of several transformers (there must be at least two) for changing phase.

{ Phe*nac"e*tin, Phe*nac"e*tine } (?), n. [Phenyl + acetic + -in.] (Pharm.) A white, crystalline compound, C10H13O2N, used in medicine principally as an antipyretic.

Phe*nal"gin (?), n. [Phenyl + analgetic + -in.] (Pharm.) An ammoniated compound of phenyl and acetamide, used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It resembles phenacetin in its therapeutic action.

Phe"no*cryst (?), n. [Gr. &?; to appear + &?; crystal.] (Geol.) One of the prominent embedded crystals of a porphyry.

Phe*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Contracted from Phenomenology.] (Biol.) The science of the relations between climate and periodic biological phenomena, as the migrations and breeding of birds, the flowering and fruiting of plants, etc. -- Phe`no*log"ic*al (#), a. -- Phe`no*log"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Phe*nol"o*gist (#), n.

Phe`nol*phthal"e*in (?), n., or Phenol phthalein. (Chem.) A white or yellowish white crystalline substance, C20H14O4, formed by condensation of the anhydride of phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids. This reaction, being very delicate, is used as an indicator.

Phi*la"the*a (?), n. [Coined from Gr. &?; loving + &?; truth.] An international, interdenominational organization of Bible classes of young women.

Phil`har*mon"ic, n. One who loves harmony or music; also (Colloq.), short for Philharmonic Society, concert, assemblage, or the like.

||Phleg"e*thon (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, prop. p.pr. of &?; to blaze.] (Class Myth.) One of the principal rivers of Hades, in the channel of which fire flowed instead of water.

Fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.

Milton.

Phone, n. & v. t. Colloq. for Telephone.

Phos"phine (?), n. (Dyeing) Chrysaniline, often in the form of a salt.

Phosphorus steel. A steel in which the amount of phosphorus exceeds that of carbon.

Pho"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, light.] Of or pert. to light; specif., relating to the production of light by the lower animals.

Photic region. (Phytogeography) The uppermost zone of the sea, which receives the most light.

Pho"tism (?), n. [Gr. &?; illumination.] (Psycol.) A luminous image or appearance of a hallucinatory character.

||Pho`to*bac*te"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Photo-, and Bacterium.] (Bacteriol.) A genus including certain comma-shaped marine bacteria which emit bluish or greenish phosphorescence. Also, any microörganism of this group.

Pho`to*ce*ram"ics (?), n. Art or process of decorating pottery with photographically prepared designs. -- Pho`to*ce*ram"ic (#), a.

Pho`to*chro*mog"ra*phy (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; color + -graphy.] Art or process of printing colored photographs.

Pho`to*chro"mo*scope (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; color + -scope.] 1. A device for giving shifting effects of color to a photograph. The unmounted print, made translucent, is illuminated from behind with colored light.

2. A combination of three optical lanterns for projecting objects on a screen in the colors of nature. The images of three partial photographs taken through color screens (red, green, and blue, respectively) are superimposed. Each image is given its own primary color, and these colors blend and reproduce the colors of the object.

Pho`to*chro"mo*type (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; color + -type.] A colored print made photomechanically.

Pho`to*chro"mo*type, v. t. To represent by a colored print made by any photomechanical process.

Pho`to*chro"mo*typ`y (?), n. The art of making photochromotypes.

Pho`to*chron"o*graph (?), n. [Photo- + chronograph.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for recording minute intervals of time. The record is made by the power of a magnetic field, due to an electric signaling current, to turn the plane of polarization of light. A flash, coinciding in time and duration with the signal, is thus produced and is photographed on a moving plate.

2. (Astron.) An instrument for the photographic recording of star transits.

Pho`to*chro*nog"ra*phy (?), n. Art of recording or measuring intervals of time by the photochronograph. -- Pho`to*chron`o*graph"ic (#), - graph"ic*al (#), a. -- - graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Pho`to*dy*nam"ics (?), n. [Photo- + dynamics.] (Plant Physiol.) The relation of light to the movements of plants and their organs; the study of the phenomena of curvatures induced by the stimulus of light. -- Pho`to*dy*nam"ic (#), Pho`to*dy*nam"ic*al (#), a.

{ Pho`to-e*lec"tric, Pho`to-e*lec"tric*al }, a. Pert. to, or capable of developing, photo- electricity.

Photo-electric cell. A cell (as one of two electrodes embedded in selenium) which by exposure to light generates an electric current.

Pho`to-e*lec*tric"i*ty, n. [Photo- + electricity.] Electricity produced by light.

Pho`to-e*lec"tro*graph, n. [See Photo-; Electrograph.] (Meteor.) An electrometer registering by photography.

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Pho`to-en*grave" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-engraved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-engraving.] [Photo- + engrave.] To engrave by a photomechanical process; to make a photo-engraving of. -- Pho`to-en*grav"er (#), n.

Pho`to-etch" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-etched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-etching.] [Photo- + etch.] To engrave, or make an engraving of, by any photomechanical process involving etching of the plate.

Pho`to-etch"ing, n. A photo- engraving produced by any process involving the etching of the plate.

Pho`to*gram"me*ter (?), n. [See Photogram; -meter.] A phototheodolite, or a camera designed for use in photogrammetry. -- Pho`to*gram*met"ric (#), Pho`to*gram*met"ric*al (#), a.

Pho`to*gram"me*try (?), n. [Photogram + metry.] A method of surveying or map making by photography, used also in determining the height and motions of clouds, sea waves, and the like.

Pho*tog"ra*phone (?), n. [See Photograph; -phone.] A device, consisting essentially of an electric arc and a camera, by which a series of photographs of the variations of the arc due to sound waves are obtained for reproduction by means of a selenium cell and a telephone.

Pho`to*he`li*om"e*ter (?), n. [Photo- + heliometer.] (Astron.) A double- lens instrument for measuring slight variations of the sun's diameter by photography, utilizing the common chord of two overlapping images.

Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cent (?), a. [Photo- + luminescent.] (Physics) Luminescent by exposure to light waves. -- Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cence (#), n.

{ Pho*tom`e*tri"cian (?), Pho*tom"e*trist (?) }, n. A specialist in photometry.

Pho`to*mez"zo*type (?), n. [Photo- + It. mezzo middle, half + -type.] A photomechanical process similar to collotype.

Pho`to*neph"o*graph (-nf"*grf), n. [Photo- + Gr. ne`fos a cloud + -graph.] (Meteor.) A nephoscope registering by photography, commonly consisting of a pair of cameras used simultaneously.

Pho*toph"i*lous (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; loving.] (Phytogeog.) Light-loving; growing in strong light, as many plants.

Pho"to*phore (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; to bear.] 1. (Med.) A form of endoscope using an electric light.

2. (Zoöl.) A light-emitting organ; specif., one of the luminous spots on certain marine (mostly deep-sea) fishes.

Pho"to*play` (?), n. A play for representation or exhibition by moving pictures; also, the moving- picture representation of a play.

Pho"to*print` (?), n. Any print made by a photomechanical process.

Pho`to*syn"the*sis (?), n. (Plant Physiol.) The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyer's theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic (#), a. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

{ ||Pho`to*tax"is (?), Pho"to*tax`y (?) }, n. [NL. phototaxis; photo- + Gr. &?; an arranging.] (Biol.) The influence of light on the movements of low organisms, as various infusorians, the zoöspores of certain algæ, etc.; also, the tendency to follow definite directions of motion or assume definite positions under such influence. If the migration is toward the source of light, it is termed positive phototaxis; if away from the light, negative phototaxis. -- Pho`to*tac"tic (#), a. -- Pho`to*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

Pho`to*te*leg"ra*phy (?), n. Telegraphy by means of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone. Also, less properly, telephotography. -- Pho`to*tel"e*graph (#), n. -- Pho`to*tel`e*graph"ic (#), a.

Pho`to*tel"e*scope (?), n. (Astron.) A telescope adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies.

Pho`to*the*od"o*lite (?), n. An arrangement of two photographic cameras, the plates of which may be brought into exactly the same plane, used in surveying and map making. From the differences between two pictures taken at the same moment, measurements in all dimensions of the region may be obtained.

Pho`to*ther"a*py (?), n. (Med.) The application of light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of the skin. -- Pho`to*the*rap"ic (#), Pho`to*ther`a*peu"tic (#), a.

Pho`to*ther"mic (?), a. Of or pertaining to both light and heat.

Pho*tot"o*nus (?), n. (Physiol.) An irritable condition of protoplasm, resulting in movement, due to a certain intensity of light. -- Pho`to*ton"ic (#), a.

Pho`to*to*pog"ra*phy (?), n. Photogrammetry. -- Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic (#), Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic*al (#), a.

Pho`to*tri`chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Photo- + tri- + chromatic.] Designating a photomechanical process for making reproductions in natural colors by three printings.

Pho*tot"ro*pism (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) The tendency of growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence of light. In ordinary use the term is practically synonymous with heliotropism.

Pho`to*vis"u*al (?), a. (Optics) Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays.

Phryg"i*an cap` (?). A close-fitting cap represented in Greek art as worn by Orientals, assumed to have been conical in shape. It has been adopted in modern art as the so-called liberty cap, or cap of liberty.

||Phy`co*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL.; Gr. &?; seaweed + mycetes.] (Bot.) A large, important class of parasitic or saprophytic fungi, the algal or algalike fungi. The plant body ranges from an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm to a well-developed and much-branched mycelium. Reproduction is mainly sexual, by the formation of conidia or sporangia; but the group shows every form of transition from this method through simple conjugation to perfect sexual reproduction by egg and sperm in the higher forms. -- Phy`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

||Phy"lum, n. (Biol.) A series of animals or plants genetically connected.

Phys`i*og"ra*phy (?), n. The descriptive part of a natural science as distinguished from the explanatory or theoretic part; as, mineral physiography.

Pi (p), n. [Gr. pi^.] 1. A Greek letter (, &pi;) corresponding to the Roman letter P.

2. Specif.: (Math.) The letter , &pi;, as used to denote the number or quotient approximately expressing the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter; also, the quotient or the ratio itself. The value of the quotient pi, to eight decimal places, is 3.14159265. The quotient pi cannot be expressed as a root of an algebraic equation; and from this fact follows the impossibility of the quadrature of the circle by purely algebraic processes, or by the aid of a ruler and compass.

Pick"-me-up`, n. A stimulant, restorative, or tonic; a bracer. [Colloq.]

{ Pick"-up, or Pick"up` }, n. [Colloq., Cant. or Slang] 1. Act of picking up, as, in various games, the fielding or hitting of a ball just after it strikes the ground.

2. That which picks up; specif.: (Elec.) = Brush b.

3. One that is picked up, as a meal hastily got up for the occasion, a chance acquaintance, an informal game, etc.

||Pi`cot" (?), n. [F.] One of many small loops, as of thread, forming an ornamental border, as on a ribbon.

Pic"ture (?), n. -- Animated picture, a moving picture.

||Pierre`-per`du" (?), n. [F. pierre perdue lost stone.] Blocks of stone or concrete heaped loosely in the water to make a foundation (as for a sea wall), a mole, etc.

Pif"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piffling (?).] To be sequeamish or delicate; hence, to act or talk triflingly or ineffectively; to twaddle; piddle. [Dial. or Slang]

Pif"fle, n. Act of piffling; trifling talk or action; piddling; twaddle. [Dial. or Slang] "Futile piffle." Kipling.

Pi"geon*wing` (?), n. 1. A wing of a pigeon, or a wing like it.

2. An old mode of dressing men's side hair in a form likened to a pigeon's wings; also, a wig similarly shaped.

3. (Dancing) A fancy step executed by jumping and striking the legs together; as, to cut a pigeonwing.

4. A certain fancy figure in skating.

5. (Tempering) A color, brown shaded with purple, coming between dark brown and light blue in the table of colors in drawing the temper of hardened steel.

Pig"skin`, n. A football; -- so called because the covering is often made of pigskin. [Colloq.]

Pil"low lace. Lace made by hand with bobbins on a pillow.

||Pi*lon" (?), n. [Sp., sugar loaf.] [Sp. Amer.] 1. A conical loaf of sugar.

2. A gratuity given by tradesmen to customers settling their accounts. [Southern U. S.]

||Pi*lon"ce (?), n. [Amer. Sp. See Piloncillo.] Same as Pilon. [Texas]

||Pi`lon*cil"lo (?), n. [Amer. Sp., dim. of pilon.] Same as Pilon. [Texas]

Pi"lot, n. 1. (Aëronautics) One who flies, or is qualified to fly, a balloon, an airship, or a flying machine.

2. (Mach.) A short plug at the end of a counterbore to guide the tool. Pilots are sometimes made interchangeable.

3. (Mining) The heading or excavation of relatively small dimensions, first made in the driving of a larger tunnel.

Pi"lot, v. t. (Aëronautics) To fly, or act as pilot of (an aircraft).

Pilot balloon. A small, unmanned balloon sent up to indicate the direction of air currents.

Pilot flag. The flag hoisted at the fore by a vessel desiring a pilot, in the United States the union jack, in Great Britain the British union jack with a white border.

{ Pilot lamp or light }. (Elec.) A small incandescent telltale lamp on a dynamo or battery circuit to show approximately by its brightness the voltage of the current.

Pilot valve. (Hydraulics) A small hand- operated valve to admit liquid to operate a valve difficult to turn by hand.

Pilot wheel. (Mach.) A wheel, usually with radial handles projecting from the rim, for traversing the saddle of a machine tool, esp. an automatic machine tool, by hand.

Pil"pul (?), n. [Aramaic pilpl; cf. Heb. pilpel to spice, to season, dispute violently.] Among the Jews, penetrating investigation, disputation, and drawing of conclusions, esp. in Talmudic study. -- Pil"pul*ist (#), n. -- Pil`pul*is"tic (#), a.

Pi*mien"to (?), n. [Sp.] The Spanish sweet pepper, the fruit of which is used as a vegetable, to stuff olives, etc.

Pim*o"la (?), n. An olive stuffed with a kind of sweet red pepper, or pimiento.

||Pi`ña (?), n. [Sp., orig., pineapple, pine cone.] 1. (a) The pineapple. (b) Piña cloth or the fiber of which it is made.

2. Also Pi"na (pron. also &?;). (Metal.) A cone of silver amalgam prepared for retorting; also, the residuary cone of spongy silver left after the retorting.

Pin`a*ca"te bug (?). [Orig. uncert.] Any of several clumsy, wingless beetles of the genus Eleodes, found in the Pacific States.

Pi`ña cloth (?). [See Piña.] A fine fabric for scarfs, handkerchiefs, embroidery, etc., woven from the fiber obtained from the leaf of the sterile pineapple plant. It is delicate, soft, and transparent, with a tinge of pale yellow.

Pinch, v. t. To seize by way of theft; to steal; also, to catch; to arrest. [Slang] Robert Barr.

Pine-tree State. Maine; -- a nickname alluding to the pine tree in its coat of arms.

Pin"-fire` (?), a. (Mil.) Having a firing pin to explode the cartridge; as, a pin- fire rifle.

Ping"-pong` (?), n. [Imitative.] 1. An indoor modification of lawn tennis played with small bats, or battledores, and a very light, hollow, celluloid ball, on a large table divided across the middle by a net.

2. A size of photograph a little larger than a postage stamp.

Ping"-pong`, v. i. To play ping- pong.

Pin`gue*fac"tion (?), n. [L. pinguefacere, pinguefactum, to fatten; pinguis fat + facere to make.] (Med.) A making of, or turning into, fat.

Pin*ta"do (?), n. A fish (Scomberomorus regalis) similar to, but larger than, the Spanish mackerel, and having elongated spots, common about Florida and the West Indies.

Pin"to (?), a. [Sp., painted.] Lit., painted; hence, piebald; mottled; pied.

Pin"to, n. Any pied animal; esp., a pied or "painted" horse.

Pintsch gas (?). [After Richard Pintsch, German inventor.] A kind of oil gas extensively used for lighting railroad cars, which carry it in compressed form.

Pi`o*neers'" Day (?). In Utah, a legal holiday, July 24, commemorated the arrival, in 1847, of Brigham Young and his followers at the present site of Salt Lake City.

Pipe line. A line of pipe with pumping machinery and apparatus for conveying liquids, esp. petroleum, between distant points.

Pipe"-line`, v. t. To convey by a pipe line; to furnish with a pipe line or pipe lines.

{ Pi*per"a*zine (?), n. Also - zin }. [Piperidine + azote + -ine.] (Chem.) A crystalline substance, (C2H4NH)2, formed by action of ammonia on ethylene bromide, by reduction of pyrazine, etc. It is a strong base, and is used as a remedy for gout.

Pipe"vine` (?), n. Any climbing species of Aristolochia; esp., the Dutchman's pipe (A. sipho).

Pipe"wood` (?), n. An ericaceous shrub (Leucothoë acuminata) of the southern United States, from the wood of which pipe bowls are made.

Pis*tache" (?), n. [OE. pistace, fr. F. pistache. See Pistachio.] (Bot.) The anacardiaceous tree Pistacia vera, which yields the pistachio nut; also, the nut itself and the flavoring extract prepared from it.

Pis*ta"chio (?), n. 1. The small anacardiaceous tree, of southern Europe and Asia Minor, which bears the pistachio nut.

2. (Cookery) The flavor of the pistachio nut, or an ice or confection flavored with it.

3. Pistachio green.

Pistachio green. A light yellowish green color resembling that of the pistachio nut.

Pis"ton ring. (Mach.) A spring packing ring, or any of several such rings, for a piston.

Pitch, n. (Elec.) The distance between symmetrically arranged or corresponding parts of an armature, measured along a line, called the pitch line, drawn around its length. Sometimes half of this distance is called the pitch.

Pitch of poles (Elec.), the distance between a pair of poles of opposite sign.

||Pith`e*can*thro"pus (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; ape + &?; man.] 1. A hypothetical genus of primates intermediate between man and the anthropoid apes. Haeckel.

2. A genus consisting of an primate (P. erectus) apparently intermediate between man and the existing anthropoid apes, known from bones of a single individual found in Java (hence called Java man) in 1891-92. These bones include a thigh bone of the human type, two molar teeth intermediate between those of man and the anthropoids, and the calvaria of the skull, indicating a brain capacity of about 900 cubic centimeters, and resembling in form that of the Neanderthal man. Also [pl. - thropi (&?;)], an animal of this genus. -- Pith`e*can"thrope (#), n. -- Pith`e*can"thro*poid (#), a.

Pit"ter-pat`ter (?), n. A sound like that of alternating light beats. Also, a pattering of words.

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Pit"ter-pat`ter, adv. With, or with the sound of, alternating light beats; as, his heart went pitter- patter.

Pi*tu"i*trin (?), n. (Biol. Chem.) A substance or extract from the pituitary body.

||Pit`y*ri"a*sis (?), n. (Veter.) A disease of domestic animals characterized by dry epithelial scales, and due to digestive disturbances and alteration of the function of the sebaceous glands.

Place, n. (Racing) The position of first, second, or third at the finish, esp. the second position. In betting, to win a bet on a horse for place it must, in the United States, finish first or second, in England, usually, first, second, or third.

Place (?), v. t. 1. (Racing) To determine or announce the place of at the finish. Usually, in horse racing only the first three horses are placed officially.

2. (Rugby Football) To place-kick ( a goal).

Place"-kick`, v. t. & i. To make a place kick; to make (a goal) by a place kick. -- Place"- kick`er, n.

Plane, v. i. Of a boat, to lift more or less out of the water while in motion, after the manner of a hydroplane; to hydroplane.