Chapter 34

||Par`a*noi"a (?), n. (Med.) A chronic form of insanity characterized by very gradual impairment of the intellect, systematized delusion, and usually by delusious of persecution or mandatory delusions producing homicidal tendency. In its mild form paranoia may consist in the well-marked crotchetiness exhibited in persons commonly called "cranks." Paranoiacs usually show evidences of bodily and nervous degeneration, and many have hallucinations, esp. of sight and hearing.

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Par`a*noi"ac (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to paranoia; affected with, or characteristic of, paranoia.

Par`a*noi"ac, n. A person affected with paranoia.

Pará nut. The Brazil nut.

Pará rubber. The caoutchouc obtained from the South American euphorbiaceous tree Hevea brasiliensis, hence called the Pará rubber tree, from the Brazilian river and seaport named Pará; also, the similar product of other species of Hevea. It is usually exported in flat round cakes, and is a chief variety of commercial India rubber.

||Par"a*shah (?), n.; pl. - shoth (#) or -shioth (#). [Heb. prshh.] A lesson from the Torah, or Law, from which at least one section is read in the Jewish synagogue on every Sabbath and festival.

||Par"a*shoth, n.; pl. of Parashah.

Par"cel post. That branch of the post office having to do with the collection, transmission, and delivery of parcels. The British Inland Parcel Post was established in 1883. The present rates, dating from 1897, are 3d. for parcels not exceeding one pound and 1d. for each additional pound up to the limit of 10 pounds. A general parcel post was established in the United States by Act of August 24, 1912, which took effect Jan. 1, 1913. Parcels must not exceed 11 pounds in weight nor 72 inches in length and girth combined. Provision is made from insuring parcels up to $50.00, and also for sending parcels C.O.D. The rates of postage vary with the distance. See Zone, below.

Par*chee"si, n. See Pachisi.

Parch"ment*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. -izing (?).] To convert to a parchmentlike substance, esp. by sulphuric acid.

Par*fleche" (?), n. [Prob. through Canadian F. fr. Amer. Indian.] A kind of rawhide consisting of hide, esp. of the buffalo, which has been soaked in crude wood-ash lye to remove the hairs, and then dried.

Par*fo"cal (?), a. [Pari- + focal.] (Opt.) With the lower focal points all in the same plane; -- said of sets of eyepieces so mounted that they may be interchanged without varying the focus of the instrument (as a microscope or telescope) with which they are used.

Park, n. Any place where vehicles are assembled according to a definite arrangement; also, the vehicles.

Park, v. t. 1. To bring together in a park, or compact body; as, to park artillery, wagons, automobiles, etc.

2. In oyster culture, to inclose in a park.

Park, v. i. To promenade or drive in a park; also, of horses, to display style or gait on a park drive.

{ Par"ka (?), Par"kee (?) }, n. [Russ. parka, parki, dim. of para a pair, fr. G. paar, L. par. Cf. Pair.] An outer garment made of the skins of birds or mammals, worn by Eskimos, etc.

Par"lor match`. A friction match that contains little or no sulphur.

Par*nas"sian (?), n. [F. parnassien.] One of a school of French poets of the Second Empire (1852-70) who emphasized metrical form and made the little use of emotion as poetic material; -- so called from the name (Parnasse contemporain) of the volume in which their first poems were collected in 1866.

||Par`nas`si`en" (?), n. [F.] Same as Parnassian.

Par"nell*ism (?), n. (Eng. Politics) The policy or principles of the Parnellites.

Par"nell*ite (?), n. (Eng. Politics) One of the adherents of Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-91) in his advocacy of home rule for Ireland.

Par*quet" (?), n. 1. In various European public bourses, the railed-in space within which the "agents de change," or privileged brokers, conduct business; also, the business conducted by them; -- distinguished from the coulisse, or outside market.

2. In most European countries, the branch of the administrative government which is charged with the prevention, investigation, and punishment of crime, representing the public and not the individual injured.

Parquet circle. That part of the lower floor of a theater with seats at the rear of the parquet and beneath the galleries; -- called also, esp. in U. S., orchestra circle or parterre.

||Pa`rure" (?), n. [F., OF. pareure, LL. paraura, fr. L. parare to prepare. See Pare.] An ornament or decoration for the person; esp., a decoration consisting of a set of ornaments to be used together; as, a parure of rubies or of embroideries.

Pass, n. In football, hockey, etc., a transfer of the ball, etc., to another player of one's side, usually at some distance.

Pass, v. i. In football, hockey, etc., to make pass; to transfer the ball, etc., to another player of one's own side.

Passe*men"terie (?), n. [F.] Trimmings, esp. of braids, cords, gimps, beads, or tinsel.

Pas"sen*ger mile. (Railroads) A unit of measurement of the passenger transportation performed by a railroad during a given period, usually a year, the total of which consists of the sum of the miles traversed by all the passengers on the road in the period in question.

Passenger mileage. (Railroads) Passenger miles collectively; the total number of miles traveled by passengers on a railroad during a given period.

{ Pas"sive bal*loon" or a"ër*o*plane }. One unprovided with motive power.

Passive flight. Flight, such as gliding and soaring, accomplished without the use of motive power.

Pas*teur"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Pasteur.

Pas"teur*iz`er (?), n. One that Pasteurizes, specif. an apparatus for heating and agitating, fluid.

Pas`teur's" flu"id (?). (Biol.) An artificial nutrient fluid invented by Pasteur for the study of alcoholic fermentation, but used also for the cultivation of bacteria and other organisms. It contains all the elements of protoplasm, and was originally made of the ash of yeast, some ammonia compound, sugar, and water.

Pas*to"ri*um (?), n. [See Pastor; cf. Auditorium.] A parsonage; -- so called in some Baptist churches. [Southern U. S.]

Pa"ter*nos`ter (?), n. (Mining) An elevator of an inclined endless traveling chain or belt bearing buckets or shelves which ascend on one side loaded, and empty themselves at the top.

||Pa*te"si (?), n. [Assyrian.] (Babylonian Antiq.) A religious as well as a secular designation applied to rulers of some of the city states of ancient Chaldea, as Lagash or Shirpurla, who were conceived to be direct representatives of the tutelary god of the place.

{ Path`o*log"ic, Path`o*log"ic*al }, a. (Med.) Morbid; due to disease; abnormal; as, pathological tissue; a pathological condition.

Pa*thol"o*gy, n. (Med.) The condition of an organ, tissue, or fluid produced by disease.

Pa"thos, n. 1. The quality or character of those emotions, traits, or experiences which are personal, and therefore restricted and evanescent; transitory and idiosyncratic dispositions or feelings as distinguished from those which are universal and deep-seated in character; -- opposed to ethos.

2. Suffering; the enduring of active stress or affliction.

||Pa"ti*o (?), n. In Spain, Spanish America, etc., a court or courtyard of a house or other building; esp., an inner court open to the sky.

||Pâ`tis`serie" (?), n. [F. pâtisserie. See Pate.] Pastry. Sterne.

Pa*tol"li (?), n. [Mex. patolli dice.] An American Indian game analogous to dice, probably originally a method of divination.

Pa"tri*ots' Day. A legal holiday in the States of Massachusetts and Maine, April 19, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington in 1775. It was first observed in 1894. [U. S.]

Pa*trol", n. See Boy Scout.

Pat"ter, n. The language or oratory of a street peddler, conjurer, or the like, hence, glib talk; a voluble harangue; mere talk; chatter; also, specif., rapid speech, esp. as sometimes introduced in songs. [Cant or Colloq.]

Pat"tern, n. (Gun.) A diagram showing the distribution of the pellets of a shotgun on a vertical target perpendicular to the plane of fire.

Pat"tin*son's proc"ess (?). (Metal.) A process of desilverizing argentiferous lead by repeated meltings and skimmings, which concentrate the silver in the molten bath, the final skimmings being nearly pure lad. The processwas invented in 1833 by Hugh Lee Pattinson, an English metallurgist.

Pax (?), n. Friendship, or a friend; -- esp. in the phrases to make pax with, to make friends with, to be good pax, to be good friends; also, truce; -- used esp. interjectionally. [Eng. Schoolboy Slang]

Pay Cerps. A staff corps in the United States navy, consisting of pay directors, pay inspectors, paymasters, passed assistant paymasters, and assistant paymasters, having relative rank from captain to ensign, respectively.

{ Pay dirt, Pay rock, etc. } (Mining) Earth, rock, etc., which yields a profit to the miner. [Western U. S.]

Pay"mas`ter-gen"er*al. 1. (a) (Mil.) In the United States army, an officer of the rank of brigadier general, who commands the pay department, which is charged with the payment of the officers and men. (b) (Nav.) In the United States navy, the Chief of the Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, who has charge of the payment of officers and men and their clothing and subsistence. He has the rank of rear admiral.

2. In Great Britain, an officer of the Treasury who makes all payments and disbursements, civil as well as military. He is a member of the ministry, but not of the cabinet.

Payne's process (?). A process for preserving timber and rendering it incombustible by impregnating it successively with solutions of sulphate of iron and calcium chloride in vacuo. -- Payn"ize, v. t.

Pay streak. 1. (Mining) The zone, parallel to the walls of a vein, in which the ore is concentrated, or any narrow streak of paying ore in less valuable material.

2. (Oil Boring) A stratum of oil sand thick enough to make a well pay.

Peach"blow`, a. (Ceramics) Of the delicate purplish pink color likened to that of peach blooms; -- applied esp. to a Chinese porcelain, small specimens of which bring great prices in the Western countries.

Pea"cock` Throne. 1. A famous throne formerly of the kings of Delhi, India, but since 1739, when it was carried off by Nadir Shah, held by the shahs of Persia (later Iran); - - so called from its bearing a fully expanded peacock's tail done in gems.

Peag (?), n. [Written also peage, peak, peeke.] [Prob. of North Amer. Indian origin.] A kind of aboriginal shell money, or wampum, of the Atlantic coast of the United States; -- originally applied only to polished white cylindrical beads.

Pea"nut but"ter. A paste made by mixing ground fresh roasted peanuts with a small quantity of water or oil, and used chiefly as a relish on sandwiches, etc.

{ Pea"vey Pea"vy } (?), n. [Said to be from the inventor's name.] (Lumbering) A cant hook having the end of its lever armed with a spike.

Ped`i*at"ric (pd`*t"rk or pd`*t"rk), a. [Gr. pai^s, paido`s, child + 'iatrei`a healing.] (Med.) Pertaining to the care and medical treatment of children. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Ped`i*at"rics (?), n. That branch of medical science which treats of the hygiene and diseases of children.

Ped"i*cure (?), n. [Pedi- + L. cura care.] 1. The care of the feet and nails.

2. One who cares for the feet and nails; a chiropodist. -- Ped"i*cure, v. t. -- Ped"i*cur*ism (#), n. -- Ped"i*cur*ist (#), n.

Ped"i*gree clause. A clause sometimes inserted in contracts or specifications, requiring that a material of construction, as cement, must be of a brand that has stood the test of a specified number of years' use in an important public work. [Cant, U. S.]

Ped"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; ground + -graph.] An instrument carried by a pedestrian for automatically making a topographical record of the ground covered during a journey.

Pe*dol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, child + -logy.] (Med.) Pediatrics.

Ped"rail` (?), n. [See Pedi-; Rail.] (Mach.) (a) A device intended to replace the wheel of a self-propelled vehicle for use on rough roads and to approximate to the smoothness in running of a wheel on a metal track. The tread consists of a number of rubber shod feet which are connected by ball-and-socket joints to the ends of sliding spokes. Each spoke has attached to it a small roller which in its turn runs under a short pivoted rail controlled by a powerful set of springs. This arrangement permits the feet to accomodate themselves to obstacles even such as steps or stairs. The pedrail was invented by one B. J. Diplock of London, Eng. (b) A vehicle, as a traction engine, having such pedrails.

Pe"dro (?), n. [From Sp. Pedro Peter, L. Petrus, Gr. &?;.] (Card Playing) (a) The five of trumps in certain varieties of auction pitch. (b) A variety of auction pitch in which the five of trumps counts five.

Peep sight. An adjustable piece, pierced with a small hole to peep through in aiming, attached to a rifle or other firearm near the breech; -- distinguished from an open sight.

Peg, n. A drink of spirits, usually whisky or brandy diluted with soda water. [India]

This over, the club will be visted for a "peg," Anglice drink.

Harper's Mag.

||Pei`gnoir" (?), n. [F., fr. peigner to comb, L. pectinare. See Pectinate.] A woman's loose dressing sack; hence, a loose morning gown or wrapper.

Pe"le's hair (?). [After a Hawaiian goddess associated with the crater Kilauea.] Glass threads or fibers formed by the wind from bits blown from frothy lava or from the tips of lava jets or from bits of liquid lava thrown into the air. It often collects in thick masses resembling tow.

Pel"i*can State. Louisiana; -- a nickname alluding to the device on its seal.

Pe*lisse" (?), n. A lady's or child's long outer garment, of silk or other fabric.

Pel*lag"rous (?), a. [It. pellagroso: cf. F. pellagreux.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or affected with, or attendant on, pellagra; as, pellagrous insanity.

Pe*lo"rus (?), n. [After Pelorus, said to have been Hannibal's pilot when he left Italy.] (Navig.) An instrument similar to a mariner's compass, but without magnetic needles, and having two sight vanes by which bearings are taken, esp. such as cannot be taken by the compass.

||Pe*lo"ta (?), n. [Sp., lit., ball.] A Basque, Spanish, and Spanish-American game played in a court, in which a ball is struck with a wickerwork racket.

Pel`tier" ef*fect" (?). [After Jean C. A. Peltier, French physicist, the discoverer.] (Elec.) The production or absorption of heat at the junction of two metals on the passage of a current. Heat generated by the passage of the current in one direction will be absorbed if the current is reversed.

Pel`tier's" cross (?). (Elec.) A cross formed of two strips of different metals, to illustrate the Peltier effect.

Pel"ton wheel (?). (Mech.) A form of impulse turbine or water wheel, consisting of a row of double cup-shaped buckets arranged round the rim of a wheel and actuated by one or more jets of water playing into the cups at high velocity.

||Pe*lure" (?), n. [F., lit., peel, fr. peler to peel.] A crisp, hard, thin paper, sometimes used for postage stamps.

Pel*vim"e*try (?), n. [Pelvis + -metry.] (Med.) The measurement of the pelvis.

Pem"broke ta`ble (?). [From Pembroke, a town and shire in Wales.] A style of four-legged table in vogue in England, chiefly in the later Georgian period.

The characteristic which gives a table the name of Pembroke consists in the drop leaves, which are held up, when the table is open, by brackets which turn under the top.

F. C. Morse.

Pem"mi*can, n. A treatise of much thought in little compass.

Pe*nang" law"yer (?). [Prob. fr. Malay pnang lar.] A kind of walking stick made from the stem of an East Asiatic palm (Licuala acutifida).

||Pen`chant" (?), n. (Card Playing) A game like bézique, or, in the game, any queen and jack of different suits held together.

Pe"ne*plain` (?), n. [L. paene, pene, almost + E. plain.] (Phys. Geog.) A land surface reduced by erosion to the general condition of a plain, but not wholly devoid of hills; a base-level plain.

Pen*in"su*la State. Florida; -- a nickname.

||Pen*tath"lon (?), n. In the modern Olympic Games, a composite contest made up of a running broad jump, throwing the javelin, a 200-meter run, throwing the discus, and a 1500-meter run.

{ Pen"to*san (?), n. Also -sane (?) }. [From Pentose.] (Chem.) One of a class of substances (complex carbohydrates widely distributed in plants, as in fruits, gums, woods, hay, etc.) which yield pentoses on hydrolysis.

Pen"tose (?), n. [Penta- + - ose.] (Chem.) Any of a group of sugars of the formula C5H10O5, as arabinose; -- so called from the five carbon atoms in the molecule. They are not fermented by yeast.

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Peo"ple's bank (?). A form of coöperative bank, such as those of Germany; -- a term loosely used for various forms of coöperative financial institutions.

People's party. (U. S. Politics) A party formed in 1891, advocating in an increase of the currency, public ownership and operation of railroads, telegraphs, etc., an income tax, limitation in ownership of land, etc.

Pep"lum (?), n.; pl. E. - lumus, L. -la. [L.] A peplos. Hence: An overskirt hanging like an ancient peplos; also, a short fitted skirt attached to a waist or coat.

Pep"per box` (?), n. A buttress on the left-hand wall of a fives court as the game is played at Eton College, England.

Per`ca*line" (?), n. [F.] A fine kind of cotton goods, usually of one color, and with a glossy surface, -- much use for linings.

Per"co*la`tor, n. 1. A kind of coffee pot in which the heated water is caused to filter through the coffee and thus extract its essence.

2. (Pharmacy) An apparatus for producing an extract from a drug by percolation.

||Per di"em (?). [L.] By the day; substantively (chiefly U. S.), an allowance or amount of so much by the day.

||Père (pâr), n. [F., fr. L. pater. See Father.] Father; -- often used after French proper names to distinguish a father from his son; as, Dumas père.

Per"go*la (?), n. [It., fr. L. pergula shed, shop, vine arbor.] Lit., an arbor or bower; specif.: (Italian art) An arbor or trellis treated architecturally, as with stone columns or similar massive structure.

||Per"go*lo (?), n. [It.] A continuous colonnade or arcade; -- applied to the decorative groups of windows, as in Venetian palazzi.

Per`i*cys*ti"tis (?), n. [NL. See Peri-, and Cystitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the bladder.

Pe*rip"ter*y (?), n. [Gr. &?; flying round about.] The region surrounding a moving body, such as the wing of a bird or a gliding aëroplane, within which cyclic or vortical motion of the air occur.

Pe*rique" (?), n. [Louisiana F.] A kind of tobacco with medium-sized leaf, small stem, tough and gummy fiber, raised in Louisiana, and cured in its own juices, so as to be very dark colored, usually black. It is marketed in tightly wrapped rolls called carottes.

Per"me*ance (?), n. [See Permeant.] Permeation; specif. (Magnetism), the reciprocal of reluctance.

Per*mit" (?), n. [Cf. Sp. palamida a kind of scombroid fish.] (a) A large pompano (Trachinotus goodei) of the West Indies, Florida, etc. It becomes about three feet long. (b) The round pompano. (T. falcatus). [Local, U. S.]

Per"mu*la`tor (?), n. (Elec.) A special form of rotary converter with stationary commutator and rotating brushes, in which the exciting field is induced by the alternating current in a short-circuited magnetic core instead of being produced by an external magnet.

{ Per*nick"et*y Per*nick"et*ty } (?), a. Finical or fussy; full of petty details. [Colloq.]

Per*pet"u*al cal"en*dar. A calendar that can be used perpetually or over a wide range of years. That of Capt. Herschel covers, as given below, dates from 1750 to 1961 only, but is capable of indefinite extension.

To find the day of the week corresponding to any date, find the small letter directly under the month and opposite the day of the month; the same small letter also appears in the vertical column that contains the number of the year, and if the line in which it stands is followed out to the right, the day of the week is found. Thus, the small letter under March and opposite 18 is b; b appears again directly over 1904, and at its right is the word Friday. March 18 fell on Friday in 1904, and also in 1898, 1892, etc. The calendar has other uses, as for finding the months which begin on Sunday in a particular year, etc.

Per"ron (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) An out-of-door flight of steps, as in a garden, leading to a terrace or to an upper story; -- usually applied to mediævel or later structures of some architectural pretensions.

Per"se*id (?), n. [From Perseus.] (Astron.) One of a group of shooting stars appearing annually about the 10th of August. They are probably fragments of Swift's comet 1862 (III).

Per"si*co (?), n. = Persicot.

Per`si*enne" (pr`s*n"; - sh*n"; F. pr`syn"), n. [F., fem. of presien Persian.] Properly, printed calico, whether Oriental or of fanciful design with flowers, etc., in Western work. Hence, as extended in English, material of a similar character.

Per`si*ennes" (-nz"; F. pr`syn"), n. pl. [F.] Window blinds having movable slats, similar to Venetian blinds.

Per"sism (?), n. Ancient Persian religion, esp. as represented by the Magi.

This system we shall call 'Persism', in order to free ourselves of the popular associations still connected with such terms as magism, Parseeism, and so forth; meaning by 'Persism' the teaching of Zarathustra as it affected the Greek and Latin world.

E. Vernon Arnold.

||Pe*tite" (?), a. [F., fem. of petit.] Small, little; of a woman or girl, of small size and trim figure.

||Pe*tit" mal" (?). [F., lit., little sickness.] (Med.) The mildest form of epilepsy, with momentary faintness or unconsciousness, but without convulsions; -- opposed to grand mal.

Pe*tune" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petuned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Petuning.] [See Petunia.] (Agric.) To spray (tobacco) with a liquid intended to produce flavor or aroma.

Phan"ar (?), n. [Turk. fanar, fr. NGr. &?; lighthouse, Gr. &?; lantern; -- from a lighthouse on a point projecting into the Golden Horn.] A quarter of Constantinople which, after the Turkish conquest of the city, became the chief Greek quarter; hence, the Greek officials of Turkey, or phanariots, as a class.

{ Pha*nar"i*ot (?), n. Also Pha*nar"i*ote (?)}. [NGr. &?;, fr. Phanar. See Phanar.] One of the Greeks of Constantinople who after the Turkish conquest became powerful in clerical and other offices under Turkish patronage.

Phan"tom, a. Being, or of the nature of, a phantom.

Phantom isles are floating in the skies.

B. Taylor.

Phantom circuit. (Elec.) The equivalent of an additional circuit or wire, in reality not existing, obtained by certain arrangements of real circuits, as in some multiplex telegraph systems.

Phar`ma*co*dy*man"ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; drug + E. dynamics.] That branch of pharmacology which treats of the action and the effects of medicines.

Phase (?), n. 1. (Phys. Chem.) A homogenous, physically distinct portion of matter in a system not homogeneous; as, the three phases, ice, water, and aqueous vapor. A phase may be either a single chemical substance or a mixture, as of gases.

2. (Zoöl.) In certain birds and mammals, one of two or more color variations characteristic of the species, but independent of the ordinary seasonal and sexual differences, and often also of age. Some of the herons which appear in white and colored phases, and certain squirrels which are sometimes uniformly blackish instead of the usual coloration, furnish examples. Color phases occur also in other animals, notably in butterflies.