Chapter 33

Off"take` (?), n. [Off + take.] 1. Act of taking off; specif., the taking off or purchase of goods.

2. Something taken off; a deduction.

3. A channel for taking away air or water; also, the point of beginning of such a channel; a take-off.

Ohm"me`ter (?), n. [Ohm + meter.] (Elec.) An instrument for indicating directly resistance in ohms.

O*ka"pi (?), n. [Native name on the borders of Belgian Kongo, possibly the same word as Mpongwe okapo lean.] A peculiar mammal (Okapia johnostoni) closely related to the giraffe, discovered in the deep forests of Belgian Kongo in 1900. It is smaller than an ox, and somewhat like a giraffe, except that the neck is much shorter. Like the giraffe, it has no dewclaws. There is a small prominence on each frontal bone of the male. The color of the body is chiefly reddish chestnut, the cheeks are yellowish white, and the fore and hind legs above the knees and the haunches are striped with purplish black and cream color.

O"kra (?), n. The pods of the plant okra, used as a vegetable; also, a dish prepared with them; gumbo.

Old Dominion. Virginia; -- a name of uncertain origin, perh. from the old designation of the colony as "the Colony and Dominion of Virginia."

Old Line State. Maryland; a nickname, alluding to the fact that its northern boundary in Mason and Dixon's line.

O`le*og"ra*phy (?), n. 1. Art or process of producing the pictures known as oleographs.

2. A process of identifying oils by their oleographs.

O`le*o oil (?). An oil expressed from certain animal fats (esp. beef suet), the greater portion of the solid fat, or stearin, being left behind. It is mixture of olein, palmitin, and a little stearin.

O*lym"pi*ad (?), n. The quadrennial celebration of the modern Olympic games; as, the first Olympiad (1906).

O*lym"pi*an*ism (?), n. Worship of the Olympian gods, esp. as a dominant cult or religion.

{ O*lym"pic, or O*lym"pi*an, games }. A modified revival of the ancient Olympian games, consisting of international athletic games, races, etc., now held once in four years, the first having been at Athens in 1896.

||Om (?), interj. & n. [Also Aum, Um.] [Skr. m.] A mystic syllable or ejaculation used by Hindus and Buddhists in religious rites, -- orig. among the Hindus an exclamation of assent, like Amen, then an invocation, and later a symbol of the trinity formed by Vishnu, Siva, and Brahma. -- Om mani padme hun, a sacred formula of buddhism (esp. of the Lamaists) translated "O, the Jewel in the Lotus, Amen," and referring to Amitabha, who is commonly represented as standing or sitting within a lotus.

O*mi"cron (?), n. [Written also omikron.] [NL., fr. Gr. ο. See Micro- .] Lit., the little, or short, O, o; the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.

On"cost`, n. (Accounting) In cost accounting, expenditure which is involved in the process of manufacture or the performance of work and which cannot be charged directly to any particular article manufactured or work done (as where different kinds of goods are produced), but must be allocated so that each kind of goods or work shall bear its proper share. [Brit.]

On"do*gram (?), n. [F. onde wave, L. unda + -gram.] (Elec.) The record of an ondograph.

On"do*graph (?), n. [F. onde wave, L. unda + -graph.] (Elec.) An instrument for autographically recording the wave forms of varying currents, esp. rapidly varying alternating currents.

On*dom"e*ter (?), n. [F. onde wave, L. unda + -mater.] An electric wave meter.

||On`do`yant" (?), a. [F., p.pr. of ondoyer to undulate, fr. onde wave, L. unda.] (Art) Wavy; having the surface marked by waves or slightly depressed furrows; as, ondoyant glass.

On"ion*skin` (?), n. [Onion + skin.] A kind of thin translucent paper with a glossy finish.

Ooze, n. (Oceanography) A soft deposit covering large areas of the ocean bottom, composed largely or mainly of the shells or other hard parts of minute organisms, as Foraminifera, Radiolaria, and diatoms. The radiolarian ooze occurring in many places in very deep water is composed mainly of the siliceous skeletons of radiolarians, calcareous matter being dissolved by the lage percentage of carbon dioxide in the water at these depths.

Ooze leather. Leather made from sheep and calf skins by mechanically forcing ooze through them; esp., such leather with a soft, finely granulated finish (called sometimes velvet finish) put on the flesh side for special purposes. Ordinary ooze leather is used for shoe uppers, in bookbinding, etc. Hence Ooze calf, Ooze finish, etc.

O"pal*ine (?), n. 1. An opaline variety of yellow chalcedony.

2. Opal glass.

3. An opaline color or expanse.

O"pen door. (a) Open or free admission to all; hospitable welcome; free opportunity.

She of the open soul and open door, With room about her hearth for all mankind.

Lowell.

(b) In modern diplomacy, opportunity for political and commercial intercourse open to all upon equal terms, esp. with reference to a nation whose policy is wholly or partially fixed by nations foreign to itself, or to territory newly acquired by a conquering nation. In this sense, often used adjectively, as, open-door system, open-door policy, etc.

The steps taken by Britain to maintain the open door have so far proved to be perfectly futile.

A. R. Colquhoun.

Open-hearth steel. See under Open.

Open sea. (Internat. Law) A sea open to all nations. See Mare clausum.

Open verdict. (Law) A verdict on a preliminary investigation, finding the fact of a crime but not stating the criminal, or finding the fact of a violent death without disclosing the cause.

Oph"ism (?), n. 1. Doctrines and rites of the Ophites.

2. Serpent worship or the use of serpents as magical agencies.

||Op`ol*che"ni*e (?), n. [Russ., fr. opolchit' to make an army, polk army. Cf. Folk.] (Russia) See Army organization, above.

Op*tom"e*trist (?), n. One who is skilled in or practices optometry.

Op*tom"e*try (?), n. 1. (Med.) Measurement of the range of vision, esp. by means of the optometer.

2. As defined (with minor variations) in the statutes of various States of the United States: (a) "The employment of subjective and objective mechanical means to determine the accomodative and refractive states of the eye and the scope of its function in general." (b) "The employment of any means, other than the use of drugs, for the measurement of the powers of vision and adaptation of lenses for the aid thereof."

O"ri*ent, v. t. 1. Same as Orientate, 2.

2. To place (a map or chart) so that its east side, north side, etc., lie toward the corresponding parts of the horizon; specif. (Surv.), to rotate (a map attached to a plane table) until the line of direction between any two of its points is parallel to the corresponding direction in nature.

{ Or"mazd (?) or A`hu*ra-Maz"da }, n. [Zend Ahuramazda.] (Zoroastrianism) The supreme deity, the principle of good, creator of the world, and guardian of mankind. He is the opponent of Ahriman, the spirit of evil, both being sprung from Eternity, or, according to another version, Ahriman being the offspring of a moment of doubt on the part of Ormazd. Ormazd is attended by angels and archangels. He is represented as a bearded man inclosed in a winged circle, a conception probably derived from the Assyrian representations of Ashur.

Or"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; mountain + -graph.] (Surveying) A machine for use in making topographical maps. It is operated by being pushed across country, and not only records distances, like the perambulator, but also elevations.

Or`o*he"li*o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; mountain + helio- + -graph.] (Photog.) A camera for obtaining a circular panoramic view of the horizon. The photographic plate is placed horizontally with a vertical lens above. A mirror of peculiar shape reflects light from the entire horizon to the lens, by means of which it is focused upon the plate.

O*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; mountain + -meter.] (Meteor.) An aneroid barometer having a second scale that gives the approximate elevation above sea level of the place where the observation is made.

Or"tho*graph (?), n. [Ortho- + -graph.] (Arch.) An orthographic projection, sometimes partly in section, esp. of a building.

Os"cil*lat`ing current. (Elec.) A current alternating in direction.

Os"cil*la`tor (?), n. One that oscillates; specif.: (a) (Elec.) Any device for producing electric oscillations; esp., an apparatus for generating electric waves in a system of wireless telegraphy. (b) (Mech.) An instrument for measuring rigidity by the torsional oscillations of a weighted wire.

Os"cil*lo*gram (?), n. [L. oscillare + -gram.] (Elec.) An autographic record made by an oscillograph.

Os"cil*lo*graph (?), n. [L. oscillare to swing + -graph.] (Elec.) An apparatus for recording or indicating alternating-current wave forms or other electrical oscillations, usually consisting of a galvanometer with strong field, in which the mass of the moving part is very small and frequency of vibration very high. -- Os`cil*lo*graph"ic (#), a.

Os`cil*lom"e*ter (?), n. [L. oscillare to swing + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the angle through which a ship rolls or pitches at sea.

Os*cil"lo*scope (?), n. [L. oscillare to swing + -scope.] (Elec.) An instrument for showing visually the changes in a varying current; an oscillograph.

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Os"mo*gene (?), n. [Osmose + root of Gr. &?; race.] An apparatus, consisting of a number of cells whose sides are of parchment paper, for conducting the process of osmosis. It is used esp. in sugar refining to remove potassium salts from the molasses.

Os"mo*graph (?), n. [Osmose + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording the height of the liquid in an endosmometer or for registering osmotic pressures.

||Os`te*ol"y*sis (?), n. [NL. osteo- + Gr. &?; a loosing.] Softening and absorption of bone. -- Os`te*o*lyt"ic (#), a.

Os"te*o*path (?), n. A practitioner of osteopathy.

Os`te*o*path"ic (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to osteopathy. -- Os`te*o*path"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Os`te*op"a*thist (?), n. One who practices osteopathy; an osteopath.

Os`te*op"a*thy (?), n. [Osteo- + Gr. &?; suffering.] (Med.) (a) Any disease of the bones. [R.] (b) A system of treatment based on the theory that diseases are chiefly due to deranged mechanism of the bones, nerves, blood vessels, and other tissues, and can be remedied by manipulations of these parts.

||Os`te*o*per`i*os*ti"tis (?), n. [NL.; osteo- + periosteum + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a bone and its periosteum.

||Os`te*o*po*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; osteo- + Gr. &?; pore.] (Med. & Physiol.) An absorption of bone so that the tissue becomes unusually porous.

||Os`te*o*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; osteo- + sclerosis.] Abnormal hardness and density of bone.

||Ot*ta"va ri"ma (?). [It. See Octave, and Rhyme.] (Pros.) A stanza of eight lines of heroic verse, with three rhymes, the first six lines rhyming alternately and the last two forming a couplet. It was used by Byron in "Don Juan," by Keats in "Isabella," by Shelley in "The Witch of Atlas," etc.

Ot"to cy`cle (?). (Thermodynamics) A four- stroke cycle for internal-combustion engines consisting of the following operations: First stroke, suction into cylinder of explosive charge, as of gas and air; second stroke, compression, ignition, and explosion of this charge; third stroke (the working stroke), expansion of the gases; fourth stroke, expulsion of the products of combustion from the cylinder. This is the cycle invented by Beau de Rochas in 1862 and applied by Dr. Otto in 1877 in the Otto-Crossley gas engine, the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine made.

Otto engine. An engine using the Otto cycle.

Oua`na`niche" (?), n. [Canadian F., of Amer. Indian origin.] A small landlocked variety of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ounaniche) of Lake St. John, Canada, and neighboring waters, noted for its vigor and activity, and habit of leaping from the water when hooked.

Out*foot" (?), v. t. To outrun or outwalk; hence, of a vessel, to outsail. [Colloq.]

Out"pen`sion (?), v. t. To grant an outpension to.

Out"pen`sion, n. A public pension granted to one not required to live in a charitable institution. -- Out"pen`sion*er, n.

||Ou`tré" (?), a. [F., p.p. of outer to exaggerate, fr. L. ultra beyond. See Outrage.] Out of the common course or limits; extravagant; bizarre; as, an outré costume.

My first mental development had in it much of the uncommon -- even much of the outré.

E. A. Poe.

Out"rig`ger, n. (Aëronautics) A projecting frame used to support the elevator or tail planes, etc.

O`ver*cast", v. t. (Bookbinding) To fasten, as single sheets, by overcast stitching or by folding one edge over another.

O`ver*de*vel"op (?), v. t. To develop excessively; specif. (Photog.), to subject (a plate or film) too long to the developing process.

O"ver*draft` (?), n. (Banking) The act of overdrawing; also, the amount or sum overdrawn.

O`ver*ex*pose" (?), v. t. To expose excessively; specif. (Photog.), to subject (a plate or film) too long to the actinic action of the light used in producing a picture. -- O`ver*ex*po"sure (#), n.

O"ver*glaze` (?), a. (Ceramics) (a) Applied over the glaze; -- said of enamel paintings, which sometimes are seen to project from the surface of the ware. (b) Suitable for applying upon the glaze; -- said of vitrifiable colors used in ceramic decoration.

{ O"ver*head" charges, expenses, etc. } (Accounting) Those general charges or expenses in any business which cannot be charged up as belonging exclusively to any particular part of the work or product, as where different kinds of goods are made, or where there are different departments in a business; -- called also fixed, establishment, or (in a manufacturing business) administration, selling, and distribution, charges, etc.

O"ver*man (?), n.; pl. - men (&?;). 1. One in authority over others; a chief; usually, an overseer or boss.

2. An arbiter.

3. In the philosophy of Nietzsche, a man of superior physique and powers capable of dominating others; one fitted to survive in an egoistic struggle for the mastery.

O"ver*shot`, a. (Zoöl.) Having the upper teeth projecting beyond the lower; -- said of the jaws of some dogs.

O"ver*wear` (?), n. Clothing worn over the ordinary indoor closing, as overcoats, wraps, etc.

O"vism (?), n. [Ovum + - ism.] (Zoöl.) The old theory that the egg contains the whole embryo of the future organism and the germs of all subsequent offsprings and is merely awakened to activity by the spermatozoön; -- opposed to spermism or animalculism.

O"vist (?), n. (Zoöl.) A believer in ovism.

Ox`y*hy"dro*gen (?), a. [Oxy- + hydrogen.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen at over 5000° F.

Oxyhydrogen light. A light produced by the incandescence of some substances, esp. lime, in the oxyhydrogen flame. Coal gas (producing the oxygas light), or the vapor of ether (oxyether light) or methylated spirit (oxyspirit light), may be substituted for hydrogen.

O"zone pa"per. (Chem.) Paper coated with starch and potassium iodine. It turns blue when exposed to ozone.>-- also called starch-iodide paper -->

P.

{ Pa*chi"si (?), n. Commonly spelt Par*che"si, Par*chi"si (?) }. A game adopted from the Indian game, using disks, as of pasteboard, and dice. [U. S. & Eng.]

Pa*chu"ca tank (?). (Metallurgy) A high and narrow tank, with a central cylinder for the introduction of compressed air, used in the agitation and settling of pulp (pulverized ore and water) during treatment by the cyanide process; -- so named because, though originally devised in New Zealand, it was first practically introduced in Pachuca, Mexico.

||Pa*ci"fi*co (?), n. [Sp. See Pacific.] A peaceful person; -- applied specif. by the Spaniards to the natives in Cuba and the Philippine Islands who did not oppose the Spanish arms.

While we were going through the woods one of the pacificos pointed to a new grave.

Harper's Weekly.

Pack, n. 1. (Med.) In hydropathic practice, a wrapping of blankets or sheets called dry pack, wet pack, cold pack, etc., according to the condition of the blankets or sheets used, put about a patient to give him treatment; also, the fact or condition of being so treated.

2. (Rugby Football) The forwards who compose one half of the scrummage; also, the scrummage.

Pack and prime road or way, a pack road or bridle way.

Pack, v. t. To cover, envelop, or protect tightly with something; specif. (Hydropathy), to envelop in a wet or dry sheet, within numerous coverings.

Pack"er, n. A ring of packing or a special device to render gas-tight and water-tight the space between the tubing and bore of an oil well. [U. S.]

Pad elephant. An elephant that is furnished with a pad for carrying burdens instead of with a howdah for carrying passengers.

||Pa"dre (?), n.; pl. Sp. & Pg. Padres (#); It. Padri (#). [Sp., Pg., & It., fr. L. pater father. See Father.] 1. A Christian priest or monk; -- used in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Spanish America.

2. In India (from the Portuguese), any Christian minister; also, a priest of the native region. Kipling.

Pa*go"da sleeve. (Costume) A funnel-shaped sleeve arranged to show the sleeve lining and an inner sleeve.

||Pail`lon" (?), n.; pl. - lions (#). [F., fr. paille straw.] A thin leaf of metal, as for use in gilding or enameling, or to show through a translucent medium.

Pa*ja"mas (?), n. pl. [Hind. p-jma, pejma, lit., leg closing.] Originally, in India, loose drawers or trousers, such as those worn, tied about the waist, by Mohammedan men and women; by extension, a similar garment adopted among Europeans, Americans, etc., for wear in the dressing room and during sleep; also, a suit consisting of drawers and a loose upper garment for such wear.

Pal"a*mate (?), a. [From Palma.] (Zoöl.) Web-footed.

Pal`i*sade", n. A line of bold cliffs, esp. one showing basaltic columns; -- usually in pl., and orig. used as the name of the cliffs on the west bank of the lower Hudson.

Palm, v. t. To "grease the palm" of; to bribe or tip. [Slang]

Palm"er (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A palmerworm.

2. (Angling) Short for Palmer fly, an artificial fly made to imitate a hairy caterpillar; a hackle.

Pal*met"to flag. Any of several flags adopted by South California after its secession. That adopted in November, 1860, had a green cabbage palmetto in the center of a white field; the final one, January, 1861, had a white palmetto in the center of a blue field and a white crescent in the upper left-hand corner.

Palmetto State. South California; -- a nickname alluding to the State Arms, which contain a representation of a palmetto tree.

||Pa"lo (?), n. [Sp. See Pale a stake.] A pole or timber of any kind; -- in the names of trees. [Sp. Amer.]

||Pa"lo blan"co (?). [Sp. blanco white.] (a) A western American hackberry (Celtis reticulata), having light-colored bark. (b) A Mexican mimosaceous tree (Lysiloma candida), the bark of which is used in tanning.

{ Pa*lo"lo (?), n., or Palolo worm }. [From native name.] A polystome worm (Palolo viridis) that burrows in the coral reefs of certain of the Pacific Islands. A little before the last quarter of the moon in October and November, they swarm in vast numbers at the surface of the sea for breeding, and are gathered and highly esteemed as food by the natives. An allied species inhabits the tropical Atlantic and swarms in June or July.

Pan`a*ma"ni*an (?), a. Of or pert. to Panama. -- n. A native or citizen of Panama.

Pan-American Congress. Any of several meetings of delegates from various American states; esp.: (a) One held in 1889-90 in the United States, at which all the independent states except Santo Domingo were represented and of which the practical result was the establishment of the Bureau of American Republics for the promotion of trade relations. (b) One held in Mexico in 1901-1902. (c) One held at Rio de Janeiro in 1906.

Pan-A*mer"i*can*ism, n. The principle or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the states of America.

||Pan*ath`e*næ"a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, all + &?; Athena.] The most ancient and important festival of Athens, celebrated in honor of Athena, the tutelary goddess of the city.

Pan"el (?), n. (Aëronautics) A segment of an aëroplane wing. In a biplane the outer panel extends from the wing tip to the next row of posts, and is trussed by oblique stay wires.

Pan"han`dle (?), n. The handle of a pan; hence, fig., any arm or projection suggestive of the handle of a pan; as, the panhandle of West Virginia, Texas, or Idaho.

Panhandle State. West Virginia; -- a nickname.

||Panne (?), n. [F.] A fabric resembling velvet, but having the nap flat and less close.

Pan*psy"chism (?), n. [See Pan-; Psychic.] The theory that all nature is psychical or has a psychical aspect; the theory that every particle of matter has a psychical character or aspect. -- Pan*psy"chic (#), a. -- Pan*psy"chist (#), n. -- Pan`psy*chis"tic (#), a.

Fechner affords a conspicuous instance of the idealistic tendency to mysterize nature in his panpsychicism, or that form of noumenal idealism which holds that the universe is a vast communion of spirits, souls of men, of animals, of plants, of earth and other planets, of the sun, all embraced as different members in the soul of the world.

Encyc. Brit.

{ Pa"pri*ka (?), n. Also Pa"pri*ca }. [Hung. paprika Turkish pepper; prob. through G.] The dried ripened fruit of Capsicum annuum or various other species of pepper; also, the mildly pungent condiment prepared from it.

Par (?), n. 1. An amount which is taken as an average or mean. [Eng.]

2. (Golf) The number of strokes required for a hole or a round played without mistake, two strokes being allowed on each hole for putting. Par represents perfect play, whereas bogey makes allowance on some holes for human frailty. Thus if par for a course is 75, bogey is usually put down, arbitrarily, as 81 or 82.

Pa*rá" (?), n. 1. The southern arm of the Amazon in Brazil; also, a seaport on this arm.

2. Short for Pará rubber.

{ ||Par`a-an`æs*the"si*a, -an`es*the"si*a } (?), n. [NL.; para- + anæsthesia.] (Med.) Anæsthesia of both sides of the lower half of the body.

Pará cress. An annual asteraceous herb (Spilances oleracea) grown in tropical countries as a pungent salad, and also used medicinally.

||Par`a*gen"e*sis (?), n. [NL.; para- + genesis.] (Geol.) (a) The formation of minerals in contact, so as to affect one another's development. (b) The order in which minerals occurring together in rocks and veins have developed.

Pará grass. (a) A tall rather coarse grass (Panicum molle) grown in the tropics for pasturage, and introduced into the southern United States. (b) Piassaba fiber.

Par"a*kite` (?), n. [Para- + kite.] A train or series of kites on one string and flying tandem, used for attaining great heights and for sending up instruments for meteorological observations or a man for military reconnoissance; also, a kite of such a train.

||Par`al*ge"si*a (?), n. [NL.; para- + Gr. 'a`lghsis sense of pain.] (Med.) Disordered sensibility to pain, including absence of sensibility to pain, excessive sensibility to pain, and abnormal painful results of stimuli. -- Par`al*ge"sic (#), a.

Par"al*lel, n. (Elec.) That arrangement of an electrical system in which all positive poles, electrodes, terminals, etc., are joined to one conductor, and all negative poles, etc., to another conductor; -- called also multiple. Opposed to series.

Parts of a system so arranged are said to be in parallel or in multiple.

Parallel standards. (Numismatics) Two or more metals coined without any attempt by the government to regulate their values.

Parallel sulcus. (Anat.) A sulcus parallel to, but some distance below, the horizontal limb of the fissure of Sylvius.

Parallel transformer. (Elec.) A transformer connected in parallel.

Parallel vise. A vise with jaws so guided as to remain parallel.