Chapter 27

Jol"ly, n.; pl. Jollies (#). [Prob. fr. Jolly, a.] A marine in the English navy. [Sailor's Slang]

I'm a Jolly -- 'Er Majesty's Jolly -- soldier an' sailor too!

Kipling.

Joss paper. Gold and silver paper burned by the Chinese, in the form of coins or ingots, in worship and at funerals.

Joule"me`ter (?), n. An integrating wattmeter for measuring the energy in joules expended in an electric circuit or developed by a machine.

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Joule's cycle (?). (Thermodynamics) The cycle for the air engine proposed by Joule. In it air is taken by a pump from a cold chamber and compressed adiabatically until its pressure is eqal to that of the air in a hot chamber, into which it is then delivered, thereby displacing an equal amount of hot air into the engine cylinder. Here it expands adiabatically to the temperature of the cold chamber into which it is finally exhausted. This cycle, reversed, is used in refrigerating machines.

Joule's law. 1. (Elec.) The law that the rate at which heat is produced in any part of an electric circuit is measured by the product of the square of the current into the resistance of that part of the circuit. If the current (i) is constant for an interval of time (t), the energy (H) in heat units equals i2Rt, R being resistance.

2. (Thermodynamics) The law that there is no change of temperature when a gas expands without doing external work and without receiving or rejecting heat.

{ Jub"bah (?), n. Also Jub"beh, Joob"beh (?) }. [Hind. jubba, fr. Ar. jubbah.] A long outer garment worn by both sexes of Mohammedans of the better class.

Ju"da*iz`ers (j"d*z`rz), n. pl. See Raskolnik.

Judge"-made`, a. Created by judges or judicial decision; -- applied esp. to law applied or established by the judicial interpretation of statutes so as extend or restrict their scope, as to meet new cases, to provide new or better remedies, etc., and often used opprobriously of acts of judicial interpretation considered as doing this.

The law of the 13th century was judge-made law in a fuller and more literal sense than the law of any succeeding century has been.

Sir Frederick Pollock.

Ju"jube (?), n. A lozenge made of or in imitation of, or flavored with, the jujube fruit.

{ ||Ju"jut`su (?), n. Also Ju"jit`su (?), Jiu"jut`su, Jiu"jit`su (?) }. [Jap. jjutsu; j soft (prob. because no weapons are used) + jutsu art.] The Japanese art of self- defense without weapons, now widely used as a system of physical training. It depends for its efficiency largely upon the principle of making use of an opponent's strength and weight to disable or injure him, and by applying pressure so that his opposing movement will throw him out of balance, dislocate or break a joint, etc. It opposes knowledge and skill to brute strength, and demands an extensive practical knowledge of human anatomy.

Jukes, The (?) A pseudonym used to designate the descendants of two sisters, the "Jukes" sisters, whose husbands were sons of a backwoodsman of Dutch descent. They lived in the State of New York, and their history was investigated by R. L. Dugdale as an example of the inheritance of criminal and immoral tendencies, disease, and pauperism. Sixty per cent of those traced showed, degeneracy, and they are estimated to have cost society $1,308,000 in 75 years.

||Ju`melle" (?), a. [F., fem. of jumeau, fr. L. gemellus. Cf. Gemel, a.] Twin; paired; -- said of various objects made or formed in pairs, as a binocular opera glass, a pair of gimmal rings, etc.

Ju`melle", n. A jumelle opera glass, or the like.

Jump"er, n. A thing that jumps; esp., any of various tools or other contrivances operating with a jumping motion; as, (Mining, Quarrying, etc.), an instrument for boring holes in rocks by percussion without hammering, consisting of a bar of iron with a chisel-edged steel tip at one or both ends, operated by striking it against the rock, turning it slightly with each blow.

Jump"ing dis*ease". A convulsive tic similar to or identical with miryachit, observed among the woodsmen of Maine.

Jump spark. A spark produced by the jumping of electricity across a permanent gap.

Jump"y (?), a. [Compar. Jumpier (?); superl. Jumpiest.] Jumping, or inducing to jump; characterized by jumps; hence, extremely nervous.

Junc"tion box. (Elec.) A box through which the main conductors of a system of electric distribution pass, and where connection is made with branch circuits.

Ju"ry mast. (a) A temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. (b) (Med.) An apparatus to support the trunk and head in spinal disease.

Ju"ry-rigged`, a. (Naut.) Rigged for temporary service.

Jus"ti*fy, v. t. (Law) (a) To show (a person) to have had a sufficient legal reason for an act that has been made the subject of a charge or accusation. (b) To qualify (one's self) as a surety by taking oath to the ownership of sufficient property.

The production of bail in court, who there justify themselves against the exception of the plaintiff.

Bouvier's Law Dict.

K.

||Ka"ma (kä"mä), n. (Theosophy) Desire; animal passion; -- supposed to create the ka"ma ru"pa (rp) [Skr. rpa shape, image], a kind of simulacrum or astral likeness of a man which exists after his death in an invisible plane of being, called ka"ma lo"ca (l"k) [Skr. lka space, world], until the impulses which created it are exhausted and it finally fades away.

Ka*pok" (?), n. [Prob. fr. the native name.] (Bot.) A silky wool derived from the seeds of Ceiba pentandra (syn. Eriodendron anfractuosum), a bombaceous tree of the East and West Indies.

||Ka`ra*kul" (?), n. [Russ. karakul' curly fleece of Bokhara and Khiva sheep.] Astrakhan, esp. in fine grades. Cf. Caracul.

Ka*ross" (?), n. [Native name.] A native garment or rug of skin sewed together in the form of a square. [South Africa]

The wants of a native . . . are confined to a kaross (skin cloak) or some pieces of cotton cloth.

James Bryce.

Kau"ri (?), n. (a) Kauri resin. (b) By extension, any of various species of Dammara; as, the red kauri (D. lanceolata).

{ Kauri resin, gum, or copal }. A resinous product of the kauri, found in the form of yellow or brown lumps in the ground where the trees have grown. It is used for making varnish, and as a substitute for amber.

Ka*zoo" (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of toy or rude musical instrument, as a tube inside of which is a stretched string made to vibrate by singing or humming into the tube.

Ke"a (k"; colloq. k"), n. [Maori.] (Zoöl.) A large New Zealand parrot (Nestor notabilis), notorious for having acquired the habit of killing sheep; -- called also mountain parrot.

||Ked"dah (?), n. [Malay kedah, fr. Ar. qadah hole.] An inclosure constructed to entrap wild elephants; an elephant trap. [India]

Keel, n. (Aëronautics) In a dirigible, a construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aëroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course.

Kef"ir (?), n. An effervescent liquor like kumiss, made from fermented milk, used as a food and as a medicine in the northern Caucasus. -- Ke*fir"ic (#), a.

Kefir grains. Small hard yellowish aggregations found in the Caucasus region, and containing various yeasts and bacteria. They are used as a ferment in preparing kefir.

Ke"loid (?), a. [Gr. &?; crab's claw + -oid: cf. F. kéloïde, chéloïde.] (Med.) Applied to a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irregular excrescences upon the skin.

Ke"loid, n. A keloid tumor.

Kep"i (?), n. [F. képi, of G. origin.] A military cap having a close-fitting band, a round flat top sloping toward the front, and a visor. As originally worn by the French in Algeria about 1830 it was tall and stiff with a straight visor. It is now lower, has a curved visor, and is frequently soft.

||Kép"vi*se*lö*ház` (?), n. [Hung., fr. képviselö representative + ház house.] (Hungary) See Legislature.

Ker"mes (?), n. (Zoöl.) [NL.] A genus of scale insects including many species that feed on oaks. The adult female resembles a small gall.

Kern (?), n. [Written also kirn.] [Cf. D. & G. kern kernal, E. kern to harden, kernel.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 1. Kernel; corn; grain.

2. The last handful or sheaf reaped at the harvest.

3. The harvest-home.

Kern baby. A doll or image decorated with corn (grain) flowers, etc., carried in the festivals of a kern, or harvest- home. Called also harvest queen.

Ker"seys, n. pl. Varieties of kersey; also, trousers made of kersey.

Ke"ta (?), n. [Perh. of Amer. Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A small salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) of inferior value, which in the autumn runs up all the larger rivers between San Francisco and Kamchatka.

Key, n. (Teleg.) A metallic lever by which the circuit of the sending or transmitting part of a station equipment may be easily and rapidly opened and closed; any device for closing or opening an electric circuit.

Key, n. A simplified version or analysis which accompanies something as a clue to its explanation, a book or table containing the solutions to problems, ciphers, allegories, or the like, or a table or synopsis of conspicuous distinguishing characters of members of a taxonomic group.

Key fruit. (Bot.) A samara.

Key"stone` State. Pennsylvania; -- a nickname alluding to its having been the central one of the 13 original United States.

Kha"ki (kä"k), a. [Hind. khk, lit., dusty, dust-colored, fr. Per. khk dust.] Of a dull brownish yellow, or drab color; -- applied to cloth, originally to a stout brownish cotton cloth, used in making uniforms in the Anglo-Indian army. In the United States service the summer uniform of cotton is officially designated khaki; the winter uniform of wool, olive drab.

Kha"ki, n. Any kind of khaki cloth; hence, a uniform of khaki or, rarely, a soldier clad in khaki. In the United States and British armies khaki or cloth of a very similar color is almost exclusively used for service in the field.

Khond (?), n. A Dravidian of a group of tribes of Orissa, India, a section of whom were formerly noted for their cruel human sacrifices to the earth goddess, murder of female infants, and marriage by capture.

Ki"bosh (?), n. 1. Nonsense; stuff; also, fashion; style. [Slang]

2. Portland cement when thrown or blown into the recesses of carved stonework to intensify the shadows.

To put the kibosh on, to do for; to dispose of. [Slang]

Kid, n. Among pugilists, thieves, etc., a youthful expert; -- chiefly used attributively; as, kid Jones. [Cant]

Kil"erg` (?), n. [Kilo- + erg.] (Physics) A unit of work equal to one thousand ergs.

Kil*ken"ny cats (?). Two cats fabled, in an Irish story, to have fought till nothing was left but their tails. It is probably a parable of a local contest between Kilkenny and Irishtown, which impoverished both towns.

Kill (?), n. 1. The act of killing.

"There is none like to me!" says the cub in the pride of his earliest kill.

Kipling.

2. An animal killed in the hunt, as by a beast of prey.

If ye plunder his kill from a weaker, devour not all in thy pride.

Kipling.

Kil"o- (?). [F. kilo-. See Kilogram.] A combining form used to signify thousand in forming the names of units of measurement; as, kilogram, kilometer, kilowatt, etc.

Kil"o*volt` (?), n. [Kilo- + volt.] (Elec.) A unit of electromotive force equal to one thousand volts.

Kil"o*watt` hour. (Elec.) A unit of work or energy equal to that done by one kilowatt acting for one hour; -- approx. = 1.34 horse-power hour.

Ki*mo"no (?), n.; pl. - nos (#). [Jap.] 1. A kind of loose robe or gown tied with a sash, worn as an outer garment by Japanese men and women.

2. A similar gown worn as a dressing gown by women of Western nations.

{ Kin (kn), n. Also Kine (kn) }. [Gr. kinei^n to move.] (Physics) The unit velocity in the C.G.S. system -- a velocity of one centimeter per second.

{ Kin`æs*thet"ic (?), Kin`es*thet"ic }, a. Of, pertaining to, or involving, kinæsthesis.

Ki*ne"to*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; movable + -graph.] (Physics) (a) A camera for making chronophotographs. (b) A machine for the projection of chronophotographs upon a screen for the purpose of producing the effect of an animated picture. (c) A combined animated-picture machine and phonograph in which sounds appropriate to the scene are automatically uttered by the latter instrument.

Ki*ne"to*phone (?), n. [See Kinetic, Phone.] A machine combining a kinetoscope and a phonograph synchronized so as to reproduce a scene and its accompanying sounds.

Ki*ne"to*scope (?), n. A machine, for the production of animated pictures, in which a film carrying successive instantaneous views of a moving scene travels uniformly through the field of a magnifying glass. The observer sees each picture, momentarily, through a slit in a revolving disk, and these glimpses, blended by persistence of vision, give the impression of continuous motion.

Kin"it (?), n. [Gr. &?; to move.] (Physics) A unit of force equal to the force which, acting for one second, will give a pound a velocity of one foot per second; - - proposed by J.D.Everett, an English physicist.

Ki*osk" (?), n. A light ornamental structure used as a news stand, band stand, etc.

Kip (?), n. [Cf. G. kippe.] 1. A sharp-pointed hill; a projecting point, as on a hill. [Scot.]

2. (Gymnastics) A method or feat of raising the body when hanging or swinging by the arms, as for the purpose of mounting upon the horizontal bar. The legs are swung forward and upward by bending the hips, then suddenly down again, which gives the upward impulse to the body.

Kiss"ing bug`. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of blood-sucking, venomous Hemiptera that sometimes bite the lip or other parts of the human body, causing painful sores, as the cone-nose (Conorhinus sanguisuga). [U. S.]

Kiss"ing strings` (?). Cap or bonnet strings made long to tie under the chin.

One of her ladyship's kissing strings, once pink and fluttering and now faded and soiled.

Pall Mall Mag.

Kitch`en*ette" (?), n. [Kitchen + -ette.] A room combining a very small kitchen and a pantry, with the kitchen conveniences compactly arranged, sometimes so that they fold up out of sight and allow the kitchen to be made a part of the adjoining room by opening folding doors.

Kite, n. (Naut.) A form of drag to be towed under water at any depth up to about forty fathoms, which on striking bottom is upset and rises to the surface; -- called also sentry.

Kit"ty (?), n. 1. A kitten; also, a pet name or calling name for the cat.

2. [Etym. uncertain.] (Gaming) The percentage taken out of a pool to pay for refreshments, or for the expenses of the table. R. F. Foster.

Ki"va (?), n. [Hopi name, sacred chamber.] A large chamber built under, or in, the houses of a Pueblo village, used as an assembly room in religious rites or as a men's dormitory. It is commonly lighted and entered from an opening in the roof.

Knee jerk. (Physiol.) A jerk or kick produced by a blow or sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee, which causes a sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle.

Kneipp"ism (?), n. Also Kneipp's, or Kneipp, cure (&?;). Treatment of disease by forms of hydrotherapy, as walking barefoot in the morning dew, baths, wet compresses, cold affusions, etc.; -- so called from its originator, Sebastian Kneipp (1821-97), a German priest.

Knick"er*bock`er, n. A linsey- woolsey fabric having a rough knotted surface on the right side; used for women's dresses.

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Knife, v. t. Fig.: To stab in the back; to try to defeat by underhand means, esp. in politics; to vote or work secretly against (a candidate of one's own party). [Slang, U. S.]

Knife switch. (Elec.) A switch consisting of one or more knifelike pieces hinged at one end and making contact near the other with flat gripping springs.

Knight service. Also Knight's service (&?;). 1. (Feud. Law) The military service by rendering which a knight held his lands; also, the tenure of lands held on condition of performing military service.

By far the greater part of England [in the 13th century] is held of the king by knight's service. . . . In order to understand this tenure we must form the conception of a unit of military service. That unit seems to be the service of one knight or fully armed horseman (servitium unius militis) to be done to the king in his army for forty days in the year, if it be called for. . . . The limit of forty days seems to have existed rather in theory than practice.

Pollock & Mait.

2. Service such as a knight can or should render; hence, good or valuable service.

Knight's fee. (Feudal Law) The fee of a knight; specif., the amount of land the holding of which imposed the obligation of knight service, being sometimes a hide or less, sometimes six or more hides.

Knob"ker`rie (?), n. [Boer D. knopkirie, fr. D. knop-hout, knotty stick + Hottentot kïrri club.] A short club with a knobbed end used as a missile weapon by Kafir and other native tribes of South Africa.

Knob"stick` (?), n. A stick, cane, or club terminating in a knob; esp., such a stick or club used as a weapon or missile; a knobkerrie.

Knock, v. i. To practice evil speaking or fault-finding; to criticize habitually or captiously. [Vulgar Slang, U. S.]

Knock, v. t. To impress strongly or forcibly; to astonish; to move to admiration or applause. [Slang, Eng.]

Knock"a*bout` (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A small yacht, generally from fifteen to twenty- five feet in length, having a mainsail and a jib. All knockabouts have ballast and either a keel or centerboard. The original type was twenty-one feet in length. The next larger type is called a raceabout.

2. A knockabout performer or performance. [Theat. Slang]

3. A man hired on a sheep station to do odd jobs. [Colloq., Australia]

Knock"a*bout` (?), a. 1. Marked by knocking about or roughness.

2. Of noisy and violent character. [Theat. Slang]

3. Characterized by, or suitable for, knocking about, or traveling or wandering hither and thither.

4. That does odd jobs; -- said of a class of hands or laborers on a sheep station. [Collog., Australia]

Knock"down` (?), a. 1. Of such force as to fell or overthrow; overwhelming; as, a knockdown blow.

2. Designating a rivet end to be formed into a head by upsetting in fastening.

3. Of or pertaining to the act of knocking down at an auction; specif., designating the price below which an article will not be disposed by the auctioneer.

4. Made or constructed so as to be capable of being knocked down or taken apart, as for transportation.

Knock"down`, n. 1. That which knocks one down; something that overpowers or overwhelms, as strong liquor; specif., a kind of ale or beer that is very strong. [Slang.]

2. A knocking down; a felling by a knock; a blow that overwhelms; also, a fist fight.

3. Something that knocks down, or takes apart, for packing or removal, as a piece of furniture; also, state of being knocked down, or taken apart.

Knock"er (?), n. 1. A person strikingly handsome, beautiful, or fine; one who wins admiration; a "stunner." [Slang.]

2. A species of large cockroach, esp. Blabera gigantea, of semitropical America, which is able to produce a loud knocking sound.

Knock"-off`, n. Act or place of knocking off; that which knocks off; specif. (Mach.), a cam or the like for disconnecting something, as a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

Knock"-off`, a. That knocks off; of or pertaining to knocking off.

Knock"-out`, a. That knocks out; characterized by knocking out; as, a knock-out blow; a knock-out key for knocking out a drill from a collet.

Knock"-out` (?), n. Act of knocking out, or state of being knocked out.

Knock-out drops. Drops of some drug put in one's drink to stupefy him for purpose of robbery, etc. [Slang, U. S.]

Ko"dak (?), n. [An invented name.] 1. A kind of portable photographic camera, esp. adapted for snapshot work, in which a succession of negatives is made upon a continuous roll of sensitized film; -- a trade-mark name of the Eastman Kodak Company, but now popularly applied to almost any hand camera.

2. A photograph taken with a kodak.

Ko"dak, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kodaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kodaking.] To photograph with a kodak; hence, to describe or characterize briefly and vividly.

||Koft`ga*ri" (?), a. [Hind. koft garï goldbeating. fr. Per. koft beating + garï trade.] Ornamental work produced by inlaying steel with gold, -- a variety of damascening much used in the arts of India.

{ Ko"la (?), Kola nut }. Same as Cola, Cola nut.

Ko*lin"sky (?), n. [Russ. kolinski of Kola, a district in northeasten Russia where the finest minks abound.] Among furriers, any of several Asiatic minks; esp., Putorius sibiricus, the yellowish brown pelt of which is valued, esp. for the tail, used for making artists' brushes. Trade names for the fur are red sable and Tatar sable.

{ Ko*lusch"an, Ko*lush"an } (?), a. [From Russ. kalyushka piece of wood (worn in the nether lip).] Designating, or pert. to, a linguistic stock of North American Indians comprising the Tlinkit tribes of the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska and adjacent coast lands. Their language bears some affinity to Mexican tongues.

Kon*seal" (?), n. [Prob. formed from conceal.] (Med.) A form of capsule for inclosing a dose of medicine that is offensive, caustic, or the like.

||Kop (?), n. [South Afr. D., fr. D. kop head, akin to G. kopf and prob. to E. cop top.] Hill; mountain. [South Africa]

||Kop"je (?), n. [South African D., dim. of kop. See Kop.] A hillock; a small kop. [South Africa]

The colloqual Dutch pronunciation as here given is the usual one in South Africa.

Ko"sher (?), a. [heb. koshër fit, proper.] Ceremonially clean, according to Jewish law; -- applied to food, esp. to meat of animals slaughtered according to the requirements of Jewish law. Opposed to tref. Hence, designating a shop, store, house, etc., where such food is sold or used.

Ko"sher, n. Kosher food; also, a kosher shop.

Ko"sher, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Koshered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Koshering.] To prepare in conformity with the requirements of the Jewish law, as meat.

Krupp"ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kruppized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Kruppizing.] (Metal.) To treat by, or subject to, the Krupp process.

Krupp process (?). (Iron Metal.) (a) A process practiced by Friedrich Krupp, Essen, Germany, for washing pig iron, differing from the Bell process in using manganese as well as iron oxide, and performed in a Pernot furnace. Called also the Bell-Krupp process. (b) A process for the manufacture of steel armor plates, invented or practiced by Krupp, the details of which are secret. It is understood to involve the addition of chromium as well as nickel to the metal, and to include a treatment like that of the Harvey process with unknown variations or additions. The product is mentioned by some authors, as improved Harvey, or Harvey-Krupp armor plate.

Kryp"ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; , neut. of &?; hidden.] (Chem.) An inert gaseous element of the argon group, occurring in air to the extent of about one volume in a million. It was discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Liquefying point, -- 152° C.; symbol, Kr; atomic weight, 83.0.

Kul*tur"kampf` (?), n. [G., fr. kultur, cultur, culture + kampf fight.] (Ger. Hist.) Lit., culture war; -- a name, originating with Virchow (1821 -- 1902), given to a struggle between the the Roman Catholic Church and the German government, chiefly over the latter's efforts to control educational and ecclesiastical appointments in the interest of the political policy of centralization. The struggle began with the passage by the Prussian Diet in May, 1873, of the so-called May laws, or Falk laws, aiming at the regulation of the clergy. Opposition eventually compelled the government to change its policy, and from 1880 to 1887 laws virtually nullifying the May laws were enacted.

||Ku"ro-Siwo (?), n. [Jap. kuroshio; kuro black + shio tide.] See Japan Current, above.