Chapter 26

||In rem (?). [L.] (Law) Lit., in or against a (or the) thing; -- used: (a) Of any right (called right, or jus, in rem) of such a nature as to be available over its subject without reference to one person more than another, or, as generally expressed, a right competent, or available, against all persons. Rights in rem include not alone rights over physical property, but all rights available against all persons indifferently, as those of life, liberty, and reputation. (b) Of actions for recovering or reducing to possession or enjoyment a specific object, as in the enforcement of maritime liens against a vessel, which is made the defendant by a sort of personification. Most actions for the specific recovery of property in English and American law are in the nature of actions in personam against a person alleged to be unlawfully withholding the property.

||In"ro (?), n. [Jap. inr; in seal + r box.] A small closed receptacle or set of receptacles of hard material, as lacquered wood, iron, bronze, or ivory, used by the Japanese to hold medicines, perfumes, and the like, and carried in the girdle. It is usually secured by a silk cord by which the wearer may grasp it, which cord passes through an ornamental button or knob called a netsuke.

||In si"tu (?). [L.] In its natural or original position or place; in position; -- said specif., in geology, of a rock, soil, or fossil, when in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited.

In"stroke` (?), n. An inward stroke; specif., in a steam or other engine, a stroke in which the piston is moving away from the crank shaft; -- opposed to outstroke.

In`stru*men"tal*ism (?), n. (Philos.) The view that the sanction of truth is its utility, or that truth is genuine only in so far as it is a valuable instrument. -- In`stru*men"tal*ist, n.

Instrumentalism views truth as simply the value belonging to certain ideas in so far as these ideas are biological functions of our organisms, and psychological functions whereby we direct our choices and attain our successes.

Josiah Royce.

In*suf"flate (?), a. [See Insufflation.] To blow upon; to breath upon or into; to use insufflation upon.

In`su*la"tion, n. The material or substance used in insulating.

In"swept` (?), a. Narrowed at the forward end; -- said of an automobile frame when the side members are closer together at the forward end than at the rear.

In*ten"sive, a. (Agric.) Designating, or pertaining to, any system of farming or horticulture, usually practiced on small pieces of land, in which the soil is thoroughly worked and fertilized so as to get as much return as possible; -- opposed to extensive.

In"ter*crop` (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. -cropped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. -cropping.] (Agric.) To cultivate by planting simultaneous crops in alternate rows; as, to intercrop an orchard. Also, to use for catch crops at seasons when the ground is not covered by crops of the regular rotation.

In"ter*crop`, n. (Agric.) A crop grown among or between the rows of another crop; a catch crop.

In`ter*de*nom`i*na"tion*al (?), a. Occurring between or among, or common to, different denominations; as, interdenominational fellowship or belief.

In`ter*fe*rom"e*ter (?), n. [See Interfere and -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring small movements, distances, or displacements by means of the interference of two beams of light; -- called also refractometer.

In*ter"nal-com*bus"tion, a. (Mach.) Designating, or pertaining to, any engine (called an Internal-combustion engine) in which the heat or pressure energy necessary to produce motion is developed in the engine cylinder, as by the explosion of a gas, and not in a separate chamber, as in a steam-engine boiler. The gas used may be a fixed gas, or one derived from alcohol, ether, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, oil (petroleum), etc. There are three main classes: (1) gas engines proper, using fixed gases, as coal, blast-furnace, or producer gas; (2) engines using the vapor of a volatile fluid, as the typical gasoline (petrol) engine; (3) oil engines, using either an atomized spray or the vapor (produced by heat) of a comparatively heavy oil, as petroleum or kerosene. In all of these the gas is mixed with a definite amount of air, the charge is composed in the cylinder and is then exploded either by a flame of gas (flame ignition -- now little used), by a hot tube (tube ignition) or the like, by an electric spark (electric ignition, the usual method is gasoline engines, or by the heat of compression, as in the Diesel engine. Gas and oil engines are chiefly of the stationary type. Gasoline engines are largely used for automobile vehicles, boats, etc. Most internal- combustion engines use the Otto (four-stroke) cycle, though many use the two-stroke cycle. They are almost universally trunk engines and single-acting. Because of the intense heat produced by the frequent explosions, the cylinders must be cooled by a water jacket (water-cooled) or by air currents (air cooled) to give the maximum thermodynamic efficiency and to avoid excessive friction or seizing.

In*terne" (?), n. [F.] (F. pron. N`târn") (Med.) A resident physician in a hospital; a house physician.

In`ter*ur"ban (n`tr*ûr"ban), a. Going between, or connecting, cities or towns; as, interurban electric railways.

In`ter*vo*cal"ic (?), a. (Phon.) Situated between vowels; immediately preceded and followed by vowel sounds, as, p in occupy, d in idea, etc.

In`ver*ness" (?), n., or In`ver*ness" cape". A kind of full sleeveless cape, fitting closely about the neck.

Robert's wind-blown head and tall form wrapped in an Inverness cape.

Mrs. Humphry Ward.

In*vert"ase (?), n. (Chem.) (a) An enzyme capable of effecting the inversion of cane suger, producing invert sugar. It is found in many plants and in the intestines of animals. (b) By extension, any enzyme which splits cane sugar, milk sugar, lactose, etc., into monosaccharides.

I`o*do*cre"sol (?), n. [Iodo- + cresol.] (Org. Chem.) Any of several isomeric iodine derivatives of the cresols, C6H3I(CH3)OH, esp. one, an odorless amorphous powder, used in medicine as a substitute for iodoform.

I`o*do*for"mo*gen (?), n. [Iodoform + -gen root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] (Pharm.) A light powder used as a substitute for iodoform. It is a compound of iodoform and albumin.

I"o*dol (?), n. [Iodo- + pyrrol.] (Chem.) A crystallized substance of the composition C4I4NH, technically tetra-iodo- pyrrol, used like iodoform.

I`o*do*thy"rin (?), n. [Iodo- + thyro- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from the thyroid gland, containing from nine to ten per cent of iodine.

It is a very stable compound, and is believed to be active principle in thyroid extracts and in the internal secretion of the thyroid gland. It was originally called thyroiodin.

I"on, n. 1. One of the electrified particles into which, according to the electrolytic dissociation theory, the molecules of electrolytes are divided by water and other solvents. An ion consists of one or more atoms and carries a unit charge of electricity, 3.4 x 10-10 electrostatic units, or a multiple of this. Those which are positively electrified (hydrogen and the metals) are called cations; negative ions (hydroxyl and acidic atoms or groups) are called anions. Thus, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates, in aqueous solution, into the hydrogen ion, H+, and the chlorine ion, Cl-; ferric nitrate, Fe(NO3)3, yields the ferric ion, Fe+++, and nitrate ions, NO3-, NO3- , NO3-. When a solution containing ions is made part of an electric circuit, the cations move toward the cathode, the anions toward the anode. This movement is called migration, and the velocity of it differs for different kinds of ions. If the electromotive force is sufficient, electrolysis ensues: cations give up their charge at the cathode and separate in metallic form or decompose water, forming hydrogen and alkali; similarly, at the anode the element of the anion separates, or the metal of the anode is dissolved, or decomposition occurs.

2. One of the small electrified particles into which the molecules of a gas are broken up under the action of the electric current, of ultraviolet and certain other rays, and of high temperatures. To the properties and behavior of ions the phenomena of the electric discharge through rarefied gases and many other important effects are ascribed. At low pressures the negative ions appear to be electrons; the positive ions, atoms minus an electron. At ordinary pressures each ion seems to include also a number of attached molecules. Ions may be formed in a gas in various ways.

I"on*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ionized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ionizing (?).] (Elec. Chem.) To separate (a compound) into ions, esp. by dissolving in water. -- I`on*i*za"tion (#), n.

<! p. 1989 !>

I"ris, n. (Zoöl.) Inner circle of an oscillated color spot.

I"ris di"a*phragm. An adjustable diaphragm, suggesting the iris of the eye in its action, for regulating the aperture of a lens, consisting of a number of thin pieces fastened to a ring. It is used in cameras and microscopes.

I"rish A*mer"i*can. A native of Ireland who has become an American citizen; also, a child or descendant of such a person.

I"ron ("rn), n. (Golf) An iron-headed club with a deep face, chiefly used in making approaches, lifting a ball over hazards, etc.

Ir`o*quoi"an (r`*kwoi"an), a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, one of the principal linguistic stocks of the North American Indians. The territory of the northern Iroquoian tribes, of whom the Five Nations, or Iroquois proper, were the chief, extended from the shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie south, through eastern Pennsylvania, to Maryland; that of the southern tribes, of whom the Cherokees were chief, formed part of Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. All of the tribes were agricultural, and they were noted for large, communal houses, palisaded towns, and ability to organize, as well as for skill in war. -- n. An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe.

Ir`re*vers"i*ble steering gear. (Mach.) A steering gear, esp. for an automobile, not affected by the road wheels, as when they strike an obstacle side ways, but easily controlled by the hand wheel or steering lever.

I"so*bront ("s*brnt), n. [Iso- + Gr. bronth` thunder.] (Meteor.) An imaginary line, or a line on a chart, marking the simultaneous development of a thunderstorm, as noted by observing the time when the thunder is heard at different places.

I"so*chor (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. xhw`ra space.] (Physics) A line upon a thermodynamic diagram so drawn as to represent the pressures corresponding to changes of temperature when the volume of the gas operated on is constant. -- I`so*chor"ic (#), a.

I*soch"ro*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. -nized; p. pr. & vb. n. -nizing.] [See Isochronous.] To make, or tend to make (the motion of a moving body), uniform in rate of rotation, or in frequency of vibration.

I"so*drome (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; course.] (Nav.) A method of moving a fleet from one formation to another, the direction usually being changed eight points (90°), by means of paths of equal length for each ship. It is prohibited in the United States navy.

I"so*mere (?), n. [Iso- + - mere.] (Zoöl.) 1. A homologous or corresponding part or segment.

2. (Chem.) = Isomer.

I"so*morph (?), n. (Biol.) An animal, plant, or group having superficial similarity to another, although phylogenetically different.

I`so*mor"phic (?), a. (Biol.) Alike in form; exhibiting isomorphism.

I"so*spore (?), n. (Biol.) (a) One of the spores produced by an isosporous organism. (b) A zygospore.

I*sos"po*rous (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Biol.) Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns.

I*sos"ta*sy (?), n. [See Iso-; Stasis.] The state or quality of being isostatic. Specif. (Geol.), general equilibrium in the earth's crust, supposed to be maintained by the yielding or flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitative stress. By the theory of isostasy each unit column of the earth, from surface to center, has approximately the same weight, and the continents stand higher than the ocean beds chiefly because the material of the crust has there less density.

I`so*stat"ic (?), a. [Iso- + static.] (Physics & Geol.) Subjected to equal pressure from every side; being in hydrostatic equilibrium, as a body submerged in a liquid at rest; pertaining to, or characterized by, isostasy.

I. W. W. (Abbrev.) Industrial Workers of the World (the name of two American labor organizations, one of which advocates syndicalism).

{ Ix"tle Ix"til} (?), n. The fine, soft fiber of the bromeliaceous plant Bromelia sylvestris.

J.

Ja*cal" (hä*käl"; 239), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. xacalli.] In Mexico and the southwestern United States, a kind of plastered house or hut, usually made by planting poles or timber in the ground, filling in between them with screen work or wickerwork, and daubing one or both sides with mud or adobe mortar; also, this method of construction.

{ Jack`a*roo" (?), n. Also Jack`e*roo"}. [Jack + kangaroo.] A young man living as an apprentice on a sheep station, or otherwise engaged in acquainting himself with colonial life. [Colloq., Australia]

Jack`a*roo", v. i. To be a jackaroo; to pass one's time as a jackaroo. [Colloq., Australia]

Jack"y (?), n.; pl. Jackies (#). Dim. or pet from Jack. Hence: (a) A landsman's nickname for a seaman, resented by the latter. (b) English gin. [Dial. Eng.]

Jag, n. 1. A leather bag or wallet; pl., saddlebags. [Scot.]

2. Enough liquor to make a man noticeably drunk; a small "load;" a time or case of drunkeness; -- esp. in phr. To have a jag on, to be drunk. [Slang, U. S. & Dial. Eng.]

{ Jag"an*nath (?), Jag`an*na"tha (?), n. Also Jug"ger*naut}. [Hind. Jagan- nth lord of the world, Skr. jaganntha.] (Hinduism) A particular form of Vishnu, or of Krishna, whose chief idol and worship are at Puri, in Orissa. The idol is considered to contain the bones of Krishna and to possess a soul. The principal festivals are the Snanayatra, when the idol is bathed, and the Rathayatra, when the image is drawn upon a car adorned with obscene paintings. Formerly it was erroneously supposed that devotees allowed themselves to be crushed beneath the wheels of this car. It is now known that any death within the temple of Jagannath is considered to render the place unclean, and any spilling of blood in the presence of the idol is a pollution.

Jag"ger*y palm (?). An East Indian palm (Caryota urens) having leaves pinnate with wedge-shaped divisions, the petiole very stout. It is the principal source of jaggery, and is often cultivated for ornament.

Jah"vist (?), n., Jah*vis"tic (&?;), a. See Jehovist, Jehovistic.

{ Jam"bool, Jam"bul (?) }, n. [Hind. jamb, jambl, prop., the rose-apple tree or its fruit, fr. Skr. jambu, jamb.] The Java plum; also, a drug obtained from its bark and seeds, used as a remedy for diabetes.

Jam`boo*ree" (?), n. [Etym. uncertain. Cf. Jambone.] A noisy or unrestrained carousal or frolic; a spree. [Slang] Kipling.

A Calcutta-made pony cart had been standing in front of the manager's bungalow when Raja Singh started on his jamboree.

W. A. Fraser.

Japan current. A branch of the equatorial current of the Pacific, washing the eastern coast of Formosa and thence flowing northeastward past Japan and merging into the easterly drift of the North Pacific; -- called also Kuro-Siwo, or Black Stream, in allusion to the deep blue of its water. It is similar in may ways to the Gulf Stream.

Jap"o*nism (?), n. [F. japonisme, fr. Japon Japan.] A quality, idiom, or peculiarity characteristic of the Japanese or their products, esp. in art.

||Jar`di`nière" (?), n. (Cookery) A preparation of mixed vegetables stewed in a sauce with savory herbs, etc.; also, a soup made in this way.

||Ja`spé" (?), a. [F., p.p. of jasper to mottle. See Jasper.] (Ceramics) Having the surface decorated with cloudings and streaks, somewhat as if imitating jasper.

Jef`fer*so"ni*an (?), a. Pert. to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson (third President of the United States) or his political doctrines, which were those of the Republicanism of his time, as opposed to those of the Federalists. -- n. An adherent of Jefferson or his doctrines. -- Jef`fer*so"ni*an*ism (#), n.

Jeffersonian simplicity. The absence of pomp or display which Jefferson aimed at in his administration as President (1801-1809), eschewing display or ceremony tending to distinguish the President from the people, as in going to the capital on horseback and with no escort, the abolition of court etiquette and the weekly levee, refusal to recognize titles of honor, etc.

Jel"li*fy (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jellified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jellifying (?).] To make, or to become, gelatinous; to jelly. -- Jel`li*fi*ca"tion (#), n.

{ Je*quir"i*ty (?), n., or Je*quir"i*ty bean` }. [Prob. fr. a native name.] (Bot.) The seed of the wild licorice (Abrus precatorius) used by the people of India for beads in rosaries and necklaces, as a standard weight, etc.; -- called also jumble bead.

Jer"ry (?), a. Flimsy; jerry- built. -- Jer"ry*ism (#), n. [Both Builder's Cant]

Jer"ry-build`er (?), n. [Prob. fr. the proper name Jerry, familiar form of Jeremiah.] A professional builder who erects cheap dwellings of poor materials and unsubstantial and slovenly construction.

Je"su (?), n. [L., vocative and oblique cases of Jesus.] Jesus. [Poetical]

Jesu, give the weary Calm and sweet repose.

S. Baring-Gould.

||Jet` d'eau" (?); pl. Jets d'eau (#). [F., a throw of water.] A stream of water spouting, esp. upward, from a fountain or pipe for ornament; also, the fountain or pipe from which it issues.

||Jeu`nesse" do`rée" (?). [F.] Lit., gilded youth; young people of wealth and fashion, esp. if given to prodigal living; -- in the French Revolution, applied to young men of the upper classes who aided in suppressing the Jacobins after the Reign of Terror.

Jew"ish cal"en*dar. A lunisolar calendar in use among Hebraic peoples, reckoning from the year 3761 b. c., the date traditionally given for the Creation. It received its present fixed form from Hillel II. about 360 a. d. The present names of the months, which are Babylonian-Assyrian in origin, replaced older ones, Abib, Bul, etc., at the time of the Babylonian Exile. Nineteen years constitute a lunar cycle, of which the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years are leap years. The year 5663 [1902-3 a. d.] was the first year of the 299th lunar cycle. The common year is said to be defective, regular, or perfect (or abundant) according as it has 353, 354, or 355 days. The leap year has an intercalary month, and a total of 383 (defective), 384 (regular), or 385 (perfect, or abundant) days. The calendar is complicated by various rules providing for the harmonious arrangement of festivals, etc., so that no simple perpetual calendar can be constructed. The following table gives the months in order, with the number of days assigned to each. Only three months vary in length. They are: Heshvan, which has 30 days in perfect years; Kislev, which has 30 days in regular and perfect years; and Adar, which has 30 days in leap years. The ecclesiastical year commences with Nisan and the civil year with Tishri. The date of the first of Tishri, or the Jewish New Year, is also given for the Jewish years 5661-5696 (1900- 1935 a. d.). From these tables it is possible to transform any Jewish date into Christian, or vice versa, for the years 1900-1935 a. d.

Months of the Jewish Year.

1 Tishri . . . . . . 30 2 Heshvan . . . . . 29 ( r. &amp; d .) or 30 ( p .) 3 Kislev . . . . . . 29 ( d .) or 30 ( r. &amp; p .) 4 Tebet . . . . . . 29 5 Shebat . . . . . . 30 6 Adar . . . . . . . 29 or 30 ( l .) -- Veadar . . . . . 29 ( occuring only in leap years ) 7 Nisan . . . . . . .30 8 Ivar . . . . . . ..29 9 Sivan . . . . . . .30 10 Tammux . . . . . . 29 11 Ab . . . . . . . . 30 12 Elul . . . . . . ..29

Jewish Year a. d.

5661 p. begins Sept. 24, 1900 5662 d.l. " " 14, 1901 5663 p. " Oct. 2, 1902 5664 r. " Sept. 22, 1903 5665 p.l. " " 10, 1904 5666 p. " " 30, 1905 5667 r. " " 20, 1906 5668 d.l. " " 6, 1907 5669 p. " " 26, 1908 5670 d.l. " " 16, 1909 5671 r. " Oct. 4, 1910 5672 p. " Sept. 23, 1911 5673 p.l. " " 12, 1912 5674 r. " Oct. 2, 1913 5675 d. " Sept. 21, 1914 5676 p.l. " " 9, 1915 5677 r. " " 28, 1916 5678 p. " " 17, 1917 5679 d.l. begins Sept. 7, 1918 5680 r. " " 25, 1919 5681 p.l. " " 13, 1920 5682 p. " Oct. 3, 1921 5683 d. " Sept. 23, 1922 5684 r.l. " " 11, 1923 5685 p. " " 29, 1924 5686 p. " " 19, 1925 5687 d.l. " " 9, 1926 5688 r. " " 27, 1927 5689 p.l. " " 15, 1928 5690 d. " Oct. 5, 1929 5691 r. " Sept. 23, 1930 5692 p.l. " " 12, 1931 5693 p. " Oct. 1, 1932 5694 r. " Sept. 23, 1933 5695 d.l. " " 10, 1934 5696 p. " " 28, 1935

d. = defective year; d.l. = defective leap year; p. = perfect year; p.l. = perfect leap year; r. = regular year; r.l. = regular leap year.

Jib (?), n. 1. One that jibs, or balks; a jibber.

2. A stationary condition; a standstill.

Jib, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jibbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jibbing.] Also Jibb. [Cf. Jib a sail, Gybe.] (Chiefly Naut.) To shift, or swing round, as a sail, boom, yard, etc., as in tacking.

Jig, v. i. To move with a skip or rhythm; to move with vibrations or jerks.

The fin would jig off slowly, as if it were looking for nothing at all.

Kipling.

Jig"ger (jg"gr), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small red mites (esp. Tetranychus irritans and T. Americanus) which, in the larval or leptus stage, burrow beneath the skin of man and various animals, causing great annoyance. [Southern U. S.]

Jig"ger (?), v. t. [Cf. Jiggle.] To move, send, or drive with a jerk; to jerk; also, to drive or send over with a jerk, as a golf ball.

He could jigger the ball o'er a steeple tall as most men would jigger a cop.

Harper's Mag.

{Ji*had", Je*had"} (?), n. [Ar. jihd.] (Moham.) A religious war against infidels or Mohammedan heretics; also, any bitter war or crusade for a principle or belief.

[Their] courage in war . . . had not, like that of the Mohammedan dervishes of the Sudan, or of Mohammedans anywhere engaged in a jehad, a religious motive and the promise of future bliss behind it.

James Bryce.

Jim Crow. A negro; -- said to be so called from a popular negro song and dance, the refrain of which is "Wheel about and turn about and jump Jim Crow," produced in 1835 by T. D. Rice, a famous negro minstrel. [Slang, U. S.]

Jink (?), v. i. [Cf. Jig, v. i.] 1. To move quickly, esp. with a sudden turn; hence, to dodge; to escape by a quick turn; -- obs. or dial., except as a hunting term in pig-sticking.

2. (Card Playing) In the games of spoilfive and forty-five, to win the game by taking all five tricks; also, to play to win all five tricks, losing what has been already won if unsuccessful.

Jinx (?), n. A person, object, influence, or supernatural being which is supposed to bring bad luck or to cause things to go wrong. [Slang]

Joint, n. 1. [Jag a notch.] A projecting or retreating part in something; any irregularity of line or surface, as in a wall. [Now Chiefly U. S.]

2. (Theaters) A narrow piece of scenery used to join together two flats or wings of an interior setting.

3. A place of low resort, as for smoking opium. [Slang]

Jol"ly (?), v. t. To cause to be jolly; to make good-natured; to encourage to feel pleasant or cheerful; -- often implying an insincere or bantering spirit; hence, to poke fun at. [Colloq.]

We want you to jolly them up a bit.

Brander Matthews.

At noon we lunched at the tail of the ambulance, and gently "jollied" the doctor's topography.

F. Remington.