Chapter 22

Floc"cu*lent, a. (Chem.) Having a structure like shredded wool, as some precipitates.

Flong (?), n. [Of the same origin as flawn, flan, a metal disk.] (Stereotyping) A compressed mass of paper sheets, forming a matrix or mold for stereotype plates.

Flo`ri*a"tion (?), n. 1. Ornamentation by means of flower forms, whether closely imitated or conventionalized.

2. Any floral ornament or decoration. Rock.

Floss, n. A body feather of an ostrich. Flosses are soft, and gray from the female and black from the male.

Flo*ta"tion, n. (Com. & Finance) Act of financing, or floating, a commercial venture or an issue of bonds, stock, or the like.

Flotation process. A process of separating the substances contained in pulverized ore or the like by depositing the mixture on the surface of a flowing liquid, the substances that are quickly wet readily overcoming the surface tension of the liquid and sinking, the others flowing off in a film or slime on the surface, though, perhaps, having a greater specific gravity than those that sink.

Flow"er State. Florida; -- a nickname, alluding to sense of L. floridus, from florida flowery. See Florid.

Flue, n. In an organ flue pipe, the opening between the lower lip and the languet.

Flue pipe. (Music) A pipe, esp. an organ pipe, whose tone is produced by the impinging of a current of air upon an edge, or lip, causing a wave motion in the air within; a mouth pipe; - - distinguished from reed pipe. Flue pipes are either open or closed (stopped at the distant end). The flute and flageolet are open pipes; a bottle acts as a closed pipe when one blows across the neck. The organ has both open and closed flue pipes, those of metal being usually round in section, and those of wood triangular or square.

Fluff (?), v. t. & i. To make or become fluffy; to move lightly like fluff. Holmes.

Fluke (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fluked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Fluking (?).] To get or score by a fluke; as, to fluke a play in billiards. [Slang]

Flu`o*res"cence (?), n. A property possessed by fluor spar, uranium glass, sulphide of calcium, and many other substances, of glowing without appreciable rise of temperature when exposed to light or to ultra-violet rays, cathode rays, X rays, etc.

Flu*or"o*scope, n. (Physics) A fluorescent screen, with hood to protect the eyes, used for observing the shadows cast by objects placed in the path of the X rays. -- Flu*or`o*scop"ic (#), a.

Flu`or*os"co*py (?), n. Examination of an object, as the human body, by exposing it to the X rays and observing the shadow cast upon a fluorescent screen; cryptoscopy.

Flush, v. t. To cause by flow; to draw water from, or pour it over or through (a pond, meadow, sewer, etc.); to cleanse by means of a rush of water.

Flush, v. i. (Mining) (a) To operate a placer mine, where the continuous supply of water is insufficient, by holding back the water, and releasing it periodically in a flood. (b) To fill underground spaces, especially in coal mines, with material carried by water, which, after drainage, constitutes a compact mass.

Flu"vi*o*graph (?), n. [L. fluvius river + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording automatically the rise and fall of a river.

Flu`vi*om"e*ter (?), n. [L. fluvius river + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the height of water in a river; a river gauge.

Fly, v. t. To manage (an aircraft) in flight; as, to fly an aëroplane.

Fly, n. (Cotton Manuf.) Waste cotton.

{ Fly amanita, Fly fungus }. (Bot.) A poisonous mushroom (Amanita muscaria, syn. Agaricus muscarius), having usually a bright red or yellowish cap covered with irregular white spots. It has a distinct volva at the base, generally an upper ring on the stalk, and white spores. Called also fly agaric, deadly amanita.

Fly"a*way` (?), a. Disposed to fly away; flighty; unrestrained; light and free; -- used of both persons and things. -- n. A flyaway person or thing. "Truth is such a flyaway." Emerson.

Flyaway grass. (Bot.) The hair grass (Agrostis scabra). So called from its light panicle, which is blown to great distances by the wind.

Flying boat. A compact form of hydro-aëroplane having one central body, or hull.

||Foehn (?), n. [G. dial. (Swiss), fr. L. Favonius west wind. Cf. Favonian.] (Meteor.) (a) A warm dry wind that often blows in the northern valleys of the Alps, due to the indraught of a storm center passing over Central Europe. The wind, heated by compression in its descent from the mountains, reaches the base, particularly in winter, dry and warm. (b) Any similar wind, as the chinook, in other parts of the world.

Fog (?), n. (Photog.) Cloudiness or partial opacity of those parts of a developed film or a photograph which should be clear.

Fog, v. t. (Photog.) To render semiopaque or cloudy, as a negative film, by exposure to stray light, too long an exposure to the developer, etc.

Fog belt. A region of the ocean where fogs are of marked frequency, as near the coast of Newfoundland.

Fog"bow` (?), n. A nebulous arch, or bow, of white or yellowish light sometimes seen in fog, etc.

Fo"gy (?), n. (Mil.) In the United States service, extra pay granted to officers for length of service. [Colloq.]

||Fol"ke*thing` (?), n. [Dan. See Folk, and Thing.] The lower house of the Danish Rigsdag, or Parliament. See Legislature, below.

Fol"low (?), n. The art or process of following; specif., in some games, as billiards, a stroke causing a ball to follow another ball after hitting it. Also used adjectively; as, follow shot.

Following edge. (Aëronautics) See Advancing-edge, above.

Following surface. (Aëronautics) See Advancing-surface, above.

Fo"ment (?), n. 1. Fomentation.

2. State of excitation; -- perh. confused with ferment.

He came in no conciliatory mood, and the foment was kept up.

Julian Ralph.

Fond (?), n. [F., fr. L. fundus. See Fund.] [Obs., or used as a French word] 1. Foundation; bottom; groundwork; specif.: (a) (Lace Making) The ground. (b) (Cookery) The broth or juice from braised flesh or fish, usually served as a sauce.

2. Fund, stock, or store.

||Fon"dant (fn"dant; Fr. fôN`däN"), n. [F., lit., melting, p. pr. of fondre to melt, L. fundere. See Found to cast.] A kind of soft sweetmeat made by boiling solutions to the point of crystallization, usually molded; as, cherry fondant.

||Fon`du" (fn"d"), a. [F. fondu, p.p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] Blended; passing into each other by subtle gradations; -- said of colors or of the surface or material on which the colors are laid.

||Fon`due" (?), n. [Also erroneously Fon`du".] [F. See Fondu; cf. Fondant.] (Cookery) A dish made of cheese, eggs, butter, etc., melted together.

Foot candle. (Photom.) The amount of illumination produced by a standard candle at a distance of one foot.

Foot ton. (Mech.) A unit of energy or work, being equal to the work done in raising one ton against the force of gravity through the height of one foot.

Foot valve. (Mech.) A suction valve or check valve at the lower end of a pipe; esp., such a valve in a steam-engine condenser opening to the air pump.

Foo"zle (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Foozled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Foozling (?).] [Cf. G. fuseln to work badly or slowly.] To bungle; to manage awkwardly; to treat or play unskillfully; as, to foozle a stroke in golf.

She foozles all along the course.

Century Mag.

Foo"zle, n. 1. A stupid fellow; a fogy. [Colloq.]

2. Act of foozling; a bungling stroke, as in golf.

For"cite (?), n. [From 3d Force, n.] (Chem.) A gelatin dynamite in which the dope is composed largely of sodium nitrate.

||Fö"ren*di*ház` (?), n. [Hung., lit., House of Lords.] (Hungary) See Legislature.

Form, v. t. (Elec.) To treat (plates) so as to bring them to fit condition for introduction into a storage battery, causing one plate to be composed more or less of spongy lead, and the other of lead peroxide. This was formerly done by repeated slow alternations of the charging current, but now the plates or grids are coated or filled, one with a paste of red lead and the other with litharge, introduced into the cell, and formed by a direct charging current.

For"ma*lin (?), n. [Formic + aldehyde + -in.] (Chem.) An aqueous solution of formaldehyde, used as a preservative in museums and as a disinfectant.

||For`mat" (fr`m" or fr`mät"), n. [F. or G. Cf. Formation.] (Print.) The shape and size of a book; hence, its external form.

The older manuscripts had been written in a much larger format than that found convenient for university work.

G. H. Putnam.

One might, indeed, protest that the format is a little too luxurious.

Nature.

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For"mi*cate (fôr"m*kt), v. i. [See Formication.] To creep or crawl like ants; swarm with, or as with, ants.

An open space which formicated with peasantry.

Lowell.

For`ty-nin"er (?), n. One of those who went to California in the rush for gold in 1849; an argonaut. [Colloq., U. S.]

Fos"sick (?), v. i. [Dial. E. fossick, fossuck, a troublesome person, fussick to potter over one's work, fussock to bustle about; of uncertain origin. Cf. Fuss.] 1. (Mining) To search for gold by picking at stone or earth or among roots in isolated spots, picking over abandoned workings, etc.; hence, to steal gold or auriferous matter from another's claim. [Australia]

2. To search about; to rummage.

A man who has fossicked in nature's byways.

D. Macdonald.

Fou`cault" cur`rent (?). [After J. B. L. Foucault (1819-68), French physicist.] (Elec.) An eddy current.

Foul, n. In various games or sports, an act done contrary to the rules; a foul stroke, hit, play, or the like.

||Four`chette" (?), n. (Card Playing) The combination of the card immediately above and the one immediately below a given card.

Four"-cy`cle, n. (Thermodynamics) A four-stroke cycle, as the Otto cycle, for an internal- combustion engine. -- Four"-cy`cle, a.

Four"some (?), a. [Four + 2d -some.] Consisting of four; requiring four participants. [Scot. or Golf]

Four"some, n. (Golf) A game between four players, with two on each side and each side playing but one ball, the partners striking alternately. It is called a mixed foursome when each side consists of a man and a woman.

Frame, n. In games: (a) In pool, the triangular form used in setting up the balls; also, the balls as set up, or the round of playing required to pocket them all; as, to play six frames in a game of 50 points. (b) In bowling, as in tenpins, one of the several innings forming a game.

Frame"-up`, n. A conspiracy or plot, esp. for a malicious or evil purpose, as to incriminate a person on false evidence. [Slang]

||Franc"-ti`reur" (?), n. [F., fr. franc free + tireur shooter, fr. tirer to shoot.] (Mil.) A French partisan soldier, or one belonging to a corps of detached light troops engaged in forays, skirmishes, scouting, etc.

||Frap`pé" (fr`p"), a. [F., p.p. of frapper to strike, to chill.] Iced; frozen; artificially cooled; as, wine frappé. -- n. A frappé mixture or beverage, as a water ice, variously flavored, frozen soft, and served in glasses.

Frap"ping (?), n. [From Frap.] (Naut.) A lashing binding a thing tightly or binding things together.

Fraz"zle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frazzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frazzling (?).] [Cf. G. faseln, and E. fray.] To fray; to wear or pull into tatters or tag ends; to tatter; -- used literally and figuratively. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.]

Her hair was of a reddish gray color, and its frazzled and tangled condition suggested that the woman had recently passed through a period of extreme excitement.

J. C. Harris.

Fraz"zle, n. The act or result of frazzling; the condition or quality of being frazzled; the tag end; a frayed-out end. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.]

My fingers are all scratched to frazzles.

Kipling.

Gordon had sent word to Lee that he "had fought his corps to a frazzle."

Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln).

||Frau (?), n.; pl. Frauen (#). [G. Cf. 1st Frow.] In Germany, a woman; a married woman; a wife; -- as a title, equivalent to Mrs., Madam.

||Fräu"lein (?), n.sing. & pl. [G., dim. of frau woman. See Frau.] In Germany, a young lady; an unmarried woman; -- as a title, equivalent to Miss.

Free coinage. In the fullest sense, the conversion of bullion (of any specified metal) into legal-tender coins for any person who chooses to bring it to the mint; in a modified sense, such coinage when done at a fixed charge proportionate to the cost of the operation.

Free silver. The free coinage of silver; often, specif., the free coinage of silver at a fixed ratio with gold, as at the ratio of 16 to 1, which ratio for some time represented nearly or exactly the ratio of the market values of gold and silver respectively.

Free"wheel` (?), n. (Mach.) A clutch fitted in the rear hub of a cycle, which engages the rear sprocket with the rear wheel when the pedals are rotated forwards, but permits the rear wheel to run on free from the rear sprocket when the pedals are stopped or rotated backwards. Freewheelcycles are usually fitted with hub brakes or rim brakes, operated by back pedaling.

Free"wheel`, v. i. 1. (a) Of a freewheel cycle, to run on while the pedals are held still. (b) Of a person, to ride a cycle of this manner. To ride a freewheel cycle.

2. (Mach.) To operate like a freewheel, so that one part moves freely over another which normally moves with it; -- said of a clutch.

Freeze, v. t. -- To freeze out, to drive out or exclude by cold or by cold treatment; to force to withdraw; as, to be frozen out of one's room in winter; to freeze out a competitor. [Colloq.]

A railroad which had a London connection must not be allowed to freeze out one that had no such connection.

A. T. Hadley.

It is sometimes a long time before a player who is frozen out can get into a game again.

R. F. Foster.

||Frei"herr` (?), n.; pl. Freiherrn (#). [G., lit., free lord.] In Germany and Austria, a baron.

Fre*mes"cent (?), a. [L. fremere to roar, murmur + -escent.] Becoming murmurous, roaring. "Fremescent clangor." Carlyle. -- Fre*mes"cence (#), n.

||Frem"i*tus (?), n., sing. & pl. [L., a murmuring, roaring.] (Med.) Palpable vibration or thrill; as, the rhonchial fremitus.

Friend"ly, n. A friendly person; -- usually applied to natives friendly to foreign settlers or invaders.

These were speedily routed by the friendlies, who attacked the small force before them in fine style.

E. N. Bennett.

{ Fri"jol, Fri"jole (?), n.; pl. Frijoles (&?;). Also Fre"jol }. [Sp. fríjol, fréjol.] 1. In Mexico, the southwestern United States, and the West Indies, any cultivated bean of the genus Phaseolus, esp. the black seed of a variety of P. vulgaris.

2. The beanlike seed of any of several related plants, as the cowpea. Frijoles are an important article of diet among Spanish-American peoples, being used as an ingredient of many dishes.

Fringe tree. A small oleaceous tree (Chionanthus virginica), of the southern United States, having clusters of white flowers with slender petals. It is often cultivated.

{ Fri*sette", Fri*zette" } (?), n. [F. frisette curl.] a fringe of hair or curls worn about the forehead by women.

Frit"fly` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small dipterous fly of the genus Oscinis, esp. O. vastator, injurious to grain in Europe, and O. Trifole, injurious to clover in America.

Friv"ol (?), v. i. To act frivolously; to trifle. Kipling. -- Friv"ol*er (#), Friv"ol*ler, n. [All Colloq.]

Frizz, v. t. & i. [Partly imitative, but cf. Fry.] To fry, cook, or sear with a sizzling noise; to sizzle.

Friz"zle (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling (?).] [Freq. of an imitative word frizz, in dial. use.] 1. To fry, toast, or broil with a sputtering sound to cook with a sizzling noise. Also fig. Hawthorne.

2. To cook, in certain way, so as to curl or crinkle up.

Drain and heat it [shaved smoked beef] in one tablespoonful of hot butter, to curl or frizzle it.

Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book).

Froe*bel"i*an (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, Friedrich Froebel, or the kindergarten system of education, which he organized. -- n. One who teaches by, or advocates the use of, the kindergarten system.

Frog"-eyed` (?), a. Spotted with whitish specks due to a disease, or produced artificially by spraying; -- said of tobacco used for cigar wrappers.

Front (?), n. 1. (Fort.) All the works along one side of the polygon inclosing the site which is fortified.

2. (Phon.) The middle of the upper part of the tongue, -- the part of the tongue which is more or less raised toward the palate in the pronunciation of certain sounds, as the vowel i in machine, e in bed, and consonant y in you. See Guide to Pronunciation, §10.

3. The call boy whose turn it is to answer the call, which is often the word "front," used as an exclamation. [Hotel Cant]

Frost"bow` (?), n. A white arc or circle in the sky attending frosty weather and formed by reflection of sunlight from ice crystals floating in the air; the parhelic circle whose center is at the zenith.

Frost" sig`nal. (Meteor.) A signal consisting of a white flag with a black center, used by the United States Weather Bureau to indicate that a local frost is expected. It is used only in Florida and along the coasts of the Pacific and the Gulf Mexico.

||Frou"frou` (?), n. [F., of imitative origin.] A rustling, esp. the rustling of a woman's dress.

Fu (?), n. [Chin.] A department in China comprising several hsein; also, the chief city of a department; -- often forming the last part of a name; as, Paoting- fu.

Fudge, n. A kind of soft candy composed of sugar or maple sugar, milk, and butter, and often chocolate or nuts, boiled and stirred to a proper consistency.

Full house. (Poker) A hand containing three of a kind and a pair, as three kings and two tens. It ranks above a flush and below four of a kind.

||Fu`ma*to"ri*um (?), n.; L. pl. -ria (#). [NL., fr. L. fumare, fumatum, to smoke.] An air-tight compartment in which vapor may be generated to destroy germs or insects; esp., the apparatus used to destroy San José scale on nursery stock, with hydrocyanic acid vapor.

Fu"ma*to*ry (?), a. [See Fumatorium.] Pert. to, or concerned with, smoking. - - n.; pl. -ries (&?;). A place for subjecting things to smoke or vapor.

Fume, n. (Metal.) Solid material deposited by condensation of fumes; as, lead fume (a grayish powder chiefly lead sulphate).

Fumed oak (?). (Cabinetwork) Oak given a weathered appearance by exposure in an air-tight compartment to fumes of ammonia from uncorked cans, being first given a coat of filler.

||Fu`met" (?), n. [F.] A high- flavored substance, such as extract of game, for flavoring dishes of food; less properly, a ragout of partridge and rabbit braised in wine.

Func"tion (?), n. 1. (Eccl.) A religious ceremony, esp. one particularly impressive and elaborate.

Every solemn ‘function' performed with the requirements of the liturgy.

Card. Wiseman.

2. A public or social ceremony or gathering; a festivity or entertainment, esp. one somewhat formal.

This function, which is our chief social event.

W. D. Howells.

Fun"gi (?), n. pl. (Bot.) A group of thallophytic plants of low organization, destitute of chlorophyll, in which reproduction is mainly accomplished by means of asexual spores, which are produced in a great variety of ways, though sexual reproduction is known to occur in certain Phycomycetes, or so-called algal fungi.

The Fungi appear to have originated by degeneration from various algæ, losing their chlorophyll on assuming a parasitic or saprophytic life. By some they are divided into the subclasses Phycomycetes, the lower or algal fungi; the Mesomycetes, or intermediate fungi; and the Mycomycetes, or the higher fungi; by others into the Phycomycetes; the Ascomycetes, or sac-spore fungi; and the Basidiomycetes, or basidial-spore fungi.

||Fun"gi Im`per*fec"ti (?), pl. [L. imperfecti imperfect.] (Bot.) A heterogenous group of fungi of which the complete life history is not known. Some undoubtedly represent the conidium stages of various Ascomycetes. The group is divided into the orders Sphæropsidales, Melanconiales, and Moniliales.

Funk (?), n. One who funks; a shirk; a coward. [Colloq.]

Funk, v. t. 1. To funk at; to flinch at; to shrink from (a thing or person); as, to funk a task. [Colloq.]

2. To frighten; to cause to flinch. [Colloq.]

{ Fuse, or Fuze }, n. (Elec.) A wire, bar, or strip of fusible metal inserted for safety in an electric circuit. When the current increases beyond a certain safe strength, the metal melts, interrupting the circuit and thereby preventing possibility of damage.

Fu*see" (?), n. 1. (Railroads) A signal used principally for the protection of trains, consisting of a tube filled with a composition which burns with a bright colored light for a definite time.

2. (a) A friction match for smokers' use having a bulbous head which when ignited is not easily blown out even in a gale of wind. (b) A kind of match made of paper impregnated with niter and having the usual igniting tip.

Fu"se*lage (?), n. (Aëronautics) An elongated body or frame of an aëroplane or flying machine; sometimes, erroneously, any kind of frame or body. Many aëroplanes have no fuselage, properly so called.

{ Fuse, or Fuze, plug }. 1. (Ordnance) A plug fitted to the fuse hole of a shell to hold the fuse.

2. A fusible plug that screws into a receptacle, used as a fuse in electric wiring.

{ Fu"thorc Fu"thork } (?), n. [Written also futharc, futhark.] The Runic alphabet; -- so called from the six letters f, u, þ (th), o (or a), r, c (=k).

The letters are called Runes and the alphabet bears the name Futhorc from the first six letters.

I. Taylor.

The spelling futharc represents most accurately the original values of these six Runic letters.

Fu"tur*ism (?), n. (Painting) A movement or phase of post-impressionism (which see, below).

G.

Ga*dhel"ic (g*dl"k; gd"el*k), a. [See Gael.] Of, belonging to, or designating, that division of the Celtic languages which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx.

Gad`o*lin"i*a (?), n. [NL. See Gadolinite.] A rare earth associated with yttria and regarded as the oxide (Gd2O3) of a metallic element, Gad`o*lin"i*um (&?;), with an assigned atomic weight of 153.3.

Gaek"war (?), n. [Also Gaikwar, Guicowar.] [Marathi gekwr, prop., a cowherd.] The title of the ruling Prince of Baroda, in Gujarat, in Bombay, India.

Gag law. (Parliamentary Law) A law or ruling prohibiting proper or free debate, as in closure. [Colloq. or Cant]

Gains"borough hat (?). A woman's broad-brimmed hat of a form thought to resemble those shown in portraits by Thomas Gainsborough, the English artist (1727-88).

Gal`a*te"a (?), n. [After Galatea, a British man-of-war, the material being used for children's sailor suits.] A kind of striped cotton fabric, usually of superior quality and striped with blue or red on white.

||Galbe (?), n. [F.; OF. garbe, fr. It. garbo grace, gracefulness. See Garb dress.] (Art) The general outward form of any solid object, as of a column or a vase.

Gal"li*um (?), n. [NL.; perh. fr. L. Gallia France.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, found combined in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malleable, resembling aluminium, and remarkable for its low melting point (86° F., 30° C.). Symbol, Ga; at. wt., 69.9. Gallium is chiefly trivalent, resembling aluminium and indium. It was predicted with most of its properties, under the name eka-aluminium, by Mendelyeev on the basis of the periodic law. This prediction was verified in its discovery (in 1875) by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines).

Gal"lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gallizing (?).] [After Dr. L. Gall, a French chemist, who invented the process.] In wine making, to add water and sugar to (unfermented grape juice) so as to increase the quantity of wine produced. -- Gal`li*za"tion (#), n.

Ga*losh" (?), n. 1. Same as Galoche, Galoshe.

2. A strip of material, as leather, running around a shoe at and above the sole, as for protection or ornament.