Chapter 20

Duf"fel, n. Outfit or suppplies, collectively; kit. [Colloq., U. S.]

Duffel bag. A sack to hold miscellaneous articles, as tools, supplies, or the like.

Duf"fer, n. 1. (Mining) See Shicer.

2. (Zoöl.) Any common domestic pigeon.

Duf"fer, n. One who duffs cattle, etc. [Australia]

Unluckily, cattle stealers are by no means so rare as would be desirable; they are locally known as duffers.

Baden-Powell.

{ Du*kho*bors" (?), Du*kho*bor"tsy (?) }, n. pl. [Russ. dukhobortsy spirit wrestlers; dukh spirit + bortsy wrestlers.] A Russian religious sect founded about the middle of the 18th century at Kharkov. They believe that Christ was wholly human, but that his soul reappears from time to time in mortals. They accept the Ten Commandments and the "useful" portions of the Bible, but deny the need of rulers, priests, or churches, and have no confessions, icons, or marriage ceremonies. They are communistic, opposed to any violence, and unwilling to use the labor of animals. Driven out of Russia proper, many have emigrated to Cyprus and Canada. See Raskolnik, below.

Dum"dum bul"let (?). (Mil.) A kind of manstopping bullet; -- so named from Dumdum, in India, where bullets are manufactured for the Indian army.

Dump"y lev"el. (Surv.) A level having a short telescope (hence its name) rigidly fixed to a table capable only of rotatory movement in a horizontal plane. The telescope is usually an inverting one. It is sometimes called the Troughton level, from the name of the inventor, and a variety improved by one Gavatt is known as the Gavatt level.

Du"o*graph (?), n. [L. duo two + -graph.] (Photo-engraving) A picture printed from two half-tone plates made with the screen set at different angles, and usually printed in two shades of the same color or in black and one tint.

Du"o*tone (?), n. [L. duo two + tone.] (Photoengraving) Any picture printed in two shades of the same color, as duotypes and duographs are usually printed.

Du"o*type (?), n. [L. duo two + type.] (Photoengraving) A print made from two half- tone plates made from the same negative, but etched differently.

Du"plex (?), v. t. [See Duplex, a.] (Teleg.) To arrange, as a telegraph line, so that two messages may be transmitted simultaneously; to equip with a duplex telegraphic outfit.

Dys*pro"si*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dyspro`sitos hard to get at.] (Chem.) An element of the rare earth-group. Symbol Dy; at. wt., 162.5.

E.

Ear"-mind"ed (?), a. (Physiol. Psychol.) Thinking chiefly or most readily through, or in terms related to, the sense of hearing; specif., thinking words as spoken, as a result of familiarity with speech or of mental peculiarity; -- opposed to eye-minded.

Earth, n. (Elec.) The connection of any part an electric conductor with the ground; specif., the connection of a telegraph line with the ground through a fault or otherwise.

When the resistance of the earth connection is low it is termed a good earth.

Earth"light` (?), n. (Astron.) The sunlight reflected from the earth to the moon, by which we see faintly, when the moon is near the sun (either before or after new moon), that part of the moon's disk unillumined by direct sunlight, or "the old moon in the arms of the new."

East, a. (Eccl.) Designating, or situated in, that part of a church which contains the choir or chancel; as, the east front of a cathedral.

Eas"ter lil`y. (Bot.) Any one of various lilies or lilylike flowers which bloom about Easter; specif.: (a) The common white lily (Lilium candidum), called also Annunciation lily. (b) The larger white lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium, syn. L. Harrisii) called also Bermuda lily. (c) The daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus). (d) The Atamasco lily.

Eastern Church. That portion of the Christian church which prevails in the countries once comprised in the Eastern Roman Empire and the countries converted to Christianity by missionaries from them. Its full official title is The Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Eastern Church. It became estranged from the Western, or Roman, Church over the question of papal supremacy and the doctrine of the filioque, and a separation, begun in the latter part of the 9th century, became final in 1054. The Eastern Church consists of twelve (thirteen if the Bulgarian Church be included) mutually independent churches (including among these the Hellenic Church, or Church of Greece, and the Russian Church), using the vernacular (or some ancient form of it) in divine service and varying in many points of detail, but standing in full communion with each other and united as equals in a great federation. The highest five authorities are the patriarch of Constantinople, or ecumenical patriarch (whose position is not one of supremacy, but of precedence), the patriarch of Alexandria, the patriarch of Jerusalem, the patriarch of Antioch, and the Holy Synod of Russia. The Eastern Church accepts the first seven ecumenical councils (and is hence styled only schismatic, not heretical, by the Roman Catholic Church), has as its creed the Niceno-Constantinopolitan (without the later addition of the filioque, which, with the doctrine it represents, the church decisively rejects), baptizes infants with trine immersion, makes confirmation follow immediately upon baptism, administers the Communion in both kinds (using leavened bread) and to infants as well as adults, permits its secular clergy to marry before ordination and to keep their wives afterward, but not to marry a second time, selects its bishops from the monastic clergy only, recognizes the offices of bishop, priest, and deacon as the three necessary degrees of orders, venerates relics and icons, and has an elaborate ritual.

||Eau` forte" (` frt"). [F., strong water, nitric acid (which is used in etching plates).] (Art) An etching or a print from an etched plate.

||É`car`té" (?), n. [F., prop. p. p. fr. écarter to reject, discard.] A game at cards for two persons, with 32 cards, ranking K, Q, J, A, 10, 9, 8, 7. Five cards are dealt each player, and the 11th turned as trump. Five points constitute a game.

Ech"o (?), n.; pl. Echoes (#). [L. echo, Gr. &?; echo.] (Whist) (a) A signal, played in the same manner as a trump signal, made by a player who holds four or more trumps (or as played by some exactly three trumps) and whose partner has led trumps or signaled for trumps. (b) A signal showing the number held of a plain suit when a high card in that suit is led by one's partner.

E*chop"a*thy (?), n. [Echo + -pathy, as in homeopathy.] (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by automatic and purposeless repetition of words or imitation of actions.

E"dam (?), n., or Edam cheese. A Dutch pressed cheese of yellow color and fine flavor, made in balls weighing three or four pounds, and usually colored crimson outside; -- so called from the village of Edam, near Amsterdam. Also, cheese of the same type, wherever made.

Ed"dy cur"rent (?). (Elec.) An induced electric current circulating wholly within a mass of metal; -- called also Foucault current.

Ed"dy kite (?). Called also Malay kite. [After William A. Eddy, American kite expert.] A quadrilateral, tailless kite, with convex surfaces exposed to the wind. This kite was extensively used by Eddy in his famous meteorological experiments. It is now generally superseded by the box kite.

Ef*fect"ive, n. The serviceable soldiers in a country; an army or any military body, collectively; as, France's effective.

Ef*fen"di (?), n., [Turk. efendi, fr. Modern Gr. &?;, fr. Gr. &?; a chief. See Authentic.] Master; sir; -- a Turkish title of respect, applied esp. to a state official or man of learning, as one learned in the law, but often simply as the courtesy title of a gentleman.

Ei*kon"o*gen (?), n. [Gr. e'ikw`n, e'iko`nos, image + root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] (Photog. & Chem.) The sodium salt of a sulphonic acid of a naphthol, C10H5(OH)(NH2)SO3Na used as a developer.

E"ject (?), n. [See Eject, v. t.] (Philos.) An object that is a conscious or living object, and hence not a direct object, but an inferred object or act of a subject, not myself; -- a term invented by W. K. Clifford.

||E*jec"ta (?), n. pl. [L., neut. pl. of ejectus cast out. See Eject.] Matter ejected; material thrown out; as, the ejecta of a volcano; the ejecta, or excreta, of the body.

<! p. 1980 !>

E*ject"or, n. That part of the mechanism of a breech-loading firearm which ejects the empty shell.

El"der*ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The berrylike drupe of the elder. That of the Old World elder (Sambucus nigra) and that of the American sweet elder (S. Canadensis) are sweetish acid, and are eaten as a berry or made into wine.

E*lec"tri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Electrifying (?).] [Electric + -fy.] To equip for employment of electric power; as, to electrify a railroad.

E*lec"tro*graph (?), n. [Pref. electro + -graph.] 1. An apparatus, controlled by electric devices, used to trace designs for etching.

2. An instrument for the reproduction at a distance of pictures, maps, etc., by means of electricity.

3. An image made by the Röntgen rays; a sciagraph.

4. A cinematograph using the arc light.

E*lec`tro*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an electrograph or electrography.

E*lec*trog"ra*phy (?), n. 1. The art or process of making electrographs or using an electrograph.

2. = Galvanography.

E*lec"tro*lyze (?), v. t. [See Electrolysis.] To subject to electrolysis. -- E*lec`tro*ly*za"tion (#), n.

E*lec"tron (?), [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Electric.] (Physics & Chem.) One of those particles, having about one thousandth the mass of a hydrogen atom, which are projected from the cathode of a vacuum tube as the cathode rays and from radioactive substances as the beta rays; -- called also corpuscle. The electron carries (or is) a natural unit of negative electricity, equal to 3.4 x 10-10 electrostatic units. It has been detected only when in rapid motion; its mass, which is electromagnetic, is practically constant at the lesser speeds, but increases as the velocity approaches that of light. Electrons are all of one kind, so far as known, and probably are the ultimate constituents of all atoms. An atom from which an electron has been detached has a positive charge and is called a coelectron.

E`lec*tron"ic (?), a. (Physics & Chem.) Of or pertaining to an electron or electrons.

||E*lec`tro*poi"on (?), n., or Electropoion fluid. [NL.; electro- + Gr. poiw^n, p. pr. of poiei^n to make.] (Elec.) An exciting and depolarizing acid solution used in certain cells or batteries, as the Grenet battery. Electropoion is best prepared by mixing one gallon of concentrated sulphuric acid diluted with three gallons of water, with a solution of six pounds of potassium bichromate in two gallons of boiling water. It should be used cold.

{ El"e*me, or El"e*mi, figs` } (l"*m). [Turk. eleme anything which has been sifted and freed from dust or broken parts.] A kind of figs of superior quality.

El"e*va`tor, n. (Aëronautics) A movable plane or group of planes used to control the altitude or fore-and-aft poise or inclination of an airship or flying machine.

||É`lite" (`lt"), n. See Army organization, Switzerland.

E. M. F. (Physics) An abbreviation for electro-motive force.

Em`is*siv"i*ty (?), n. Tendency to emission; comparative facility of emission, or rate at which emission takes place; specif. (Physics), the rate of emission of heat from a bounding surface per degree of temperature difference between the surface and surrounding substances (called by Fourier external conductivity).

Empire State. New York; -- a nickname alluding to its size and wealth.

Empire State of the South. Georgia; -- a nickname.

Empire State of the West. Missouri; -- a nickname.

Em*place" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emplaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Emplacing (?).] [Cf. F. emplacer. See En-; Place, v. & n.] To put into place or position; to fix on an emplacement.

Em*place"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. emplacement.] A putting in, or assigning to, a definite place; localization; as, the emplacement of a structure.

||Em`presse`ment" (?), n. [F., fr s'empresser to hasten.] Demonstrative warmth or cordiality of manner; display of enthusiasm.

He grasped my hand with a nervous empressement.

Poe.

En*am"el, n. 1. Any one of various preparations for giving a smooth, glossy surface like that of enamel.

2. A cosmetic intended to give the appearance of a smooth and beautiful complexion.

||En` bloc" (?). [F. Cf. Block, n. ] In a lump; as a whole; all together. "Movement of the ossicles en bloc." Nature.

En bloc they are known as "the herd".

W. A. Fraser.

||En*cæ"ni*a (?), n. pl. = Encenia.

En*dem"ic, a. Belonging or native to a particular people or country; native as distinguished from introduced or naturalized; hence, regularly or ordinarily occurring in a given region; local; as, a plant endemic in Australia; -- often distinguished from exotic.

The traditions of folklore . . . form a kind of endemic symbolism.

F. W. H. Myers.

En`do*ther"mic (?), a. [Pref. endo- + thermic.] (Chem.) Designating, or pert. to, a reaction which occurs with absorption of heat; formed by such a reaction; as, an endothermic substance; -- opposed to exothermic.

En*face" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfacing.] [Pref. en- + face.] 1. To write or print on the face of (a draft, bill, etc.); as, to enface drafts with memoranda.

2. To write or print (a memorandum, direction, or the like) on the face of a draft, bill, etc.; as, to enface the words "Payable in Calcutta" upon the face of a draft.

Enfaced paper (Com.), Indian government securities the principal and interest of which are enfaced as payable in silver rupees. Dict. of Pol. Econ.

||En`fleu`rage" (?), n. [F., fr. en- (L. in) + fleur flower.] A process of extracting perfumes by exposing absorbents, as fixed oils or fats, to the exhalations of the flowers. It is used for plants whose volatile oils are too delicate to be separated by distillation.

En`gi*neer" Corps. (a) In the United States army, the Corps of Engineers, a corps of officers and enlisted men consisting of one band and three battalions of engineers commanded by a brigadier general, whose title is Chief of Engineers. It has charge of the construction of fortifications for land and seacoast defense, the improvement of rivers and harbors, the construction of lighthouses, etc., and, in time of war, supervises the engineering operations of the armies in the field. (b) In the United States navy, a corps made up of the engineers, which was amalgamated with the line by act of March 3, 1899. It consisted of assistant and passed assistant engineers, ranking with ensigns and lieutenants, chief engineers, ranking from lieutenant to captain, and engineer in chief, ranking with commodore and having charge of the Bureau of Steam Engineering.

En"gine-type` gen"er*a`tor. (Elec.) A generator having its revolving part carried on the shaft of the driving engine.

En*light"en*ment (?), n. = AufklÄrung.

||En` pas`sant" (?). [F.] In passing; in the course of any procedure; -- said specif. (Chess), of the taking of an adverse pawn which makes a first move of two squares by a pawn already so advanced as to threaten the first of these squares. The pawn which takes en passant is advanced to the threatened square.

||En` rap`port" (?). [F.] In accord, harmony, or sympathy; having a mutual, esp. a private, understanding; of a hypnotic subject, being in such a mental state as to be especially subject to the influence of a particular person or persons.

En*sile" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ensiling (?).] [F. ensiler: cf. Sp. ensilar. See Silo.] To store (green fodder) in a silo; to prepare as silage. -- En"si*list (#), n.

En*tan"gle*ment, n. 1. (Mil.) An extensive low obstacle formed of stakes, stumps, or the like, connected by wires, ropes, or the like.

2. (Naut.) An obstruction of cables and spars across a river or harbor entrance.

{ En"ter*ing , or En"trant, edge }. = Advancing edge.

En*tire"-wheat", a. Designating, made of, or relating to, flour including a considerable part of the bran.

||En`tou`rage" (äN`t`rzh"), n. [F.] Surroundings; specif., collectively, one's attendants or associates.

The entourage and mode of life of the mikados were not such as to make of them able rulers.

B. H. Chamberlain.

Ep"worth League (?). A religious organization of Methodist young people, founded in 1889 at Cleveland, Ohio, and taking its name from John Wesley's birthplace, Epworth, Lincolnshire, England.

E"qual*iz`er (?), n. 1. = Equalizing bar.

2. A device, as a bar, for operating two brakes, esp. a pair of hub brakes for an automobile, with equal force.

3. (Elec.) Any device for equalizing the pull of electromagnets; also, a conductor of low resistance joining the armature ends of the series field coils of dynamos connected in parallel.

4. (Aëronautics) A sliding panel to preserve the lateral stability of an aëroplane.

E*ra"sure (?), n. An instance of erasing; also, the place where something has been erased.

Er"bi*um (?), n. [NL. Named from Ytterby, in Sweden, where gadolinite is found. Cf. Terbium, Yttrium, Ytterbium.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the rare earth group, found in gadolinite and some other minerals. Symbol, Er; at. wt. 167.4. Its salts are rose-colored and give characteristic spectra.

Er"gal (?), n. [G., fr. Gr. &?; work.] (Physics) Potential energy; negative value of the force function.

Erg"me`ter (?), n. [Erg + - meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring energy in ergs.

Er"go*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; work + - graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the work done by a single muscle or set of muscles, the rate of fatigue, etc. -- Er`go*graph"ic (#), a.

Er*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; work + -meter.] (Physics) A device for measuring, or an instrument for indicating, energy expended or work done; a dynamometer. -- Er`go*met"ric (#), a.

Er"gon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; work.] (Physics) (a) Work, measured in terms of the quantity of heat to which it is equivalent. (b) = Erg.

E*rode", v. t. (Geol. & Phys. Geog.) (a) To wear away; as, streams and glaciers erode the land. (b) To produce by erosion, or wearing away; as, glaciers erode U-shaped valleys.

E*ro"sion, n. The wearing away of the earth's surface by any natural process. The chief agent of erosion is running water; minor agents are glaciers, the wind, and waves breaking against the coast.

E*rupt" (?), v. i. [See Eruption.] 1. To eject something, esp. lava, water, etc., as a volcano or geyser.

2. To burst forth; to break out, as ashes from a volcano, teeth through the gums, etc.

When the amount and power of the steam is equal to the demand, it erupts with violence through the lava flood and gives us a small volcano.

H. J. W. Dam.

Es"ca*la`tor (?), n. [NL. Cf. Escalade.] A stairway or incline arranged like an endless belt so that the steps or treads ascend or descend continuously, and one stepping upon it is carried up or down; -- a trade term.

Es*cape", n. (Bot.) A plant which has escaped from cultivation.

Es`o*ter"ic (?), a. Marked by secrecy or privacy; private; select; confidential; as, an esoteric purpose; an esoteric meeting.

Es`o*ter"ic, n. (Philos.) (a) An esoteric doctrine or treatise; esoteric philosophy; esoterics. (b) One who believes, or is an initiate, in esoteric doctrines or rites.

Es`pe*ran"to (?), n. An artificial language, intended to be universal, devised by Dr. Zamenhof, a Russian, who adopted the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto" in publishing his first pamphlet regarding it in 1887. The vocabulary is very largely based upon words common to the chief European languages, and sounds peculiar to any one language are eliminated. The spelling is phonetic, and the accent (stress) is always on the penult. -- Es`pe*ran"tist (#), n.

Es*tab"lished suit. (Whist) A plain suit in which a player (or side) could, except for trumping, take tricks with all his remaining cards.

||Es`ta`mi`net" (?), n. [F.] A café, or room in a café, in which smoking is allowed.

Et"a*mine (?), n. [F. élamine.] A light textile fabric, like a fine bunting.

||É`tape" (?), n. [F. Cf. Staple a mart.] 1. A public storehouse.

2. Supplies issued to troops on the march; hence (Mil.), the place where troops on the march halt over night; also, by extension, the distance marched during a day.

3. In Russia, a prison or stockade for the confinement of prisoners in transit.

E"thos (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; character. See Ethic.] 1. The character, sentiment, or disposition of a community or people, considered as a natural endowment; the spirit which actuates manners and customs; also, the characteristic tone or genius of an institution or social organization.

2. (Æsthetics) The traits in a work of art which express the ideal or typic character -- character as influenced by the ethos (sense 1) of a people -- rather than realistic or emotional situations or individual character in a narrow sense; -- opposed to pathos.

Eth"y*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ethylated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ethylating.] [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) To treat in such a way as to cause the introduction of one or more ethyl groups, C2H5; as, to ethylate alcohol.

Eu*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Pref. eu- + genesis.] (Biol.) The quality or condition of having strong reproductive powers; generation with full fertility between different species or races, specif. between hybrids of the first generation.

{ Eur*af"ric (?), Eur*af"ri*can (?) }, a. [Europe + Afric, African.] 1. (Geog.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the continents of Europe and Africa combined.

2. (Zoögeography) Pert. to or designating a region including most of Europe and northern Africa south to the Sahara.

3. Of European and African descent.

Eu*ro"pi*um (?), n. [NL.; Europe + -ium, as in aluminium.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the rare-earth group, discovered spectroscopically by Demarcay in 1896. Symbol, Eu; at. wt., 152.0.

Eu*tec"tic (?), a. [Gr. e'y`thktos easily melted; e'y^ well + th`kein to melt.] (Physics) Of maximum fusibility; -- said of an alloy or mixture which has the lowest melting point which it is possible to obtain by the combination of the given components.

||Eu*tex"i*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a being easily melted.] (Physics) The principle or process of forming from given components the eutectic alloy, or alloy of maximum fusibility.

E*vag"i*nate (?), a. [L. evaginatus, p. p., unsheathed. See Evagination.] Protruded, or grown out, as an evagination; turned inside out; unsheathed; evaginated; as, an evaginate membrane.

E*vag"i*nate (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Evaginated; p. pr. & vb. n. Evaginating.] To become evaginate; to cause to be evaginate.

E*vag`i*na"tion, n. An outgrowth or protruded part.

Evergreen State. Washington; -- a nickname alluding to the abundance of evergreen trees.

Ex`al*ta"tion (?), n. (Med.) An abnormal sense of personal well-being, power, or importance, - - a symptom observed in various forms of insanity.

Ex*change" ed"i*tor. An editor who inspects, and culls from, periodicals, or exchanges, for his own publication.

Ex*cite", v. t. (Elec.) To energize (an electro-magnet); to produce a magnetic field in; as, to excite a dynamo.

||Ex` li"bris (?). [L. ex from + libris books.] An inscription, label, or the like, in a book indicating its ownership; esp., a bookplate.

Ex"moor (?), n. [From Exmoor, a district in Somersetshire and Devonshire.] 1. One of a breed of horned sheep of Devonshire, England, having white legs and face and black nostrils. They are esp. valuable for mutton.

2. A breed of ponies native to the Exmoor district.

Ex`o*ther"mic (?), a. [Pref. exo- + thermic.] (Chem.) Characterized by, or formed with, evolution of heat; as, an exothermic reaction; -- opposed to endothermic.

Ex*pe"ri*ence ta"ble. (Life Insurance) A table of mortality computed from the experience of one or more life- insurance companies.