Chapter 14

Bye, n. 1. In various sports in which the contestants are drawn in pairs, the position or turn of one left with no opponent in consequence of an odd number being engaged; as, to draw a bye in a round of a tennis tournament.

2. (Golf) The hole or holes of a stipulated course remaining unplayed at the end of a match.

C.

||Caa*tin"ga (?), n. [Tupi caa- tinga white forest.] (Phytogeography) A forest composed of stunted trees and thorny bushes, found in areas of small rainfall in Brazil.

||Ca`bal*le*ri"a (?), n. [Sp. See Caballero.] An ancient Spanish land tenure similar to the English knight's fee; hence, in Spain and countries settled by the Spanish, a land measure of varying size. In Cuba it is about 33 acres; in Porto Rico, about 194 acres; in the Southwestern United States, about 108 acres.

||Ca`bal*le"ro (?), n. [Sp. Cf. Cavalier.] A knight or cavalier; hence, a gentleman.

||Ca*bal"lo (k*väl"y; 220), n. [Written also cavallo.] [Sp., fr. L. caballus a nag. See Cavalcade.] A horse. [Sp. Amer.]

Cab"a*ret (?), n. In the United States, a café or restaurant where the guests are entertained by performers who dance or sing on the floor between the tables, after the practice of a certain class of French taverns; hence, an entertainment of this nature.

Ca"ber (?), n. [Gael. cabar.] A pole or beam, esp. one used in Gaelic games for tossing as a trial of strength.

||Ca`bo`chon" (k`b`shôN"), n. [F.] (Jewelry) A stone of convex form, highly polished, but not faceted; also, the style of cutting itself. Such stones are said to be cut en cabochon.

||Ca*chæ"mi*a, ||Ca*che"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bad + &?; blood.] (Med.) A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. -- Ca*chæ"mic, Ca*che"mic (#), a.

||Cac`o*chym"i*a (?), n. [NL., Gr. &?;; &?; bad + &?; juice.] (Med.) A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, esp. of the blood. -- Cac`o*chym"ic (#), Cac`o*chym"ic*al (#), a.

||Cac`o*sto"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bad + &?; mouth.] (Med.) Diseased or gangrenous condition of the mouth.

{ Ca*dav"er*ine (?), n. Also - in }. [From Cadaver.] (Chem.) A sirupy, nontoxic ptomaine, C5H14N2 (chemically pentamethylene diamine), formed in putrefaction of flesh, etc.

Cad"die (?), n. [Written also caddy, cadie, cady, and cawdy.] [See Cadet.] 1. A cadet. [Obs. Scot.]

2. A lad; young fellow. [Scot.] Burns.

3. One who does errands or other odd jobs. [Scot.]

4. An attendant who carries a golf player's clubs, tees his ball, etc.

Ca*det", n. 1. In New Zealand, a young gentleman learning sheep farming at a station; also, any young man attached to a sheep station.

2. A young man who makes a business of ruining girls to put them in brothels. [Slang, U. S.]

Cæ`la*tu"ra (?), n. [L., fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] Art of producing metal decorative work other than statuary, as reliefs, intaglios, engraving, chasing, etc.

Caf`e*te"ri*a (?), n. [Cf. F. cafetière.] A restaurant or café at which the patrons serve themselves with food kept at a counter, taking the food to small tables to eat. [U. S.]

Ca*hens"ly*ism (?), n. (R. C. Ch.) A plan proposed to the Pope in 1891 by P. P. Cahensly, a member of the German parliament, to divide the foreign-born population of the United States, for ecclesiastical purposes, according to European nationalities, and to appoint bishops and priests of like race and speaking the same language as the majority of the members of a diocese or congregation. This plan was successfully opposed by the American party in the Church.

Ca*hin"ca root` (?). [Written also cainca root.] [See Cahincic.] (Bot.) The root of an American shrub (Chiococca racemosa), found as far north as Florida Keys, from which cahincic acid is obtained; also, the root of the South American Chiococca anguifuga, a celebrated antidote for snake poison.

Cais"son dis*ease". (Med.) A disease frequently induced by remaining for some time in an atmosphere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc. It is characterized by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms. It is variously explained, most probably as due to congestion of internal organs with subsequent stasis of the blood.

Ca"jun (?), n. [A corruption of Acadian.] (Ethnol.) In Louisiana, a person reputed to be Acadian French descent.

||Ca`la*bo"zo (?), n. [Sp.] A jail. See Calaboose.

Ca`la*ve"ras skull (?). A human skull reported, by Prof. J. D. Whitney, as found in 1886 in a Tertiary auriferous gravel deposit, lying below a bed of black lava, in Calaveras County, California. It is regarded as very doubtful whether the skull really belonged to the deposit in which it was found. If it did, it indicates an unprecedented antiquity for human beings of an advanced type.

Cal`i*for"ni*a jack" (?). A game at cards, a modification of seven-up, or all fours.

||Ca*lor"i*sa`tor (?), n. [NL., heater, fr. L. calor heat.] An apparatus used in beet-sugar factories to heat the juice in order to aid the diffusion.

Calve (?), v. i. (Phys. Geog.) To throw off fragments which become icebergs; -- said of a glacier.

||Ca"ma*ra (?), n. [Pg.] Chamber; house; -- used in Ca"ma*ra dos Pa"res (&?;), and Ca"ma*ra dos De`pu*ta"dos (&?;). See Legislature.

||Ca`ma`ra`de*rie" (?), n. [F. See Comrade.] Comradeship and loyalty.

The spirit of camaraderie is strong among these riders of the plains.

W. A. Fraser.

Cam"ass (?). n. [Origin uncert.] A small prairie in a forest; a small grassy plain among hills. [Western U. S.]

Ca*mel"li*a (?), n. [NL., after Georg Josef Kamel, or Camelli, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Hort.) An ornamental greenhouse shrub (Thea japonica) with glossy evergreen leaves and roselike red or white double flowers.

Cam"el*ry (?), n. Troops that are mounted on camels.

||Ca`mem`bert" (?), n., or Camembert cheese. A kind of soft, unpressed cream cheese made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France; also, any cheese of the same type, wherever made.

||Ca*mor"ra (?), n. [It.] A secret organization formed at Naples, Italy, early in the 19th century, and used partly for political ends and partly for practicing extortion, violence, etc. -- Ca*mor"rist (#), n.

Ca*nal", n. A long and relatively narrow arm of the sea, approximately uniform in width; -- used chiefly in proper names; as, Portland Canal; Lynn Canal. [Alaska]

||Ca`na`pé" (?), n. [F., orig. a couch with mosquito curtains. See Canopy.] 1. A sofa or divan.

2. (Cookery) A slice or piece of bread fried in butter or oil, on which anchovies, mushrooms, etc., are served.

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||Ca`na`pé" con`fi`dent" (?). A sofa having a seat at each end at right angles to the main seats.

Can*des"cent (?), a. [L. candescens, -entis, p. pr. of candescere, v. incho. fr. candere to shine.] Glowing; luminous; incandescent.

Candle foot. (Photom.) The illumination produced by a British standard candle at a distance of one foot; -- used as a unit of illumination.

Candle meter. (Photom.) The illumination given by a standard candle at a distance of one meter; -- used as a unit of illumination, except in Great Britain.

Can"dle*nut` (?), n. 1. The fruit of a euphorbiaceous tree or shrub (Aleurites moluccana), native of some of the Pacific islands. It is used by the natives as a candle. The oil from the nut ( candlenut, or kekune, oil) has many uses.

2. The tree itself.

Can`dle*pin` (?), n. (Tenpins) (a) A form of pin slender and nearly straight like a candle. (b) The game played with such pins; -- in form candlepins, used as a singular.

Candle power. (Photom.) Illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle.

Cangue (kng), n. [Written also cang.] [F. cangue, fr. Pg. canga yoke.] A very broad and heavy wooden collar which certain offenders in China are compelled to wear as a punishment.

||Can`ne*lé" (?), n. [F., pop., fluted.] (Textiles) A style of interweaving giving to fabrics a channeled or fluted effect; also, a fabric woven so as to have this effect; a rep.

Can"ne*lure (kn"n*lr), n. [F., fr. canneler to groove.] (Mil.) A groove in any cylinder; specif., a groove around the cylinder of an elongated bullet for small arms to contain a lubricant, or around the rotating band of a gun projectile to lessen the resistance offered to the rifling. Also, a groove around the base of a cartridge, where the extractor takes hold. -- Can"ne*lured (#), a.

Can"non, v. i. 1. To discharge cannon.

2. To collide or strike violently, esp. so as to glance off or rebound; to strike and rebound.

He heard the right-hand goal post crack as a pony cannoned into it -- crack, splinter, and fall like a mast.

Kipling.

||Cañ`on*ci"to (?), n. [Amer. Sp. dim. See Cañon.] [Southwestern U. S.] 1. A small cañon.

2. A narrow passage or lane through chaparral or a forest.

||Ca`po*ral" (kä`p*räl"), n. [Sp. See Corporal, n.] One who directs work; an overseer. [Sp. Amer.]

||Ca"po tas"to (?). [It. capotasto.] (Music) A sort of bar or movable nut, attached to the finger board of a guitar or other fretted instrument for the purpose of raising uniformly the pitch of all the strings.

Ca"pri (?), n. Wine produced on the island of Capri, commonly a light, dry, white wine.

||Cap`su*li"tis (?), n. [NL.; E. capsule + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a capsule, as that of the crystalline lens.

Cap`su*lot"o*my (?), n. [Capsule + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The incision of a capsule, esp. of that of the crystalline lens, as in a cataract operation.

||Ca`ra*ba"o (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The water buffalo. [Phil. Islands]

Ca`ra*cul" (?), n. Var. of Karakul, a kind of fur.

Car"bon, n. (Elec.) A carbon rod or pencil used in an arc lamp; also, a plate or piece of carbon used as one of the elements of a voltaic battery.

Car"bon*ite (?), n. [Carbon + -ite.] 1. An explosive consisting essentially of nitroglycerin, wood meal, and some nitrate, as that of sodium.

2. An explosive composed of nitrobenzene, saltpeter, sulphur, and kieselguhr.

Car"bon process. (Photog.) A printing process depending on the effect of light on bichromatized gelatin. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called carbon paper or carbon tissue. This is exposed under a negative and the film is transferred from the paper to some other support and developed by washing (the unexposed portions being dissolved away). If the process stops here it is called single transfer; if the image is afterward transferred in order to give an unreversed print, the method is called double transfer.

Carbon steel. Steel deriving its qualities from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements; -- opposed to alloy steel.

Carbon transmitter. A telephone transmitter in which a carbon contact is used.

Car`bo*run"dum (?), [Carbon + corundum.] A beautiful crystalline compound, SiC, consisting of carbon and silicon in combination; carbon silicide. It is made by heating carbon and sand together in an electric furnace. The commercial article is dark-colored and iridescent. It is harder than emery, and is used as an abrasive.

{ Carborundum cloth or paper }. Cloth or paper covered with powdered carborundum.

{ Car"bu*ret`or, Car"bu*ret`tor (?) }, n. One that carburets; specif., an apparatus in which air or gas is carbureted, as by passing it through a light petroleum oil. The carburetor for a gasoline engine is usually either a surface carburetor, or a float, float- feed, or spray, carburetor. In the former air is charged by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In the latter a fine spray of gasoline is drawn from an atomizing nozzle by a current of air induced by the suction of the engine piston, the supply of gasoline being regulated by a float which actuates a needle valve controlling the outlet of the feed pipe. Alcohol and other volatile inflammable liquids may be used instead of gasoline.

Car"cel (?), n. (Photom.) A light standard much used in France, being the light from a Carcel lamp of stated size and construction consuming 42 grams of colza oil per hour with a flame 40 millimeters in height. Its illuminating power is variously stated at from 8.9 to 9.6 British standard candles.

Car"di*o*gram` (?), n. [Gr. &?; heart + -gram.] (Physiol.) The curve or tracing made by a cardiograph.

Car`di*og"ra*phy (?), n. 1. Description of the heart.

2. (Physiol.) Examination by the cardiograph.

||Car"di*o*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; heart + sclerosis.] Induration of the heart, caused by development of fibrous tissue in the cardiac muscle.

Car mile. (Railroads) A mile traveled by a single car, taken as a unit of computation, as in computing the average travel of each car of a system during a given period.

Car mileage. (Railroads) (a) Car miles collectively. (b) The amount paid by one road the use of cars of another road.

Car"mi*nat`ed (?), a. Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as, carminated lake.

Car"nic (?), a. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.] Of or pertaining to flesh; specif. (Physiol. Chem.), pertaining to or designating a hydroscopic monobasic acid, C10H15O5N3, obtained as a cleavage product from an acid of muscle tissue.

Car`not's" cy"cle (?). [After N. L. S. Carnot, French physicist.] (Thermodynamics) An ideal heat-engine cycle in which the working fluid goes through the following four successive operations: (1) Isothermal expansion to a desired point; (2) adiabatic expansion to a desired point; (3) isothermal compression to such a point that (4) adiabatic compression brings it back to its initial state.

||Ca`rotte" (?), n. [F., prop., carrot.] A cylindrical roll of tobacco; as, a carotte of perique.

||Car`ro*ma"ta (?), n. [Sp. in Phil. I.] In the Philippines, a light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle usually drawn by a single native pony and used to convey passengers within city limits or for traveling. It is the common public carriage.

Car"tist (?), n. [Sp. cartista, fr. carta paper, document (cf. Pg. carta). See Charta; cf. Chartist.] In Spain and Portugal, one who supports the constitution.

Car"to*gram (?), n. [F. cartogramme.] A map showing geographically, by shades or curves, statistics of various kinds; a statistical map.

||Ca"sa (?), n. [Sp. or It., fr. L. casa cabin.] A house or mansion. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands]

I saw that Enriquez had made no attempt to modernize the old casa, and that even the garden was left in its lawless native luxuriance.

Bret Harte.

Cas*cade" meth"od. (Physics) A method of attaining successively lower temperatures by utilizing the cooling effect of the expansion of one gas in condensing another less easily liquefiable, and so on.

Cascade system. (Elec.) A system or method of connecting and operating two induction motors so that the primary circuit of one is connected to the secondary circuit of the other, the primary circuit of the latter being connected to the source of supply; also, a system of electric traction in which motors so connected are employed. The cascade system is also called tandem, or concatenated, system; the connection a cascade, tandem, or concatenated, connection, or a concatenation; and the control of the motors so obtained a tandem, or concatenation, control. In the cascade system of traction the cascade connection is used for starting and for low speeds up to half speed. For full speed the short- circuited motor is cut loose from the other motor and is either left idle or (commonly) connected direct to the line.

Cas"ca*ra buck"thorn` (?). (Bot.) The buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshiana) of the Pacific coast of the United States, which yields cascara sagrada.

||Cas`ca*ron" (?), n. [Sp. cascarón.] Lit., an eggshell; hence, an eggshell filled with confetti to be thrown during balls, carnivals, etc. [Western U. S.]

Ca"se*ose (?), n. [Casein + - ose.] (Physiol.Chem.) A soluble product (proteose) formed in the gastric and pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen.

Case system. (Law) The system of teaching law in which the instruction is primarily a historical and inductive study of leading or selected cases, with or without the use of textbooks for reference and collateral reading.

Cash*ier's" check (?). (Banking) A check drawn by a bank upon its own funds, signed by the cashier.

Cash railway. A form of cash carrier in which a small carrier or car travels upon a kind of track.

Cash register. A device for recording the amount of cash received, usually having an automatic adding machine and a money drawer and exhibiting the amount of the sale.

Cas"sa*va wood` (?). (Bot.) A West Indian tree (Turpinia occidentalis) of the family Staphyleaceæ.

{ Cas"sel brown, Cas"sel earth } (?). A brown pigment of varying permanence, consisting of impure lignite. It was found originally near Cassel (now Kassel), Germany.

||Casse`-tête" (?), n. [F., fr. casser to breal (see 2d Quash) + tête head.] A small war club, esp. of savages; -- so called because of its supposed use in crushing the skull.

||Cas`sette" (?), n. [F., prop., a casket, dim. of casse a case. See lst Case.] Same as Seggar.

Cat"a*clasm (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; down + &?; to break.] A breaking asunder; disruption.

Cat`a*crot"ic (?), a. [Cata- + Gr. &?; a beating.] (Physiol.) Designating, pertaining to, or characterized by, that form of pulse tracing, or sphygmogram, in which the descending portion of the curve is marked by secondary elevations due to two or more expansions of the artery in the same beat. -- Ca*tac"rotism (#), n.

Cat`a*di"cro*tism (?), n. [Cata- + dicrotism.] (Physiol.) Quality or state of being catacrotic. -- Cat`a*di*crot"ic (#), a.

Cat"a*plex`y (?), n. [Gr. &?; amazement: cf. Apoplexy.] (Med.) A morbid condition caused by an overwhelming shock or extreme fear and marked by rigidity of the muscles. -- Cat`a*plec"tic (#), a.

Catch crop. Any crop grown between the rows of another crop or intermediate between two crops in ordinary rotation in point of time. -- Catch"-crop`ping, n.

Radishes . . . are often grown as a catch crop with other vegetables.

L. H. Bailey.

Catch title. A short expressive title used for abbreviated book lists, etc.

Catch"y (?), a. 1. Apt or tending to catch the fancy or attention; catching; taking; as, catchy music.

2. Tending to catch or insnare; entangling; - - usually used fig.; as, a catchy question.

3. Consisting of, or occuring in, disconnected parts or snatches; changeable; as, a catchy wind.

It [the fox's scent] is . . . flighty or catchy, if variable.

Encyc. of Sport.

Ca*thar"sis (?), n. (Psychotherapy) The process of relieving an abnormal excitement by reëstablishing the association of the emotion with the memory or idea of the event that first caused it, and of eliminating it by complete expression (called the abreaction).

{ Ca*thod"o*graph (?), n. Also Ca*thod"e*graph (?) }. [Cathode + -graph.] (Physics) A picture produced by the Röntgen rays; a radiograph.

Cau"lome (?), n. [Gr. kalo`s stem + -ome as in rhizome.] (Bot.) A stem structure or stem axis of a plant, viewed as a whole. -- Cau*lom"ic (#), a.

||Cause`rie" (?), n. [F., fr. causer to chat.] Informal talk or discussion, as about literary matters; light conversation; chat.

Cau"tion, n. (Civil & Scots Law) A pledge, bond, or other security for the performance of an obligation either in or out of judicial proceedings; the promise or contract of one not for himself but another; security.

Cau"tion*a*ry block. (Railroads) A block in which two or more trains are permitted to travel, under restrictions imposed by a caution card or the like.

Cave, n. (Eng. Politics) A coalition or group of seceders from a political party, as from the Liberal party in England in 1866. See Adullam, Cave of, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

||Ca"yo (?), n.; pl. - yos (#). [Sp.] A small island or ledge of rock in the water; a key. [Sp. Am.]

||Cein`ture" (?), n. [F.] A cincture, girdle, or belt; -- chiefly used in English as a dressmaking term.

Ce*les"tial (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Chinese, or Celestial, Empire, of the Chinese people.

Ce*les"tial, n. A Chinaman; a Chinese. [Colloq.]

Cel"ti*um (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A supposed new element of the rare-earth group, accompanying lutecium and scandium in the gadolinite earths. Symbol, Ct (no period).

Ce*ment" steel. Steel produced by cementation; blister steel.

Cen`tau*rom"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; centaur + &?; battle.] (Ancient Art) A fight in which centaurs take part, -- a common theme for relief sculpture, as in the Parthenon metopes.

Centennial State. Colorado; -- a nickname alluding to the fact that it was admitted to the Union in the centennial year, 1876.

{ Cen"ter, or Cen"tre, seal }. (Gas Manuf.) A compound hydraulic valve for regulating the passage of the gas through a set of purifiers so as to cut out each one in turn for the renewal of the lime.

{ Center, or Centre, punch }. (Mech.) (a) A punch for making indentations or dots in a piece of work, as for suspension between lathe centers, etc. (b) A punch for punching holes in sheet metal, having a small conical center to insure correct locating.

Cen*trif"u*gal fil"ter. A filter, as for sugar, in which a cylinder with a porous or foraminous periphery is rapidly rotated so as to drive off liquid by centrifugal action.

Cen"tro*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; centre + sphere.] 1. (Geol.) The nucleus or central part of the earth, forming most of its mass; -- disting. from lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc.

2. (Biol.) The central mass of an aster from which the rays extend and within which the centrosome lies when present; the attraction sphere. The name has been used both as excluding and including the centrosome, and also to designate a modified mass of protoplasm about a centrosome whether aster rays are developed or not.

Ceorl (kôrl or chrl), n. [AS. See Churl, n.] (O. Eng. Hist.) A freeman of the lowest class; one not a thane or of the servile classes; a churl.

Ce*pa"ceous (?), a. [L. cepa, caepa, onion.] Of the nature of an onion, as in odor; alliaceous.

Ceph`a*lal"gi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; head + &?; pain.] (Med.) Headache.

Ceph`a*lal"gic (?), a. [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Relating to, or affected with, headache. -- n. A remedy for the headache.

Ceph"a*lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; head.] (Anthropol.) Form or development of the skull; as, the races of man differ greatly in cephalism.

Ceph`a*lom"e*try (?), n. (Anthropometry) The measurement of the heads of living persons. -- Ceph`a*lo*met"ric (#),a.

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Cer"e*vis (sr"*vs; G. tsr`*vs"), n. [G., fr. L. cerevisia, cervisia, beer.] A small visorless cap, worn by members of German student corps. It is made in the corps colors, and usually bears the insignia of the corps.

Ce"ri*a (s"r*), n. (Chem.) Cerium oxide, CeO2, a white infusible substance constituting about one per cent of the material of the common incandescent mantle.

Ce"ro*type` (?), n. [Gr. &?; wax + - type.] A printing process of engraving on a surface of wax spread on a steel plate, for electrotyping.

Ce*ru"le*in (?), n. [L. caeruleus sky-blue.] (Chem.) A fast dyestuff, C20H8O6, made by heating gallein with strong sulphuric acid. It dyes mordanted fabrics green.

Ce`ru*les"cent (?), a. [L. caeruleus sky-blue + -escent.] Tending to cerulean; light bluish.

Ce*ru"le*um (?), n. [NL.] A greenish blue pigment prepared in various ways, consisting essentially of cobalt stannate. Unlike other cobalt blues, it does not change color by gaslight.

C. G. T. An abbreviation for Confédération Générale du Travail (the French syndicalist labor union).

Cha (chä), n. [Chin. ch‘a.] [Also chaa, chais, tsia, etc.] Tea; -- the Chinese (Mandarin) name, used generally in early works of travel, and now for a kind of rolled tea used in Central Asia.

A pot with hot water . . . made with the powder of a certain herb called chaa, which is much esteemed.

Tr. J. Van Linschoten's Voyages (1598).

Cha"gres fe"ver (?). (Med.) A form of malarial fever occurring along the Chagres River, Panama.