Chapter 39

To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. -- To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. -- To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. -- To shake the bells. See under Bell. -- To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter.

Under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout, All but the throne itself of God.

Milton.

What danger? Who 's that that shakes behind there?

Beau. & Fl.

Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef.

Shake (?), n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation.

The great soldier's honor was composed Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake.

Herbert.

Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand.

Addison.

2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt.

3. A fissure in rock or earth.

4. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill.

5. (Naut.) One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten.

6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight.

7. (Zoöl.) The redshank; -- so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. -- The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.]

Shake"down` (?), n. A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; -- perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott.

Shake"fork` (?), n. A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.]

Shak"en (?), a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough.

2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2.

Nor is the wood shaken or twisted.

Barroe.

3. Impaired, as by a shock.

Shak"er (?), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken.

2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship.

The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The sect is now confined in the United States.

3. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby.

Shak"er*ess, n. A female Shaker.

Shak"er*ism (?), n. Doctrines of the Shakers.

Shake*spear"e*an (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.]

Shak"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being shaky.

Shak"ings (?), n. pl. (Naut.) Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shak"o (?), n. [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.] A kind of military cap or headdress.

Shak"y (?), a. [Compar. Shakier (?); superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray.

2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt.

3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.]

Shale (?), n. [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. "The green shales of a bean." Chapman.

2. [G. shale.] (Geol.) A fine- grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure.

Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous.

Shale, v. t. To take off the shell or coat of; to shell.

Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk.

I. Taylor.

Shall (?), v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should (?).] [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] "By the faith I shall to God" Court of Love.

2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] "Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her." Chaucer.

3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when . . . , " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go." In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go?" (answer, "I shall go"); "Shall he go?" i. e., "Do you require or promise his going?" (answer, "He shall go".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go;" "He says, or thinks, he shall go." After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you." Shak.

Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this? Shall I help you? (not Will I do this?) See Will.

Shal"li (?), n. See Challis.

Shal"lon (?), n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry.

Shal*loon" (?), n. [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff.

In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad.

Swift.

Shal"lop (?), n. [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat.

[She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand.

Spenser.

The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.

Shal*lot" (?), n. [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. échalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.) A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot.

Shal"low (?), a. [Compar. Shallower (?); superl. Shallowest.] [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjlgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. "Shallow brooks, and rivers wide." Milton.

2. Not deep in tone. [R.]

The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring.

Bacon.

3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning.

The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king.

Bacon.

Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself.

Milton.

Shal"low, n. 1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf.

A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel.

Bacon.

Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand.

Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) The rudd. [Prov. Eng.]

Shal"low, v. t. To make shallow. Sir T. Browne.

Shal"low, v. i. To become shallow, as water.

Shal"low-bod`ied (?), a. (Naut.) Having a moderate depth of hold; -- said of a vessel.

Shal"low-brained` (?), a. Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South.

Shal"low-heart`ed (?), a. Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson.

Shal"low*ly, adv. In a shallow manner.

Shal"low*ness, n. Quality or state of being shallow.

Shal"low-pat`ed (?), a. Shallow- brained.

Shal"low-waist`ed (?), a. (Naut.) Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; -- said of a vessel.

Shalm (?), n. See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles.

Shalt (?), 2d per. sing. of Shall.

Shal"y (?), a. Resembling shale in structure.

Sham (?), n. [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.] 1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. "A mere sham." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Believe who will the solemn sham, not I.

Addison.

2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering.

Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow.

Sham, a. False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight.

They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians.

Jowett (Thucyd)

Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses.

Fooled and shammed into a conviction.

L'Estrange.

2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.]

We must have a care that we do not . . . sham fallacies upon the world for current reason.

L'Estrange.

3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign.

To sham Abram or Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors' cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham.

Sham, v. i. To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose.

Wondering . . . whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming.

Macaulay.

||Sha"ma (?), n. [Hind. shm.] (Zoöl.) A saxicoline singing bird ||(Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of ||its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and ||various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail ||are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

Sha"man (?), n. [From the native name.] A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists.

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Sha*man"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shamanism.

Sha"man*ism (?), n. The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural-Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit.

Sha"man*ist, n. An adherent of Shamanism.

Sham"ble (?), n. [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.] 1. (Mining) One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level.

2. pl. A place where butcher's meat is sold.

As summer flies are in the shambles.

Shak.

3. pl. A place for slaughtering animals for meat.

To make a shambles of the parliament house.

Shak.

Sham"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling (?).] [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along.

Sham"bling (?), a. Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs.

Sham"bling, n. An awkward, irregular gait.

Shame (?), n. [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. skömm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal.

HIde, for shame, Romans, your grandsires' images, That blush at their degenerate progeny.

Dryden.

Have you no modesty, no maiden shame?

Shak.

2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt.

Ye have borne the shame of the heathen.

Ezek. xxxvi. 6.

Honor and shame from no condition rise.

Pope.

And every woe a tear can claim Except an erring sister's shame.

Byron.

3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace.

O C&?;sar, what a wounding shame is this!

Shak.

Guides who are the shame of religion.

Shak.

4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3.

For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! -- To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. "Let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil." Ps. xl. 14.

Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame.

Were there but one righteous in the world, he would . . . shame the world, and not the world him.

South.

2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace.

And with foul cowardice his carcass shame.

Spenser.

3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.]

Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor.

Ps. xiv. 6.

Shame, v. i. [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.] To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.]

I do shame To think of what a noble strain you are.

Shak.

Shame"faced` (?), a. [For shamefast; AS. scamfæst. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest.

Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people's prise.

Dryden.

Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench.

-- Shame"faced, adv. -- Shame"faced`ness, n.

Shame"fast (?), a. [AS. scamfæst.] Modest; shamefaced. -- Shame"fast*ly, adv. -- Shame"fast*ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced.

Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness.

Chaucer.

[Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit.

Shak.

Modest apparel with shamefastness.

1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.).

Shame"ful (?), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful.

His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat.

Arbuthnot.

2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as, a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser.

Syn. -- Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous.

-- Shame"ful*ly, adv. -- Shame"ful*ness, n.

Shame"less, a. [AS. scamleás.] 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. "Such shameless bards we have." Pope.

Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless.

Shak.

2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as, a shameless picture or poem.

Syn. -- Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate.

-- Shame"less*ly, adv. -- Shame"less*ness, n.

Shame"-proof` (?), n. Shameless. Shak.

Sham"er (?), n. One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau. & Fl.

Sham"mer (?), n. One who shams; an impostor. Johnson.

Sham"my (?), n. [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.] 1. (Zoöl.) The chamois.

2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.]

{ Sham"ois, Sham"oy } (?), n. See Shammy.

Sha*moy"ing (?), n. [See Shammy.] A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning.

Sham*poo" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] [Hind. chmpn to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.] 1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath.

2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing.

Sham*poo", n. The act of shampooing.

Sham*poo"er (?), n. One who shampoos.

Sham"rock (?), n. [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.) A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity.

The original plant was probably a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina).

Shan"dry*dan (?), n. A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland]

Shan"dy*gaff (&?;), n. A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.]

Shang`hai" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.] To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.]

Shang`hai" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large and tall breed of domestic fowl.

Shank (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Chank.

Shank, n. [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. &radic;161. Cf. Skink, v.] 1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also, the whole leg.

His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank.

Shak.

2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button.

3. (Arch.) The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt.

4. (Founding) A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it.

5. (Print.) The body of a type.

6. (Shoemaking) The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel.

7. (Zoöl.) A wading bird with long legs; as, the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; -- called also shanks.

8. pl. Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round.

Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. -- To ride shank's mare, to go on foot; to walk.

Shank, v. i. To fall off, as a leaf, flower, or capsule, on account of disease affecting the supporting footstalk; -- usually followed by off. Darwin.

Shank"beer` (?), n. See Schenkbeer.

Shanked (?), a. Having a shank.

Shank"er (?), n. (Med.) See Chancre.

Shan"ny (?), n.; pl. Shannies (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European smooth blenny (Blennius pholis). It is olive-green with irregular black spots, and without appendages on the head.

Shan't (?). A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.]

Shan"ty (?), a. Jaunty; showy. [Prov. Eng.]

Shan"ty, n.;pl. Shanties (#). [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old + tig. a house.] A small, mean dwelling; a rough, slight building for temporary use; a hut.

Shan"ty, v. i. To inhabit a shanty. S. H. Hammond.

Shap"a*ble (?), a. 1. That may be shaped.

2. Shapely. [R.] "Round and shapable." De Foe.

Shape (shp), v. t. [imp. Shaped (shpt); p. p. Shaped or Shapen (shp"'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] [OE. shapen, schapen, AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen. See Shape, n.] 1. To form or create; especially, to mold or make into a particular form; to give proper form or figure to.

I was shapen in iniquity.

Ps. li. 5.

Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face.

Prior.

2. To adapt to a purpose; to regulate; to adjust; to direct; as, to shape the course of a vessel.

To the stream, when neither friends, nor force, Nor speed nor art avail, he shapes his course.

Denham.

Charmed by their eyes, their manners I acquire, And shape my foolishness to their desire.

Prior.

3. To image; to conceive; to body forth.

Oft my jealousy Shapes faults that are not.

Shak.

4. To design; to prepare; to plan; to arrange.

When shapen was all this conspiracy, From point to point.

Chaucer.

Shaping machine. (Mach.) Same as Shaper. -- To shape one's self, to prepare; to make ready. [Obs.]

I will early shape me therefor.

Chaucer.

Shape (shp), v. i. To suit; to be adjusted or conformable. [R.] Shak.

Shape, n. [OE. shap, schap, AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature, fr. the root of scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, to shape, to do, to effect; akin to OS. giskeppian, OFries. skeppa, D. scheppen, G. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, scepfen, skeffen, Icer. skapa, skepja, Dan. skabe, skaffe, Sw. skapa, skaffa, Goth. gaskapjan, and perhaps to E. shave, v. Cf. -ship.] 1. Character or construction of a thing as determining its external appearance; outward aspect; make; figure; form; guise; as, the shape of a tree; the shape of the head; an elegant shape.

He beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman.

Shak.

2. That which has form or figure; a figure; an appearance; a being.

Before the gates three sat, On either side, a formidable shape.

Milton.

3. A model; a pattern; a mold.

4. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality. Milton.

5. Dress for disguise; guise. [Obs.]

Look better on this virgin, and consider This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing In a Greekish dress.

Messinger.

6. (Iron Manuf.) (a) A rolled or hammered piece, as a bar, beam, angle iron, etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar. (b) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will receive when completely forged or fitted.

To take shape, to assume a definite form.