Chapter 38

{ Sey (?), Seyh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. of See. Chaucer.

{ Seye (?), Seyen (?) }, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of See.

Seynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

Seynt (?), n. A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.]

{ ||Sfor*zan"do (?), ||Sfor*za"to (?), } a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Forcing or forced; -- a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; -- marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or &?;.

||Sfu*ma"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Having vague outlines, and colors ||and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a ||painting.

||Sgraf*fi"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Scratched; -- said of decorative ||painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut ||or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground ||underneath.

Shab (?), n. [OE. shabbe, AS. sc&?;b. See Scab.] The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar.

Shab"bed (?), a. Shabby. [Obs.] Wood.

Shab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a shabby manner.

Shab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being sghabby.

{ Shab"ble (?), Shab"ble }, n.[Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.] A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.]

Shab"by (?), a. [Compar. Shabbier (?); superl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged.

Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts.

Macaulay.

2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. "The dean was so shabby." Swift.

3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. "Very shabby fellows." Clarendon.

||Shab"rack (?), n. [Turk. tshprk, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] ||(Mil.) The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse.

Shack (?), v. t. [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.]

Shack, n. [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble.

H. W. Beecher.

Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell.

Shack"a*to*ry (?), n. A hound. [Obs.]

Shac"kle (?), n. Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Shac"kle, n. [Generally used in the plural.] [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter.

His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean.

Spenser.

2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action.

His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles.

South.

3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament.

Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms.

Dampier.

4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis.

5. A link for connecting railroad cars; -- called also drawlink, draglink, etc.

6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight.

Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes.

<! p. 1321 !>

Shac"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain.

To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn Of gathering crowds, the Britons' boasted chief.

J. Philips.

2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber.

Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object.

Walpole.

3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.]

Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] -- Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott.

Shack"lock` (?), n. A sort of shackle. [Obs.]

Shack"ly, a. Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.]

Shad (shd), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.]

The name is loosely applied, also, to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter shad.

Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. -- Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. -- Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. -- Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. -- Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); - - so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. -- Trout shad, the squeteague. -- White shad, the common shad.

Shad"bird` (shd"brd), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

Shadd (shd), n. (Mining.) Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond.

Shad"de (?), obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer.

Shad"dock (?), n. [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; -- called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous.

Shade (shd), n. [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. sko`tos darkness. &radic;162. Cf. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light.

Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent.

2. Darkness; obscurity; -- often in the plural.

The shades of night were falling fast.

Longfellow.

3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat.

Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms empty.

Shak.

4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade.

The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand.

Ps. cxxi. 5.

Sleep under a fresh tree's shade.

Shak.

Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables.

J. Philips.

5. Shadow. [Poetic.]

Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue.

Pope.

6. The soul after its separation from the body; -- so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes.

Swift as thought the flitting shade Thro' air his momentary journey made.

Dryden.

7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above.

8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink.

White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes.

Locke.

9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms.

New shades and combinations of thought.

De Quincey.

Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters.

Macaulay.

The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body.

Shade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton.

I went to crop the sylvan scenes, And shade our altars with their leafy greens.

Dryden.

2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes.

Ere in our own house I do shade my head.

Shak.

3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of.

Thou shad'st The full blaze of thy beams.

Milton.

4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken.

5. To mark with gradations of light or color.

6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.]

[The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade That part of Justice which is Equity.

Spenser.

Shade"ful (?), a. Full of shade; shady.

Shade"less, a. Being without shade; not shaded.

Shad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shades.

Shad"i*ly (?), adv. In a shady manner.

Shad"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being shady.

Shad"ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade.

2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing.

||Sha*doof" (sh*df"), n. [Ar. shdf.] A machine, resembling a well ||sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation.

Shad"ow (shd"), n. [Originally the same word as shade. &radic;162. See Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1.

2. Darkness; shade; obscurity.

Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise.

Denham.

3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security.

In secret shadow from the sunny ray, On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid.

Spenser.

4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak.

5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower.

Sin and her shadow Death.

Milton.

6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. "Hence, horrible shadow!" Shak.

7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical representation; type.

The law having a shadow of good things to come.

Heb. x. 1.

[Types] and shadows of that destined seed.

Milton.

8. A small degree; a shade. "No variableness, neither shadow of turning." James i. 17.

9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares.

I must not have my board pastered with shadows That under other men's protection break in Without invitement.

Massinger.

Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4.

Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity.

The warlike elf much wondered at this tree, So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground.

Spenser.

2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.]

Let every soldier hew him down a bough. And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow The numbers of our host.

Shak.

3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud.

Shadowing their right under your wings of war.

Shak.

4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade.

5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically.

Augustus is shadowed in the person of Æneas.

Dryden.

6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over.

The shadowed livery of the burnished sun.

Shak.

Why sad? I must not see the face O love thus shadowed.

Beau. & Fl.

7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal.

Shad"ow*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shadowy.

Shad"ow*ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham.

2. A faint representation; an adumbration.

There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity.

Tylor.

Shad"ow*ish, a. Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker.

Shad"ow*less, a. Having no shadow.

Shad"ow*y (?), a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. "Shadowy verdure." Fenton.

This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods.

Shak.

2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. "The shadowy past." Longfellow.

3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light.

The moon . . . with more pleasing light, Shadowy sets off the face things.

Milton.

4. Faintly representative; hence, typical.

From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit.

Milton.

5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor.

Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death.

Addison.

Sha"drach (?), n. (Metal.) A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; -- so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.)

Shad"-spir`it (?), n. See Shadbird (a)

Shad"-wait`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish.

Shad"y (?), a. [Compar. Shadier (?); superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade.

The shady trees cover him with their shadow.

Job. xl. 22.

And Amaryllis fills the shady groves.

Dryden.

2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat.

Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter.

Bacon.

3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] "A shady business." London Sat. Rev.

Shady characters, disreputable, criminal.

London Spectator.

On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] -- To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang]

Shaf"fle (?), v. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shaf"fler (?), n. A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sha"fi*ite (?), n. A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; -- so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï.

Shaft (?), n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, a staff. Probably originally, a shaven or smoothed rod. Cf. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow.

His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft.

Chaucer.

A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head.

Ascham.

2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light.

And the thunder, Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage, Perhaps hath spent his shafts.

Milton.

Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule.

V. Knox.

3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches.

Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same.

Ex. xxv. 31.

(e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument.

Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to thee.

Emerson.

(i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft.

4. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; -- called also cora humming bird.

5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc.

6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft.

7. The chamber of a blast furnace.

Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; -- called also line, or main line. - - Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. -- Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

Shaft"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch.

2. (Her.) Having a shaft; -- applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures.

Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.) Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion.

{ Shaft"man (?), Shaft"ment (?), } n. [AS. sceaftmund.] A measure of about six inches. [Obs.]

<! p. 1322 !>

Shag (?), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skj&?;g. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair.

True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn.

Gay.

2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap.

3. (Com.) A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine.

4. (Zoöl.) Any species of cormorant.

Shag, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak.

Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough.

Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies.

J. Barlow.

Shag"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod.

Shage"bush` (?), n. A sackbut. [Obs.]

Shag"ged (?), a. Shaggy; rough. Milton. -- Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More.

Shag"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness.

Shag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Shaggier (?); superl. Shaggiest.] [From Shag, n.] Rough with long hair or wool.

About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin.

Dryden.

2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton.

[A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell.

Keble.

Shag"-haired` (?), a. Having shaggy hair. Shak.

Shag"-rag` (?), n. The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning.

Sha*green" (?), v. t. To chagrin. [Obs.]

Sha*green", n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes.

2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts.

{ Sha*green" (?), Sha*greened" (?) } a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. "A shagreen case of lancets." T. Hook.

2. (Zoöl.) Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.

Shah (shä), n. [Per. shh a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.]

Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.

||Sha*hin" (?), n. [Ar. shhn.] (Zoöl.) A large and swift Asiatic falcon ||(Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry.

Shaik (?), n. See Sheik.

Shail (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjgr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Shake (?), obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer.

Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook (?); p. p. Shaken (?), (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. &radic;161. Cf. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate.

As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind.

Rev. vi. 13.

Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels That shake heaven's basis.

Milton.

2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of.

When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation.

Atterbury.

Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced.

Milton.

3. (Mus.) To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music.

4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; -- generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree.

Shake off the golden slumber of repose.

Shak.

'Tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age.

Shak.

I could scarcely shake him out of my company.

Bunyan.