Chapter 132

Syn`co*pa"tion (?), n. 1. (Gram.) The act of syncopating; the contraction of a word by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; syncope.

2. (Mus.) The act of syncopating; a peculiar figure of rhythm, or rhythmical alteration, which consists in welding into one tone the second half of one beat with the first half of the beat which follows.

Syn"co*pe (?), n. [L. syncope, syncopa, Gr. &?; a cutting up, a syncope; akin to &?; to beat together, to cut up, cut short, weavy; sy`n with + &?; to strike, cut.] 1. (Gram.) An elision or retrenchment of one or more letters or syllables from the middle of a word; as, ne'er for never, ev'ry for every.

2. (Mus.) Same as Syncopation.

3. (Med.) A fainting, or swooning. See Fainting.

4. A pause or cessation; suspension. [R.]

Revely, and dance, and show, Suffer a syncope and solemn pause.

Cowper.

Syn"co*pist (?), n. One who syncopates. Addison.

Syn"co*pize (?), v. t. To syncopate.

Syn*cot`y*led"on*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + cotyledonous.] (Bot.) Having united cotyledonous.

Syn*cret"ic (?), a. Uniting and blending together different systems, as of philosophy, morals, or religion. Smart.

Syn"cre*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make two parties join against a third: cf. F. syncrétisme.] Attempted union of principles or parties irreconcilably at variance with each other.

He is plotting a carnal syncretism, and attempting the reconcilement of Christ and Belial.

Baxter.

Syncretism is opposed to eclecticism in philosophy.

Krauth-Fleming.

Syn"cre*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. syncrétiste.] One who attempts to unite principles or parties which are irreconcilably at variance; specifically (Eccl. Hist.), an adherent of George Calixtus and other Germans of the seventeenth century, who sought to unite or reconcile the Protestant sects with each other and with the Roman Catholics, and thus occasioned a long and violent controversy in the Lutheran church.

Syn`cre*tis"tic (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, syncretism; as, a syncretistic mixture of the service of Jehovah and the worship of idols.

2. Of or pertaining to Syncretists.

||Syn"cri*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a comparison; &?; together + ||&?; to judge.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which opposite things or ||persons are compared. Crabb.

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||Syn*cy"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Syncitia (#). [NL., from Gr. &?; together + ||&?; a hollow vessel.] 1. (Biol.) Tissue in which the cell or ||partition walls are wholly wanting and the cell bodies fused ||together, so that the tissue consists of a continuous mass of ||protoplasm in which nuclei are imbedded, as in ordinary striped ||muscle.

2. (Zoöl.) The ectoderm of a sponge.

Syn*dac"tyle (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; finger, toe: cf. F. syndactyle.] (Zoöl.) Any bird having syndactilous feet.

Syn*dac*tyl"ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Syndactilous.

Syn*dac"tyl*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the toes firmly united together for some distance, and without an intermediate web, as the kingfishers; gressorial.

Syn`des*mog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; band, bond + -graphy.] A description of the ligaments; syndesmology.

Syn`des*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; band, bond + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of ligaments.

||Syn`des*mo"sis (?), n.; pl. Syndesmoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a ||bond; &?; together + &?; a bond, fr. &?; to bind.] (Anat.) An ||articulation formed by means of ligaments.

{ Syn*det"ic (?), Syn*det"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to bind together; sy`n with + &?; to bind; cf. Asyndetic.] Connecting; conjunctive; as, syndetic words or connectives; syndetic references in a dictionary. -- Syn*det"ic*al*ly, adv.

With the syndetic juxtaposition of distinct members, the article is not often repeated.

C. J. Grece (Trans. Maetzner's Gram.).

Syn"dic (?), n. [L. syndictus, Gr. &?; helping in a court of justice, advocate; sy`n with + &?; justice, akin to &?; to show: cf. F. syndic. See Teach.] 1. An officer of government, invested with different powers in different countries; a magistrate.

2. (Law) An agent of a corporation, or of any body of men engaged in a business enterprise; an advocate or patron; an assignee.

In France, syndics are appointed by the creditors of a bankrupt to manage the property. Almost all the companies in Paris, the university, and the like, have their syndics. The university of Cambridge, Eng., has its syndics, who are chosen from the senate to transact special business, such as the regulation of fees, the framing of laws, etc.

Syn"di*cate (?), n. [Cf. F. syndicat, LL. syndicatus.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of a syndic; a council, or body of syndics. Bp. Burnet.

2. An association of persons officially authorized to undertake some duty or to negotiate some business; also, an association of persons who combine to carry out, on their own account, a financial or industrial project; as, a syndicate of bankers formed to take up and dispose of an entire issue of government bonds.

Syn"di*cate (?), v. t. [LL. syndicatus, p. p. of syndicare to censure.] To judge; to censure. [Obs.]

||Syn"dro*me (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a course, a ||running.] Concurrence. [R.] Glanvill.

Syn`dy*as"mi*an (?), a. [Gr. syndyasmo`s a pairing, fr. syndya`zein to pair.] Pertaining to the state of pairing together sexually; -- said of animals during periods of procreation and while rearing their offspring. Morgan.

Syne (?), adv. [See Since.] 1. Afterwards; since; ago. [Obs. or Scot.] R. of Brunne.

2. Late, -- as opposed to soon.

[Each rogue] shall be discovered either soon or syne.

W. Hamilton (Life of Wallace).

Syne, conj. Since; seeing. [Scot.]

Syn*ec"do*che (sn*k"d*k), n. [L. synecdoche, Gr. synekdochh`, fr. to receive jointly; sy`n with + &?; to receive; &?; out + &?; to receive.] (Rhet.) A figure or trope by which a part of a thing is put for the whole (as, fifty sail for fifty ships), or the whole for a part (as, the smiling year for spring), the species for the genus (as, cutthroat for assassin), the genus for the species (as, a creature for a man), the name of the material for the thing made, etc. Bain.

Syn`ec*doch"ic*al (?), a. Expressed by synecdoche; implying a synecdoche.

Isis is used for Themesis by a synecdochical kind of speech, or by a poetical liberty, in using one for another.

Drayton.

Syn`ec*doch"ic*al*ly, adv. By synecdoche.

||Syn*e"chi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to hold together; sy`n ||with + &?; to hold.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, in which the iris ||adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens.

||Syn*ec`pho*ne"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to utter ||together.] (Gram.) A contraction of two syllables into one; ||synizesis.

Syn*e"dral (?), a. [Gr. &?; sitting with; sy`n with + "e`dra seat.] (Bot.) Growing on the angles of a stem, as the leaves in some species of Selaginella.

||Syn`en*tog"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + 'ento`s ||within + gna`qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, resembling the ||Physoclisti, without spines in the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins. It ||includes the true flying fishes.

Syn"e*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a word.] (Rhet.) The interjunction, or joining, of words in uttering the clauses of sentences.

Syn*er"e*sis (?), n. Same as Synæresis.

Syn`er*get"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to work together; sy`n with + 'e`rgon work.] Working together; coöperating; as, synergetic muscles.

Syn"er*gism (?), n. [See Synergetic.] (Theol.) The doctrine or theory, attributed to Melanchthon, that in the regeneration of a human soul there is a coöperation, or joint agency, on the part both of God and of man.

Syn"er*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. synergiste.] 1. One who holds the doctrine of synergism.

2. (Med.) A remedy which has an action similar to that of another remedy, and hence increases the efficiency of that remedy when combined with it.

Syn`er*gis"tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to synergism. "A synergistic view of regeneration." Shedd.

2. Coöperating; synergetic.

Syn"er*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Synergetic.] Combined action; especially (Med.), the combined healthy action of every organ of a particular system; as, the digestive synergy.

||Syn`ge*ne"si*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with, together + &?; ||generation, birth.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants in which the ||stamens are united by the anthers.

{ Syn`ge*ne"sian (?), Syn`ge*ne"sious (?), } a. (Bot.) Having the stamens united by the anthers; of or pertaining to the Syngenesia.

Syn*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Pref. syn- + genesis.] (Biol.) A theory of generation in which each germ is supposed to contain the germs of all subsequent generations; -- the opposite of epigenesis.

||Syng"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; jaw.] (Zoöl.) A ||suborder of lophobranch fishes which have an elongated snout and lack ||the ventral and first dorsal fins. The pipefishes and sea horses are ||examples. -- Syng"na*thous (#), a.

Syn"graph (?), n. [L. syngrapha, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; to write.] (Law) A writing signed by both or all the parties to a contract or bond.

||Syn`i*ze"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to sit together; sy`n ||with + &?; to sit.] 1. (Med.) An obliteration of the pupil of the ||eye.

2. (Gram.) A contraction of two syllables into one; synecphonesis.

||Syn`neo*ro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synneuroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; sy`n ||with + &?; a sinew, ligament.] (Anat.) Syndesmosis.

||Syn"o*cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a holding together. See ||Synechia.] (Med.) See Synochus. [Obs.]

Syn"o*chal (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to synocha; like synocha. [Obs.]

||Syn"o*chus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; joined together.] (Med.) A ||continuous fever. [Obs.]

Synocha and synochus were used as epithets of two distinct types of fever, but in different senses at different periods. The same disease is placed under synocha by one author, under synochus by another. Quain.

Syn"o*cil (?), n. [Pref. syn- + cilium.] (Zoöl.) A sense organ found in certain sponges. It consists of several filaments, each of which arises from a single cell.

Syn"od (sn"d), n. [L. synodus, Gr. sy`nodos a meeting; sy`n with + "odo`s a way; cf. AS. sinoð, senoð, F. synode, both from the Latin.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) An ecclesiastic council or meeting to consult on church matters.

Synods are of four kinds: 1. General, or ecumenical, which are composed of bishops from different nations; -- commonly called general council. 2. National, composed of bishops of one nation only. 3. Provincial, in which the bishops of only one province meet; -- called also convocations. 4. Diocesan, a synod in which the bishop of the diocese or his representative presides. Among Presbyterians, a synod is composed of several adjoining presbyteries. The members are the ministers and a ruling elder from each parish.

2. An assembly or council having civil authority; a legislative body.

It hath in solemn synods been decreed, Both by the Syracusians and ourselves, To admit no traffic to our adverse towns.

Shak.

Parent of gods and men, propitious Jove! And you, bright synod of the powers above.

Dryden.

3. (Astron.) A conjunction of two or more of the heavenly bodies. [R.] Milton.

Syn"od*al (?), a. [L. synodalis: cf. F. synodal.] Synodical. Milton.

Syn"od*al, n. 1. (Ch. of Eng.) A tribute in money formerly paid to the bishop or archdeacon, at the time of his Easter visitation, by every parish priest, now made to the ecclesiastical commissioners; a procuration.

Synodals are due, of common right, to the bishop only.

Gibson.

2. A constitution made in a provincial or diocesan synod.

{ Syn*od"ic (?), Syn*od"ic*al (?), } a. [L. synodicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. synodique.] 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a synod; transacted in, or authorized by, a synod; as, synodical proceedings or forms. "A synodical epistle." Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. (Astron.) Pertaining to conjunction, especially to the period between two successive conjunctions; extending from one conjunction, as of the moon or a planet with the sun, to the next; as, a synodical month (see Lunar month, under Month); the synodical revolution of the moon or a planet.

Syn*od"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synodical manner; in a synod; by the authority of a synod. "Synodically agreed upon." R. Nelson.

Syn"od*ist (?), n. An adherent to a synod.

These synodists thought fit in Latin as yet to veil their decrees from vulgar eyes.

Fuller.

Syn*œ"cious (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; house.] (Bot.) Having stamens and pistil in the same head, or, in mosses, having antheridia and archegonia on the same receptacle.

Syn*om"o*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to swear with or together; sy`n with + &?; to swear.] Sworn brotherhood; a society in ancient Greece nearly resembling a modern political club.

Syn"o*nym (sn"*nm), n.; pl. Synonyms (- nmz). [F. synonyme, L. synonyma, pl. of synonymum, Gr. synw`nymon. See Synonymous.] One of two or more words (commonly words of the same language) which are equivalents of each other; one of two or more words which have very nearly the same signification, and therefore may often be used interchangeably. See under Synonymous. [Written also synonyme.]

All languages tend to clear themselves of synonyms as intellectual culture advances, the superfluous words being taken up and appropriated by new shades and combinations of thought evolved in the progress of society.

De Quincey.

His name has thus become, throughout all civilized countries, a synonym for probity and philanthropy.

Macaulay.

In popular literary acceptation, and as employed in special dictionaries of such words, synonyms are words sufficiently alike in general signification to be liable to be confounded, but yet so different in special definition as to require to be distinguished.

G. P. Marsh.

||Syn*on"y*ma (sn*n"*m), n. pl. [L.] Synonyms. [Obs.] Fuller.

Syn*on"y*mal (?), a. Synonymous. [Obs.]

Syn*on"y*mal*ly, adv. Synonymously. [Obs.]

Syn"o*nyme (?), n. Same as Synonym.

Syn`o*nym"ic (?), n. [Cf. G. synonymik. See Synonymous.] (Gram.) The science, or the scientific treatment, of synonymous words.

{ Syn`o*nym"ic (?), Syn`o*nym"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to synonyms, or synonymic; synonymous.

||Syn`o*nym"i*con (?), n. [NL.] A dictionary of synonyms. C. J. Smith.

Syn*on"y*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. synonymiste.] One who collects or explains synonyms.

Syn*on"y*mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Synonymized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Synonymizing (?).] To express by a synonym or synonyms; to give the synonym or synonyms corresponding to.

This word "fortis" we may synonymize after all these fashions: stout, hardy, valiant, doughty, courageous, adventurous, brave, bold, daring, intrepid.

Camden.

Syn*on"y*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?;, &?;, name. See Syn-, and Name.] Having the character of a synonym; expressing the same thing; conveying the same, or approximately the same, idea. -- Syn*on"y*mous*ly, adv.

These words consist of two propositions, which are not distinct in sense, but one and the same thing variously expressed; for wisdom and understanding are synonymous words here.

Tillotson.

Syn. -- Identical; interchangeable. -- Synonymous, Identical. If no words are synonymous except those which are identical in use and meaning, so that the one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we have scarcely ten such words in our language. But the term more properly denotes that the words in question approach so near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be used interchangeably. 1. Words may thus coincide in certain connections, and so be interchanged, when they can not be interchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either strength of mind or of force of mind, but we say the force (not strength) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly, but this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's object, so that he may freely interchange them; thus it makes but little difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having secured his object or having attained his object. For these and other causes we have numerous words which may, in many cases or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are properly called synonyms. Synonymous words "are words which, with great and essential resemblances of meaning, have, at the same time, small, subordinate, and partial differences, -- these differences being such as either originally and on the ground of their etymology inhered in them; or differences which they have by usage acquired in the eyes of all; or such as, though nearly latent now, they are capable of receiving at the hands of wise and discreet masters of the tongue. Synonyms are words of like significance in the main, but with a certain unlikeness as well." Trench.

Syn*on"y*my (?), n. [L. synonymia, Gr. &?; a synonym: cf. F. synonymie.] 1. The quality of being synonymous; sameness of meaning.

2. A system of synonyms.

3. (Rhet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to amplify a discourse.

Syn*op"sis (?), n.; pl. Synopses (#). [L., from Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?; a sight, view, from the root seen in E. optic.] A general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit a general view of the whole; an abstract or summary of a discourse; a syllabus; a conspectus.

That the reader may see in one view the exactness of the method, as well as force of the argument, I shall here draw up a short synopsis of this epistle.

Bp. Warburton.

Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; abstract; summary; syllabus; conspectus. See Abridgment.

{ Syn*op"tic (?), Syn*op"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synoptique. See Synopsis.] Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table; a synoptical statement of an argument. "The synoptic Gospels." Alford. -- Syn*op"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syn*op"tic, n. One of the first three Gospels of the New Testament. See Synoptist.

Syn*op"tist (?), n. Any one of the authors of the three synoptic Gospels, which give a history of our Lord's life and ministry, in distinction from the writer of John's Gospel, which gives a fuller record of his teachings.

Syn*os`te*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; bone + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints; arthrology.

||Syn*os`te*o"sis (?), n.; pl. Synosteoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with ||+ &?; bone.] (Anat.) Union by means of bone; the complete closing up ||and obliteration of sutures.

||Syn`os*to"sis (?), n. [NL.] Same as Synosteosis.

||Syn*o"vi*a (?), n. [NL., perhaps fr. Gr. sy`n with + L. ovum egg: cf. ||F. synovie.] (Anat.) A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which ||contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.

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Syn*o"vi*al (?), a. [Cf. F. synovial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to synovia; secreting synovia.

Synovial capsule, a closed sac of synovial membrane situated between the articular surfaces at diarthrodial joints. -- Synovial fluid, synovia. -- Synovial membrane, the dense and very smooth connective tissue membrane which secretes synovia and surrounds synovial capsules and other synovial cavities.

||Syn`o*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Synovia, -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of ||the synovial membrane.

Syn*pel"mous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + &?; the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two main flexor tendons of the toes blended together.

Syn*sep"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having united sepals; gamosepalous.

{ Syn*tac"tic (?), Syn*tac"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. G. &?; putting together. See Syntax.] Of or pertaining to syntax; according to the rules of syntax, or construction. -- Syn*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syn"tax (?), n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put together in order; sy`n with + &?; to put in order; cf. F. syntaxe. See Syn-, and Tactics.] 1. Connected system or order; union of things; a number of things jointed together; organism. [Obs.]

They owe no other dependence to the first than what is common to the whole syntax of beings.

Glanvill.

2. That part of grammar which treats of the construction of sentences; the due arrangement of words in sentences in their necessary relations, according to established usage in any language.

||Syn*tax"is (?), n. Syntax. [R.] B. Jonson.

Syn`te*re"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; preservation, fr. &?; to preserve; sy`n with + &?; to guard.] 1. (Med.) Prophylaxis. [Obs.]

2. (Metaph.) Conscience viewed as the internal repository of the laws of duty. Whewell.

Syn`te*ret"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Preserving health; prophylactic. [Obs.]

Syn`te*ret"ics (?), n. (Med.) That department of medicine which relates to the preservation of health; prophylaxis. [Obs.]

Syn*ther"mal (?), a. [Pref. syn- + thermal.] Having the same degree of heat.

Syn"the*sis (?), n.; pl. Syntheses (#). [L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place or put together; sy`n with + &?; to place. See Thesis.] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines.

2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis.

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis.

Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn"the*sist (?), n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods.

Syn"the*size (?), v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite.

2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin.

{ Syn*thet"ic (?), Syn*thet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synthétique.] 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical.

Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments.

Bolingbroke.

2. (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2.

3. (Zoöl.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3.

Synthetic, or Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris.

Syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synthetic manner.

Syn"the*tize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.]

Syn"to*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cut short; sy`n with + &?; to cut.] Brevity; conciseness. [R.]

Syn"to*nin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; stretched tight, intense.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin. See Acid albumin, under Albumin.

Sy"pher*ing (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead.

Syph"i*lide (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis.