Chapter 125

Sur"ro*gate (?), n. [L. surrogatus, p. p. of surrogare, subrogare, to put in another's place, to substitute; sub under + rogare to ask, ask for a vote, propose a law. See Rogation, and cf. Subrogate.] 1. A deputy; a delegate; a substitute.

2. The deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor, especially a deputy who grants marriage licenses. [Eng.]

3. In some States of the United States, an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments and yield the settlement of estates.

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Sur"ro*gate (?), v. t. To put in the place of another; to substitute. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sur"ro*gate*ship, n. The office of a surrogate.

Sur`ro*ga"tion (?), n. [See Surrogate, n., and cf. Subrogation.] The act of substituting one person in the place of another. [R.] Killingbeck.

Sur*round" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrounding.] [OF. suronder to overflow, LL. superundare; fr. L. super over + undare to rise in waves, overflow, fr. unda wave. The English sense is due to the influence of E. round. See Super-, and Undulate, and cf. Abound.] 1. To inclose on all sides; to encompass; to environ.

2. To lie or be on all sides of; to encircle; as, a wall surrounds the city.

But could instead, and ever-during dark Surrounds me.

Milton.

3. To pass around; to travel about; to circumnavigate; as, to surround the world. [Obs.] Fuller.

4. (Mil.) To inclose, as a body of troops, between hostile forces, so as to cut off means of communication or retreat; to invest, as a city.

Syn. -- To encompass; encircle; environ; invest; hem in; fence about.

Sur*round", n. A method of hunting some animals, as the buffalo, by surrounding a herd, and driving them over a precipice, into a ravine, etc. [U.S.] Baird.

Sur*round"ing, a. Inclosing; encircling.

Sur*round"ing, n. 1. An encompassing.

2. pl. The things which surround or environ; external or attending circumstances or conditions.

Sur*roy"al (?), n. [Pref. sur- + royal.] (Zoöl.) One of the terminal branches or divisions of the beam of the antler of the stag or other large deer.

Sur"sa*nure (?), n. [(Assumed) OF. sursaneüre. See Sur-, and Sane.] A wound healed or healing outwardly only. [Obs.]

Of a sursanure In surgery is perilous the cure.

Chaucer.

Sur"se*ance (?), n. [OF., fr. OF. & F. surseoir. See Surcease.] Peace; quiet. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sur*sol"id (?), n. [F. sursolide. See Sur-, and Solid.] (Math.) The fifth power of a number; as, a&?; is the sursolid of a, or 32 that of 2. [R.] Hutton.

Sur*style" (?), v. t. To surname. [R.]

Sur"tax (?), n. An additional or extra tax.

Sur*tax" (?), v. t. To impose an additional tax on.

Sur*tout" (?), n. [F., fr. sur over + tout all.] A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat. Gay.

Sur"tur*brand (?), n. [Icel. surtarbrandr; svartr black + brandr a firebrand.] A fibrous brown coal or bituminous wood.

Su`ru*cu"cu (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Bush master, under Bush.

Sur*veil"lance (?), n. [F., fr. surveiller to watch over; sur over + veiller to watch, L. vigilare. See Sur-, and Vigil.] Oversight; watch; inspection; supervision.

That sort of surveillance of which . . . the young have accused the old.

Sir W. Scott.

Sur*veil"lant (?), n.; pl. Surveillants (#). [F., fr. surveiller to watch over. See Surveillance.] One who watches over another; an overseer; a spy; a supervisor.

Sur*veil"lant, a. Overseeing; watchful.

Sur*vene" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Survening.] [F. survenir. See Supervene.] To supervene upon; to come as an addition to. [Obs.]

A suppuration that survenes lethargies.

Harvey.

Sur"ve*nue (?), n. [OF. See Survene.] A sudden or unexpected coming or stepping on. [Obs.]

Sur*vey" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surveyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surveying.] [OF. surveoir, surveer; sur, sor, over, E. sur + veoir, veeir, to see, F. voir, L. videre. See Sur-, and Vision, and cf. Supervise.] 1. To inspect, or take a view of; to view with attention, as from a high place; to overlook; as, to stand on a hill, and survey the surrounding country.

Round he surveys and well might, where he stood, So high above.

Milton.

2. To view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine.

With such altered looks, . . . All pale and speechless, he surveyed me round.

Dryden.

3. To examine with reference to condition, situation, value, etc.; to examine and ascertain the state of; as, to survey a building in order to determine its value and exposure to loss by fire.

4. To determine the form, extent, position, etc., of, as a tract of land, a coast, harbor, or the like, by means of linear and angular measurments, and the application of the principles of geometry and trigonometry; as, to survey land or a coast.

5. To examine and ascertain, as the boundaries and royalties of a manor, the tenure of the tenants, and the rent and value of the same. [Eng.] Jacob (Law Dict.).

Sur"vey (?), n. [Formerly accentuated universally on the last syllable, and still so accented by many speakers.] 1. The act of surveying; a general view, as from above.

Under his proud survey the city lies.

Sir J. Denham.

2. A particular view; an examination, especially an official examination, of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to ascertain the condition, quantity, or quality; as, a survey of the stores of a ship; a survey of roads and bridges; a survey of buildings.

3. The operation of finding the contour, dimensions, position, or other particulars of, as any part of the earth's surface, whether land or water; also, a measured plan and description of any portion of country, or of a road or line through it.

Survey of dogs. See Court of regard, under Regard. -- Trigonometrical survey, a survey of a portion of country by measuring a single base, and connecting it with various points in the tract surveyed by a series of triangles, the angles of which are carefully measured, the relative positions and distances of all parts being computed from these data.

Syn. -- Review; retrospect; examination; prospect.

Sur*vey"al (?), n. Survey. [R.] Barrow.

Sur*vey"ance (?), n. Survey; inspection. [R.]

Sur*vey"ing, n. That branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the bounding lines, the contour of the surface, etc., with an accurate delineation of the whole on paper; the act or occupation of making surveys.

Geodetic surveying, geodesy. -- Maritime, or Nautical, surveying, that branch of surveying which determines the forms of coasts and harbors, the entrances of rivers, with the position of islands, rocks, and shoals, the depth of water, etc. -- Plane surveying. See under Plane, a. -- Topographical surveying, that branch of surveying which involves the process of ascertaining and representing upon a plane surface the contour, physical features, etc., of any portion of the surface of the earth.

Sur*vey"or (?), n. 1. One placed to superintend others; an overseer; an inspector.

Were 't not madness then, To make the fox surveyor of the fold?

Shak.

2. One who views and examines for the purpose of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of anything; as, a surveyor of highways, ordnance, etc.

3. One who surveys or measures land; one who practices the art of surveying.

4. (Customs) (a) An officer who ascertains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors subject to duty; a gauger. (b) In the United States, an officer whose duties include the various measures to be taken for ascertaining the quantity, condition, and value of merchandise brought into a port. Abbot.

Surveyor general. (a) A principal surveyor; as, the surveyor general of the king's manors, or of woods and parks. [Eng.] (b) An officer having charge of the survey of the public lands of a land district. [U.S.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). -- Surveyor's compass. See Circumferentor. -- Surveyor's level. See under Level.

Sur*vey"or*ship, n. The office of a surveyor.

Sur*view" (?), v. t. [Pref. sur- + view. Cf. Survey.] To survey; to make a survey of. [Obs.] "To surview his ground." Spenser.

Sur*view", n. A survey. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Sur*vise" (?), v. t. [See Supervise, and Survey.] To look over; to supervise. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sur*viv"al (?), n. [From Survive.] 1. A living or continuing longer than, or beyond the existence of, another person, thing, or event; an outliving.

2. (Arhæol. & Ethnol.) Any habit, usage, or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of which is often unknown, or imperfectly known.

The close bearing of the doctrine of survival on the study of manners and customs.

Tylor.

Survival of the fittest. (Biol.) See Natural selection, under Natural.

{ Sur*viv"ance (?), Sur*viv"an*cy (?), } n. [F. survivance.] Survivorship. [R.]

His son had the survivance of the stadtholdership.

Bp. Burnet.

Sur*vive" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surviving.] [F. survivre, L. supervivere; super over + vivere to live. See Super-, and Victuals.] To live beyond the life or existence of; to live longer than; to outlive; to outlast; as, to survive a person or an event. Cowper.

I'll assure her of Her widowhood, be it that she survive me, In all my lands and leases whatsoever.

Shak.

Sur*vive", v. i. To remain alive; to continue to live.

Thy pleasure, Which, when no other enemy survives, Still conquers all the conquerors.

Sir J. Denham.

Alike are life and death, When life in death survives.

Longfellow.

Sur*viv"en*cy (?), n. Survivorship. [R.]

Sur*viv"er (?), n. One who survives; a survivor.

Sur*viv"ing, a. Remaining alive; yet living or existing; as, surviving friends; surviving customs.

Sur*viv"or (?), n. 1. One who survives or outlives another person, or any time, event, or thing.

The survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do obsequious sorrow.

Shak.

2. (Law) The longer liver of two joint tenants, or two persons having a joint interest in anything. Blackstone.

Sur*viv"or*ship, n. 1. The state of being a survivor.

1. (Law) The right of a joint tenant, or other person who has a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate upon the death of other. Blackstone.

Chance of survivorship, the chance that a person of a given age has of surviving another of a giving age; thus, by the Carlisle tables of mortality the chances of survivorship for two persons, aged 25 and 65, are 89 and 11 respectively, or about 8 to 1 that the elder die first.

Sus*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Susceptibilities (#). [Cf. F. susceptibilité.] 1. The state or quality of being susceptible; the capability of receiving impressions, or of being affected.

2. Specifically, capacity for deep feeling or emotional excitement; sensibility, in its broadest acceptation; impressibility; sensitiveness.

Magnetic susceptibility (Physics), the intensity of magnetization of a body placed in a uniform megnetic field of unit strength. Sir W. Thomson.

Syn. -- Capability; sensibility; feeling; emotion.

Sus*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [F., from L. suscipere, susceptum, to take up, to support, undertake, recognize, admit; pref. sus (see Sub-) + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Capable of admitting anything additional, or any change, affection, or influence; readily acted upon; as, a body susceptible of color or of alteration.

It sheds on souls susceptible of light, The glorious dawn of our eternal day.

Young.

2. Capable of impression; having nice sensibility; impressible; tender; sensitive; as, children are more susceptible than adults; a man of a susceptible heart.

Candidates are . . . not very susceptible of affronts.

Cowper.

I am constitutionally susceptible of noises.

Lamb.

-- Sus*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Sus*cep"ti*bly, adv.

Sus*cep"tion (?), n. [L. susceptio: cf. F. susception. See Susceptible.] The act of taking; reception.

Sus*cep"tive (?), a. Susceptible. I. Watts. -- Sus*cep"tive*ness, n.

Sus`cep*tiv"i*ty (?), n. Capacity for receiving; susceptibility. [R.] Wollaston.

Sus*cep"tor (?), n. [L. See Susceptible.] One who undertakes anything; specifically, a godfather; a sponsor; a guardian. Puller. Shipley.

Sus*cip"i*en*cy (?), n. Admission. [R.]

Sus*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere. See Susceptible.] Receiving; admitting. [R.]

Sus*cip"i*ent, n. One who takes or admits; one who receives. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Sus`ci*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being suscitated; excitability. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sus"ci*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suscitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suscitating.] [L. suscitatus, p. p. of suscitare to lift up, to rouse; pref. sus- (see Sub- ) + citare to rouse, excite. Cf. Excite, Incite.] To rouse; to excite; to call into life and action. [Obs.]

Sus`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. suscitatio: cf. F. suscitation.] The act of raising or exciting. [R.]

A mere suscitation or production of a thing.

South.

Sus"lik (?), n. [Russ. súslik'.] (Zoöl.) A ground squirrel (Spermophilus citillus) of Europe and Asia. It has large cheek pouches. [Written also souslik.]

Sus*pect" (?), a. [L. suspectus, p. p. of suspicere to look up, admire, esteem, to look at secretly or askance, to mistrust; sub under + specere to look: cf. F. suspect suspected, suspicious. See Spy, and cf. Suspicion.] 1. Suspicious; inspiring distrust. [Obs.]

Suspect [was] his face, suspect his word also.

Chaucer.

2. Suspected; distrusted. [Obs.]

What I can do or offer is suspect.

Milton.

Sus*pect", n. [LL. suspectus. See Suspect, a.] 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

So with suspect, with fear and grief, dismayed.

Fairfax.

2. One who, or that which, is suspected; an object of suspicion; -- formerly applied to persons and things; now, only to persons suspected of crime. Bacon.

Sus*pect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspecting.] 1. To imagine to exist; to have a slight or vague opinion of the existence of, without proof, and often upon weak evidence or no evidence; to mistrust; to surmise; -- commonly used regarding something unfavorable, hurtful, or wrong; as, to suspect the presence of disease.

Nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know little; and therefore men should remedy suspicion by procuring to know more.

Bacon.

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

Milton.

2. To imagine to be guilty, upon slight evidence, or without proof; as, to suspect one of equivocation.

3. To hold to be uncertain; to doubt; to mistrust; to distruct; as, to suspect the truth of a story. Addison.

4. To look up to; to respect. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To mistrust; distrust; surmise; doubt.

Sus*pect", v. i. To imagine guilt; to have a suspicion or suspicions; to be suspicious.

If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at me.

Shak.

Sus*pect"a*ble (?), a. That may be suspected.

Sus*pect"ed, a. Distrusted; doubted. -- Sus*pect"ed*ly, adv. -- Sus*pect"ed*ness, n.

Sus*pect"er (?), n. One who suspects.

Sus*pect"ful (?), a. Apt to suspect or mistrust; full of suspicion; suspicious; as, to be suspectful of the motives of others. Milton. -- Sus*pect"ful*ness, n.

Sus*pec"tion (?), n. Suspicion. [Obs.]

Sus*pec"tious*ness (?), n. Suspiciousness; cause for suspicion. [Obs. & R.] Ld. Berners.

Sus*pect"less (?), a. 1. Not suspecting; having no suspicion. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

2. Not suspected; not mistrusted. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Sus*pend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspended; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspending.] [F. suspendre, or OF. souspendre (where the prefix is L. subtus below, from sub under), L. suspendere, suspensum; pref. sus- (see Sub- ) + pendere to hang. See Pedant, and cf. Suspense, n.] 1. To attach to something above; to hang; as, to suspend a ball by a thread; to suspend a needle by a loadstone.

2. To make to depend; as, God hath suspended the promise of eternal life on the condition of obedience and holiness of life. [Archaic] Tillotson.

3. To cause to cease for a time; to hinder from proceeding; to interrupt; to delay; to stay.

Suspend your indignation against my brother.

Shak.

The guard nor fights nor fies; their fate so near At once suspends their courage and their fear.

Denham.

4. To hold in an undetermined or undecided state; as, to suspend one's judgment or opinion. Locke.

5. To debar, or cause to withdraw temporarily, from any privilege, from the execution of an office, from the enjoyment of income, etc.; as, to suspend a student from college; to suspend a member of a club.

Good men should not be suspended from the exercise of their ministry and deprived of their livelihood for ceremonies which are on all hands acknowledged indifferent.

Bp. Sanderson.

6. To cause to cease for a time from operation or effect; as, to suspend the habeas corpus act; to suspend the rules of a legislative body.

7. (Chem.) To support in a liquid, as an insoluble powder, by stirring, to facilitate chemical action.

To suspend payment (Com.), to cease paying debts or obligations; to fail; -- said of a merchant, a bank, etc.

Syn. -- To hang; interrupt; delay; intermit; stay; hinder; debar.

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Sus*pend" (?), v. i. To cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop payment, or be unable to meet obligations or engagements (said of a commercial firm or a bank).

Sus*pend"er (?), n. One who, or that which, suspends; esp., one of a pair of straps or braces worn over the shoulders, for holding up the trousers.

Sus`pen*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. suspensatio suspension from a charge or benefice.] The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended, especially for a short time; temporary suspension.

Sus*pense" (?), a. [F. suspens, L. suspensus, p. p. of suspendere. See Suspend.] 1. Held or lifted up; held or prevented from proceeding. [Obs.]

[The great light of day] suspense in heaven.

Milton.

2. Expressing, or proceeding from, suspense or doubt. [Obs.] "Expectation held his look suspense." Milton.

Sus*pense", n. [From F. suspens, a. See Suspense, a.] 1. The state of being suspended; specifically, a state of uncertainty and expectation, with anxiety or apprehension; indetermination; indecision; as, the suspense of a person waiting for the verdict of a jury.

Ten days the prophet in suspense remained.

Denham.

Upon the ticklish balance of suspense.

Cowper.

2. Cessation for a time; stop; pause.

A cool suspense from pleasure and from pain.

Pope.

3. [Cf. F. suspense.] (Law) A temporary cessation of one's right; suspension, as when the rent or other profits of land cease by unity of possession of land and rent.

Suspense account (Bookkeeping), an account in which receipts or disbursements are temporarily entered until their proper position in the books is determined.

Sus*pense"ly, adv. In suspense. [Obs.] Hales.

Sus*pen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suspensible.

Sus*pen"si*ble (?), a. Capable of being suspended; capable of being held from sinking.

Sus*pen"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. suspension, L. suspensio arched work, imperfect pronunciation. See Suspend.] 1. The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended; pendency; as, suspension from a hook.

2. Especially, temporary delay, interruption, or cessation; as: (a) Of labor, study, pain, etc. (b) Of decision, determination, judgment, etc.; as, to ask a suspension of judgment or opinion in view of evidence to be produced. (c) Of the payment of what is due; as, the suspension of a mercantile firm or of a bank. (d) Of punishment, or sentence of punishment. (e) Of a person in respect of the exercise of his office, powers, prerogative, etc.; as, the suspension of a student or of a clergyman. (f) Of the action or execution of law, etc.; as, the suspension of the habeas corpus act.

3. A conditional withholding, interruption, or delay; as, the suspension of a payment on the performance of a condition.

4. The state of a solid when its particles are mixed with, but undissolved in, a fluid, and are capable of separation by straining; also, any substance in this state.

5. (Rhet.) A keeping of the hearer in doubt and in attentive expectation of what is to follow, or of what is to be the inference or conclusion from the arguments or observations employed.

6. (Scots Law) A stay or postponement of execution of a sentence condemnatory by means of letters of suspension granted on application to the lord ordinary.

7. (Mus.) The prolongation of one or more tones of a chord into the chord which follows, thus producing a momentary discord, suspending the concord which the ear expects. Cf. Retardation.

Pleas in suspension (Law), pleas which temporarily abate or suspend a suit. -- Points of suspension (Mech.), the points, as in the axis or beam of a balance, at which the weights act, or from which they are suspended. -- Suspension bridge, a bridge supported by chains, ropes, or wires, which usually pass over high piers or columns at each end, and are secured in the ground beyond. -- Suspension of arms (Mil.), a short truce or cessation of operations agreed on by the commanders of contending armies, as for burying the dead, making proposal for surrender or for peace, etc. -- Suspension scale, a scale in which the platform hangs suspended from the weighing apparatus instead of resting upon it.

Syn. -- Delay; interruption; intermission; stop.

Sus*pen"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. suspensif. See Suspend.] Tending to suspend, or to keep in suspense; causing interruption or delay; uncertain; doubtful. "In suspensive thoughts." Beaumont. "A suspensive veto." Macaulay.

The provisional and suspensive attitude.

J. Morley.

Suspensive condition (Scots Law), a condition precedent, or a condition without the performance of which the contract can not be completed.

Sus*pen"sor (?), n. [NL.] 1. A suspensory.

2. (Bot.) The cord which suspends the embryo; and which is attached to the radicle in the young state; the proembryo.

||Sus`pen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Suspensoria (#). [NL.] (Anat.) Anything ||which suspends or holds up a part: especially, the mandibular ||suspensorium (a series of bones, or of cartilages representing them) ||which connects the base of the lower jaw with the skull in most ||vertebrates below mammals.

Sus*pen"so*ry (?), a. 1. Suspended; hanging; depending.

2. Fitted or serving to suspend; suspending; as, a suspensory muscle. Ray.

3. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a suspensorium.

Sus*pen"so*ry, n. [Cf. F. suspensoir, suspensoire.] That which suspends, or holds up, as a truss; specifically (Med.), a bandage or bag for supporting the scrotum.

Sus"pi*ca*ble (?), a. [L. suspacabilis, fr. suspicari to suspect, akin to suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Liable to suspicion; suspicious. [Obs.]

It is a very suspicable business.

Dr. H. more.

Sus*pi"cien*cy (?), n. [From L. suspiciens, p. pr. of suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Suspiciousness; suspicion. [Obs.] Hopkins.

Sus*pi"cion (?), n. [OE. suspecioun, OF. souspeçon, F. soupçon, L. suspectio a looking up to, an esteeming highly, suspicion, fr. suspicere to look up, to esteem, to mistrust. The modern form suspicion in English and French is in imitation of L. suspicio mistrust, suspicion. See Suspect, and cf. Suspicious.] 1. The act of suspecting; the imagination or apprehension of the existence of something (esp. something wrong or hurtful) without proof, or upon very slight evidence, or upon no evidence.

Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds, they ever fly by twilight.

Bacon.

2. Slight degree; suggestion; hint. [Colloq.]

The features are mild but expressive, with just a suspicion . . . of saturnine or sarcastic humor.

A. W. Ward.

Syn. -- Jealousy; distrust; mistrust; diffidence; doubt.

Sus*pi"cion, v. t. To view with suspicion; to suspect; to doubt. [Obs. or Low] South.

Sus*pi"cious (?), a. [OE. suspecious; cf. L. suspiciosus. See Suspicion.] 1. Inclined to suspect; given or prone to suspicion; apt to imagine without proof.