Chapter 124

Sure"ly (?), adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner; certainly; infallibly; undoubtedly; assuredly.

In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.

Gen. ii. 17.

He that created something out of nothing, surely can raise great things out of small.

South.

2. Without danger; firmly; steadly; securely.

He that walketh uprightly walketh surely.

Prov. x. 9.

Sure"ment (?), n. A making sure; surety. [Obs.]

Every surement and every bond.

Chaucer.

Sure"ness, n. The state of being sure; certainty.

For more sureness he repeats it.

Woodward.

The law holds with equal sureness for all right action.

Emerson.

Sures"by (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain. See Rudesby.] One to be sure of, or to be relied on. [Obs.]

There is one which is suresby, as they say, to serve, if anything will serve.

Bradford.

Sure"ti*ship (?), n. Suretyship. Prov. xi. 15.

Sure"ty (?), n.; pl. Sureties (#). [OE. seurte, OF. seürté, F. sûreté. See Sure, Security.] 1. The state of being sure; certainty; security.

Know of a surety, that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs.

Gen. xv. 13.

For the more surety they looked round about.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. That which makes sure; that which confirms; ground of confidence or security.

[We] our happy state Hold, as you yours, while our obedience holds; On other surety none.

Milton.

3. Security against loss or damage; security for payment, or for the performance of some act.

There remains unpaid A hundred thousand more; in surety of the which One part of Aquitaine is bound to us.

Shak.

4. (Law) One who is bound with and for another who is primarily liable, and who is called the principal; one who engages to answer for another's appearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for performance of some act; a bondsman; a bail.

He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.

Prov. xi. 15.

5. Hence, a substitute; a hostage. Cowper.

6. Evidence; confirmation; warrant. [Obs.]

She called the saints to surety, That she would never put it from her finger, Unless she gave it to yourself.

Shak.

Sure"ty, v. t. To act as surety for. [Obs.] Shak.

Sure"ty*ship, n. The state of being surety; the obligation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another. Bouvier.

Surf (?), n. [Formerly spelled suffe, and probably the same word as E. sough.] The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, esp. upon a sloping beach.

Surf bird (Zoöl.), a ploverlike bird of the genus Aphriza, allied to the turnstone. -- Surf clam (Zoöl.), a large clam living on the open coast, especially Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima. See Mactra. -- Surf duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of sea ducks of the genus Oidemia, especially O. percpicillata; -- called also surf scoter. See the Note under Scoter. -- Surf fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of California embiotocoid fishes. See Embiotocoid. -- Surf smelt. (Zoöl.) See Smelt. -- Surf whiting. (Zoöl.) See under Whiting.

Surf, n. The bottom of a drain. [Prov. Eng.]

Sur"face` (?), n. [F. See Sur-, and Face, and cf. Superficial.] 1. The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.

The bright surface of this ethereous mold.

Milton.

2. Hence, outward or external appearance.

Vain and weak understandings, which penetrate no deeper than the surface.

V. Knox.

3. (Geom.) A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.

4. (Fort.) That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion. Stocqueler.

Caustic surface, Heating surface, etc. See under Caustic, Heating, etc. -- Surface condensation, Surface condenser. See under Condensation, and Condenser. -- Surface gauge (Mach.), an instrument consisting of a standard having a flat base and carrying an adjustable pointer, for gauging the evenness of a surface or its height, or for marking a line parallel with a surface. -- Surface grub (Zoöl.), the larva of the great yellow underwing moth (Triphœna pronuba). It is often destructive to the roots of grasses and other plants. -- Surface plate (Mach.), a plate having an accurately dressed flat surface, used as a standard of flatness by which to test other surfaces. -- Surface printing, printing from a surface in relief, as from type, in distinction from plate printing, in which the ink is contained in engraved lines.

Sur"face (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surfacing (?).] 1. To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.

2. To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.

Sur"fa*cer (?), n. A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.

Surf"boat` (?), n. (Naut.) A boat intended for use in heavy surf. It is built with a pronounced sheer, and with a view to resist the shock of waves and of contact with the beach.

Sur"feit (?), n. [OE. surfet, OF. surfait, sorfait, excess, arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire, sorfaire, to augment, exaggerate, F. surfaire to overcharge; sur over + faire to make, do, L. facere. See Sur-, and Fact.] 1. Excess in eating and drinking.

Let not Sir Surfeit sit at thy board.

Piers Plowman.

Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made.

Shak.

2. Fullness and oppression of the system, occasioned often by excessive eating and drinking.

To prevent surfeit and other diseases that are incident to those that heat their blood by travels.

Bunyan.

3. Disgust caused by excess; satiety. Sir P. Sidney.

Matter and argument have been supplied abundantly, and even to surfeit.

Burke.

Sur"feit, v. i. 1. To load the stomach with food, so that sickness or uneasiness ensues; to eat to excess.

They are as sick that surfeit with too much as they that starve with nothing.

Shak.

2. To indulge to satiety in any gratification.

Sur"feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Surfeiting.] 1. To feed so as to oppress the stomach and derange the function of the system; to overfeed, and produce satiety, sickness, or uneasiness; -- often reflexive; as, to surfeit one's self with sweets.

2. To fill to satiety and disgust; to cloy; as, he surfeits us with compliments. V. Knox.

Sur"feit*er (?), n. One who surfeits. Shak.

Sur"feit-wa`ter (?), n. Water for the cure of surfeits. [Obs.] Locke.

{ Sur"fel, Sur"fle } (?), v. t. [Cf. Sulphur.] To wash, as the face, with a cosmetic water, said by some to be prepared from the sulphur. [Obs.]

She shall no oftener powder her hair, [or] surfel her cheeks, . . . but she shall as often gaze on my picture.

Ford.

Surf"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck. [U. S.]

Surf"man (?), n.; pl. Surmen (&?;). One who serves in a surfboat in the life-saving service.

Sur"foot` (?), a. Tired or sore of foot from travel; lamed. [Obs.] Nares.

Surf"y (?), a. Consisting of, abounding in, or resembling, surf; as, a surfy shore.

Scarce had they cleared the surfy waves That foam around those frightful caves.

Moore.

Surge (?), n. [L. surgere, surrectum, to raise, to rise; sub under + regere to direct: cf. OF. surgeon, sourgeon, fountain. See Regent, and cf. Insurrection, Sortie, Source.] 1. A spring; a fountain. [Obs.] "Divers surges and springs of water." Ld. Berners.

2. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling swell of water, produced generally by a high wind.

He that doubteth is like the surge of the sea driven by the wind and tossed.

James i. 6 (Rev. Ver.)

He flies aloft, and, with impetuous roar, Pursues the foaming surges to the shore.

Dryden.

3. The motion of, or produced by, a great wave.

4. The tapered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan, upon which the cable surges, or slips.

Surge, v. i. 1. To swell; to rise hifg and roll.

The surging waters like a mountain rise.

Spenser.

2. (Naut.) To slip along a windlass.

Surge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surging (?).] [Cf. F. surgir to cast anchor, to land. Cf. Surge, n.] (Naut.) To let go or slacken suddenly, as a rope; as, to surge a hawser or messenger; also, to slacken the rope about (a capstan).

Surge"ful (?), a. Abounding in surges; surgy. "Tossing the surgeful tides." Drayton.

Surge"less, a. Free from surges; smooth; calm.

Sur"gent (?), a. [L. surgens, p. pr.] Rising; swelling, as a flood. [R.] Robert Greene.

Sur"geon (?), n. [OE. surgien, OF. surgien, contr. fr. chirurgien. See Chirurgeon.] 1. One whose profession or occupation is to cure diseases or injuries of the body by manual operation; one whose occupation is to cure local injuries or disorders (such as wounds, dislocations, tumors, etc.), whether by manual operation, or by medication and constitutional treatment.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of chætodont fishes of the family Teuthidæ, or Acanthuridæ, which have one or two sharp lancelike spines on each side of the base of the tail. Called also surgeon fish, doctor fish, lancet fish, and sea surgeon.

Surgeon apothecary, one who unites the practice of surgery with that of the apothecary. Dunglison. -- Surgeon dentist, a dental surgeon; a dentist. -- Surgeon fish. See def. 2, above. -- Surgeon general. (a) In the United States army, the chief of the medical department. (b) In the British army, a surgeon ranking next below the chief of the medical department.

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Sur"geon*cy (?), n. The office or employment of a surgeon, as in the naval or military service.

Sur"geon*ry (?), n. Surgery. [Obs.]

Sur"ge*ry (?), n. [OE. surgenrie, surgerie; cf. OF. cirurgie, F. chirurgie, L. chirurgia, Gr. &?;. See Surgeon.] 1. The art of healing by manual operation; that branch of medical science which treats of manual operations for the healing of diseases or injuries of the body; that branch of medical science which has for its object the cure of local injuries or diseases, as wounds or fractures, tumors, etc., whether by manual operation or by medicines and constitutional treatment.

2. A surgeon's operating room or laboratory.

Sur"gi*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to surgeons or surgery; done by means of surgery; used in surgery; as, a surgical operation; surgical instruments.

Surgical fever. (Med.) (a) Pyæmia. (b) Traumatic fever, or the fever accompanying inflammation.

Sur"gi*cal*ly, adv. By means of surgery.

Sur"gy (?), a. Rising in surges or billows; full of surges; resembling surges in motion or appearance; swelling. "Over the surgy main." Pope.

Su"ri*cat (?), n. [F. surikate, from the native name in South Africa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Zenick. [Written also suricate, surikate.]

Su`ri*nam" toad" (?). (Zoöl.) A species of toad native of Surinam. See Pipa.

Sur`in*tend"ant (?), n. [F. See Superintendent.] Superintendent. [R.]

Sur"li*ly (?), adv. In a surly manner.

Sur"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being surly.

Sur"ling (?), n. [See Surly.] A sour, morose fellow. [Obs.] Camden.

Sur"loin` (?), n. [F. surlonge; sur upon + longe loin. See Sur-, and Loin.] A loin of beef, or the upper part of the loin. See Sirloin, the more usual, but not etymologically preferable, orthography.

Sur"ly (?), a. [Compar. Surlier (?); superl. Surliest.] [Probably from sir, and originally meaning, sirlike, i.e., proud. See Sir, and Like, a.] 1. Arrogant; haughty. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

2. Gloomily morose; ill-natured, abrupt, and rude; severe; sour; crabbed; rough; sullen; gloomy; as, a surly groom; a surly dog; surly language; a surly look. "That surly spirit, melancholy." Shak.

3. Rough; dark; tempestuous.

Now softened into joy the surly storm.

Thomson.

Sur"mark` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) A mark made on the molds of a ship, when building, to show where the angles of the timbers are to be placed. [Written also sirmark.]

Sur*mis"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being surmised; as, a surmisable result.

Sur*mis"al (?), n. Surmise. [R.] Milton.

Sur*mise" (?), n. [OF. surmise accusation, fr. surmettre, p. p. surmis, to impose, accuse; sur (see Sur-) + mettre to put, set, L. mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A thought, imagination, or conjecture, which is based upon feeble or scanty evidence; suspicion; guess; as, the surmisses of jealousy or of envy.

[We] double honor gain From his surmise proved false.

Milton.

No man ought to be charged with principles he actually disowns, unless his practicies contradict his profession; not upon small surmises.

Swift.

2. Reflection; thought. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Conjecture; supposition; suspicion; doubt.

Sur*mise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surmising.] To imagine without certain knowledge; to infer on slight grounds; to suppose, conjecture, or suspect; to guess.

It wafted nearer yet, and then she knew That what before she but surmised, was true.

Dryden.

This change was not wrought by altering the form or position of the earth, as was surmised by a very learned man, but by dissolving it.

Woodward.

Sur*mis"er (?), n. One who surmises.

Sur*mis"ing, a. & n. from Surmise, v.

Sur*mount" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Surmounting.] [OE. sourmounten, OF. surmonter, sormonter, F. surmonter; sur over + monter to mount. See Sur-, and Mount, v. i.] 1. To rise above; to be higher than; to overtop.

The mountains of Olympus, Athos, and Atlas, overreach and surmount all winds and clouds.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. To conquer; to overcome; as, to surmount difficulties or obstacles. Macaulay.

3. To surpass; to exceed. Spenser.

What surmounts the reach Of human sense I shall delineate.

Milton.

Syn. -- To conquer; overcome; vanquish; subdue; surpass; exceed.

Sur*mount"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. surmontable.] Capable of being surmounted or overcome; superable. -- Sur*mount"a*ble*ness, n.

Sur*mount"ed, a. 1. (Arch.) Having its vertical height greater than the half span; -- said of an arch.

2. (Her.) Partly covered by another charge; -- said of an ordinary or other bearing.

Sur*mount"er (?), n. One who, or that which, surmounts.

Sur*mul"let (?), n. [F. surmulet; saur, saure, brownish yellow, red + mulet a mullet. See Sorrel, a., and Mullet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of mullets of the family Millidæ, esp. the European species (Millus surmulletus), which is highly prized as a food fish. See Mullet.

Sur"mu*lot (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The brown, or Norway, rat.

Sur"name` (?), n. [Pref. sur + name; really a substitution for OE. sournoun, from F. surnom. See Sur-, and Noun, Name.] 1. A name or appellation which is added to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian name, and becomes a family name.

Surnames originally designated occupation, estate, place of residence, or some particular thing or event that related to the person; thus, Edmund Ironsides; Robert Smith, or the smith; William Turner. Surnames are often also patronymics; as, John Johnson.

2. An appellation added to the original name; an agnomen. "My surname, Coriolanus." Shak.

This word has been sometimes written sirname, as if it signified sire-name, or the name derived from one's father.

Sur*name" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surnamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surnaming.] [Cf. F. surnommer.] To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.

Another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and surname himself by the name of Israel.

Isa. xliv. 5.

And Simon he surnamed Peter.

Mark iii. 16.

Sur*nom"i*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a surname or surnames.

Sur*ox"i*date (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine with oxygen so as to form a suroxide or peroxide. [Obs.]

Sur*ox"ide (?), n. [Cf. F. suroxyde. See Sur-, and Oxide.] (Chem.) A peroxide. [Obs.]

Sur*pass" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surpassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surpassing.] [F. surpasser; sur over + passer to pass. See Sur-, and Pass.] To go beyond in anything good or bad; to exceed; to excel.

This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt his joy.

Milton.

Syn. -- To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip.

Sur*pass"a*ble (?), a. That may be surpassed.

Sur*pass"ing, a. Eminently excellent; exceeding others. "With surpassing glory crowned." Milton. -- Sur*pass"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pass"ing*ness, n.

Sur"phul (?), v. t. To surfel. [Obs.] Marston.

Sur"plice (?), n. [F. surplis, OF. surpeiz, LL. superpellicium; super over + pellicium, pelliceum, a robe of fur, L. pellicius made of skins. See Pelisse.] (Eccl.) A white garment worn over another dress by the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and certain other churches, in some of their ministrations.

Surplice fees (Eccl.), fees paid to the English clergy for occasional duties.

Sur"pliced (?), a. Wearing a surplice.

Sur"plus (?), n. [F., fr. sur over + plus more. See Sur-, and Plus, and cf. Superplus.] 1. That which remains when use or need is satisfied, or when a limit is reached; excess; overplus.

2. Specifically, an amount in the public treasury at any time greater than is required for the ordinary purposes of the government.

Sur"plus, a. Being or constituting a surplus; more than sufficient; as, surplus revenues; surplus population; surplus words.

When the price of corn falleth, men give over surplus tillage, and break no more ground.

Carew.

Sur"plus*age (?), n. [See Surplus, and cf. Superplusage.] 1. Surplus; excess; overplus; as, surplusage of grain or goods beyond what is wanted.

Take what thou please of all this surplusage.

Spenser.

A surplusage given to one part is paid out of a reduction from another part of the same creature.

Emerson.

2. (Law) Matter in pleading which is not necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be rejected.

3. (Accounts) A greater disbursement than the charge of the accountant amounts to. [Obs.] Rees.

Sur*pris"al (?), n. [See Surprise, n.] The act of surprising, or state of being surprised; surprise.

How to secure the lady from surprisal.

Milton.

Because death is uncertain, let us prevent its surprisal.

Barrow.

Sur*prise" (?), n. [F. surprise, fr. surprendre, surpris; sur over + prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Sur-, and Prehensile.] 1. The act of coming upon, or taking, unawares; the act of seizing unexpectedly; surprisal; as, the fort was taken by surprise.

2. The state of being surprised, or taken unawares, by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen; emotion excited by what is sudden and strange; a suddenly excited feeling of wonder or astonishment.

Pure surprise and fear Made me to quit the house.

Shak.

3. Anything that causes such a state or emotion.

4. A dish covered with a crust of raised paste, but with no other contents. [Obs.] King.

Surprise party, a party of persons who assemble by mutual agreement, and without invitation, at the house of a common friend. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Syn. -- Wonder; astonishment; amazement.

Sur*prise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surprised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surprising.] [From Surprise, n.: cf. F. surprendre, p. p. surpris.] 1. To come or fall suddenly and unexpectedly; to take unawares; to seize or capture by unexpected attack.

Fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites.

Isa. xxxiii. 14.

The castle of Macduff I will surprise.

Shak.

Who can speak The mingled passions that surprised his heart?

Thomson.

2. To strike with wonder, astonishment, or confusion, by something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable; to confound; as, his conduct surprised me.

I am surprised with an uncouth fear.

Shak.

Up he starts, Discovered and surprised.

Milton.

3. To lead (one) to do suddenly and without forethought; to bring (one) into some unexpected state; -- with into; as, to be surprised into an indiscretion; to be surprised into generosity.

4. To hold possession of; to hold. [Obs.]

Not with me, That in my hands surprise the sovereignity.

J. Webster.

Syn. -- See Astonish.

Sur*prise"ment (?), n. Surprisal. [Obs.] Daniel.

Sur*pris"er (?), n. One who surprises.

Sur*pris"ing, a. Exciting surprise; extraordinary; of a nature to excite wonder and astonishment; as, surprising bravery; a surprising escape from danger. -- Sur*pris"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pris"ing*ness, n.

Syn. -- Wonderful; extraordinary; unexpected; astonishing; striking.

{ Sur"que*dous (?), Sur"que*drous (?), } a. Having or exhibiting surquedry; arrogant; insolent. [Obs.] Gower. James II. of Scot.

{ Sur"que*dry (?), Sur"qui*dry }, n. [OF. surcuidier to presume; sur over + cuidier to think, L. cogitare. See Sur-, and Cogitate.] Overweening pride; arrogance; presumption; insolence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Then pay you the price of your surquedry.

Spenser.

Sur`re*bound" (?), v. i. To give back echoes; to reëcho. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sur`re*but" (?), v. i. [Pref. sur + rebut.] (Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.

Sur`re*but"er (?), n. (Law) The reply of a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.

Sur"rein` (?), v. t. [Pref. sur + rein.] To override; to exhaust by riding. [Obs.] Shak.

Sur`re*join" (?), v. i. [Pref. sur + rejoin.] (Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Sur`re*join"der (?), n. (Law) The answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Sur*ren"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surrendering.] [OF. surrendre to deliver; sur over + rendre to render. See Sur-, and Render.] 1. To yield to the power of another; to give or deliver up possession of (anything) upon compulsion or demand; as, to surrender one's person to an enemy or to an officer; to surrender a fort or a ship.

2. To give up possession of; to yield; to resign; as, to surrender a right, privilege, or advantage.

To surrender up that right which otherwise their founders might have in them.

Hooker.

3. To yield to any influence, emotion, passion, or power; -- used reflexively; as, to surrender one's self to grief, to despair, to indolence, or to sleep.

4. (Law) To yield; to render or deliver up; to give up; as, a principal surrendered by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, or a particular estate by the tenant thereof to him in remainder or reversion.

Sur*ren"der, v. i. To give up one's self into the power of another; to yield; as, the enemy, seeing no way of escape, surrendered at the first summons.

Sur*ren"der, n. 1. The act of surrendering; the act of yielding, or resigning one's person, or the possession of something, into the power of another; as, the surrender of a castle to an enemy; the surrender of a right.

That he may secure some liberty he makes a surrender in trust of the whole of it.

Burke.

2. (Law) (a) The yielding of a particular estate to him who has an immediate estate in remainder or reversion. (b) The giving up of a principal into lawful custody by his bail. (c) The delivery up of fugitives from justice by one government to another, as by a foreign state. See Extradition. Wharton.

Sur*ren`der*ee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a surrender is made. Mozley & W.

Sur*ren"der*er (?), n. One who surrenders.

Sur*ren`der*or" (?), n. (Law) One who makes a surrender, as of an estate. Bouvier.

Sur*ren"dry (?), n. Surrender. [Obs.]

Sur*rep"tion (?), n. [L. surreptio, or subreptio. Cf. Subreption.] 1. The act or process of getting in a surreptitious manner, or by craft or stealth.

Fame by surreption got May stead us for the time, but lasteth not.

B. Jonson.

2. A coming unperceived or suddenly.

Sur`rep*ti"tious (?), a. [L. surreptitius, or subreptitius, fr. surripere, subripere, to snatch away, to withdraw privily; sub- under + rapere to snatch. See Sub-, and Ravish.] Done or made by stealth, or without proper authority; made or introduced fraudulently; clandestine; stealthy; as, a surreptitious passage in an old manuscript; a surreptitious removal of goods. -- Sur`rep*ti"tious*ly, adv.

Sur"rey (?), n. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage, (commonly two-seated) somewhat like a phaeton, but having a straight bottom.