Chapter 119

Sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with sulphur; sulphurized. [Written also sulphuretted.]

Sulphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Hydrogen sulphide, under Hydrogen.

Sul*phu"ric (?), a. [Cf. F. sulfurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur; as, a sulphuric smell.

2. (Chem.) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the sulphurous compounds; as, sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid. (a) Sulphur trioxide (see under Sulphur); -- formerly so called on the dualistic theory of salts. [Obs.] (b) A heavy, corrosive, oily liquid, H2SO4, colorless when pure, but usually yellowish or brownish, produced by the combined action of sulphur dioxide, oxygen (from the air), steam, and nitric fumes. It attacks and dissolves many metals and other intractable substances, sets free most acids from their salts, and is used in the manufacture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, of soda, of bleaching powders, etc. It is also powerful dehydrating agent, having a strong affinity for water, and eating and corroding paper, wood, clothing, etc. It is thus used in the manufacture of ether, of imitation parchment, and of nitroglycerin. It is also used in etching iron, in removing iron scale from forgings, in petroleum refining, etc., and in general its manufacture is the most important and fundamental of all the chemical industries. Formerly called vitriolic acid, and now popularly vitriol, and oil of vitriol. -- Fuming sulphuric acid, or Nordhausen sulphuric acid. See Disulphuric acid, under Disulphuric. -- Sulphuric anhydride, sulphur trioxide. See under Sulphur. -- Sulphuric ether, common anæsthetic ether; -- so called because made by the catalytic action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. See Ether, 3 (a).

Sul"phur*ine (?), a. Sulphureous. [R.]

Sul"phur*ing, n. Exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur, as in bleaching; the process of bleaching by exposure to the fumes of sulphur.

Sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine or impregnate with sulphur or any of its compounds; as, to sulphurize caoutchouc in vulcanizing.

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Sul"phur*ous (?), a. [L. sulphurosus, sulfurosus: cf. F. sulfureux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur.

2. (Chem.) (a) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the sulphuric compounds. (b) Having the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide, or of hydrogen sulphide, or of other sulphur compounds.

Sulphurous acid. (a) Sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO3, not known in the free state except as a solution of sulphur dioxide in water, but forming a well- known series of salts (the sulphites). -- Sulphurous anhydride (Chem.), sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur.

Sul"phur*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The hog's fennel. See under Fennel.

Sul"phur*y (?), a. Resembling, or partaking of the nature of, sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur.

Sul"phur*yl (?), n. [Sulphur + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical SO2; -- called also sulphon.

Sulphuryl chloride, a chloride, pungent, fuming liquid, SO2.Cl2, obtained by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on sulphur trioxide. On treatment with water it decomposes into sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and is hence called also sulphuric chloranhydride.

Sul*phy"drate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound, analogous to a hydrate, regarded as a salt of sulphydric acid, or as a derivative of hydrogen sulphide in which one half of the hydrogen is replaced by a base (as potassium sulphydrate, KSH), or as a hydrate in which the oxygen has been wholly or partially replaced by sulphur.

Sul*phy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen sulphide, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution.

Sul*pi"cian (?), n. [So called after the parish of St. Sulpice in Paris, of which the founder, Jean Jacques Olier, was pastor in 1643.] (R. C. Ch.) One of an order of priests established in France in 1642 to educate men for the ministry. The order was introduced soon afterwards into Canada, and in 1791 into the United States. [Written also Sulpitian.]

Sul"tan (?), n. [F. sultan (cf. Sp. soldan, It. sultano, soldano), Ar. sultn sultan, dominion. Cf. Soldan.] A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called.

Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet.

Sul*ta"na (?), n. [It.] 1. The wife of a sultan; a sultaness.

2. pl. A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey.

Sultana bird (Zoöl.), the hyacinthine, or purple, gallinule. See Illust. under Gallinule.

Sul"tan*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. sultanat.] The rule or dominion of a sultan; sultanship.

Sul"tan*ess (?), n. A sultana.

Sul*tan"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a sultan.

Sul"tan-red` (?), a. Having a deep red color.

Sul"tan*ry (?), n. The dominions of a sultan. Bacon.

Sul"tan*ship, n. The office or dignity of a sultan.

Sul"tan*y (?), n. Sultanry. [Obs.] Fuller.

Sul"tri*ly (?), adv. In a sultry manner.

Sul"tri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sultry.

Sul"try (-tr), a. [Compar. Sultrier (?); superl. Sultriest.] [From Sweltry.] 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya's sultry deserts.

Such as, born beneath the burning sky And sultry sun, betwixt the tropics lie.

Dryden.

2. Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and oppressive, as air.

When in the sultry glebe I faint, Or on the thirsty mountain plant.

Addison.

Sum (?), n. [OE. summe, somme, OF. sume, some, F. somme, L. summa, fr. summus highest, a superlative from sub under. See Sub-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; the amount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added together; as, the sum of 5 and 7 is 12.

Take ye the sum of all the congregation.

Num. i. 2.

Sum is now commonly applied to an aggregate of numbers, and number to an aggregate of persons or things.

2. A quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; as, a sum of money; a small sum, or a large sum. "The sum of forty pound." Chaucer.

With a great sum obtained I this freedom.

Acts xxii. 28.

3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections.

4. Height; completion; utmost degree.

Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the sum of earthly bliss.

Milton.

5. (Arith.) A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. Macaulay.

A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point is ipso facto fatal to the whole.

Gladstone.

A large sheet of paper . . . covered with long sums.

Dickens.

Algebraic sum, as distinguished from arithmetical sum, the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of - 2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum, in short; in brief. [Obs.] "In sum, the gospel . . . prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers.

Sum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summing.] [Cf. F. sommer, LL. summare.] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up.

The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day.

Bacon.

2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up.

"Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of this fable.

L'Estrange.

He sums their virtues in himself alone.

Dryden.

3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage.

But feathered soon and fledge They summed their pens [wings].

Milton.

Summing up, a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a résumé; a summary.

Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute.

{ Su"mac, Su"mach } (?), n. [F. sumac, formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque), fr. Ar. summq.] [Written also shumac.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers. Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera, yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer.

2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing.

Poison sumac. (Bot.) See under Poison.

Su*ma"tran (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants. -- n. A native of Sumatra.

Sum"bul (?), n. [Pers.] The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul. It is used in medicine as a stimulant. [Written also sumbal.] - - Sum*bul"ic, a.

Sum"less (?), a. Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure." Pope.

Sum"ma*ri*ly (?), adv. In a summary manner.

Sum"ma*rist (?), n. One who summarized.

Sum"ma*rize (?), v. t. To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly. Chambers.

Sum"ma*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sommaire. See Sum.] 1. Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.

2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct.

Sum"ma*ry, n.; pl. Summaries (#). [F. sommaire, or L. summarium. See Summary, a.] A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.

Sum*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sommation. See Sum, v. t.] The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate.

Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect.

De Quincey.

Sum"mer (?), n. [From Sum, v.] One who sums; one who casts up an account.

Sum"mer, n. [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree.

Sum"mer, n. [OE. sumer, somer, AS. sumor, sumer; akin to OFries. sumur, D. zomer, OS. sumar, G. sommer, OHG. & Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Sw. sommar, W. haf, Zend hama, Skr. sam year. &radic;292.] The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year.

North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d.

Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer. See under Saint. -- Summer bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt, the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.), a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zoöl.), the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.), an annual plant (Kochia Scoparia) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust. of Wood duck, under Wood. -- Summer fallow, land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.), prickly heat. See under Prickly. -- Summer sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The common European sandpiper. (c) The green sandpiper. -- Summer tanager (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Piranga rubra) native of the Middle and Southern United States. The male is deep red, the female is yellowish olive above and yellow beneath. Called also summer redbird. -- Summer teal (Zoöl.), the blue-winged teal. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer wheat, wheat that is sown in the spring, and matures during the summer following. See Spring wheat. -- Summer yellowbird. (Zoöl.) See Yellowbird.

Sum"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Summered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summering.] To pass the summer; to spend the warm season; as, to summer in Switzerland.

The fowls shall summer upon them.

Isa. xviii. 6.

Sum"mer, v. t. To keep or carry through the summer; to feed during the summer; as, to summer stock.

Sum"mer-fal"low (?), v. t. To plow and work in summer, in order to prepare for wheat or other crop; to plow and let lie fallow.

Sum"mer*house` (?), n.; pl. Summerhouses (&?;). A rustic house or apartment in a garden or park, to be used as a pleasure resort in summer. Shak.

Sum"mer*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being like summer. [R.] Fuller.

{ Sum"mer*sault (?), Sum"mer*set (?), } n. See Somersault, Somerset.

Sum"mer*stir` (?), v. t. To summer- fallow.

Sum"mer*tide` (?), n. Summer time.

Sum"mer*tree` (?), n. [Summer a beam + tree.] (Arch.) A summer. See 2d Summer.

Sum"mer*y (?), a. Of or pertaining to summer; like summer; as, a summery day.

Sum"mist (?), n. One who sums up; one who forms an abridgment or summary. Sir E. Dering.

Sum"mit (?), n. [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, sum, top, from L. summum, from summus highest. See Sum, n.] 1. The top; the highest point.

Fixed on the summit of the highest mount.

Shak.

2. The highest degree; the utmost elevation; the acme; as, the summit of human fame.

3. (Zoöl.) The most elevated part of a bivalve shell, or the part in which the hinge is situated.

Summit level, the highest level of a canal, a railroad, or the like, in surmounting an ascent.

Sum"mit*less, a. Having no summit.

Sum"mit*y (?), n. [L. summitas, fr. summus highest: cf. F. sommité. See Sum, n.] 1. The height or top of anything. [Obs.] Swift.

2. The utmost degree; perfection. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Sum"mon (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summoning.] [OE. somonen, OF. sumundre, semondre, F. semondre, from (assumed) LL. summonre, for L. summonre to give a hint; sub under + monere to admonish, to warn. See Monition, and cf. Submonish.] 1. To call, bid, or cite; to notify to come to appear; -- often with up.

Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood.

Shak.

Trumpets summon him to war.

Dryden.

2. To give notice to, or command to appear, as in court; to cite by authority; as, to summon witnesses.

3. (Mil.) To call upon to surrender, as a fort.

Syn. -- To call; cite; notify; convene; convoke; excite; invite; bid. See Call.

Sum"mon*er (?), n. [OE. somner, sompnour, OF. semoneor, F. semonneur. See Summon, v. t.] One who summons; one who cites by authority; specifically, a petty officer formerly employed to summon persons to appear in court; an apparitor.

Sum"mons (?), n.; pl. Summonses (#). [OE. somouns, OF. sumunse, semonse, semonce, F. semonce, semondre to summon, OF. p. p. semons. See Summon, v.] 1. The act of summoning; a call by authority, or by the command of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend to some duty.

Special summonses by the king.

Hallam.

This summons . . . unfit either to dispute or disobey.

Bp. Fell.

He sent to summon the seditious, and to offer pardon; but neither summons nor pardon was regarded.

Sir J. Hayward.

2. (Law) A warning or citation to appear in court; a written notification signed by the proper officer, to be served on a person, warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the plaintiff, testify as a witness, or the like.

3. (Mil.) A demand to surrender.

Sum"mons, v. t. To summon. [R. or Colloq.] Swift.

Sum"ner (?), n. A summoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Su*moom" (?), n. See Simoom.

Sump (?), n. [Cf. G. sumpf a sump in a mine, a swamp, akin to LG. sump, D. somp a swamp, Dan. & Sw. sump, and perhaps to E. swamp.] 1. (Metal.) A round pit of stone, lined with clay, for receiving the metal on its first fusion. Ray.

2. The cistern or reservoir made at the lowest point of a mine, from which is pumped the water which accumulates there.

3. A pond of water for salt works. Knight.

4. A puddle or dirty pool. [Prov. Eng.]

Sump fuse, a fuse used in blasting under water. -- Sump men (Mining), the men who sink the sump in a mine.

Sumph (?), n. A dunce; a blockhead. [Scot.]

Sum"pi*tan (?), n. A kind of blowgun for discharging arrows, -- used by the savages of Borneo and adjacent islands.

Sump"ter (?), n. [OF. sommetier the driver of a pack horse; akin to OF. & F. sommier a pack horse, L. sagmarius, fr. sagma a pack saddle, in LL., a load, Gr. &?; a pack saddle, fr. &?; to pack, load; cf. Skr. saj, sañj, to hang on. Cf. Seam a weight, Summer a beam.] 1. The driver of a pack horse. [Obs.] Skeat.

2. A pack; a burden. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

3. An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or burdens; a baggage horse. Holinshed.

Sump"ter, a. Carrying pack or burdens on the back; as, a sumpter horse; a sumpter mule. Bacon.

Sump"tion (?), n. [L. sumptio, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take.] 1. A taking. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

2. (Logic) The major premise of a syllogism.

Sump"tu*a*ry (?), a. [L. sumptuarius, fr. sumptus expense, cost, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take, use, spend; sub under + emere to take, buy: cf. F. somptuaire. See Redeem.] Relating to expense; regulating expense or expenditure. Bacon.

Sumptuary laws or regulations, laws intended to restrain or limit the expenditure of citizens in apparel, food, furniture, etc.; laws which regulate the prices of commodities and the wages of labor; laws which forbid or restrict the use of certain articles, as of luxurious apparel.

Sump`tu*os"i*ty (?), n. [L. sumptuositas: cf. F. somptuosité.] Expensiveness; costliness; sumptuousness. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

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Sump"tu*ous (?), a. [L. sumptuosus, fr. sumptus expanse, cost: cf. F. somptueux. See Sumptuary.] Involving large outlay or expense; costly; expensive; hence, luxurious; splendid; magnificient; as, a sumptuous house or table; sumptuous apparel.

We are too magnificient and sumptuous in our tables and attendance.

Atterbury.

She spoke, and turned her sumptuous head, with eyes Of shining expectation fixed on mine.

Tennyson.

-- Sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Sump"tu*ous*ness, n.

Sun (?), n. (Bot.) See Sunn.

Sun (?), n. [OE. sunne, sonne, AS. sunne; akin to OFries. sunne, D. zon, OS. & OHG. sunna, G. sonne, Icel. sunna, Goth. sunna; perh. fr. same root as L. sol. &radic;297. Cf. Solar, South.] 1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes day, and its absence night; the central body round which the earth and planets revolve, by which they are held in their orbits, and from which they receive light and heat. Its mean distance from the earth is about 92,500,000 miles, and its diameter about 860,000.

Its mean apparent diameter as seen from the earth is 32&prime; 4&Prime;, and it revolves on its own axis once in 25 days. Its mean density is about one fourth of that of the earth, or 1.41, that of water being unity. Its luminous surface is called the photosphere, above which is an envelope consisting partly of hydrogen, called the chromosphere, which can be seen only through the spectroscope, or at the time of a total solar eclipse. Above the chromosphere, and sometimes extending out millions of miles, are luminous rays or streams of light which are visible only at the time of a total eclipse, forming the solar corona.

2. Any heavenly body which forms the center of a system of orbs.

3. The direct light or warmth of the sun; sunshine.

Lambs that did frisk in the sun.

Shak.

4. That which resembles the sun, as in splendor or importance; any source of light, warmth, or animation.

For the Lord God is a sun and shield.

Ps. lxxiv. 11.

I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignity to posterity.

Eikon Basilike.

Sun and planet wheels (Mach.), an ingenious contrivance for converting reciprocating motion, as that of the working beam of a steam engine, into rotatory motion. It consists of a toothed wheel (called the sun wheel), firmly secured to the shaft it is desired to drive, and another wheel (called the planet wheel) secured to the end of a connecting rod. By the motion of the connecting rod, the planet wheel is made to circulate round the central wheel on the shaft, communicating to this latter a velocity of revolution the double of its own. G. Francis. -- Sun angel (Zoöl.), a South American humming bird of the genus Heliangelos, noted for its beautiful colors and the brilliant luster of the feathers of its throat. -- Sun animalcute. (Zoöl.) See Heliozoa. -- Sun bath (Med.), exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; insolation. -- Sun bear (Zoöl.), a species of bear (Helarctos Malayanus) native of Southern Asia and Borneo. It has a small head and short neck, and fine short glossy fur, mostly black, but brownish on the nose. It is easily tamed. Called also bruang, and Malayan bear. -- Sun beetle (Zoöl.), any small lustrous beetle of the genus Amara. -- Sun bittern (Zoöl.), a singular South American bird (Eurypyga helias), in some respects related both to the rails and herons. It is beautifully variegated with white, brown, and black. Called also sunbird, and tiger bittern. -- Sun fever (Med.), the condition of fever produced by sun stroke. -- Sun gem (Zoöl.), a Brazilian humming bird (Heliactin cornutus). Its head is ornamented by two tufts of bright colored feathers, fiery crimson at the base and greenish yellow at the tip. Called also Horned hummer. -- Sun grebe (Zoöl.), the finfoot. -- Sun picture, a picture taken by the agency of the sun's rays; a photograph. -- Sun spots (Astron.), dark spots that appear on the sun's disk, consisting commonly of a black central portion with a surrounding border of lighter shade, and usually seen only by the telescope, but sometimes by the naked eye. They are very changeable in their figure and dimensions, and vary in size from mere apparent points to spaces of 50,000 miles in diameter. The term sun spots is often used to include bright spaces (called faculæ) as well as dark spaces (called maculæ). Called also solar spots. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Sun star (Zoöl.), any one of several species of starfishes belonging to Solaster, Crossaster, and allied genera, having numerous rays. -- Sun trout (Zoöl.), the squeteague. -- Sun wheel. (Mach.) See Sun and planet wheels, above. -- Under the sun, in the world; on earth. "There is no new thing under the sun." Eccl. i. 9.

Sun is often used in the formation of compound adjectives of obvious meaning; as, sun-bright, sun- dried, sun-gilt, sunlike, sun-lit, sun- scorched, and the like.

Sun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sunning.] To expose to the sun's rays; to warm or dry in the sun; as, to sun cloth; to sun grain.

Then to sun thyself in open air.

Dryden.

Sun"beam` (?), n. [AS. sunnebeam.] A beam or ray of the sun. "Evening sunbeams." Keble.

Thither came Uriel, gliding through the even On a sunbeam.

Milton.