Chapter 114

Sub*sem"i*tone (?), n. (Mus.) The sensible or leading note, or sharp seventh, of any key; subtonic.

Sub*sen"si*ble (?), a. Deeper than the reach of the senses. "That subsensible world." Tyndall.

Sub*sep"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to seven. Bp. Wilkins.

{ Sub"se*quence (?), Sub"se*quen*cy (?), } n. The act or state of following; -- opposed to precedence.

Sub"se*quent (?), a. [L. subsequens, -entis, p. pr. of subsequi to follow, succeed: cf. F. subséquent. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following in time; coming or being after something else at any time, indefinitely; as, subsequent events; subsequent ages or years; a period long subsequent to the foundation of Rome.

2. Following in order of place; succeeding; as, a subsequent clause in a treaty. "The subsequent words come on before the precedent vanish." Bacon.

Sub"se*quent*ly, adv. At a later time; afterwards.

Sub*se"rous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a serous membrane.

Sub*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subserved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subserving.] [L. subservire; sub under + servire to serve. See Serve.] To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be subservient to; to help forward; to promote.

It is a great credit to know the ways of captivating Nature, and making her subserve our purposes, than to have learned all the intrigues of policy.

Glanvill.

Sub*serve", v. i. To be subservient or subordinate; to serve in an inferior capacity.

Not made to rule, But to subserve where wisdom bears command.

Milton.

{ Sub*serv"i*ence (?), Sub*serv"i*en*cy (?) }, n. The quality or state of being subservient; instrumental fitness or use; hence, willingness to serve another's purposes; in a derogatory sense, servility.

The body wherein appears much fitness, use, and subserviency to infinite functions.

Bentley.

There is a regular subordination and subserviency among all the parts to beneficial ends.

Cheyne.

Sub*serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. subserviens, -entis, p. pr. See Subserve.] Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capacity; serving to promote some end; subordinate; hence, servile, truckling.

Scarce ever reading anything which he did not make subservient in one kind or other.

Bp. Fell.

These ranks of creatures are subservient one to another.

Ray.

Their temporal ambition was wholly subservient to their proselytizing spirit.

Burke.

Sub*serv"i*ent*ly, adv. In a subservient manner.

Sub*ses"qui- (?). [Pref. sub- + sesqui-.] (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting the combination of constituents (especially electro-negative and electro- positive bodies) in the proportion of two to three; as, a subsesqui acetate, i. e., a salt having two equivalents of acetic acid to three of the base.

Sub*sex"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to six; as, a subsextuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*side" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsided; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsiding.] [L. subsidere; sub under, below + sidere to sit down, to settle; akin to sedere to sit, E. sit. See Sit.] 1. To sink or fall to the bottom; to settle, as lees.

2. To tend downward; to become lower; to descend; to sink. "Heaven's subsiding hill." Dryden.

3. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; to be calmed; to settle down; to become tranquil; to abate; as, the sea subsides; the tumults of war will subside; the fever has subsided. "In cases of danger, pride and envy naturally subside." C. Middleton.

Syn. -- See Abate.

{ Sub*sid"ence (?), Sub*sid"en*cy (?), } n. [L. subsidens, -entis, p. pr. of subsidere. See Subside.] The act or process of subsiding.

The subdual or subsidence of the more violent passions.

Bp. Warburton.

Sub*sid"i*a*ri*ly (?), adv. In a subsidiary manner; so as to assist.

Sub*sid"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. subsidiarius: cf. F. subsidiaire. See Subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid; assisting; auxiliary; helping; tributary; especially, aiding in an inferior position or capacity; as, a subsidiary stream.

Chief ruler and principal head everywhere, not suffragant and subsidiary.

Florio.

They constituted a useful subsidiary testimony of another state of existence.

Coleridge.

2. Of or pertaining to a subsidy; constituting a subsidy; being a part of, or of the nature of, a subsidy; as, subsidiary payments to an ally.

George the Second relied on his subsidiary treaties.

Ld. Mahon.

Sub*sid"i*a*ry, n.; pl. Subsidiaries (&?;). One who, or that which, contributes aid or additional supplies; an assistant; an auxiliary. Hammond.

Sub"si*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsidized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsidizing (?).] [From Subsidy.] To furnish with a subsidy; to purchase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy; to aid or promote, as a private enterprise, with public money; as, to subsidize a steamship line.

He employed the remittances from Spain to subsidize a large body of German mercenaries.

Prescott.

Sub"si*dy (?), n.; pl. Subsidies (#). [L. subsidium the troops stationed in reserve in the third line of battlem reserve, support, help, fr. subsidere to sit down, lie in wait: cf. F. subside. See Subside.] 1. Support; aid; coöperation; esp., extraordinary aid in money rendered to the sovereign or to a friendly power.

They advised the king to send speedy aids, and with much alacrity granted a great rate of subsidy.

Bacon.

Subsidies were taxes, not immediately on on property, but on persons in respect of their reputed estates, after the nominal rate of 4s. the pound for lands, and 2s. 8d. for goods. Blackstone.

2. Specifically: A sum of money paid by one sovereign or nation to another to purchase the coöperation or the neutrality of such sovereign or nation in war.

3. A grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private person or company to assist the establishment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subvention; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of ocean steamships.

Syn. -- Tribute; grant. -- Subsidy, Tribute. A subsidy is voluntary; a tribute is exacted.

Sub*sign" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsigning.] [L. subsignare; sub under + signare to mark: cf. F. soussigner. See Sign.] To sign beneath; to subscribe. [R.] Camden.

Sub`sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. subsignatio.] The act of writing the name under something, as for attestation. [R.] Shelton.

Sub*sil"i*cate (?), n. A basic silicate.

Sub*sist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsisting.] [L. subsistere to stand still, stay, remain alive; sub under + sistere to stand, to cause to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. subsister. See Stand.] 1. To be; to have existence; to inhere.

And makes what happiness we justly call, Subsist not in the good of one, but all.

Pope.

2. To continue; to retain a certain state.

Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve.

Milton.

3. To be maintained with food and clothing; to be supported; to live. Milton.

To subsist on other men's charity.

Atterbury.

Sub*sist", v. t. To support with provisions; to feed; to maintain; as, to subsist one's family.

He laid waste the adjacent country in order to render it more difficult for the enemy to subsist their army.

Robertson.

Sub*sist"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. subsistance, L. subsistentia.] 1. Real being; existence.

Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were of some creatures existing.

Stillingfleet.

2. Inherency; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies.

3. That which furnishes support to animal life; means of support; provisions, or that which produces provisions; livelihood; as, a meager subsistence.

His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable subsistence out of the plunder of his province.

Addison.

4. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2. Hooker.

Sub*sist"en*cy (?), n. Subsistence. [R.]

Sub*sist"ent (?), a. [L. subsistens, p. pr. See Subsist.] 1. Having real being; as, a subsistent spirit.

2. Inherent; as, qualities subsistent in matter.

Sub*si"zar (?), n. An under sizar; a student of lower rank than a sizar. [Cambridge Univ. Eng.]

Bid my subsizar carry my hackney to the buttery and give him his bever.

J. Fletcher.

Sub"soil` (?), n. The bed, or stratum, of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.

Subsoil plow, a plow having a share and standard but no moldboard. It follows in the furrow made by an ordinary plow, and loosens the soil to an additional depth without bringing it to the surface. Knight.

Sub"soil`, v. t. To turn up the subsoil of.

Sub*so"la*ry (?), a. Being under the sun; hence, terrestrial; earthly; mundane. [R.]

Sub*spe"cies (?), n. A group somewhat lessdistinct than speciesusually are, but based on characters more important than those which characterize ordinary varieties; often, a geographical variety or race.

Sub`sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

Sub*spher"ic*al (?), a. Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a sphere.

Sub*spi"nous (?), a. (a) (Anat.) Subvertebral. (b) (Med.) Situated beneath a spinous process, as that of the scapula; as, subspinous dislocation of the humerus.

Sub"stance (?), n. [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence.

These cooks, how they stamp, and strain, and grind, And turn substance into accident!

Chaucer.

Heroic virtue did his actions guide, And he the substance, not the appearance, chose.

Dryden.

2. The most important element in any existence; the characteristic and essential components of anything; the main part; essential import; purport.

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.

Bp. Burnet.

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

Burke.

3. Body; matter; material of which a thing is made; hence, substantiality; solidity; firmness; as, the substance of which a garment is made; some textile fabrics have little substance.

4. Material possessions; estate; property; resources.

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

Luke xv. 13.

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, Can not amount unto a hundred marks.

Shak.

We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our substance, but not for our own interest.

Swift.

5. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2.

Sub"stance, v. t. To furnish or endow with substance; to supply property to; to make rich. [Obs.]

Sub"stance*less, a. Having no substance; unsubstantial. [R.] Coleridge.

Sub"stant (?), a. [L. substans, -antis, p. pr. of substare to be firm.] Substantial; firm. [R.] "[The glacier's] substant ice." The Century.

Sub*stan"tial (?), a. [F. substantiel, L. substantialis.] 1. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real; as, substantial life. Milton.

If this atheist would have his chance to be real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar.

Bentley.

2. Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable.

If happinessbe a substantial good.

Denham.

The substantial ornaments of virtue.

L'Estrange.

3. Corporeal; material; firm. "Most ponderous and substantial things." Shak.

The rainbow [appears to be] a large substantial arch.

I. Watts.

4. Having good substance; strong; stout; solid; firm; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or wall.

5. Possessed of goods or an estate; moderately wealthy; responsible; as, a substantial freeholder. "Substantial yeomen and burghers." Sir W. Scott.

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Sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being substantial; corporiety; materiality.

The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality.

Glanvill.

Sub*stan"tial*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantialized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substantializing (?).] To make substantial.

Sub*stan"tial*ly, adv. In a substantial manner; in substance; essentially.

In him all his Father shone, Substantially expressed.

Milton.

The laws of this religion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chastle, and temperate.

Tillotson.

Sub*stan"tial*ness, n. The quality or state of being substantial; as, the substantialness of a wall or column.

Sub*stan"tials (?), n. pl. Essential parts. Ayliffe.

Sub*stan"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating.] 1. To make to exist; to make real. Ayliffe.

2. To establish the existence or truth of by proof or competent evidence; to verify; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation; to substantiate a declaration.

Observation is, in turn, wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment.

Coleridge.

Sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?), n. The act of substantiating or proving; evidence; proof.

Sub`stan*ti"val (?), a. Of or pertaining to a substantive; of the nature of substantive. -- Sub`stan*ti"val*ly, adv.

Sub"stan*tive (?), a. [L. substantivus: cf. F. substantif.] 1. Betokening or expressing existence; as, the substantive verb, that is, the verb to be.

2. Depending on itself; independent.

He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was to maintain itself without any aid of the foreigner.

Bacon.

3. Enduring; solid; firm; substantial.

Strength and magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful and substantive manner.

Hazlitt.

4. Pertaining to, or constituting, the essential part or principles; as, the law substantive.

Noun substantive (Gram.), a noun which designates an object, material or immaterial; a substantive. -- Substantive color, one which communicates its color without the aid of a mordant or base; -- opposed to adjective color.

Sub"stan*tive, n. [Cf. F. substantif.] (Gram.) A noun or name; the part of speech which designates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial; as, the words man, horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives.

Sub"stan*tive, v. t. To substantivize. [R.] Cudworth.

Sub"stan*tive*ly, adv. 1. In a substantive manner; in substance; essentially.

2. (Gram.) As a substantive, name, or noun; as, an adjective may be used substantively.

Sub"stan*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being substantive.

Sub"stan*tiv*ize (?), v. t. To convert into a substantive; as, to substantivize an adjective. Fitzed. Hall.

Sub"stile` (?), n. (Dialing) See Substyle.

Sub*stit"u*ent (?), n. [L. substituens, p. pr. See Substitute.] (Chem.) Any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed.

Sub"stit"ute (?), n. [L. substitutus, p. p. of substituere to put under, put in the place of; sub under + statuere to put, place: cf. F. substitut. See Statute.] One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else; specifically (Mil.), a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man.

Hast thou not made me here thy substitute?

Milton.

Ladies [in Shakespeare's age] . . . wore masks as the sole substitute known to our ancestors for the modern parasol.

De Quincey.

Sub"stit"ute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substituted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting (?).] [See Substitute, n.] To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange.

Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others.

Congreve.

Sub"stit"uted (?), a. 1. Exchanged; put in the place of another.

2. (Chem.) Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia.

Substituted executor (Law), an executor appointed to act in place of one removed or resigned.

Sub`sti*tu"tion (?), n. [L. substitutio: cf. F. substitution.] 1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak.

4. (Civil Law) The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill.

5. (Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.) The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metathesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis.

Sub`sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.

Sub`sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

Sub"sti*tu`tive (?), a. [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.] Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*stract" (?), v. t. [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.] To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sub*strac"tion (?), n. [OF. substraction, F. soustraction. See Subtract.] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law) See Subtraction, 3.

Sub*stract"or (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub"strate (?), n. A substratum. [R.]

Sub"strate, a. Having very slight furrows. [R.]

Sub*strate" (?), v. t. [L. substratus, p. p. of substrahere. See Substratum.] To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.]

The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand.

Boyle.

Sub*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Substrata (#). [L. substratus, p. p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

Sub*struct" (?), v. t. [See Substruction.] To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.]

He substructs the religion of Asia as the base.

Emerson.

Sub*struc"tion (?), n. [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground.

It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable.

Evelyn.

Sub*struc"ture (?), n. [Pref. sub- + structure.] 1. (Arch.) Same as Substruction.

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

Sub*sty"lar (?), a. Pertaining to the substyle.

Sub"style` (?), n. (Dialing) A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton.

Sub*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphate with an excess of the base.

Sub*sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

Sub*sul"tive (?), a. Subsultory. [R.] Berkley.

Sub*sul"to*ry (?), a. [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv. [R.]

Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men.

De Quincey.

||Sub*sul"tus (?), n. [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.) A starting, ||twitching, or convulsive motion.

Sub*sum"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo.

Sub*sume" (?), v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else.

To subsume one proposition under another.

De Quincey.

A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness.

W. Pater.

Sub*sump"tion (?), n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another.

The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.

But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule.

De Quincey.

Sub*sump"tive (?), a. Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge.

Sub*tan"gent (?), n. (Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

Sub`tar*ta"re*an (?), a. Being or living under Tartarus; infernal. "Subtartarean powers." Pope.

Sub*tec"ta*cle (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Sub*teg`u*la"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

Sub*ten"ant (?), n. (Law) One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

Sub*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtending.] [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.] To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc.

Sub*tense" (?), n. [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc.

Sub*tep"id (?), a. Slightly tepid.

Sub`te*rete" (?), a. Somewhat terete.

{ Sub*ter"flu*ent (?), Sub*ter"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. subterfluens, p. pr. of subterfluere to flow beneath; subter under + fluere to flow.] Running under or beneath. [R.]

Sub"ter*fuge (?), n. [F., from LL. subterfugium, fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, to escape; subter under + fugere to flee. See Fugitive.] That to which one resorts for escape or concealment; an artifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct; a shift; an evasion.

Affect not little shifts and subterfuges, to avoid the force of an argument.

I. Watts.

By a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render this position safe by rendering it nugatory.

Burke.

Sub"ter*rane (?), n. [Cf. L. subterraneum, F. souterrain. See Subterranean.] A cave or room under ground. [R.] J. Bryant.

Sub`ter*ra"ne*al (?), a. Subterranean. [Obs.]

{ Sub`ter*ra"ne*an (?), Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous (?), } a. [L. subterraneus; sub under + terra earth. See Terrace.] Being or lying under the surface of the earth; situated within the earth, or under ground; as, subterranean springs; a subterraneous passage. -- Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv.

Sub`ter*ran"i*ty (?), n. A place under ground; a subterrany. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sub"ter*ra*ny (?), a. Subterranean. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n. A subterranean place. [Obs.]

Sub`ter*rene" (?), a. [L. subterrenus, equiv. to subterraneus.] Subterraneous. [Obs.]

Sub`ter*res"tri*al (?), a. Subterranean.

Sub`tha*lam"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the optic thalamus.

Sub"tile (?), a. [L. subtilis. See Subtile.] 1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare; as, subtile air; subtile vapor; a subtile medium.