Chapter 112

8. To reduce the intensity or degree of; to tone down; to soften; as, to subdue the brilliancy of colors.

Syn. -- To conquer; overpower; overcome; surmount; vanquish. See Conquer.

Sub*dued" (?), a. 1. Conquered; overpowered; crushed; submissive; mild.

2. Not glaring in color; soft in tone.

Sub*due"ment (?), n. Subdual. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub*du"er (?), n. One who, or that which, subdues; a conqueror. Spenser.

Sub*dul"cid (?), a. [Pref. sub + L. dulcis sweet.] Somewhat sweet; sweetish. [R.]

Sub"du*ple (?), a. (Math.) Indicating one part of two; in the ratio of one to two.

Subduple ratio, the ratio of 1 to 2: thus, 3:6 is a subduple ratio, as 6:3 is a duple ratio.

Sub*du"pli*cate (?), a. (Math.) Expressed by the square root; -- said of ratios.

Subduplicate ratio, the ratio of the square roots, or the square root of a ratio; thus, the subduplicate ratio of a to b is √a to √b, or √a/b.

Sub*du"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the dura mater, or between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.

Sub*ed"i*tor (?), n. An assistant editor, as of a periodical or journal.

Sub`e*lon"gate (?), a. Not fully elongated; somewhat elongated.

Sub*en`do*car"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the endocardium.

Sub*en"dy*mal (?), a. [Pref. sub + endyma.] Situated under the endyma.

Sub*ep`i*der"mal (?), a. Situated immediately below the epidermis.

Sub*ep`i*glot"tic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the epiglottis.

Sub*ep`i*the"li*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the epithelium.

Sub*e"qual (?), a. Nearly equal.

Su"ber*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. subérate.] (Chem.) A salt of suberic acid.

Su*be"re*ous (?), a. [L. subereus of the cork tree.] Of or pertaining to cork; of the nature of cork; suberose.

Su*ber"ic (?), a. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreque.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to cork; specifically, designating an acid, C6H12.(CO2H)2, homologous with oxalic acid, and obtained from cork and certain fatty oils, as a white crystalline substance.

Su"ber*in (?), n. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subérine.] (Bot.) A material found in the cell walls of cork. It is a modification of lignin.

Su"ber*ite (?), n. [L. suber the cork tree.] (Zoöl.) Any sponge of the genus Suberites and allied genera. These sponges have a fine and compact texture, and contain minute siliceous spicules.

Su"ber*one (?), n. (Chem.) (a) The hypothetical ketone of suberic acid. (b) A colorless liquid, analogous suberone proper, having a pleasant peppermint odor. It is obtained by the distillation of calcium suberate.

{ Su"ber*ose` (?), Su"ber*ous (?), } a. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreux.] (Bot.) Having a corky texture.

Sub*e`so*phag"e*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated beneath the esophagus. [Written also subœsophageal.]

Subesophageal ganglion (Zoöl.), a large special ganglion situated beneath the esophagus of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Sub*fam"i*ly (?), n. (Biol.) One of the subdivisions, of more importance than genus, into which certain families are divided.

Sub*fi"brous (?), a. Somewhat fibrous.

Sub*fus"cous (?), a. [L. subfuscus, suffuscus. See Sub-, and Fuscous.] Duskish; moderately dark; brownish; tawny.

Sub*fusk" (?), a. Subfuscous. [Obs.] Tatler.

Sub`ge*lat"i*nous (?), a. Imperfectly or partially gelatinous.

Sub`ge*ner"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subgenus.

Sub*ge"nus (?), n.; pl. Subgenera (&?;). (Biol.) A subdivision of a genus, comprising one or more species which differ from other species of the genus in some important character or characters; as, the azaleas now constitute a subgenus of Rhododendron.

Sub*gla"cial (?), a. Pertaining or belonging to the under side of a glacier; being beneath a glacier; as, subglacial streams.

Sub`glo*bose" (?), a. Not quite globose.

Sub*glob"u*lar (?), a. Nearly globular.

Sub*glos"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the tongue; sublingual.

Sub*glot"tic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated below the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx below the true vocal cords.

Sub`glu*ma"ceous (?), a. Somewhat glumaceous.

Sub*gov"ern*or (?), n. A subordinate or assistant governor.

Sub*gran"u*lar (?), a. Somewhat granular.

Sub"group` (?), n. (Biol.) A subdivision of a group, as of animals. Darwin.

Sub`has*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subhastatio.] A public sale or auction. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

Sub`he*pat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the liver; -- applied to the interlobular branches of the portal vein.

Sub`horn*blend"ic (?), a. (Min.) Containing hornblende in a scattered state; of or relating to rocks containing disseminated hornblende.

Sub*hu"mer*ate (?), v. t. [See Sub- , Humerus.] To place the shoulders under; to bear. [Obs.]

Nothing surer ties a friend than freely to subhumerate the burden which was his.

Feltham.

Sub*hy"a*loid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the hyaliod membrane.

Sub`hy*oid"e*an (?), a. (Anat. & Med.) Situated or performed beneath the hyoid bone; as, subhyoidean laryngotomy.

||Sub`i*ma"go (?), n. [NL. See Sub- , and Imago.] (Zoöl.) A stage in ||the development of certain insects, such as the May flies, ||intermediate between the pupa and imago. In this stage, the insect is ||able to fly, but subsequently sheds a skin before becoming mature. ||Called also pseudimago.

Sub*in`cu*sa"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub + L. incusatio accusation, fr. incusare to accuse.] A slight charge or accusation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sub*in"dex (?), n.; pl. Subindices (&?;). (Math.) A number or mark placed opposite the lower part of a letter or symbol to distinguish the symbol; thus, a0, b1, c2, xn, have 0, 1, 2, and n as subindices.

Sub*in"di*cate (?), v. t. [Pref. sub + indicate: cf. L. subindicare.] To indicate by signs or hints; to indicate imperfectly. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sub*in`di*ca"tion (?), n. The act of indicating by signs; a slight indication. [R.] "The subindication and shadowing of heavenly things." Barrow.

Sub*in`di*vid"u*al (?), n. A division of that which is individual.

An individual can not branch itself into subindividuals.

Milton.

Sub`in*duce" (?), v. t. To insinuate; to offer indirectly. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering.

Sub`in*fer" (?), v. t. & i. To infer from an inference already made. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sub*in`feu*da"tion (?), n. (Law) (a) The granting of lands by inferior lords to their dependents, to be held by themselves by feudal tenure. Craig. (b) Subordinate tenancy; undertenancy.

The widow is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of subinfeudation, or undertenancy.

Blackstone.

Sub`in*gres"sion (?), n. Secret entrance. [R.] Boyle.

Sub`in*tes"ti*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the intestine.

Sub*in`vo*lu"tion (?), n. Partial or incomplete involution; as, subinvolution of the uterus.

Sub`i*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subitaneus. See Sudden.] Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Bullokar. -- Sub`i*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Sub"i*ta*ny (?), a. Subitaneous; sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Hales.

||Su"bi*to (?), adv. [It. & L.] (Mus.) In haste; quickly; rapidly.

Sub*ja"cent (?), a. [L. subjacens, p. pr. of subjacere to lie under; sub under + jacere to lie.] 1. Lying under or below.

2. Being in a lower situation, though not directly beneath; as, hills and subjacent valleys.

Sub*ject" (?), a. [OE. suget, OF. souzget, sougit (in which the first part is L. subtus below, fr. sub under), subgiet, subject, F. sujet, from L. subjectus lying under, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, subicere, to throw, lay, place, or bring under; sub under + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Placed or situated under; lying below, or in a lower situation. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Placed under the power of another; specifically (International Law), owing allegiance to a particular sovereign or state; as, Jamaica is subject to Great Britain.

Esau was never subject to Jacob.

Locke.

3. Exposed; liable; prone; disposed; as, a country subject to extreme heat; men subject to temptation.

All human things are subject to decay.

Dryden.

4. Obedient; submissive.

Put them in mind to be subject to principalities.

Titus iii. 1.

Syn. -- Liable; subordinate; inferior; obnoxious; exposed. See Liable.

Sub*ject", n. [From L. subjectus, through an old form of F. sujet. See Subject, a.] 1. That which is placed under the authority, dominion, control, or influence of something else.

2. Specifically: One who is under the authority of a ruler and is governed by his laws; one who owes allegiance to a sovereign or a sovereign state; as, a subject of Queen Victoria; a British subject; a subject of the United States.

Was never subject longed to be a king, As I do long and wish to be a subject.

Shak.

The subject must obey his prince, because God commands it, human laws require it.

Swift.

In international law, the term subject is convertible with citizen.

3. That which is subjected, or submitted to, any physical operation or process; specifically (Anat.), a dead body used for the purpose of dissection.

4. That which is brought under thought or examination; that which is taken up for discussion, or concerning which anything is said or done. "This subject for heroic song." Milton.

Make choice of a subject, beautiful and noble, which . . . shall afford an ample field of matter wherein to expatiate.

Dryden.

The unhappy subject of these quarrels.

Shak.

5. The person who is treated of; the hero of a piece; the chief character.

Writers of particular lives . . . are apt to be prejudiced in favor of their subject.

C. Middleton.

6. (Logic & Gram.) That of which anything is affirmed or predicated; the theme of a proposition or discourse; that which is spoken of; as, the nominative case is the subject of the verb.

The subject of a proposition is that concerning which anything is affirmed or denied.

I. Watts.

7. That in which any quality, attribute, or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these appertain; substance; substratum.

That which manifests its qualities -- in other words, that in which the appearing causes inhere, that to which they belong - - is called their subject or substance, or substratum.

Sir W. Hamilton.

8. Hence, that substance or being which is conscious of its own operations; the mind; the thinking agent or principal; the ego. Cf. Object, n., 2.

The philosophers of mind have, in a manner, usurped and appropriated this expression to themselves. Accordingly, in their hands, the phrases conscious or thinking subject, and subject, mean precisely the same thing.

Sir W. Hamilton.

9. (Mus.) The principal theme, or leading thought or phrase, on which a composition or a movement is based.

The earliest known form of subject is the ecclesiastical cantus firmus, or plain song.

Rockstro.

10. (Fine Arts) The incident, scene, figure, group, etc., which it is the aim of the artist to represent.

Sub*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjected (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjecting.] 1. To bring under control, power, or dominion; to make subject; to subordinate; to subdue.

Firmness of mind that subjects every gratification of sense to the rule of right reason.

C. Middleton.

In one short view subjected to our eye, Gods, emperors, heroes, sages, beauties, lie.

Pope.

He is the most subjected, the most &?;nslaved, who is so in his understanding.

Locke.

2. To expose; to make obnoxious or liable; as, credulity subjects a person to impositions.

3. To submit; to make accountable.

God is not bound to subject his ways of operation to the scrutiny of our thoughts.

Locke.

4. To make subservient.

Subjected to his service angel wings.

Milton.

5. To cause to undergo; as, to subject a substance to a white heat; to subject a person to a rigid test.

<! p. 1434 !>

Sub*ject"ed (?), a. 1. Subjacent. "Led them direct . . . to the subjected plain." [Obs.] Milton.

2. Reduced to subjection; brought under the dominion of another.

3. Exposed; liable; subject; obnoxious.

Sub*jec"tion (?), n. [L. subjectio: cf. OF. subjection, F. subjétion. See Subject, a.] 1. The act of subjecting, or of bringing under the dominion of another; the act of subduing.

The conquest of the kingdom, and subjection of the rebels.

Sir M. Hale.

2. The state of being subject, or under the power, control, and government of another; a state of obedience or submissiveness; as, the safety of life, liberty, and property depends on our subjection to the laws. "To be bound under subjection." Chaucer.

Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands.

1 Peter iii. 1.

Because the subjection of the body to the will is by natural necessity, the subjection of the will unto God voluntary, we stand in need of direction after what sort our wills and desires may be rightly conformed to His.

Hooker.

Sub"ject*ist (?), n. (Metaph.) One skilled in subjective philosophy; a subjectivist.

Sub*jec"tive (?), a. [L. subjectivus: cf. F. subjectif.] 1. Of or pertaining to a subject.

2. Especially, pertaining to, or derived from, one's own consciousness, in distinction from external observation; ralating to the mind, or intellectual world, in distinction from the outward or material excessively occupied with, or brooding over, one's own internal states.

In the philosophy of the mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the ego; objective, what belongs to the object of thought, the non- ego. See Objective, a., 2. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. (Lit. & Art) Modified by, or making prominent, the individuality of a writer or an artist; as, a subjective drama or painting; a subjective writer.

Syn. -- See Objective.

Subjective sensation (Physiol.), one of the sensations occurring when stimuli due to internal causes excite the nervous apparatus of the sense organs, as when a person imagines he sees figures which have no objective reality.

-- Sub*jec"tive*ly, adv. -- Sub*jec"tive*ness, n.

Sub*jec"tiv*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) Any philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, any subjective states; egoism.

Sub*jec"tiv*ist, n. (Metaph.) One who holds to subjectivism; an egoist.

Sub`jec*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being subjective; character of the subject.

Sub"ject*less (?), a. Having no subject.

Sub"ject-mat`ter (?), n. The matter or thought presented for consideration in some statement or discussion; that which is made the object of thought or study.

As to the subject-matter, words are always to be understood as having a regard thereto.

Blackstone.

As science makes progress in any subject-matter, poetry recedes from it.

J. H. Newman.

Sub"ject*ness, n. Quality of being subject. [R.]

Sub*jic"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being subjected. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sub*join" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjoining.] [Cf. OF. subjoindre, L. subjungere. See Sub-, and Join, and cf. Subjective.] To add after something else has been said or written; to ANNEX; as, to subjoin an argument or reason.

Syn. -- To add; annex; join; unite.

Sub*join"der (?), n. An additional remark. [R.]

||Sub ju"di*ce (?). [L.] Before the judge, or court; not yet decided; ||under judicial consideration.

Sub"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjugated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjugating.] [L. subjugatus, p. p. of subjugare to subjugate; sub under + jugum a yoke. See Yoke.] To subdue, and bring under the yoke of power or dominion; to conquer by force, and compel to submit to the government or absolute control of another; to vanquish.

He subjugated a king, and called him his "vassal."

Baker.

Syn. -- To conquer; subdue; overcome. See Conquer.

Sub`ju*ga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subjugation, LL. subjugatio.] The act of subjugating, or the state of being subjugated.

Sub"ju*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who subjugates; a conqueror.

Sub*junc"tion (?), n. [See Subjunctive.] 1. Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined.

2. Something subjoined; as, a subjunction to a sentence.

Sub*junc"tive (?), a. [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjungere, subjunctum, to subjoin: cf. F. subjonctif. See Subjoin.] Subjoined or added to something before said or written.

Subjunctive mood (Gram.), that form of a verb which express the action or state not as a fact, but only as a conception of the mind still contingent and dependent. It is commonly subjoined, or added as subordinate, to some other verb, and in English is often connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, until, etc., as in the following sentence: "If there were no honey, they [bees] would have no object in visiting the flower." Lubbock. In some languages, as in Latin and Greek, the subjunctive is often independent of any other verb, being used in wishes, commands, exhortations, etc.

Sub*junc"tive, n. (Gram.) The subjunctive mood; also, a verb in the subjunctive mood.

Sub*king"dom (?), n. One of the several primary divisions of either the animal, or vegetable kingdom, as, in zoölogy, the Vertebrata, Tunicata, Mollusca, Articulata, Molluscoidea, Echinodermata, Cœlentera, and the Protozoa; in botany, the Phanerogamia, and the Cryptogamia.

Sub`lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. & a. [Pref. sub + lapse: cf. F. sublapsarien, sublapsarie.] (Eccl. Hist.) Same as Infralapsarian.

Sub`lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. Infralapsarianism.

Sub*lap"sa*ry (?), a. Sublapsarian. Johnson.

Sub"late (?), v. t. [From sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away. See Tolerate.] To take or carry away; to remove. [R.] E. Hall.

Sub*la"tion (?), n. [L. sublatio, fr. sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away.] The act of taking or carrying away; removal. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Sub"la*tive (?), a. Having power, or tending, to take away. [R.] Harris.

Sub"lease` (?), n. (Law) A lease by a tenant or lessee to another person; an underlease. Bouvier.

Sub`les*see" (?), n. A holder of a sublease.

Sub*let" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublet; p. pr. & vb. n. Subletting.] To underlet; to lease, as when a lessee leases to another person.

Sub`le*va"tion (?), n. [L. sublevare to lift up; sub under + levare to lift, raise: cf. L. sublevatio an allevation.] 1. The act of raising on high; elevation. Sir T. More.

2. An uprising; an insurrection. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

Sub`li*bra"ri*an (?), n. An under or assistant librarian.

Sub`lieu*ten"ant (?), n. [Pref. sub + lieutenant: cf. F. sous-lieutenant.] An inferior or second lieutenant; in the British service, a commissioned officer of the lowest rank.

Sub`li*ga"tion (?), n. [L. subligatio, from subligare to bind below; sub under + ligare to bind.] The act of binding underneath. [R.]

Sub*lim"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. sublimable. See Sublime., v. t.] Capable of being sublimed or sublimated. -- Sub*lim"a*ble*ness, n. Boyle.

Sub"li*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sublimating.] [L. sublimatus, p. p. of sublimare to raise, elevate, fr. sublimis high: cf. F. sublimer. See Sublime, a., and cf. Surlime, v. t.] 1. To bring by heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state; as, to sublimate sulphur or camphor.

2. To refine and exalt; to heighten; to elevate.

The precepts of Christianity are . . . so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt.

Dr. H. More.

Sub"li*mate (?), n. [LL. sublimatum.] (Chem.) A product obtained by sublimation; hence, also, a purified product so obtained.

Corrosive sublimate. (Chem.) See under Corrosive.

Sub"li*mate, a. [LL. sublimatus.] Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed as a solid.

Sub"li*ma`ted (?), a. Refined by, or as by, sublimation; exalted; purified.

[Words] whose weight best suits a sublimated strain.

Dryden.

Sub"li*ma`tion (?), n. [LL. sublimatio: cf. F. sublimation.] 1. (Chem.) The act or process of subliming, or the state or result of being sublimed.

2. The act of heightening or improving; exaltation; elevation; purification.

3. That which is sublimed; the product of a purifying process.

Religion is the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality.

South.

Sub"li*ma*to*ry (?), a. Used for sublimation; as, sublimatory vessels. Boyle.

Sub"li*ma*to*ry, n. A vessel used for sublimation.

Vials, crosslets, and sublimatories.

Chaucer.

Sub*lime" (?), a. [Compar. Sublimer (?); superl. Sublimest.] [L. sublimis; sub under + (perhaps) a word akin to limen lintel, sill, thus meaning, up to the lintel: cf. F. sublime. Cf. Eliminate.] 1. Lifted up; high in place; exalted aloft; uplifted; lofty.

Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared.

Dryden.

2. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; -- said of persons. "The sublime Julian leader." De Quincey.

3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; dignified; grand; solemn; stately; -- said of an impressive object in nature, of an action, of a discourse, of a work of art, of a spectacle, etc.; as, sublime scenery; a sublime deed.

Easy in words thy style, in sense sublime.

Prior.

Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong.

Longfellow.

4. Elevated by joy; elate. [Poetic]

Their hearts were jocund and sublime, Drunk with idolatry, drunk with wine.

Milton.

5. Lofty of mien; haughty; proud. [Poetic] "Countenance sublime and insolent." Spenser.

His fair, large front and eye sublime declared Absolute rule.

Milton.

Syn. -- Exalted; lofty; noble; majestic. See Grand.

Sub*lime", n. That which is sublime; -- with the definite article; as: (a) A grand or lofty style in speaking or writing; a style that expresses lofty conceptions.

The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magnificence of words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the phrase.

Addison.

(b) That which is grand in nature or art, as distinguished from the merely beautiful.

Sub*lime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subliming.] [Cf. L. sublimare, F. sublimer to subject to sublimation. See Sublime, a., and cf. Sublimate, v. t.] 1. To raise on high. [Archaic]

A soul sublimed by an idea above the region of vanity and conceit.

E. P. Whipple.

2. (Chem.) To subject to the process of sublimation; to heat, volatilize, and condense in crystals or powder; to distill off, and condense in solid form; hence, also, to purify.

3. To exalt; to heighten; to improve; to purify.

The sun . . . Which not alone the southern wit sublimes, But ripens spirits in cold, northern climes.

Pope.

4. To dignify; to ennoble.

An ordinary gift can not sublime a person to a supernatural employment.

Jer. Taylor.

Sub*lime" (?), v. i. (Chem.) To pass off in vapor, with immediate condensation; specifically, to evaporate or volatilize from the solid state without apparent melting; -- said of those substances, like arsenic, benzoic acid, etc., which do not exhibit a liquid form on heating, except under increased pressure.

Sub*limed" (?), a. (Chem.) Having been subjected to the process of sublimation; hence, also, purified. "Sublimed mercurie." Chaucer.

Sub*lime"ly (?), adv. In a sublime manner.

Sub*lime"ness, n. The quality or state of being sublime; sublimity.

Sub*lim`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sublimis sublime + -ficare to make. See -ry.] The act of making sublime, or state of being made sublime.

Sub*lim"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sublimities (#). [L. sublimitas: cf. F. sublimité.] 1. The quality or state of being sublime (in any sense of the adjective).

2. That which is sublime; as, the sublimities of nature.