Chapter 55

2. Successive; one following the other without break or intervention; -- said of periods of time; as, to be away two days running; to sow land two years running.

3. Flowing; easy; cursive; as, a running hand.

4. Continuous; keeping along step by step; as, he stated the facts with a running explanation. "A running conquest." Milton.

What are art and science if not a running commentary on Nature?

Hare.

5. (Bot.) Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem; as, a running vine.

6. (Med.) Discharging pus; as, a running sore.

Running block (Mech.), a block in an arrangement of pulleys which rises or sinks with the weight which is raised or lowered. -- Running board, a narrow platform extending along the side of a locomotive. -- Running bowsprit (Naut.) Same as Reefing bowsprit. -- Running days (Com.), the consecutive days occupied on a voyage under a charter party, including Sundays and not limited to the working days. Simmonds. -- Running fire, a constant fire of musketry or cannon. -- Running gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle, and their attachments, in distinction from the body; all the working parts of a locomotive or other machine, in distinction from the framework. - - Running hand, a style of rapid writing in which the letters are usually slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen; -- distinguished from round hand. -- Running part (Naut.), that part of a rope that is hauled upon, -- in distinction from the standing part. -- Running rigging (Naut.), that part of a ship's rigging or ropes which passes through blocks, etc.; -- in distinction from standing rigging. -- Running title (Print.), the title of a book or chapter continued from page to page on the upper margin.

Run"ning, n. The act of one who, or of that which runs; as, the running was slow.

2. That which runs or flows; the quantity of a liquid which flows in a certain time or during a certain operation; as, the first running of a still.

3. The discharge from an ulcer or other sore.

At long running, in the long run. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Run"ning*ly, adv. In a running manner.

Run"nion (?), n. See Ronion.

Ru*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Rune + - logy.] The science of runes. -- Ru*nol"o*gist (#), n.

Run"round` (?), n. A felon or whitlow. [Colloq. U.S.]

Runt (?), n. [Written also rant.] [Scot. runt an old cow, an old, withered woman, a hardened stem or stalk, the trunk of a tree; cf. D. rund a bullock, an ox or cow, G. rind. Cf. Rother, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal which is unusually small, as compared with others of its kind; -- applied particularly to domestic animals.

2. (Zoöl.) A variety of domestic pigeon, related to the barb and carrier.

3. A dwarf; also, a mean, despicable, boorish person; -- used opprobriously.

Before I buy a bargain of such runts, I'll buy a college for bears, and live among 'em.

Beau. & Fl.

4. The dead stump of a tree; also, the stem of a plant. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Neither young poles nor old runts are durable.

Holland.

Runt"y (?), a. Like a runt; diminutive; mean.

Run"way` (?), n. 1. The channel of a stream.

2. The beaten path made by deer or other animals in passing to and from their feeding grounds.

Ru*pee" (r*p"), n. [Hind. rpiyah, fr. Skr. rpya silver, coined silver or gold, handsome.] A silver coin, and money of account, in the East Indies.

The valuation of the rupee of sixteen annas, the standard coin of India, by the United States Treasury department, varies from time to time with the price of silver. In 1889 it was rated at about thirty-two cents.

Ru"pel*la*ry (?), n. [From L. rupes a rock.] Rocky. [Obs.] "This rupellary nidary." Evelyn.

Ru"pert's drop` (?). A kind of glass drop with a long tail, made by dropping melted glass into water. It is remarkable for bursting into fragments when the surface is scratched or the tail broken; -- so called from Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I., by whom they were first brought to England. Called also Rupert's ball, and glass tear.

||Ru"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. G. &?; filth, dirt.] (Med.) An eruption ||upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled ||with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a ||blackish crust.

Ru"pi*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to rupia.

||Ru*pic"o*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. rupes, gen. rupis, a rock + colere ||to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A genus of beautiful South American passerine ||birds, including the cock of the rock.

The species are remarkable for having an elevated fan-shaped crest of feathers on the head, and for the beautiful color of their plumage, which is mostly some delicate shade of yellow or orange.

Ru*pic"o*line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Rock-inhabiting.

Rup"tion (?), n. [L. ruptio, fr. rumpere, ruptum, to break.] A breaking or bursting open; breach; rupture. "By ruption or apertion." Wiseman.

Rup"tu*a*ry (?; 135), n. [Cf. Roturier.] One not of noble blood; a plebeian; a roturier. [R.]

The exclusion of the French ruptuaries ("roturiers," for history must find a word for this class when it speaks of other nations) from the order of nobility.

Chenevix.

Rup"ture (?; 135), n. [L. ruptura, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break: cf. F. rupture. See Reave, and cf. Rout a defeat.] 1. The act of breaking apart, or separating; the state of being broken asunder; as, the rupture of the skin; the rupture of a vessel or fiber; the rupture of a lutestring. Arbuthnot.

Hatch from the egg, that soon, Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young.

Milton.

2. Breach of peace or concord between individuals; open hostility or war between nations; interruption of friendly relations; as, the parties came to a rupture.

He knew that policy would disincline Napoleon from a rupture with his family.

E. Everett.

3. (Med.) Hernia. See Hernia.

4. A bursting open, as of a steam boiler, in a less sudden manner than by explosion. See Explosion.

Modulus of rupture. (Engin.) See under Modulus.

Syn. -- Fracture; breach; break; burst; disruption; dissolution. See Fracture.

Rup"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruptured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rupturing.] 1. To part by violence; to break; to burst; as, to rupture a blood vessel.

2. To produce a hernia in.

Rup"ture, v. i. To suffer a breach or disruption.

Rup"tured (?; 135), a. (Med.) Having a rupture, or hernia.

Rup"ture*wort" (?; 135), n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Burstwort. (b) A West Indian plant (Alternanthera polygonoides) somewhat resembling burstwort.

Ru"ral (?), a. [F., fr. L. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, the country. Cf. Room space, Rustic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country, as distinguished from a city or town; living in the country; suitable for, or resembling, the country; rustic; as, rural scenes; a rural prospect.

Here is a rural fellow; . . . He brings you figs.

Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to agriculture; as, rural economy.

Rural dean. (Eccl.) See under Dean. -- Rural deanery (Eccl.), the state, office, or residence, of a rural dean.

Syn. -- Rustic. -- Rural, Rustic. Rural refers to the country itself; as, rural scenes, prospects, delights, etc. Rustic refers to the character, condition, taste, etc., of the original inhabitants of the country, who were generally uncultivated and rude; as, rustic manners; a rustic dress; a rustic bridge; rustic architecture, etc.

We turn To where the silver Thames first rural grows.

Thomson.

Lay bashfulness, that rustic virtue, by; To manly confidence thy throughts apply.

Dryden.

||Ru*ra"les (r*r"lz), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The gossamer-winged ||butterflies; a family of small butterflies, including the ||hairstreaks, violets, and theclas.

Ru"ral*ism (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being rural; ruralness.

2. A rural idiom or expression.

Ru"ral*ist, n. One who leads a rural life. Coventry.

Ru*ral"i*ty (?), n.; pl. - ties (#). [Cf. LL. ruralitas.] 1. The quality or state of being rural.

2. A rural place. "Leafy ruralities." Carlyle.

Ru"ral*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruralized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ruralizing (?).] To render rural; to give a rural appearance to.

Ru"ral*ize, v. i. To become rural; to go into the country; to rusticate.

Ru"ral*ly, adv. In a rural manner; as in the country.

Ru"ral*ness, n. The quality or state of being rural.

Ru*ric"o*list (?), n. [L. ruricola; rus, ruris, the country + colere to inhabit.] An inhabitant of the country. [R.] Bailey.

Ru`ri*dec"a*nal (?), a. [L. rus, ruris the country + decanus the chief of ten. See Dean.] Of or pertaining to a rural dean; as, a ruridecanal district; the ruridecanal intellect. [R.]

Ru*rig"e*nous (?), a. [L. rurigena; rus, ruris, the country + genere, gignere, to bring forth, pass., to be born.] Born in the country. [Obs.]

Ruse (?), n. [F., fr. OF. reüser, rehuser, to turn aside, to shuffle, retreat, fr. L. recusare to refuse; pref. re- again + causa cause. See Cause, and cf. Recusant.] An artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; fraud; deceit.

||Ruse de guerre (&?;) [F.], a stratagem of war.

Rush (?), n. [OE. rusche, rische, resche, AS. risce, akin to LG. rusk, risch, D. & G. rusch; all probably fr. L. ruscum butcher's broom; akin to Goth. raus reed, G. rohr.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with soft, slender stems, as the species of Juncus and Scirpus.

Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats, and the pith is used in some places for wicks to lamps and rushlights.

2. The merest trifle; a straw.

John Bull's friendship is not worth a rush.

Arbuthnot.

Bog rush. See under Bog. -- Club rush, any rush of the genus Scirpus. -- Flowering rush. See under Flowering. -- Nut rush (a) Any plant of the genus Scleria, rushlike plants with hard nutlike fruits. (b) A name for several species of Cyperus having tuberous roots. -- Rush broom, an Australian leguminous plant (Viminaria denudata), having long, slender branches. Also, the Spanish broom. See under Spanish. -- Rush candle, See under Candle. -- Rush grass, any grass of the genus Vilfa, grasses with wiry stems and one-flowered spikelets. -- Rush toad (Zoöl.), the natterjack. -- Scouring rush. (Bot.) Same as Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Spike rush, any rushlike plant of the genus Eleocharis, in which the flowers grow in dense spikes. -- Sweet rush, a sweet-scented grass of Arabia, etc. (Andropogon schœnanthus), used in Oriental medical practice. -- Wood rush, any plant of the genus Luzula, which differs in some technical characters from Juncus.

Rush (rsh), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rushed (rsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Rushing.] [OE. ruschen; cf. AS. hryscan to make a noise, D. ruischen to rustle, G. rauschen, MHG. rschen to rush, to rustle, LG. rusken, OSw. ruska, Icel. & Sw. ruska to shake, Dan. ruske to shake, and E. rouse.] 1. To move forward with impetuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity or haste; as, armies rush to battle; waters rush down a precipice.

Like to an entered tide, they all rush by.

Shak.

2. To enter into something with undue haste and eagerness, or without due deliberation and preparation; as, to rush business or speculation.

They . . . never think it to be a part of religion to rush into the office of princes and ministers.

Sprat.

Rush, v. t. 1. To push or urge forward with impetuosity or violence; to hurry forward.

2. To recite (a lesson) or pass (an examination) without an error. [College Cant, U.S.]

Rush, n. 1. A moving forward with rapidity and force or eagerness; a violent motion or course; as, a rush of troops; a rush of winds; a rush of water.

A gentleman of his train spurred up his horse, and, with a violent rush, severed him from the duke.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. Great activity with pressure; as, a rush of business. [Colloq.]

3. A perfect recitation. [College Cant, U.S.]

4. (Football) (a) A rusher; as, the center rush, whose place is in the center of the rush line; the end rush. (b) The act of running with the ball.

Bunt rush (Football), a combined rush by main strength. -- Rush line (Football), the line composed of rushers.

Rush"-bear`ing (?), n. A kind of rural festival at the dedication of a church, when the parishioners brought rushes to strew the church. [Eng.] Nares.

Rush"buc`kler (?), n. A bullying and violent person; a braggart; a swashbuckler. [Obs.]

That flock of stout, bragging rushbucklers.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Rushed (?), a. Abounding or covered with rushes.

Rush"er (?), n. One who rushes. Whitlock.

Rush"er, n. One who strewed rushes on the floor at dances. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Rush"i*ness (?), n. [From Rushy.] The quality or state of abounding with rushes.

Rush"ing*ly, adv. In a rushing manner.

Rush"light` (?), n. A rush candle, or its light; hence, a small, feeble light.

Rush"like` (?), a. Resembling a rush; weak.

Rush"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with rushes.

2. Made of rushes.

My rushy couch and frugal fare.

Goldsmith.

Ru"sine (?), a. [NL. rusa, the name of the genus, Malay rsa deer.] (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rusa, which includes the sambur deer (Rusa Aristotelis) of India.

Rusine antler (Zoöl.), an antler with the brow tyne simple, and the beam forked at the tip.

Rusk (?), n. [Sp. rosca de mar sea rusks, a kind of biscuit, rosca properly meaning, a screw, spiral.] 1. A kind of light, soft bread made with yeast and eggs, often toasted or crisped in an oven; or, a kind of sweetened biscuit.

2. A kind of light, hard cake or bread, as for stores. Smart.

3. Bread or cake which has been made brown and crisp, and afterwards grated, or pulverized in a mortar.

Rus"ma (?), n. [Corrupt. from Turk. khyryzma a paste used as a depilatory, fr. Gr. &?; an unguent; cf. F. rusma.] A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the Turks. See Rhusma.

Russ (?), n. sing. & pl. 1. A Russian, or the Russians. [Rare, except in poetry.]

2. The language of the Russians.

Russ, a. Of or pertaining to the Russians.

Rus"set (?), a. [F. rousset, dim. of roux red, L. russus (for rudtus, rudhtus), akin to E. red. See Red, and cf. Roussette.] 1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also, of a yellowish brown color.

The morn, in russet mantle clad.

Shak.

Our summer such a russet livery wears.

Dryden.

2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak.

Rus"set, n. 1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color.

2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color.

3. A country dress; -- so called because often of a russet color. Dryden.

4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as, the English russet, and the Roxbury russet.

Rus"set*ing, n. See Russet, n., 2 and 4.

Rus"set*y (?), a. Of a russet color; russet.

Rus"sia (?), n. A country of Europe and Asia.

Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. -- Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. -- Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europæa).

<! p. 1263. !>

Rus"sian (? or ?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia.

Russian bath. See under Bath.

Rus"sian*ize (?), v. t. To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as, to Russianize the Poles.

Rus"si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Russia + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act or process of Russifying, or the state of being Russified.

Rus"si*fy (?), v. t. [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.] To Russianize; as, to Russify conquered tribes.

{ Rus"so*phile (?), Rus*soph"i*list (?) }, n. [Russia + Gr. filei^n to love: cf. F. russophile.] One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and aggrandizement. -- Rus*soph"ilism (#), n. [Chiefly newspaper words.]

{ Rus"so*phobe (?), Rus*soph"o*bist (?) }, [Russia + Gr. fobei^n to fear.] One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.]

Rus`so*pho"bi*a (?), n. Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

Rust (?), n. [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryð; -- named from its color, and akin to E. red. &radic;113. See Red.] 1. (Chem.) The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion.

2. (Bot.) A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo-vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish.

Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea.

3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects. Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as, rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence.

Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures.

Eikon Basilike.

Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as, rust-colored, rust-consumed, rust- eaten, and the like.

Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. -- Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges.

Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusting.] [AS. rustian.] 1. To contract rust; to be or become oxidized.

If gold ruste, what shall iron do?

Chaucer.

Our armors now may rust.

Dryden.

2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also, to acquire a rusty appearance, as plants.

3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by inaction.

Must I rust in Egypt? never more Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece?

Dryden.

Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind.

Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.

Shak.

2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johnson.

Rust"ful (?), a. Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. "Rustful sloth." Quarles.

Rus"tic (?), a. [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as, the rustic gods of antiquity. "Rustic lays." Milton.

And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die.

Gray.

She had a rustic, woodland air.

Wordsworth.

2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as, rustic manners. "A rustic muse." Spenser.

3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, a rustic entertainment; rustic dress.

4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope.

Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvæ are called cutworms. See Cutworm. -- Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous. (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged.

Syn. -- Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; awkward; rough; coarse; plain; unadorned; simple; artless; honest. See Rural.

Rus"tic, n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown.

Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away.

Pope.

2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic]

Rus`tic*al (?), a. Rustic. "Rustical society." Thackeray. -- Rus"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Rus"tic*al*ness, n.

Rus"ti*cate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rusticating.] [L. rusticaticus, p. p. of rusticari to rusticate. See Rustic.] To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. Pope.

Rus"ti*cate, v. t. To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on.

The town is again beginning to be full, and the rusticated beauty sees an end of her banishment.

Idler.

Rus"ti*ca`ted (?), a. (Arch.) Resembling rustic work. See Rustic work (a), under Rustic.

Rus`ti*ca"tion (?), n. [L. rusticatio.] 1. The act of rusticating, or the state of being rusticated; specifically, the punishment of a student for some offense, by compelling him to leave the institution for a time.

2. (Arch.) Rustic work.

Rus*tic"ity (?), n. [L. rusticitas: cf. F. rusticité.] The quality or state of being rustic; rustic manners; rudeness; simplicity; artlessness.

The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral can not be so well expressed in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixed and qualified with the Doric dialect.

Addison.

The Saxons were refined from their rusticity.

Sir W. Scott.

Rus"tic*ly (?), adv. In a rustic manner; rustically. Chapman.

Rust"i*ly (?), adv. In a rusty state.

Rust"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being rusty.

Rus"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Rustling (?).] [AS. hristlan to rustle; or cf. Sw. rusta to stir, make a riot, or E. rush, v.] 1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves.

He is coming; I hear his straw rustle.

Shak.

Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk.

Shak.

2. To stir about energetically; to strive to succeed; to bustle about. [Slang, Western U.S.]

Rus"tle, v. t. To cause to rustle; as, the wind rustles the leaves.

Rus"tle, n. A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw, by rubbing silk, or the like; a rustling.

When the noise of a torrent, the rustle of a wood, the song of birds, or the play of lambs, had power to fill the attention, and suspend all perception of the course of time.

Idler.

Rus"tler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, rustles.

2. A bovine animal that can care for itself in any circumstances; also, an alert, energetic, driving person. [Slang, Western U.S.]

Rust"less (?), a. Free from rust.

Rust"y (?), a. [AS. rustig.] [Compar. Rustier (&?;); superl. Rustiest.] 1. Covered or affected with rust; as, a rusty knife or sword; rusty wheat.

2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect.

[Hector,] in this dull and long-continued truce, Is rusty grown.

Shak.

3. Discolored and rancid; reasty; as, rusty bacon.

4. Surly; morose; crusty; sullen. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Rusty words." Piers Plowman.

5. Rust-colored; dark. "Rusty blood." Spenser.

6. Discolored; stained; not cleanly kept; filthy.

The rusty little schooners that bring firewood from the British provinces.

Hawthorne.

7. (Bot.) Resembling, or covered with a substance resembling, rust; affected with rust; rubiginous.

Rut (?), n. [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. rugitus a roaring, fr. rugire to roar; - - so called from the noise made by deer in rutting time.] 1. (Physiol.) Sexual desire or œstrus of deer, cattle, and various other mammals; heat; also, the period during which the œstrus exists.

2. Roaring, as of waves breaking upon the shore; rote. See Rote.

Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rutting.] To have a strong sexual impulse at the reproductive period; -- said of deer, cattle, etc.

Rut, v. t. To cover in copulation. Dryden.

Rut, n. [variant of route.] A track worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything; a groove in which anything runs. Also used figuratively.

Rut, v. t. To make a rut or ruts in; -- chiefly used as a past participle or a participial adj.; as, a rutted road.