Chapter 29

Rep"ro*ba*tive (-b?-t?v), a. Of or pertaining to reprobation; expressing reprobation.

Rep"ro*ba`to*ry (-b?`t?-r?), a. Reprobative.

Re`pro*duce" (r?`pr?-d?s"), v. t. To produce again. Especially: (a) To bring forward again; as, to reproduce a witness; to reproduce charges; to reproduce a play. (b) To cause to exist again.

Those colors are unchangeable, and whenever all those rays with those their colors are mixed again they reproduce the same white light as before.

Sir I. Newton.

(c) To produce again, by generation or the like; to cause the existence of (something of the same class, kind, or nature as another thing); to generate or beget, as offspring; as, to reproduce a rose; some animals are reproduced by gemmation. (d) To make an image or other representation of; to portray; to cause to exist in the memory or imagination; to make a copy of; as, to reproduce a person's features in marble, or on canvas; to reproduce a design.

Re`pro*du"cer (-d?"s?r), n. One who, or that which, reproduces. Burke.

Re`pro*duc"tion (-d?k"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reproduction.] 1. The act or process of reproducing; the state of being reproduced; specifically (Biol.), the process by which plants and animals give rise to offspring.

There are two distinct methods of reproduction; viz.: asexual reproduction (agamogenesis) and sexual reproduction (gamogenesis). In both cases the new individual is developed from detached portions of the parent organism. In asexual reproduction (gemmation, fission, etc.), the detached portions of the organism develop into new individuals without the intervention of other living matter. In sexual reproduction, the detached portion, which is always a single cell, called the female germ cell, is acted upon by another portion of living matter, the male germ cell, usually from another organism, and in the fusion of the two (impregnation) a new cell is formed, from the development of which arises a new individual.

2. That which is reproduced.

Re`pro*duc"tive (-t?v), a. [Cf. F. reproductif.] Tending, or pertaining, to reproduction; employed in reproduction. Lyell.

Re`pro*duc"to*ry (-t?-r?), a. Reproductive.

Re*proof" (r?-pr??f"), n. [OE. reproef. See Proof, Reprove.] 1. Refutation; confutation; contradiction. [Obs.]

2. An expression of blame or censure; especially, blame expressed to the face; censure for a fault; chiding; reproach.

Those best can bear reproof who merit praise.

Pope.

Syn. -- Admonition; reprehension; chiding; reprimand; rebuke; censure; blame. See Admonition.

Re*prov"a*ble (r?-pr??v"?-b'l), a. [Cf. F. réprouvable.] Worthy of reproof or censure. Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- Blamable; blameworthy; censurable; reprehensible; culpable; rebukable.

--Re*prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*prov"a*bly, adv.

Re prov"al (-al), n. Reproof. Sir P. Sidney.

Re*prove" (r?-pr??v"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reproved (-pr??vd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reproving.] [F. réprouver, OF. reprover, fr. L. reprobare. See Reprieve, Reprobate, and cf. Reproof.] 1. To convince. [Obs.]

When he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment.

John xvi. 9.

2. To disprove; to refute. [Obs.]

Reprove my allegation, if you can.

Shak.

3. To chide to the face as blameworthy; to accuse as guilty; to censure.

What if thy son

Prove disobedient, and, reproved, retort, "Wherefore didst thou beget me?"

Milton.

4. To express disapprobation of; as, to reprove faults.

He neither reproved the ordinance of John, neither plainly condemned the fastings of the other men.

Udall.

Syn. -- To reprehend; chide; rebuke; scold; blame censure. -- Reprove, Rebuke, Reprimand. These words all signufy the expression of disapprobation. To reprove implies greater calmness and self-possession. To rebuke implies a more excited and personal feeling. A reproof may be administered long after the offience is committed, and is usually intended for the reformation of the offender; a rebuke is commonly given at the moment of the wrong, and is administered by way of punishment and condemnation. A reprimand proceeds from a person invested with authority, and is a formal and offiscial act. A child is reproved for his faults, and rebuked for his impudence. A military officer is reprimanded for neglect or violation of duty.

Re*prov"er (r?-pr??v"?r), n. One who, or that which, reproves.

Re*prov"ing*ly, adv. In a reproving manner.

Re*prune" (r*prn"), v. t. To prune again or anew.

Yet soon reprunes her wing to soar anew.

Young.

Rep"-sil`ver (r?p"s?l`v?r), n. [See Reap.] Money anciently paid by servile tenants to their lord, in lieu of the customary service of reaping his corn or grain.

Rep"tant (r?p"tant), a. [L. reptans, -antis, p. pr. of reptare, v. intens. from repere to creep. See Reptile.]

1. (Bot.) Same as Repent.

2. (Zoöl.) Creeping; crawling; -- said of reptiles, worms, etc.

||Rep*tan"ti*a (r?p-t?n"sh?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of ||gastropods; the Pectinibranchiata.

Rep*ta"tion (r?p-t?"sh?n), n. [L. reptatio, from reptare: cf. F. reptation.] (Zoöl.) The act of creeping.

Rep"ta*to*ry (r?p"t?-t?-r?), a. (Zoöl.) Creeping.

Rep"tile (r?p"t?l;277), a. [F. reptile, L. reptilis, fr. repere, reptum, to creep; cf. Lith. reploti; perh. akin to L. serpere. Cf. Serpent.] 1. Creeping; moving on the belly, or by means of small and short legs.

2. Hence: Groveling; low; vulgar; as, a reptile race or crew; reptile vices.

There is also a false, reptile prudence, the result not of caution, but of fear.

Burke.

And dislodge their reptile souls From the bodies and forms of men.

Coleridge.

Rep"tile, n. 1. (Zoöl.) An animal that crawls, or moves on its belly, as snakes,, or by means of small, short legs, as lizards, and the like.

An inadvertent step may crush the snail That crawls at evening in the public path; But he that has humanity, forewarned, Will tread aside, and let the reptile live.

Cowper.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the Reptilia, or one of the Amphibia.

The amphibians were formerly classed with Reptilia, and are still popularly called reptiles, though much more closely allied to the fishes.

3. A groveling or very mean person.

||Rep*til"i*a (r?p-t?l"?-?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A class of ||air-breathing oviparous vertebrates, usually covered with scales or ||bony plates. The heart generally has two auricles and one ventricle. ||The development of the young is the same as that of birds.

It is nearly related in many respects to Aves, or birds. The principal existing orders are Testidunata or Chelonia (turtles), Crocodilia, Lacertilla (lizards), Ophidia (serpents), and Rhynchocephala; the chief extinct orders are Dinosauria, Theremorpha, Mosasauria, Pterosauria, Plesiosauria, Ichtyosauria.

Rep*til"i*an (-an), a. Belonging to the reptiles.

Reptilian age (Geol.), that part of geological time comprising the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods, and distinguished as that era in which the class of reptiles attained its highest expansion; -- called also the Secondary or Mezozoic age.

Rep*til"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Reptilia; a reptile.

Re*pub"lic (r?-p?b"l?k), n. [F. république, L. respublica commonwealth; res a thing, an affair + publicus, publica, public. See Real, a., and Public.]

1. Common weal. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. A state in which the sovereign power resides in the whole body of the people, and is exercised by representatives elected by them; a commonwealth. Cf. Democracy, 2.

In some ancient states called republics the sovereign power was exercised by an hereditary aristocracy or a privileged few, constituting a government now distinctively called an aristocracy. In some there was a division of authority between an aristocracy and the whole body of the people except slaves. No existing republic recognizes an exclusive privilege of any class to govern, or tolerates the institution of slavery.

Republic of letters, The collective body of literary or learned men.

Re*pub"lic*an (-l?-kan), a. [F. républicain.] 1. Of or pertaining to a republic.

The Roman emperors were republican magistrates named by the senate.

Macaulay.

2. Consonant with the principles of a republic; as, republican sentiments or opinions; republican manners.

Republican party. (U.S. Politics) (a) An earlier name of the Democratic party when it was opposed to the Federal party. Thomas Jefferson was its great leader. (b) One of the existing great parties. It was organized in 1856 by a combination of voters from other parties for the purpose of opposing the extension of slavery, and in 1860 it elected Abraham Lincoln president.

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Re*pub"lic*an (r?-p?b"l?-kan), n. 1. One who favors or prefers a republican form of government.

2. (U.S.Politics) A member of the Republican party.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The American cliff swallow. The cliff swallows build their nests side by side, many together. (b) A South African weaver bird (Philetærus socius). These weaver birds build many nests together, under a large rooflike shelter, which they make of straw.

Red republican. See under Red.

Re*pub"lic*an*ism (-?z'm), n. [Cf. F. républicanisme.] 1. A republican form or system of government; the principles or theory of republican government.

2. Attachment to, or political sympathy for, a republican form of government. Burke.

3. The principles and policy of the Republican party, so called [U.S.]

Re*pub"lic*an*ize (-?z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Republicanized (-?zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Republicanizing (-?`z?ng).] [Cf. F. républicaniser.] To change, as a state, into a republic; to republican principles; as, France was republicanized; to republicanize the rising generation. D. Ramsay.

Re*pub"li*cate (r?*p?b"l?*k?t), v. t. [Cf. LL. republicare.] To make public again; to republish. [Obs.]

Re*pub`li*ca"tion (r?-p?b`l?-k?"sh?n), n. A second publication, or a new publication of something before published, as of a former will, of a volume already published, or the like; specifically, the publication in one country of a work first issued in another; a reprint.

If there be many testaments, the last overthrows all the former; but the republication of a former will revokes one of a later date, and establishes the first.

Blackstone.

Re*pub"lish (r?-p?b"l?sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Republished (-l?sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Republishing.] To publish anew; specifically, to publish in one country (a work first published in another); also, to revive (a will) by re&?;xecution or codicil.

Subsecquent to the purchase or contract, the devisor republished his will.

Blackstone.

Re*pub"lish*er (-?r), n. One who republishes.

Re*pu"di*a*ble (r?-p?"d?-?-b'l), a. [See Repudilate.] Admitting of repudiation; fit or proper to be put away.

Re*pu"di*ate (-?t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repudiated (-?`t?d); p. pr. & vb. n. Repudiating.] [L. repudiatus, p. p. of repudiare to repudiate, reject, fr. repudium separation, divorce; pref. re- re- + pudere to be ashamed.]

1. To cast off; to disavow; to have nothing to do with; to renounce; to reject.

Servitude is to be repudiated with greater care.

Prynne.

2. To divorce, put away, or discard, as a wife, or a woman one has promised to marry.

His separation from Terentis, whom he repudiated not long afterward.

Bolingbroke.

3. To refuse to acknowledge or to pay; to disclaim; as, the State has repudiated its debts.

Re*pu`di*a"tion (-"sh?n), n. [Cf.F. répudiation, L. repudiatio.] The act of repudiating, or the state of being repuddiated; as, the repudiation of a doctrine, a wife, a debt, etc.

Re*pu`di*a"tion, n. One who favors repudiation, especially of a public debt.

Re*pu"di*a`tor (r?-p?"d?-?`t?r), n. [L., a rejecter, contemner.] One who repudiates.

Re*pugn" (r?-p?n"), v. t. [F. répugner, L. repugnare, repugnatum; pref. re- + pugnare to fight. See Pugnacious.] To fight against; to oppose; to resist. [R.]

Stubbornly he did repugn the truth.

Shak.

Re*pug"na*ble (r?-p?g"n?-b'l), a. Capable of being repugned or resisted. [R.] Sir T. North.

{ Re*pug"nance (-nans), Re*pug"nan*cy (- nan-s?), } n. [F. répugnance, L. repugnantia.] The state or condition of being repugnant; opposition; contrariety; especially, a strong instinctive antagonism; aversion; reluctance; unwillingness, as of mind, passions, principles, qualities, and the like.

That which causes us to lose most of our time is the repugnance which we naturally have to labor.

Dryden.

Let the foes quietly cut their throats, Without repugnancy.

Shak.

Syn. -- Aversion; reluctance; unwillingness; dislike; antipathy; hatred; hostility; irreconcilableness; contrariety; inconsistency. See Dislike.

Re*pug"nant (-nant), a. [F. répugnant, or L. repugnans, -antis, p. pr. of repugnare. See Repugn.] Disposed to fight against; hostile; at war with; being at variance; contrary; inconsistent; refractory; disobedient; also, distasteful in a high degree; offensive; -- usually followed by to, rarely and less properly by with; as, all rudeness was repugnant to her nature.

[His sword] repugnant to command.

Shak.

There is no breach of a divine law but is more or less repugnant unto the will of the Lawgiver, God himself.

Perkins.

Syn. -- Opposite; opposed; adverse; contrary; inconsistent; irreconcilable; hostile; inimical.

Re*pug"nant*ly, adv. In a repugnant manner.

Re*pug"nate (-n?t), v. t. [From L. repugnare. See Repugn.] To oppose; to fight against. [Obs.]

Re*pugn"er (r?-p?n"?r), n. One who repugns.

Re*pul"lu*late (r?-p?l"l?-l?t), v. i. [L. repullulare, repullulatum. See Pullulate.] To bud again.

Though tares repullulate, there is wheat still left in the field.

Howell.

Re*pul`lu*la"tion (r?-p?l`l?-l?"sh?n), n. The act of budding again; the state of having budded again.

Re*pulse" (r?-p?ls"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repulsed (-p?lst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Repulsing.] [L. repulsus, p. p. of repellere. See Repel.] 1. To repel; to beat or drive back; as, to repulse an assault; to repulse the enemy.

Complete to have discovered and repulsed Whatever wiles of foe or seeming friend.

Milton.

2. To repel by discourtesy, coldness, or denial; to reject; to send away; as, to repulse a suitor or a proffer.

Re*pulse", n. [L. repulsa, fr. repellere, repulsum.]

1. The act of repelling or driving back; also, the state of being repelled or driven back.

By fate repelled, and with repulses tired.

Denham.

He received in the repulse of Tarquin seven hurts in the body.

Shak.

2. Figuratively: Refusal; denial; rejection; failure.

Re*pulse"less, a. Not capable of being repulsed.

Re*puls"er (-?r), n. One who repulses, or drives back.

Re*pul"sion (r?-p?l"sh?n), n. [L. repulsio: cf. F. répulsion.] 1. The act of repulsing or repelling, or the state of being repulsed or repelled.

2. A feeling of violent offence or disgust; repugnance.

3. (Physics) The power, either inherent or due to some physical action, by which bodies, or the particles of bodies, are made to recede from each other, or to resist each other's nearer approach; as, molecular repulsion; electrical repulsion.

Re*pul"sive (-s?v), a. [Cf. F. répulsif.] 1. Serving, or able, to repulse; repellent; as, a repulsive force.

Repulsive of his might the weapon stood.

Pope.

2. Cold; forbidding; offensive; as, repulsive manners.

-- Re*pul"sive*ly, adv. -- Re*pul"sive*ness, n.

Re*pul"so*ry (-s?-r?), a. [L. repulsorius.] Repulsive; driving back.

Re*pur"chase (r?*p?r"ch?s; 48), v. t. To buy back or again; to regain by purchase. Sir M. Hale.

Re*pur"chase, n. The act of repurchasing.

Re*pu"ri*fy (r?-p?"r?-f?), v. t. To purify again.

Rep"u*ta*ble (r?p"?-t?-b'l), a. [From Repute.] Having, or worthy of, good repute; held in esteem; honorable; praiseworthy; as, a reputable man or character; reputable conduct.

In the article of danger, it is as reputable to elude an enemy as defeat one.

Broome.

Syn. -- Respectable; creditable; estimable.

-- Rep"u ta*ble*ness, n. -- Rep"u*ta*bly, adv.

Rep`u*ta"tion (-t?"sh?n), n. [F. réputation, L. reputatio a reckoning, consideration. See Repute, v. t.]

1. The estimation in which one is held; character in public opinion; the character attributed to a person, thing, or action; repute.

The best evidence of reputation is a man's whole life.

Ames.

2. (Law) The character imputed to a person in the community in which he lives. It is admissible in evidence when he puts his character in issue, or when such reputation is otherwise part of the issue of a case.

3. Specifically: Good reputation; favorable regard; public esteem; general credit; good name.

I see my reputation is at stake.

Shak.

The security of his reputation or good name.

Blackstone.

4. Account; value. [Obs.] Chaucer.

[/Christ] made himself of no reputation.

Phil. ii. 7.

Syn. -- Credit; repute; regard; estimation; esteem; honor; fame. See the Note under Character.

Re*put"a*tive*ly (r?-p?t"?-t?v-l?), adv. By repute.

Re*pute" (r?-p?t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Reputing.] [F. réputer, L. reputare to count over, think over; pref. re- re- + putare to count, think. See Putative.] To hold in thought; to account; to estimate; to hold; to think; to reckon.

Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?

Job xviii. 3.

The king your father was reputed for A prince most prudent.

Shak.

Re*pute", n. 1. Character reputed or attributed; reputation, whether good or bad; established opinion; public estimate.

He who regns Monarch in heaven, till then as one secure Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute.

Milton.

2. Specifically: Good character or reputation; credit or honor derived from common or public opinion; -- opposed to disrepute. "Dead stocks, which have been of repute." F. Beaumont.

Re*put"ed*ly (r?-p?t"?d-l?), adv. In common opinion or estimation; by repute.

Re*pute"less, a. Not having good repute; disreputable; disgraceful; inglorius. [R.] Shak.

Re*quere" (r?--kw?r"), v. t. To require. [Obs.]

Re*quest" (r*kwst"), n. [OE. requeste, OF. requeste, F. requête, LL. requesta, for requisita, fr. L. requirere, requisitum, to seek again, ask for. See Require, and cf. Quest.] 1. The act of asking for anything desired; expression of desire or demand; solicitation; prayer; petition; entreaty.

I will marry her, sir, at your request.

Shak.

2. That which is asked for or requested. "He gave them their request." Ps. cvi. 15.

I will both hear and grant you your requests.

Shak.

3. A state of being desired or held in such estimation as to be sought after or asked for; demand.

Knowledge and fame were in as great request as wealth among us now.

Sir W. Temple.

Court of Requests. (a) A local tribunal, sometimes called Court of Consience, founded by act of Parliament to facilitate the recovery of small debts from any inhabitant or trader in the district defined by the act; -- now mostly abolished. (b) A court of equity for the relief of such persons as addressed the sovereign by supplication; -- now abolished. It was inferior to the Court of Chancery. [Eng.] Brande & C.

Syn. -- Asking; solicitation; petition; prayer; supplication; entreaty; suit.

Re*quest" (r?-kw?st"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requested; p. pr. & vb. n. Requesting.] [Cf. OF. requester, F. requêter.] 1. To ask for (something); to express desire ffor; to solicit; as, to request his presence, or a favor.

2. To address with a request; to ask.

I request you To give my poor host freedom.

Shak.

Syn. -- To ask; solicit; entreat; beseech. See Beg.

Re*quest"er (-?r), n. One who requests; a petitioner.

Re*quick"en (r?-kw?k"'n), v. t. To quicken anew; to reanimate; to give new life to. Shak.

Re"qui*em (r?"kw?-?m;277), n. [Acc. of L. requies rest, the first words of the Mass being "Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine," give eternal rest to them, O lord; pref. re- re + quies quiet. See Quiet, n., and cf. Requin.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) A mass said or sung for the repose of a departed soul.

We should profane the service of the dead To sing a requiem and such rest to her As to peace-parted souls.

Shak.

2. Any grand musical composition, performed in honor of a deceased person.

3. Rest; quiet; peace. [Obs.]

Else had I an eternal requiem kept, And in the arms of peace forever slept.

Sandys.

Re*qui"e*to*ry (r?-kw?"?-t?-r?), n. [L. requietorium, fr. requiescere, requietum, to rest. See Re-, and Quiesce.] A sepulcher. [Obs.] Weever.

Re"quin (r?"kw?n), n. [F., fr. reqiem a Mass sung for the dead. See Requiem.] (Zoöl.) The man-eater, or white shark (Carcharodon carcharias); -- so called on account of its causing requiems to be sung.

Re*quir"a*ble (r?-kw?r"?-b'l), a. Capable of being required; proper to be required. Sir M. Hale.

Re*quire" (r?-kw?r"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Required (-kw?rd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Requiring.] [OE. requeren, requiren, OF. requerre, F. requ&?;rir; L. pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask; cf. L. requirere. See Query, and cf. Request, Requisite.] 1. To demand; to insist upon having; to claim as by right and authority; to exact; as, to require the surrender of property.

Shall I say to Cæsar What you require of him?

Shak.

By nature did what was by law required.

Dryden.

2. To demand or exact as indispensable; to need.

Just gave what life required, and gave no more.

Goldsmith.

The two last [biographies] require to be particularly noticed.

J. A. Symonds.

3. To ask as a favor; to request.

I was ashamed to require of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way.

Ezra viii. 22.

Syn. -- To claim; exact; enjoin; prescribe; direct; order; demand; need.

Re*quire"ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of requiring; demand; requisition.

2. That which is required; an imperative or authoritative command; an essential condition; something needed or necessary; a need.

One of those who believe that they can fill up every requirement contained in the rule of righteousness.

J. M. Mason.

God gave her the child, and gave her too an instinctive knowledge of its nature and requirements.

Hawthorne.

Re*quir"er (-kw?r"?r), n. One who requires.

Req"ui*site (r?k"w?-z?t), n. That which is required, or is necessary; something indispensable.

God, on his part, has declared the requisites on ours; what we must do to obtain blessings, is the great business of us all to know.

Wake.

Req"ui*site, a. [L. requisitus, p. p. requirere; pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask. See Require.] Required by the nature of things, or by circumstances; so needful that it can not be dispensed with; necessary; indispensable.

All truth requisite for men to know.

Milton.

Syn. -- Necessary; needful; indispensable; essential.

-- Req"ui*site*ly, adv. -- Req"ui*site*ness, n.

Req`ui*si"tion (r?k`w?-z?sh"?n), n.[Cf. F. réquisition, L. requisitio a searching.] 1. The act of requiring, as of right; a demand or application made as by authority. Specifically: (a) (International Law) A formal demand made by one state or government upon another for the surrender or extradition of a fugitive from justice. Kent. (b) (Law) A notarial demand of a debt. Wharton. (c) (Mil.) A demand by the invader upon the people of an invaded country for supplies, as of provision, forage, transportation, etc. Farrow. (d) A formal application by one officer to another for things needed in the public service; as, a requisition for clothing, troops, or money.

2. That which is required by authority; especially, a quota of supplies or necessaries.

3. A written or normal call; an invitation; a summons; as, a reqisition for a public meeting. [Eng.]

Req`ui*si"tion, v. t. 1. To make a reqisition on or for; as, to requisition a district for forage; to requisition troops.

2. To present a requisition to; to summon request; as, to requisition a person to be a candidate. [Eng.]

Req`ui*si"tion*ist, n. One who makes or signs a requisition.

Re*quis"i*tive (r?-kw?z"?-t?v), a. Expressing or implying demand. [R.] Harris.

Re*quis"i*tive, n. One who, or that which, makes requisition; a requisitionist. [R.]