Chapter 89

Pup (?), n. [See Puppy.] (Zoˆl.) (a) A young dog; a puppy. (b) a young seal.

Pup, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pupped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pupping.] To bring forth whelps or young, as the female of the canine species.

Pu"pa (?), n.; pl. L. Pup&?; (#), E. Pupas (#). [L. pupa girl. doll, puppet, fem. of pupus. Cf. Puppet.] 1. (Zoˆl.) Any insect in that stage of its metamorphosis which usually immediately precedes the adult, or imago, stage.

Among insects belonging to the higher orders, as the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, the pupa is inactive and takes no food; in the lower orders it is active and takes food, and differs little from the imago except in the rudimentary state of the sexual organs, and of the wings in those that have wings when adult. The term pupa is sometimes applied to other invertebrates in analogous stages of development.

2. (Zoˆl.) A genus of air- breathing land snails having an elongated spiral shell.

Coarctate, or Obtected, pupa, a pupa which is incased in the dried-up skin of the larva, as in many Diptera. -- Masked pupa, a pupa whose limbs are bound down and partly concealed by a chitinous covering, as in Lepidoptera.

Pu"pal (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to a pupa, or the condition of a pupa.

Pu"pate (?), v. i. (Zoˆl.) To become a pupa.

Pu*pa"tion (?), n. (Zoˆl.) the act of becoming a pupa.

Pupe (?), n. [F.] (Zoˆl.) A pupa.

Pu*pe"lo (?), n. Cider brandy. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Pu*pig"er*ous, a. [Pupa + - gerous.] (Zoˆl.) Bearing or containing a pupa; -- said of dipterous larvÊ which do not molt when the pupa is formed within them.

Pu"pil (?), n. [F. pupille, n. fem., L. pupilla the pupil of the eye, originally dim. of pupa a girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil a scholar.] (Anat.) The aperture in the iris; the sight, apple, or black of the eye. See the Note under Eye, and Iris.

Pin-hole pupil (Med.), the pupil of the eye when so contracted (as it sometimes is in typhus, or opium poisoning) as to resemble a pin hole. Dunglison.

Pu"pil, n. [F. pupille, n. masc. & fem., L. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus boy, pupa girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil of the eye.] 1. A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor or tutor.

Too far in years to be a pupil now.

Shak.

Tutors should behave reverently before their pupils.

L'Estrange.

2. A person under a guardian; a ward. Dryden.

3. (Civil Law) A boy or a girl under the age of puberty, that is, under fourteen if a male, and under twelve if a female.

Syn. -- Learner; disciple; tyro. -- See Scholar.

Pu"pil*age (?), n. The state of being a pupil.

As sons of kings, loving in pupilage, Have turned to tyrants when they came to power.

Tennyson.

Pu`pil*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pupillaritÈ. See Pupillary.] (Scots Law) The period before puberty, or from birth to fourteen in males, and twelve in females.

Pu"pil*la*ry (?), a. [L. pupillaris: cf. F. pupillaire. See Pupil.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pupil or ward. Johnson.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye.

Pu`pil*lom"e*ter (?), n. [L. pupilla pupil of the eye + -meter.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of the pupil of the eye.

||Pu*pip"a*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pupiparous.] (Zoˆl.) A division of ||Diptera in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa. It ||includes the sheep tick, horse tick, and other parasites. Called also ||Homaloptera.

Pu*pip"a*rous (?), a. [Pupa + L. parere to bring forth.] (Zoˆl.) (a) Bearing, or containing, a pupa; -- said of the matured larvÊ, or larval skins, of certain Diptera. (b) Of or pertaining to the Pupipara.

||Pu*piv"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pupivorous.] (Zoˆl.) A group of ||parasitic Hymenoptera, including the ichneumon flies, which destroy ||the larvÊ and pupÊ of insects.

Pu*piv"o*rous (?), a. [Pupa + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoˆl.) Feeding on the pupÊ of insects.

Pup"li*can (?), n. Publican. [Obs.]

Pup"pet (?), n. [OE. popet, OF. poupette; akin to F. poupÈe a doll, probably from L. puppa, pupa, a girl, doll, puppet. Cf. Poupeton, Pupa, Pupil, Puppy.] [Written also poppet.] 1. A small image in the human form; a doll.

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2. A similar figure moved by the hand or by a wire in a mock drama; a marionette; a wooden actor in a play.

At the pipes of some carved organ move, The gilded puppets dance.

Pope.

3. One controlled in his action by the will of another; a tool; -- so used in contempt. Sir W. Scott.

4. (Mach.) The upright support for the bearing of the spindle in a lathe.

Puppet master. Same as Puppetman. -- Puppet play, a puppet show. -- Puppet player, one who manages the motions of puppets. -- Puppet show, a mock drama performed by puppets moved by wires. -- Puppet valve, a valve in the form of a circular disk, which covers a hole in its seat, and opens by moving bodily away from the seat while remaining parallel with it, -- used in steam engines, pumps, safety valves, etc. Its edge is often beveled, and fits in a conical recess in the seat when the valve is closed. See the valves shown in Illusts. of Plunger pump, and Safety valve, under Plunger, and Safety.

Pup"pet*ish (?), a. Resembling a puppet in appearance or action; of the nature of a puppet.

Pup"pet*man (?), n. A master of a puppet show.

Pup"pet*ry (?), n. Action or appearance resembling that of a puppet, or puppet show; hence, mere form or show; affectation.

Puppetry of the English laws of divorce.

Chambers.

Pup"py (?), n.; pl. Puppies (#). [F. poupÈe doll, puppet. See Puppet, and cf. Pup, n.] 1. (Zoˆl.) The young of a canine animal, esp. of the common dog; a whelp.

2. A name of contemptuous reproach for a conceited and impertinent person.

I found my place taken by an ill-bred, awkward puppy with a money bag under each arm.

Addison.

Pup"py, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puppied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Puppying.] To bring forth whelps; to pup.

Pup"py*hood (?), n. The time or state of being a puppy; the time of being young and undisciplined.

Pup"py*ish, a. Like a puppy.

Pup"py*ism (?), n. Extreme meanness, affectation, conceit, or impudence. A. Chalmers.

Pur (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Purred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purring.] [Of imitative origin; cf. Prov. G. purren.] To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, as a cat does when pleased. [Written also purr.]

Pur, v. t. To signify or express by purring. Gray.

Pur, n. The low, murmuring sound made by a cat to express contentment or pleasure. [Written also purr.]

||Pu*ra"na (?), n. [Skr. pur&?;, properly. old, ancient, fr. pur ||formerly.] One of a class of sacred Hindoo poetical works in the ||Sanskrit language which treat of the creation, destruction, and ||renovation of worlds, the genealogy and achievements of gods and ||heroes, the reigns of the Manus, and the transactions of their ||descendants. The principal Puranas are eighteen in number, and there ||are the same number of supplementary books called Upa Puranas.

Pu*ran"ic (?), a. Pertaining to the Puranas.

Pur"beck beds` (?). [So called from the Isle of Purbeck in England.] (Geol.) The strata of the Purbeck stone, or Purbeck limestone, belonging to the Oˆlitic group. See the Chart of Geology.

Pur"beck stone` (?). (Geol.) A limestone from the Isle of Purbeck in England.

Pur"blind` (?), a. [For pure- blind, i. e., wholly blind. See Pure, and cf. Poreblind.] 1. Wholly blind. "Purblind Argus, all eyes and no sight." Shak.

2. Nearsighted, or dim-sighted; seeing obscurely; as, a purblind eye; a purblind mole.

The saints have not so sharp eyes to see down from heaven; they be purblindand sand-blind.

Latimer.

O purblind race of miserable men.

Tennyson.

-- Pur"blind`ly, adv. -- Pur"blind`ness, n.

Purce"lane (?), n. (Bot.) Purslane. [Obs.]

Pur"chas*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being bought, purchased, or obtained for a consideration; hence, venal; corrupt.

Money being the counterbalance to all things purchasable by it, as much as you take off from the value of money, so much you add to the price of things exchanged.

Locke.

Pur"chase (?; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purchased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purchasing.] [OE. purchasen, porchacen, OF. porchacier, purchacier, to pursue, to seek eagerly, F. pourchasser; OF. pour, por, pur, for (L. pro) + chacier to pursue, to chase. See Chase.] 1. To pursue and obtain; to acquire by seeking; to gain, obtain, or acquire. Chaucer.

That loves the thing he can not purchase.

Spenser.

Your accent is Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling.

Shak.

His faults . . . hereditary Rather than purchased.

Shak.

2. To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; to buy for a price; as, to purchase land, or a house.

The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth.

Gen. xxv. 10.

3. To obtain by any outlay, as of labor, danger, or sacrifice, etc.; as, to purchase favor with flattery.

One poor retiring minute . . . Would purchase thee a thousand thousand friends.

Shak.

A world who would not purchase with a bruise?

Milton.

4. To expiate by a fine or forfeit. [Obs.]

Not tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses.

Shak.

5. (Law) (a) To acquire by any means except descent or inheritance. Blackstone. (b) To buy for a price.

6. To apply to (anything) a device for obtaining a mechanical advantage; to get a purchase upon, or apply a purchase to; as, to purchase a cannon.

Pur"chase, v. i. 1. To put forth effort to obtain anything; to strive; to exert one's self. [Obs.]

Duke John of Brabant purchased greatly that the Earl of Flanders should have his daughter in marriage.

Ld. Berners.

2. To acquire wealth or property. [Obs.]

Sure our lawyers Would not purchase half so fast.

J. Webster.

Pur"chase (?; 48), n. [OE. purchds, F. pourchas eager pursuit. See Purchase, v. t.] 1. The act of seeking, getting, or obtaining anything. [Obs.]

I'll . . . get meat to have thee, Or lose my life in the purchase.

Beau. & Fl.

2. The act of seeking and acquiring property.

3. The acquisition of title to, or properly in, anything for a price; buying for money or its equivalent.

It is foolish to lay out money in the purchase of repentance.

Franklin.

4. That which is obtained, got, or acquired, in any manner, honestly or dishonestly; property; possession; acquisition. Chaucer. B. Jonson.

We met with little purchase upon this coast, except two small vessels of Golconda.

De Foe.

A beauty-waning and distressed widow . . . Made prize and purchase of his lustful eye.

Shak.

5. That which is obtained for a price in money or its equivalent. "The scrip was complete evidence of his right in the purchase." Wheaton.

6. Any mechanical hold, or advantage, applied to the raising or removing of heavy bodies, as by a lever, a tackle, capstan, and the like; also, the apparatus, tackle, or device by which the advantage is gained.

A politician, to do great things, looks for a power -- what our workmen call a purchase.

Burke.

7. (Law) Acquisition of lands or tenements by other means than descent or inheritance, namely, by one's own act or agreement. Blackstone.

Purchase criminal, robbery. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Purchase money, the money paid, or contracted to be paid, for anything bought. Berkeley. -- Worth, or At, [so many] years' purchase, a phrase by which the value or cost of a thing is expressed in the length of time required for the income to amount to the purchasing price; as, he bought the estate at a twenty years' purchase. To say one's life is not worth a day's purchase in the same as saying one will not live a day, or is in imminent peril.

Pur"chas*er (?), n. 1. One who purchases; one who acquires property for a consideration, generally of money; a buyer; a vendee.

2. (Law) One who acquires an estate in lands by his own act or agreement, or who takes or obtains an estate by any means other than by descent or inheritance.

Pur"dah (?), n. [Per. parda a curtain.] A curtain or screen; also, a cotton fabric in blue and white stripes, used for curtains. McElrath.

Pure (?), a. [Compar. Purer (?); superl. Purest.] [OE. pur, F. pur, fr. L. purus; akin to putus pure, clear, putare to clean, trim, prune, set in order, settle, reckon, consider, think, Skr. p&?; to clean, and perh. E. fire. Cf. Putative.] 1. Separate from all heterogeneous or extraneous matter; free from mixture or combination; clean; mere; simple; unmixed; as, pure water; pure clay; pure air; pure compassion.

The pure fetters on his shins great.

Chaucer.

A guinea is pure gold if it has in it no alloy.

I. Watts.

2. Free from moral defilement or quilt; hence, innocent; guileless; chaste; -- applied to persons. "Keep thyself pure." 1 Tim. v. 22.

Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience.

1 Tim. i. 5.

3. Free from that which harms, vitiates, weakens, or pollutes; genuine; real; perfect; -- applied to things and actions. "Pure religion and impartial laws." Tickell. "The pure, fine talk of Rome." Ascham.

Such was the origin of a friendship as warm and pure as any that ancient or modern history records.

Macaulay.

4. (Script.) Ritually clean; fitted for holy services.

Thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure table before the Lord.

Lev. xxiv. 6.

5. (Phonetics) Of a single, simple sound or tone; -- said of some vowels and the unaspirated consonants.

Pure-impure, completely or totally impure. "The inhabitants were pure-impure pagans." Fuller. -- Pure blue. (Chem.) See Methylene blue, under Methylene. -- Pure chemistry. See under Chemistry. -- Pure mathematics, that portion of mathematics which treats of the principles of the science, or contradistinction to applied mathematics, which treats of the application of the principles to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, or to the practical wants of life. See Mathematics. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) -- Pure villenage (Feudal Law), a tenure of lands by uncertain services at the will of the lord. Blackstone.

Syn. -- Unmixed; clear; simple; real; true; genuine; unadulterated; uncorrupted; unsullied; untarnished; unstained; stainless; clean; fair; unspotted; spotless; incorrupt; chaste; unpolluted; undefiled; immaculate; innocent; guiltless; guileless; holy.

Pured (?), a. Purified; refined. [Obs.] "Bread of pured wheat." "Pured gold." Chaucer.

||Pu`rÈe" (?), n. [F.] A dish made by boiling any article of food to a ||pulp and rubbing it through a sieve; as, a purÈe of fish, or of ||potatoes; especially, a soup the thickening of which is so treated.

Pure"ly (?), adv. 1. In a pure manner (in any sense of the adjective).

2. Nicely; prettily. [Archaic] Halliwell.

Pure"ness, n. The state of being pure (in any sense of the adjective).

Pur"file (?), n. [See Purfle.] A sort of ancient trimming of tinsel and thread for women's gowns; -- called also bobbinwork. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Pur"fle (?), v. t. [OF. pourfiler; pour for + fil a thread, L. filum. See Profile, and cf. Purl a border.] 1. To decorate with a wrought or flowered border; to embroider; to ornament with metallic threads; as, to purfle with blue and white. P. Plowman.

A goodly lady clad in scarlet red, Purfled with gold and pearl of rich assay.

Spenser.

2. (Her.) To ornament with a bordure of emines, furs, and the like; also, with gold studs or mountings.

{ Pur"fle (?), Pur"flew (?), } n. 1. A hem, border., or trimming, as of embroidered work.

2. (Her.) A border of any heraldic fur.

Pur"fled (?), a. Ornamented; decorated; esp., embroidered on the edges.

Purfled work (Arch.), delicate tracery, especially in Gothic architecture.

Pur"fling (?), n. Ornamentation on the border of a thing; specifically, the inlaid border of a musical instrument, as a violin.

Pur"ga*ment (?), n. [L. purgamentum offscourings, washings, expiatory sacrifice. See Purge.] 1. That which is excreted; excretion. [Obs.]

2. (Med.) A cathartic; a purgative. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pur*ga"tion (?), n. [L. purgatio: cf. F. purgation. See Purge.] 1. The act of purging; the act of clearing, cleansing, or putifying, by separating and carrying off impurities, or whatever is superfluous; the evacuation of the bowels.

2. (Law) The clearing of one's self from a crime of which one was publicly suspected and accused. It was either canonical, which was prescribed by the canon law, the form whereof used in the spiritual court was, that the person suspected take his oath that he was clear of the matter objected against him, and bring his honest neighbors with him to make oath that they believes he swore truly; or vulgar, which was by fire or water ordeal, or by combat. See Ordeal. Wharton.

Let him put me to my purgation.

Shak.

Pur"ga*tive (?), a. [L. purgativus: cf. F. purgatif.] Having the power or quality of purging; cathartic. -- n. (Med.) A purging medicine; a cathartic.

Pur"ga*tive*ly, adv. In a purgative manner.

{ Pur`ga*to"ri*al (?), Pur`ga*to"ri*an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to purgatory; expiatory.

Pur`ga*to"ri*an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of purgatory. Boswell.

Pur"ga*to*ry (?), a. [L. purgatorius.] Tending to cleanse; cleansing; expiatory. Burke.

Pur"ga*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. purgatoire.] A state or place of purification after death; according to the Roman Catholic creed, a place, or a state believed to exist after death, in which the souls of persons are purified by expiating such offenses committed in this life as do not merit eternal damnation, or in which they fully satisfy the justice of God for sins that have been forgiven. After this purgation from the impurities of sin, the souls are believed to be received into heaven.

Purge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purging (?).] [F. purger, L. purgare; purus pure + agere to make, to do. See Pure, and Agent.] 1. To cleanse, clear, or purify by separating and carrying off whatever is impure, heterogeneous, foreign, or superfluous. "Till fire purge all things new." Milton.

2. (Med.) To operate on as, or by means of, a cathartic medicine, or in a similar manner.

3. To clarify; to defecate, as liquors.

4. To clear of sediment, as a boiler, or of air, as a steam pipe, by driving off or permitting escape.

5. To clear from guilt, or from moral or ceremonial defilement; as, to purge one of guilt or crime.

When that he hath purged you from sin.

Chaucer.

Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean.

Ps. li. 7.

6. (Law) To clear from accusation, or the charge of a crime or misdemeanor, as by oath or in ordeal.

7. To remove in cleansing; to deterge; to wash away; -- often followed by away.

Purge away our sins, for thy name's sake.

Ps. lxxix. 9.

We 'll join our cares to purge away Our country's crimes.

Addison.

Purge, v. i. 1. To become pure, as by clarification.

2. To have or produce frequent evacuations from the intestines, as by means of a cathartic.

Purge, n. [Cf. F. purge. See Purge, v. t.] 1. The act of purging.

The preparative for the purge of paganism of the kingdom of Northumberland.

Fuller.

2. That which purges; especially, a medicine that evacuates the intestines; a cathartic. Arbuthnot.

Pur"ger (?), n. One who, or that which, purges or cleanses; especially, a cathartic medicine.

Pur"ger*y (?), n. The part of a sugarhouse where the molasses is drained off from the sugar.

Pur"ging (?), a. That purges; cleansing.

Purging flax (Bot.), an annual European plant of the genus Linum (L. catharticum); dwarf wild flax; -- so called from its use as a cathartic medicine.

Pur"ging, n. (Med.) The act of cleansing; excessive evacuations; especially, diarrhea.

Pur"i (?), n. (Chem.) See Euxanthin.

Pu`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [F. purification, L. purificatio. See Purify.] 1. The act of purifying; the act or operation of separating and removing from anything that which is impure or noxious, or heterogeneous or foreign to it; as, the purification of liquors, or of metals.

2. The act or operation of cleansing ceremonially, by removing any pollution or defilement.

When the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished.

Luke ii. 22.

3. A cleansing from guilt or the pollution of sin; the extinction of sinful desires, appetites, and inclinations.

Pu"ri*fi*ca*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. purificatif.] Having power to purify; tending to cleanse. [R.]

Pu"ri*fi*ca`tor (?), n. One who, or that which, purifies; a purifier.

Pu*rif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. purificatorius.] Serving or tending to purify; purificative.

Pu"ri*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, purifies or cleanses; a cleanser; a refiner.

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Pu"ri*form (p"r*fÙrm), a. [L. pus, puris, pus + -form: cf. F. puriforme.] (Med.) In the form of pus.

Pu"ri*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Purifying (?).] [F. purifier, L. purificare; purus pure + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Pure, and -fy.] 1. To make pure or clear from material defilement, admixture, or imperfection; to free from extraneous or noxious matter; as, to purify liquors or metals; to purify the blood; to purify the air.

2. Hence, in figurative uses: (a) To free from guilt or moral defilement; as, to purify the heart.

And fit them so Purified to receive him pure.

Milton.

(b) To free from ceremonial or legal defilement.

And Moses took the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, . . . and purified the altar.

Lev. viii. 15.

Purify both yourselves and your captives.

Num. xxxi. 19.

(c) To free from improprieties or barbarisms; as, to purify a language. Sprat.

Pu"ri*fy, v. i. To grow or become pure or clear.

||Pu"rim (?), n. [Heb. pr, pl. prm, a lot.] A Jewish festival, called ||also the Feast of Lots, instituted to commemorate the deliverance of ||the Jews from the machinations of Haman. Esther ix. 26.

Pur"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. purisme.] Rigid purity; the quality of being affectedly pure or nice, especially in the choice of language; over-solicitude as to purity. "His political purism." De Quincey.

The English language, however, . . . had even already become too thoroughly and essentially a mixed tongue for his doctrine of purism to be admitted to the letter.

Craik.

Pur"ist, n. [Cf. F. puriste.] 1. One who aims at excessive purity or nicety, esp. in the choice of language.

He [Fox] . . . purified vocabulary with a scrupulosity unknown to any purist.

Macaulay.

2. One who maintains that the New Testament was written in pure Greek. M. Stuart.

{ Pu*ris"tic (?), Pu*ris"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to purists or purism.

Pu"ri*tan (?), n. [From Purity.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) One who, in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the first two Stuarts, opposed traditional and formal usages, and advocated simpler forms of faith and worship than those established by law; -- originally, a term of reproach. The Puritans formed the bulk of the early population of New England.

The Puritans were afterward distinguished as Political Puritans, Doctrinal Puritans, and Puritans in Discipline. Hume.

2. One who is scrupulous and strict in his religious life; -- often used reproachfully or in contempt; one who has overstrict notions.

She would make a puritan of the devil.

Shak.

Pu"ri*tan, a. Of or pertaining to the Puritans; resembling, or characteristic of, the Puritans.

{ Pu`ri*tan"ic (?), Pu`ri*tan"ic*al (?), } a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Puritans, or to their doctrines and practice.

2. Precise in observance of legal or religious requirements; strict; overscrupulous; rigid; -- often used by way of reproach or contempt.

Paritanical circles, from which plays and novels were strictly excluded.

Macaulay.

He had all the puritanic traits, both good and evil.

Hawthorne.

Pu`ri*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. In a puritanical manner.

Pu"ri*tan*ism (?), n. The doctrines, notions, or practice of Puritans.

Pu"ri*tan*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puritanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Puritanizing (?).] To agree with, or teach, the doctrines of Puritans; to conform to the practice of Puritans. Bp. Montagu.