Chapter 56

Poon (?), n. [Canarese ponne.] A name for several East Indian, or their wood, used for the masts and spars of vessels, as Calophyllum angustifolium, C. inophullum, and Sterculia fútida; -- called also peon.

Poo"nac (?), n. A kind of oil cake prepared from the cocoanut. See Oil cake, under Cake.

Poon"ga oil` (?). A kind of oil used in India for lamps, and for boiling with dammar for pitching vessels. It is pressed from the seeds of a leguminous tree (Pongamia glabra).

Poop (?), n. (Arch.) See 2d Poppy.

Poop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pooping.] [Cf. D. poepen. See Pop.] To make a noise; to pop; also, to break wind.

Poop, n. [F. poupe; cf. Sp. & Pg. popa, It. poppa; all fr. L. puppis.] (Naut.) A deck raised above the after part of a vessel; the hindmost or after part of a vessel's hull; also, a cabin covered by such a deck. See Poop deck, under Deck. See also Roundhouse.

With wind in poop, the vessel plows the sea.

Dryden.

The poop was beaten gold.

Shak.

Poop, v. t. (Naut.) (a) To break over the poop or stern, as a wave. "A sea which he thought was going to poop her." Lord Dufferin. (b) To strike in the stern, as by collision.

Pooped (?), p. p. & a. (Naut.) (a) Having a poop; furnished with a poop. (b) Struck on the poop.

Poop"ing (?), n. (Naut.) The act or shock of striking a vessel's stern by a following wave or vessel.

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Poor (?), a. [Compar. Poorer (?; 254); superl. Poorest.] [OE. poure or povre, OF. povre, F. pauvre, L. pauper; the first syllable of which is probably akin to paucus few (see Paucity, Few), and the second to parare to prepare, procure. See Few, and cf. Parade, Pauper, Poverty.] 1. Destitute of property; wanting in material riches or goods; needy; indigent.

It is often synonymous with indigent and with necessitous denoting extreme want. It is also applied to persons who are not entirely destitute of property, but who are not rich; as, a poor man or woman; poor people.

2. (Law) So completely destitute of property as to be entitled to maintenance from the public.

3. Hence, in very various applications: Destitute of such qualities as are desirable, or might naturally be expected; as: (a) Wanting in fat, plumpness, or fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; as, a poor horse, ox, dog, etc. "Seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill-favored and lean-fleshed." Gen. xli. 19. (b) Wanting in strength or vigor; feeble; dejected; as, poor health; poor spirits. "His genius . . . poor and cowardly." Bacon. (c) Of little value or worth; not good; inferior; shabby; mean; as, poor clothes; poor lodgings. "A poor vessel." Clarendon. (d) Destitute of fertility; exhausted; barren; sterile; -- said of land; as, poor soil. (e) Destitute of beauty, fitness, or merit; as, a poor discourse; a poor picture. (f) Without prosperous conditions or good results; unfavorable; unfortunate; unconformable; as, a poor business; the sick man had a poor night. (g) Inadequate; insufficient; insignificant; as, a poor excuse.

That I have wronged no man will be a poor plea or apology at the last day.

Calamy.

4. Worthy of pity or sympathy; -- used also sometimes as a term of endearment, or as an expression of modesty, and sometimes as a word of contempt.

And for mine own poor part, Look you, I'll go pray.

Shak.

Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing.

Prior.

5. Free from self-assertion; not proud or arrogant; meek. "Blessed are the poor in spirit." Matt. v. 3.

Poor law, a law providing for, or regulating, the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor man's treacle (Bot.), garlic; -- so called because it was thought to be an antidote to animal poison. [Eng] Dr. Prior. -- Poor man's weatherglass (Bot.), the red-flowered pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), which opens its blossoms only in fair weather. -- Poor rate, an assessment or tax, as in an English parish, for the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor soldier (Zoˆl.), the friar bird. -- The poor, those who are destitute of property; the indigent; the needy. In a legal sense, those who depend on charity or maintenance by the public. "I have observed the more public provisions are made for the poor, the less they provide for themselves." Franklin.

Poor (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A small European codfish (Gadus minutus); -- called also power cod.

Poor"box` (?), n. A receptacle in which money given for the poor is placed.

Poor"house` (?), n. A dwelling for a number of paupers maintained at public expense; an almshouse; a workhouse.

Poor"-john` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A small European fish, similar to the cod, but of inferior quality.

Poor-john and apple pies are all our fare.

Sir J. Harrington.

Poor"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being poorly; ill health.

Poor"ly, adv. 1. In a poor manner or condition; without plenty, or sufficiency, or suitable provision for comfort; as, to live poorly.

2. With little or no success; indifferently; with little profit or advantage; as, to do poorly in business.

3. Meanly; without spirit.

Nor is their courage or their wealth so low, That from his wars they poorly would retire.

Dryden.

4. Without skill or merit; as, he performs poorly.

Poorly off, not well off; not rich.

Poor"ly, a. Somewhat ill; indisposed; not in health. "Having been poorly in health." T. Scott.

Poor"ness, n. The quality or state of being poor (in any of the senses of the adjective). Bacon.

Poor"-spir`it*ed (?), a. Of a mean spirit; cowardly; base. -- Poor"-spir`it*ed*ness, n.

Poor"-will` (?), n. [So called in imitation of its note.] (Zoˆl.) A bird of the Western United States (PhalÊnoptilus Nutalli) allied to the whip- poor-will.

Poor"-wil`lie (?), n. [So called in imitation of its note.] (Zoˆl.) The bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.]

Pop (?), n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Poop.] 1. A small, sharp, quick explosive sound or report; as, to go off with a pop. Addison.

2. An unintoxicating beverage which expels the cork with a pop from the bottle containing it; as, ginger pop; lemon pop, etc. Hood.

3. (Zoˆl.) The European redwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Pop corn. (a) Corn, or maize, of peculiar excellence for popping; especially, a kind the grains of which are small and compact. (b) Popped corn; which has been popped.

Pop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Popped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Popping.] 1. To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound; as, the muskets popped away on all sides.

2. To enter, or issue forth, with a quick, sudden movement; to move from place to place suddenly; to dart; -- with in, out, upon, off, etc.

He that killed my king . . . Popp'd in between the election and my hopes.

Shak.

A trick of popping up and down every moment.

Swift.

3. To burst open with a pop, when heated over a fire; as, this corn pops well.

Pop, v. t. 1. To thrust or push suddenly; to offer suddenly; to bring suddenly and unexpectedly to notice; as, to pop one's head in at the door.

He popped a paper into his hand.

Milton.

2. To cause to pop; to cause to burst open by heat, as grains of Indian corn; as, to pop corn or chestnuts.

To pop off, to thrust away, or put off promptly; as, to pop one off with a denial. Locke. -- To pop the question, to make an offer of marriage to a lady. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Pop (?), adv. Like a pop; suddenly; unexpectedly. "Pop goes his plate." Beau. & Fl.

Pope (?), n. [AS. ppa, L. papa father, bishop. Cf. Papa, Papal.] 1. Any ecclesiastic, esp. a bishop. [Obs.] Foxe.

2. The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. See Note under Cardinal.

3. A parish priest, or a chaplain, of the Greek Church.

4. (Zoˆl.) A fish; the ruff.

Pope Joan, a game at cards played on a round board with compartments. -- Pope's eye, the gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh of an ox or sheep. R. D. Blackmore. -- Pope's nose, the rump, or uropygium, of a bird. See Uropygium.

Pope"dom (?), n. [AS. ppedm.] 1. The place, office, or dignity of the pope; papal dignity. Shak.

2. The jurisdiction of the pope.

Pope"ling (?), n. 1. A petty or deputy pope.

2. An adherent of the pope. [R.] Marlowe.

Pop"e*lote (?), n. A word variously explained as "a little puppet," "a little doll," or "a young butterfly." Cf. Popet. [Obs.]

So gay a popelote, so sweet a wench.

Chaucer.

Pop"er*y (?), n. The religion of the Roman Catholic Church, comprehending doctrines and practices; -- generally used in an opprobrious sense.

Pop"et (?), n. A puppet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pop"gun` (?), n. A child's gun; a tube and rammer for shooting pellets, with a popping noise, by compression of air.

Pop"in*jay (?), n. [OE. popingay, papejay, OF. papegai, papegaut; cf. Pr. papagai, Sp. & Pg. papagayo, It. pappagallo, LGr. &?;, NGr. &?;; in which the first syllables are perhaps imitative of the bird's chatter, and the last either fr. L. gallus cock, or the same word as E. jay, F. geai. Cf. Papagay.]

1. (Zoˆl.) (a) The green woodpecker. (b) A parrot.

The pye and popyngay speak they know not what.

Tyndale.

2. A target in the form of a parrot. [Scot.]

3. A trifling, chattering, fop or coxcomb. "To be so pestered with a popinjay." Shak.

Pop"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to the pope; taught or ordained by the pope; hence, of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church; -- often used opprobriously. -- Pop"ish*ly, adv. -- Pop"ish*ness, n.

Pop"lar (?), n. [OE. popler, OF. poplier, F. peuplier, fr. L. populus poplar.] (Bot.) 1. Any tree of the genus Populus; also, the timber, which is soft, and capable of many uses.

The aspen poplar is Populus tremula and P. tremuloides; Balsam poplar is P. balsamifera; Lombardy poplar (P. dilatata) is a tall, spiry tree; white poplar is Populus alba.

2. The timber of the tulip tree; -- called also white poplar. [U.S.]

Po*plex"y (?), n. Apoplexy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pop"lin (?), n. [F. popeline, papeline.] A fabric of many varieties, usually made of silk and worsted, -- used especially for women's dresses.

Irish poplin, a fabric with silk warp and worsted weft, made in Ireland.

Pop*lit"e*al (?; 277), a. [From L. poples, -itis, the ham.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ham; in the region of the ham, or behind the knee joint; as, the popliteal space.

Pop*lit"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Popliteal.

Pop"per (?), n. A utensil for popping corn, usually a wire basket with a long handle.

Pop"per, n. A dagger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pop"pet (?), n. 1. See Puppet.

2. (Naut.) One of certain upright timbers on the bilge ways, used to support a vessel in launching. Totten.

3. (Mach.) An upright support or guide fastened at the bottom only.

Poppet head, Puppet head. See Headstock (a).

Pop"pied (?), a. [See 1st Poppy.] 1. Mingled or interspersed with poppies. "Poppied corn." Keats.

2. Affected with poppy juice; hence, figuratively, drugged; drowsy; listless; inactive. [R.]

The poppied sails doze on the yard.

Lowell.

Pop"ping (?), a. & n. from Pop.

Popping crease. (Cricket) See under Crease.

Pop"ple (?), v. i. [Cf. Pop.] To move quickly up and down; to bob up and down, as a cork on rough water; also, to bubble. Cotton.

Pop"ple, n. 1. The poplar. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.]

2. Tares. [Obs.] "To sow popple among wheat." Bale.

Pop"py (?), n.; pl. Poppies (#). [OE. popy, AS. popig, L. papaver.] (Bot.) Any plant or species of the genus Papaver, herbs with showy polypetalous flowers and a milky juice. From one species (Papaver somniferum) opium is obtained, though all the species contain it to some extent; also, a flower of the plant. See Illust. of Capsule.

California poppy (Bot.), any yellow- flowered plant of the genus Eschscholtzia. -- Corn poppy. See under Corn. -- Horn, or Horned, poppy. See under Horn. -- Poppy bee (Zoˆl.), a leaf-cutting bee (Anthocopa papaveris) which uses pieces cut from poppy petals for the lining of its cells; -- called also upholsterer bee. -- Prickly poppy (Bot.), Argemone Mexicana, a yellow-flowered plant of the Poppy family, but as prickly as a thistle. -- Poppy seed, the seed the opium poppy (P. somniferum). -- Spatling poppy (Bot.), a species of Silene (S. inflata). See Catchfly.

{ Pop"py (?), Pop"py*head` (?), } n. [F. poupÈe doll, puppet. See Puppet.] (Arch.) A raised ornament frequently having the form of a final. It is generally used on the tops of the upright ends or elbows which terminate seats, etc., in Gothic churches.

Pop"u*lace (?), n. [F. populace, fr. It. popolaccio, popolazzo, fr. popolo people, L. populus. See People.] The common people; the vulgar; the multitude, -- comprehending all persons not distinguished by rank, office, education, or profession. Pope.

To . . . calm the peers and please the populace.

Daniel.

They . . . call us Britain's barbarous populaces.

Tennyson.

Syn. -- Mob; people; commonalty.

Pop"u*la*cy (?), n. Populace. [Obs.] Feltham.

Pop"u*lar (?), a. [L. popularis, fr. populus people: cf. F. populaire. See People.] 1. Of or pertaining to the common people, or to the whole body of the people, as distinguished from a select portion; as, the popular voice; popular elections. "Popular states." Bacon. "So the popular vote inclines." Milton.

The men commonly held in popular estimation are greatest at a distance.

J. H. Newman.

2. Suitable to common people; easy to be comprehended; not abstruse; familiar; plain.

Homilies are plain popular instructions.

Hooker.

3. Adapted to the means of the common people; possessed or obtainable by the many; hence, cheap; common; ordinary; inferior; as, popular prices; popular amusements.

The smallest figs, called popular figs, . . . are, of all others, the basest and of least account.

Holland.

4. Beloved or approved by the people; pleasing to people in general, or to many people; as, a popular preacher; a popular law; a popular administration.

5. Devoted to the common people; studious of the favor of the populace. [R.]

Such popular humanity is treason.

Addison.

6. Prevailing among the people; epidemic; as, a popular disease. [Obs.] Johnson.

Popular action (Law), an action in which any person may sue for penalty imposed by statute. Blackstone.

||Pop`u*la"res (?), n. pl. [L.] The people or the people's party, in ||ancient Rome, as opposed to the optimates.

Pop`u*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Popularities (#). [L. popularitas an effort to please the people: cf. F. popularitÈ.] 1. The quality or state of being popular; especially, the state of being esteemed by, or of being in favor with, the people at large; good will or favor proceeding from the people; as, the popularity of a law, statesman, or a book.

A popularity which has lasted down to our time.

Macaulay.

2. The quality or state of being adapted or pleasing to common, poor, or vulgar people; hence, cheapness; inferiority; vulgarity.

This gallant laboring to avoid popularity falls into a habit of affectation.

B. Jonson.

3. Something which obtains, or is intended to obtain, the favor of the vulgar; claptrap.

Popularities, and circumstances which . . . sway the ordinary judgment.

Bacon.

4. The act of courting the favor of the people. [Obs.] "Indicted . . . for popularity and ambition." Holland.

5. Public sentiment; general passion. [R.]

A little time be allowed for the madness of popularity to cease.

Bancroft.

Pop`u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of making popular, or of introducing among the people.

Pop"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Popularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Popularizing (?).] [Cf. F. populariser.] To make popular; to make suitable or acceptable to the common people; to make generally known; as, to popularize philosophy. "The popularizing of religious teaching." Milman.

Pop"u*lar*i`zer (?), n. One who popularizes.

Pop"u*lar*ly, adv. In a popular manner; so as to be generally favored or accepted by the people; commonly; currently; as, the story was popularity reported.

The victor knight, Bareheaded, popularly low had bowed.

Dryden.

Pop"u*lar*ness, n. The quality or state of being popular; popularity. Coleridge.

Pop"u*late (?), a. [L. populus people. See People.] Populous. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pop"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Populated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Populating.] To furnish with inhabitants, either by natural increase or by immigration or colonization; to cause to be inhabited; to people.

Pop"u*late, v. i. To propagate. [Obs.]

Great shoals of people which go on to populate.

Bacon.

Pop`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. populatio: cf. F. population.] 1. The act or process of populating; multiplication of inhabitants.

2. The whole number of people, or inhabitants, in a country, or portion of a country; as, a population of ten millions.

Pop"u*la`tor (?), n. One who populates.

Pop"u*li*cide` (?), n. [L. populus people + caedere to kill.] Slaughter of the people. [R.]

Pop"u*lin (?), n. [L. populus poplar: cf. F. populine.] (Chem.) A glycoside, related to salicin, found in the bark of certain species of the poplar (Populus), and extracted as a sweet white crystalline substance.

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Pop`u*los"i*ty (?), n. [L. populositas: cf. F. populositÈ.] Populousness.[Obs.]

Pop"u*lous (?), a. [L. populosus, fr. populus people: cf. F. populeux.] 1. Abounding in people; full of inhabitants; containing many inhabitants in proportion to the extent of the country.

Heaven, yet populous, retains Number sufficient to possess her realms.

Milton.

2. Popular; famous. [Obs.] J. Webster.

3. Common; vulgar. [Obs.] Arden of Feversham.

4. Numerous; in large number. [Obs.] "The dust . . . raised by your populous troops." Shak.

-- Pop"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Pop"u*lous*ness, n.

Po*raille" (?), n. [OF. pouraille. See Poor.] Poor people; the poor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Por"bea`gle (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A species of shark (Lamna cornubica), about eight feet long, having a pointed nose and a crescent-shaped tail; -- called also mackerel shark. [Written also probeagle.]

Por"cate (?), a. [L. porca a ridge between two furrows.] (Zoˆl.) Having grooves or furrows broader than the intervening ridges; furrowed.

Por"ce*lain (?), n. (Bot.) Purslain. [Obs.]

Por"ce*lain (277), n. [F. porcelaine, It. porcellana, orig., the porcelain shell, or Venus shell (CyprÊa porcellana), from a dim. fr. L. porcus pig, probably from the resemblance of the shell in shape to a pig's back. Porcelain was called after this shell, either on account of its smoothness and whiteness, or because it was believed to be made from it. See Pork.] A fine translucent or semitransculent kind of earthenware, made first in China and Japan, but now also in Europe and America; -- called also China, or China ware.

Porcelain, by being pure, is apt to break.

Dryden.

Ivory porcelain, porcelain with a surface like ivory, produced by depolishing. See Depolishing. -- Porcelain clay. See under Clay. -- Porcelain crab (Zoˆl.), any crab of the genus Porcellana and allied genera (family PorcellanidÊ). They have a smooth, polished carapace. -- Porcelain jasper. (Min.) See Porcelanite. -- Porcelain printing, the transferring of an impression of an engraving to porcelain. -- Porcelain shell (Zoˆl.), a cowry.

Por"ce*lain*ized (?), a. (Geol.) Baked like potter's lay; -- applied to clay shales that have been converted by heat into a substance resembling porcelain.

{ Por`ce*la"ne*ous (?), Por`cel*la"ne*ous (?), } a. 1. Of or pertaining to porcelain; resembling porcelain; as, porcelaneous shells.

2. (Zoˆl.) Having a smooth, compact shell without pores; -- said of certain Foraminifera.

Por"ce*la*nite (?), n. [Cf. F. porcelanite.] (Min.) A semivitrified clay or shale, somewhat resembling jasper; -- called also porcelain jasper.

{ Por"ce*la`nous (?), Por"cel*la`nous (?), } a. Porcelaneous. Ure.

Porch (?), n. [F. porche, L. porticus, fr. porta a gate, entrance, or passage. See Port a gate, and cf. Portico.] 1. (Arch.) A covered and inclosed entrance to a building, whether taken from the interior, and forming a sort of vestibule within the main wall, or projecting without and with a separate roof. Sometimes the porch is large enough to serve as a covered walk. See also Carriage porch, under Carriage, and Loggia.

The graceless Helen in the porch I spied Of Vesta's temple.

Dryden.

2. A portico; a covered walk. [Obs.]

Repair to Pompey's porch, where you shall find find us.

Shak.

The Porch, a public portico, or great hall, in Athens, where Zeno, the philosopher, taught his disciples; hence, sometimes used as equivalent to the school of the Stoics. It was called "h poiki`lh stoa`. [See Poicile.]

Por"cine (?), a. [L. porcinus, from porcus a swine. See Pork.] Of or pertaining to swine; characteristic of the hog. "Porcine cheeks." G. Eliot.

Por"cu*pine (?), n. [OE. porkepyn, porpentine, OF. porc-espi, F. porc- Èpic (cf. It. porco spino, porco spinoso, Sp. puerco espino, puerco espin, fr. L. porcus swine + spina thorn, spine). The last part of the French word is perhaps a corruption from the It. or Sp.; cf. F. Èpi ear, a spike of grain, L. spica. See Pork, Spike a large nail, Spine.] 1. (Zoˆl.) Any Old Word rodent of the genus Hystrix, having the back covered with long, sharp, erectile spines or quills, sometimes a foot long. The common species of Europe and Asia (Hystrix cristata) is the best known.

2. (Zoˆl.) Any species of Erethizon and related genera, native of America. They are related to the true porcupines, but have shorter spines, and are arboreal in their habits. The Canada porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus) is a well known species.

Porcupine ant-eater (Zoˆl.), the echidna. -- Porcupine crab (Zoˆl.), a large spiny Japanese crab (Acantholithodes hystrix). -- Porcupine disease (Med.). See Ichthyosis. -- Porcupine fish (Zoˆl.), any plectognath fish having the body covered with spines which become erect when the body is inflated. See Diodon, and Globefish. -- Porcupine grass (Bot.), a grass (Stipa spartea) with grains bearing a stout twisted awn, which, by coiling and uncoiling through changes in moisture, propels the sharp-pointed and barbellate grain into the wool and flesh of sheep. It is found from Illinois westward. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Porcupine wood (Bot.), the hard outer wood of the cocoa palm; -- so called because, when cut horizontally, the markings of the wood resemble the quills of a porcupine.

Pore (?), n. [F., fr. L. porus, Gr. &?; a passage, a pore. See Fare, v.] 1. One of the minute orifices in an animal or vegetable membrane, for transpiration, absorption, etc.

2. A minute opening or passageway; an interstice between the constituent particles or molecules of a body; as, the pores of stones.

Pore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Poring.] [OE. poren, of uncertain origin; cf. D. porren to poke, thrust, Gael. purr.] To look or gaze steadily in reading or studying; to fix the attention; to be absorbed; -- often with on or upon, and now usually with over."Painfully to pore upon a book." Shak.

The eye grows weary with poring perpetually on the same thing.

Dryden.

Pore"blind` (?), a. [Probably influenced by pore, v. See Purblind.] Nearsighted; shortsighted; purblind. [Obs.] Bacon.

Por"er (?), n. One who pores.

Por"gy (?), n.; pl. Porgies (#). [See Paugie.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The scup. (b) The sailor's choice, or pinfish. (c) The margate fish. (d) The spadefish. (e) Any one of several species of embiotocoids, or surf fishes, of the Pacific coast. The name is also given locally to several other fishes, as the bur fish. [Written also porgee, porgie, and paugy.]

||Po*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. porus pore + ferre to bear.] ||(Zoˆl.) A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; ||-- called also SpongiÊ, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal ||divisions are CalcispongiÊ, Keratosa or FibrospongiÊ, and Silicea.

Po*rif"er*an (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Polifera.

||Po*rif`e*ra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] The Polifera.

Po"ri*form (?), a. [L. porus pore + -form: cf. F. poriforme.] Resembling a pore, or small puncture.

Po"rime (?), n. [Gr. &?; practicable.] (Math.) A theorem or proposition so easy of demonstration as to be almost self-evident. [R.] Crabb.

Por"i*ness (?), n. Porosity. Wiseman.