Chapter 2

Myth (?), n. [Written also mythe.] [Gr. my^qos myth, fable, tale, talk, speech: cf. F. mythe.] 1. A story of great but unknown age which originally embodied a belief regarding some fact or phenomenon of experience, and in which often the forces of nature and of the soul are personified; an ancient legend of a god, a hero, the origin of a race, etc.; a wonder story of prehistoric origin; a popular fable which is, or has been, received as historical.

2. A person or thing existing only in imagination, or whose actual existence is not verifiable.

As for Mrs. Primmins's bones, they had been myths these twenty years.

Ld. Lytton.

Myth history, history made of, or mixed with, myths.

Mythe (?), n. See Myth. Grote.

{ Myth"ic (?), Myth"ic*al (?), } a. [L. mythicus, Gr. &?;. See Myth.] Of or relating to myths; described in a myth; of the nature of a myth; fabulous; imaginary; fanciful. -- Myth"ic*al*ly, adv.

The mythic turf where danced the nymphs.

Mrs. Browning.

Hengist and Horsa, Vortigern and Rowena, Arthur and Mordred, are mythical persons, whose very existence may be questioned.

Macaulay.

My*thog"ra*pher (?), n. [Gr. myqogra`fos; my^qos + gra`fein to write.] A composer of fables.

My*thol"o*ger (?), n. A mythologist.

Myth`o*lo"gi*an (?), n. A mythologist.

{ Myth`o*log"ic (?), Myth`o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [L. mythologicus: cf. F. mytholigique.] Of or pertaining to mythology or to myths; mythical; fabulous. -- Myth`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

My*thol"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. mythologiste.] One versed in, or who writes on, mythology or myths.

My*thol"o*gize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. mythologiser.] 1. To relate, classify, and explain, or attempt to explain, myths; to write upon myths.

2. To construct and propagate myths.

My*thol"o*gi`zer (?), n. One who, or that which, mythologizes.

Imagination has always been, and still is, in a narrower sense, the great mythologizer.

Lowell.

Myth"o*logue (?), n. [See Mythology.] A fabulous narrative; a myth. [R.]

May we not . . . consider his history of the fall as an excellent mythologue, to account for the origin of human evil?

Geddes.

My*thol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Mythologies (#). [F. mythologie, L. mythologia, Gr. myqologi`a; my^qos, fable, myth + lo`gos speech, discourse.] 1. The science which treats of myths; a treatise on myths.

2. A body of myths; esp., the collective myths which describe the gods of a heathen people; as, the mythology of the Greeks.

Myth"o*plasm (?), n. [Gr. my^qos myth + pla`ssein to form.] A narration of mere fable.

Myth`o*pœ"ic (?), a. [Gr. myqopoio`s making myths; my^qos myth + poiei^n to make.] Making or producing myths; giving rise to mythical narratives.

The mythopœic fertility of the Greeks.

Grote.

Myth`o*po*et"ic (?), a. [Gr. my^qos myth + &?; able to make, producing, fr. poiei^n to make.] Making or producing myths or mythical tales.

Myt"i*loid (?), a. [Mytilus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Mytilus, or family Mytilidæ.

Myt`i*lo*tox"ine (?), n. [Mytilus + toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A poisonous base (leucomaine) found in the common mussel. It either causes paralysis of the muscles, or gives rise to convulsions, including death by an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood.

||Myt"i*lus (?), n. [L., a sea mussel, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ||marine bivalve shells, including the common mussel. See Illust. under ||Byssus.

||Myx"a (?), n. [L., a lamp nozzle, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) The distal end of ||the mandibles of a bird.

Myx"ine (?), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of marsipobranchs, including the hagfish. See Hag, 4.

Myx"i*noid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the genus Myxine. -- n. A hagfish.

||Myx`o*cys*to"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; mucus + &?; a ||bladder.] (Zoöl.) A division of Infusoria including the Noctiluca. ||See Noctiluca.

||Myx*o"ma (?), n.; pl. Myxomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; mucus + - oma.] ||(Med.) A tumor made up of a gelatinous tissue resembling that found ||in the umbilical cord.

Myx"o*pod (?), n. [Gr. &?; mucus, slime + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A rhizopod or moneran. Also used adjectively; as, a myxopod state.

||My*zon"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to suck.] (Zoöl.) The ||Marsipobranchiata.

||My`zo*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. my`zein to suck + sto`ma, ||-atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) An order of curious parasitic worms found on ||crinoids. The body is short and disklike, with four pairs of suckers ||and five pairs of hook-bearing parapodia on the under side.

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N.

N (n), the fourteenth letter of English alphabet, is a vocal consonent, and, in allusion to its mode of formation, is called the dentinasal or linguanasal consonent. Its commoner sound is that heard in ran, done; but when immediately followed in the same word by the sound of g hard or k (as in single, sink, conquer), it usually represents the same sound as the digraph ng in sing, bring, etc. This is a simple but related sound, and is called the gutturo-nasal consonent. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 243-246.

The letter N came into English through the Latin and Greek from the Phœnician, which probably derived it from the Egyptian as the ultimate origin. It is etymologically most closely related to M. See M.

N, n. (Print.) A measure of space equal to half an M (or em); an en.

Na (nä), a. & adv. No, not. See No. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nab (nb), n. [Cf. Knap, Knop, Knob.] 1. The summit of an eminence. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. (Firearms) The cock of a gunlock. Knight.

3. (Locksmithing) The keeper, or box into which the lock is shot. Knight.

Nab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nabbing.] [Dan nappe, or Sw. nappa.] To catch or seize suddenly or unexpectedly. [Colloq.] Smollett.

Na"bit (n"bt), n. Pulverized sugar candy. Crabb.

||Nabk (nbk), n. [Ar. nabiqa, nibqa.] (Bot.) The edible berries of the ||Zizyphys Lotus, a tree of Northern Africa, and Southwestern Europe. ||[Written also nubk.] See Lotus (b), and Sadr.

Na"bob (n"bb), n. [Hind. nawb, from Ar. nawb, pl. of nïb a vicegerent, governor. Cf Nawab.] 1. A deputy or viceroy in India; a governor of a province of the ancient Mogul empire.

2. One who returns to Europe from the East with immense riches: hence, any man of great wealth. " A bilious old nabob." Macaulay.

Nac"a*rat (?), n. [F. nacarat, fr. Sp. or Pg. nacarado, fr. nácar mother-of- pearl. See Nacre.] 1. A pale red color, with a cast of orange. Ure.

2. Fine linen or crape dyed of this color. Ure.

Nack"er (?), n. See Nacre. Johnson.

Na"cre (?), n. [F., cf. Sp. nácara, nácar, It. nacchera, naccaro, LL. nacara, nacrum; of Oriental origin, cf. Ar. nakr hollowed.] (Zoöl.) A pearly substance which lines the interior of many shells, and is most perfect in the mother-of-pearl. [Written also nacker and naker.] See Pearl, and Mother-of- pearl.

Na"cre*ous (?), a. [See Nacre.] (Zoöl.) Consisting of, or resembling, nacre; pearly.

{ Nad (?), Nad"de (?) }. [Contr. fr. ne hadde.] Had not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nad"der (?), n. [AS. nædre. See Adder.] An adder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Na"dir (?), n. [F., Sp., & It. nadir; all fr. Ar. nasru's samt nadir, prop., the point opposite the zenith (as samt), in which nasr means alike, corresponding to. Cf. Azimuth, Zenith.] 1. That point of the heavens, or lower hemisphere, directly opposite the zenith; the inferior pole of the horizon; the point of the celestial sphere directly under the place where we stand.

2. The lowest point; the time of greatest depression.

The seventh century is the nadir of the human mind in Europe.

Hallam.

Nadir of the sun (Astron.), the axis of the conical shadow projected by the earth. Crabb.

||Næ"ni*a (?), n. See Nenia.

Næve (?), n. [L. naevus.] A nævus. [Obs.] Dryden.

Næ"void (?), a. [Nævus + -oid.] Resembling a nævus or nævi; as, nævoid elephantiasis. Dunglison.

Næ"vose` (?), a. Spotted; freckled.

||Næ"vus (n"vs), n.; pl. Nævi (- v). [L.] (Med.) A spot or mark on the ||skin of children when born; a birthmark; -- usually applied to ||vascular tumors, i. e., those consisting mainly of blood vessels, as ||dilated arteries, veins, or capillaries.

Nag (ng), n. [OE. nagge, D. negge; akin to E. neigh.] 1. A small horse; a pony; hence, any horse.

2. A paramour; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak.

Nag, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Nagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nagging (?).] [Cf. Sw. nagga to nibble, peck, Dan. nage to gnaw, Icel. naga, gnaga, G. nagen, & E. gnaw.] To tease in a petty way; to scold habitually; to annoy; to fret pertinaciously. [Colloq.] "She never nagged." J. Ingelow.

Nag"ging (?), a. Fault-finding; teasing; persistently annoying; as, a nagging toothache. [Colloq.]

Nag"gy (?), a. Irritable; touchy. [Colloq.]

||Na"gor (?), n. (Zoöl.) A West African gazelle (Gazella redunca).

Nag"yag*ite (?), n. [So called from Nagyag, in Transylvania.] (Min.) A mineral of blackish lead-gray color and metallic luster, generally of a foliated massive structure; foliated tellurium. It is a telluride of lead and gold.

Na"iad (?), n. [L. naias, - adis, naïs, -idis, a water nymph, Gr &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to flow: cf. F. naïade. Cf. Naid.] 1. (Myth.) A water nymph; one of the lower female divinities, fabled to preside over some body of fresh water, as a lake, river, brook, or fountain.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of a tribe (Naiades) of freshwater bivalves, including Unio, Anodonta, and numerous allied genera; a river mussel.

3. (Zoöl) One of a group of butterflies. See Nymph.

4. (Bot.) Any plant of the order Naiadaceæ, such as eelgrass, pondweed, etc.

Na"iant (?), a. (Her.) See Natant. Crabb.

Na"id (?), n. [See Naiad.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, fresh- water, chætopod annelids of the tribe Naidina. They belong to the Oligochæta.

Na"ïf` (&?;; formerly &?;), a. [F. naïf. See Naïve.] 1. Having a true natural luster without being cut; -- applied by jewelers to a precious stone.

2. Naïve; as, a naïf remark. London Spectator.

||Na"ik (?), n. [Hind. nyak.] A chief; a leader; a Sepoy corporal. ||Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Nail (?), n. [AS. nægel, akin to D. nagel, OS &?; OHG. nagal, G. nagel, Icel. nagl, nail (in sense 1), nagli nail (in sense 3), Sw. nagel nail (in senses 1 and 3), Dan. nagle, Goth. ganagljan to nail, Lith. nagas nail (in sense 1), Russ. nogote, L. unguis, Gr. &?;, Skr. nakha. &?;] 1. (Anat.) the horny scale of plate of epidermis at the end of the fingers and toes of man and many apes.

His nayles like a briddes claws were.

Chaucer.

The nails are strictly homologous with hoofs and claws. When compressed, curved, and pointed, they are called talons or claws, and the animal bearing them is said to be unguiculate; when they incase the extremities of the digits they are called hoofs, and the animal is ungulate.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The basal thickened portion of the anterior wings of certain hemiptera. (b) The terminal horny plate on the beak of ducks, and other allied birds.

3. A slender, pointed piece of metal, usually with a head, used for fastening pieces of wood or other material together, by being driven into or through them.

The different sorts of nails are named either from the use to which they are applied, from their shape, from their size, or from some other characteristic, as shingle, floor, ship-carpenters', and horseshoe nails, roseheads, diamonds, fourpenny, tenpenny (see Penny, a.), chiselpointed, cut, wrought, or wire nails, etc.

4. A measure of length, being two inches and a quarter, or the sixteenth of a yard.

Nail ball (Ordnance), a round projectile with an iron bolt protruding to prevent it from turning in the gun. -- Nail plate, iron in plates from which cut nails are made. -- On the nail, in hand; on the spot; immediately; without delay or time of credit; as, to pay money on the nail. "You shall have ten thousand pounds on the nail." Beaconsfield. -- To hit the nail on the head, to hit most effectively; to do or say a thing in the right way.

Nail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nailing.] [AS. næglian. See Nail, n.] 1. To fasten with a nail or nails; to close up or secure by means of nails; as, to nail boards to the beams.

He is now dead, and nailed in his chest.

Chaucer.

2. To stud or boss with nails, or as with nails.

The rivets of your arms were nailed with gold.

Dryden.

3. To fasten, as with a nail; to bind or hold, as to a bargain or to acquiescence in an argument or assertion; hence, to catch; to trap.

When they came to talk of places in town, you saw at once how I nailed them.

Goldsmith.

4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Crabb.

To nail a lie or an assertion, etc., to detect and expose it, so as to put a stop to its currency; -- an expression probably derived from the former practice of shopkeepers, who were accustomed to nail bad or counterfeit pieces of money to the counter.

Nail"brush`, n. A brush for cleaning the nails.

Nail"er (?), n. 1. One whose occupation is to make nails; a nail maker.

2. One who fastens with, or drives, nails.

Nail"er*ess, n. A women who makes nailes.

Nail"er*y (?), n.; pl. Naileries (&?;). A manufactory where nails are made.

Nail"-head`ed (?), a. Having a head like that of a nail; formed so as to resemble the head of a nail.

Nail-headed characters, arrowheaded or cuneiform characters. See under Arrowheaded. -- Nail-headed molding (Arch.), an ornament consisting of a series of low four-sided pyramids resembling the heads of large nails; -- called also nail-head molding, or nail-head. It is the same as the simplest form of dogtooth. See Dogtooth.

Nail"less, a. Without nails; having no nails.

Nain`sook" (?), n. [Nainsukh, a valley in Kaghan.] A thick sort of jaconet muslin, plain or striped, formerly made in India.

||Na"is (?), n. [L., a naiad.] (Zoöl.) See Naiad.

||Nais`sant" (?), a. [F., p. pr. of naître to be born, L. nasci.] ||(Her.) Same as Jessant.

Na"ïve` (?), a. [F. naïf, fem. naïve, fr. L. nativus innate, natural, native. See Native, and cf. Naïf.] Having native or unaffected simplicity; ingenuous; artless; frank; as, naïve manners; a naïve person; naïve and unsophisticated remarks.

Na"ïve`ly (?), adv. In a naïve manner.

||Na`ïve`té" (?), n. [F. See Naïve, and cf. Nativity.] Native ||simplicity; unaffected plainness or ingenuousness; artlessness.

A story which pleases me by its naïveté -- that is, by its unconscious ingenuousness.

De Quincey.

Na"ïve`ty (?), n. Naïveté. Carlyle.

Nake (?), v. t. To make naked. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Come, be ready, nake your swords.

Old Play.

Na"ked (?), a. [AS. nacod; akin to D. naakt, G. nackt, OHG. nacchot, nahhot, Icel. nökviðr, nakinn, Sw. naken, Dan. nögen, Goth. naqaþs, Lith. ngas, Russ. nagii, L. nudus, Skr. nagna. &radic;266. Cf. Nude.]

1. Having no clothes on; uncovered; nude; bare; as, a naked body; a naked limb; a naked sword.

2. Having no means of defense or protection; open; unarmed; defenseless.

Thy power is full naked.

Chaucer.

Behold my bosom naked to your swords.

Addison.

3. Unprovided with needful or desirable accessories, means of sustenance, etc.; destitute; unaided; bare.

Patriots who had exposed themselves for the public, and whom they say now left naked.

Milton.

4. Without addition, exaggeration, or excuses; not concealed or disguised; open to view; manifest; plain.

The truth appears so naked on my side, That any purblind eye may find it out.

Shak.

All things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we to do.

Heb. iv. 13.

5. Mere; simple; plain.

The very naked name of love.

Shak.

6. (Bot.) Without pubescence; as, a naked leaf or stem; bare, or not covered by the customary parts, as a flower without a perianth, a stem without leaves, seeds without a pericarp, buds without bud scales.

7. (Mus.) Not having the full complement of tones; -- said of a chord of only two tones, which requires a third tone to be sounded with them to make the combination pleasing to the ear; as, a naked fourth or fifth.

Naked bed, a bed the occupant of which is naked, no night linen being worn in ancient times. Shak. -- Naked eye, the eye alone, unaided by glasses, or by telescope, microscope, or the like. -- Naked-eyed medusa. (Zoöl.) See Hydromedusa. -- Naked flooring (Carp.), the timberwork which supports a floor. Gwilt. -- Naked mollusk (Zoöl.), a nudibranch. -- Naked wood (Bot.), a large rhamnaceous tree (Colibrina reclinata) of Southern Florida and the West Indies, having a hard and heavy heartwood, which takes a fine polish. C. S. Sargent.

Syn. -- Nude; bare; denuded; uncovered; unclothed; exposed; unarmed; plain; defenseless.

Na"ked*ly, adv. In a naked manner; without covering or disguise; manifestly; simply; barely.

Na"ked*ness, n. 1. The condition of being naked.

2. (Script.) The privy parts; the genitals.

Ham . . . saw the nakedness of his father.

Gen. ix. 22.

Na"ker (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Nacre.

Na"ker, n. [OE. nakere, F. nakaire, LL. nacara, Per. naqret.] A kind of kettledrum. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Na"koo (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The gavial. [Written ||also nako.]

Nale (?), n. [A corrupt form arising from the older "at þen ale" at the nale.] Ale; also, an alehouse. [Obs.]

Great feasts at the nale.

Chaucer.

Nall (?), n. [Either fr. Icel. nl (see Needle); or fr. awl, like newt fr. ewt.] An awl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

Nam (?). [Contr. fr. ne am.] Am not. [Obs.]

Nam, obs. imp. of Nim. Chaucer.

Nam"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being named.

Na*ma"tion (?), n. [LL. namare to take; cf. AS. niman to take.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) A distraining or levying of a distress; an impounding. Burrill.

Nam"ay*cush (?), n. [Indian name.] (Zool.) A large North American lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). It is usually spotted with red, and sometimes weighs over forty pounds. Called also Mackinaw trout, lake trout, lake salmon, salmon trout, togue, and tuladi.

Nam"by-pam`by (?), n. [From Ambrose Phillips, in ridicule of the extreme simplicity of some of his verses.] Talk or writing which is weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty. Macaulay.

Nam"by-pam`by, a. Affectedly pretty; weakly sentimental; finical; insipid. Thackeray.

Namby-pamby madrigals of love.

W. Gifford.

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Name (?), n. [AS. nama; akin to D. naam, OS. & OHG. namo, G. name, Icel. nafn, for namn, Dan. navn, Sw. namn, Goth. nam, L. nomen (perh. influenced by noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know), Gr. 'o`mona, Scr. nman. &radic;267. Cf. Anonymous, Ignominy, Misnomer, Nominal, Noun.] 1. The title by which any person or thing is known or designated; a distinctive specific appellation, whether of an individual or a class.

Whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.

Gen. ii. 19.

What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.

Shak.

2. A descriptive or qualifying appellation given to a person or thing, on account of a character or acts.

His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.

Is. ix. 6.

3. Reputed character; reputation, good or bad; estimation; fame; especially, illustrious character or fame; honorable estimation; distinction.

What men of name resort to him?

Shak.

Far above . . . every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come.

Eph. i. 21.

I will get me a name and honor in the kingdom.

1 Macc. iii. 14.

He hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin.

Deut. xxii. 19.

The king's army . . . had left no good name behind.

Clarendon.

4. Those of a certain name; a race; a family.

The ministers of the republic, mortal enemies of his name, came every day to pay their feigned civilities.

Motley.

5. A person, an individual. [Poetic]

They list with women each degenerate name.

Dryden.

Christian name. (a) The name a person receives at baptism, as distinguished from surname; baptismal name. (b) A given name, whether received at baptism or not. -- Given name. See under Given. -- In name, in profession, or by title only; not in reality; as, a friend in name. -- In the name of. (a) In behalf of; by the authority of. " I charge you in the duke's name to obey me." Shak. (b) In the represented or assumed character of. "I'll to him again in name of Brook." Shak. -- Name plate, a plate as of metal, glass, etc., having a name upon it, as a sign; a doorplate. -- Pen name, a name assumed by an author; a pseudonym or nom de plume. Bayard Taylor. -- Proper name (Gram.), a name applied to a particular person, place, or thing. -- To call names, to apply opprobrious epithets to; to call by reproachful appellations. -- To take a name in vain, to use a name lightly or profanely; to use a name in making flippant or dishonest oaths. Ex. xx. 7.

Syn. -- Appellation; title; designation; cognomen; denomination; epithet. -- Name, Appellation, Title, Denomination. Name is generic, denoting that combination of sounds or letters by which a person or thing is known and distinguished. Appellation, although sometimes put for name simply, denotes, more properly, a descriptive term, used by way of marking some individual peculiarity or characteristic; as, Charles the Bold, Philip the Stammerer. A title is a term employed to point out one's rank, office, etc.; as, the Duke of Bedford, Paul the Apostle, etc. Denomination is to particular bodies what appellation is to individuals; thus, the church of Christ is divided into different denominations, as Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, etc.

Name (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Named (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Naming.] [AS. namian. See Name, n.] 1. To give a distinctive name or appellation to; to entitle; to denominate; to style; to call.

She named the child Ichabod.

1 Sam. iv. 21.

Thus was the building left Ridiculous, and the work Confusion named.

Milton.

2. To mention by name; to utter or publish the name of; to refer to by distinctive title; to mention.

None named thee but to praise.

Halleck.

Old Yew, which graspest at the stones That name the underlying dead.

Tennyson.

3. To designate by name or specifically for any purpose; to nominate; to specify; to appoint; as, to name a day for the wedding.

Whom late you have named for consul.

Shak.

4. (House of Commons) To designate (a member) by name, as the Speaker does by way of reprimand.

Syn. -- To denominate; style; term; call; mention; specify; designate; nominate.

Name"less, a. 1. Without a name; not having been given a name; as, a nameless star. Waller.

2. Undistinguished; not noted or famous.

A nameless dwelling and an unknown name.

Harte.

3. Not known or mentioned by name; anonymous; as, a nameless writer."Nameless pens." Atterbury.

4. Unnamable; indescribable; inexpressible.

But what it is, that is not yet known; what I can not name; &?;t is nameless woe,I wot.

Shak.

I have a nameless horror of the man.

Hawthorne.

Name"less*ly, adv. In a nameless manner.

Name"ly, adv. 1. By name; by particular mention; specifically; especially; expressly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

The solitariness of man . . . God hath namely and principally ordered to prevent by marriage.

Milton.

2. That is to say; to wit; videlicet; -- introducing a particular or specific designation.

For the excellency of the soul, namely, its power of divining dreams; that several such divinations have been made, none &?;an question.

Addison.

Nam"er (?), n. One who names, or calls by name.

Name"sake` (?), n. [For name's sake; i. e., one named for the sake of another's name.] One that has the same name as another; especially, one called after, or named out of regard to, another.

Na*mo" (?), adv. No more. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nan (?), interj. [For anan.] Anan. [Prov. Eng.]

Nan"dine (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An African carnivore (Nandinia binotata), allied to the civets. It is spotted with black.

{ Nan"dou (?), Nan"du (?), } n. [Braz. nhandu or yandu.] (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of South American ostriches of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. See Rhea. [Written also nandow.]

Nan*keen" (?), n. [So called from its being originally manufactured at Nankin, in China.] [Written also nankin.] 1. A species of cloth, of a firm texture, originally brought from China, made of a species of cotton (Gossypium religiosum) that is naturally of a brownish yellow color quite indestructible and permanent.

2. An imitation of this cloth by artificial coloring.

3. pl. Trousers made of nankeen. Ld. Lytton.

Nankeen bird (Zoöl.), the Australian night heron (Nycticorax Caledonicus); -- called also quaker.

Nan"ny (?), n. A diminutive of Ann or Anne, the proper name.

Nanny goat, a female goat. [Colloq.]

Nan"ny*ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) See Sheepberry.

Nan"pie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The magpie.

||Na"os (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a temple, the cella.] ||(Arch.) A term used by modern archæologists instead of cella. See ||Cella.

Nap (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Napped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Napping (?).] [OE. nappen, AS. hnæppian to take a nap, to slumber; cf. AS. hnipian to bend one's self, Icel. hnipna, hnpa, to droop.] 1. To have a short sleep; to be drowsy; to doze. Chaucer.

2. To be in a careless, secure state. Wyclif.

I took thee napping, unprepared.

Hudibras.

Nap, n. A short sleep; a doze; a siesta. Cowper.

Nap, n. [OE. noppe, AS. hnoppa; akin to D. nop, Dan. noppe, LG. nobbe.] 1. Woolly or villous surface of felt, cloth, plants, etc.; an external covering of down, of short fine hairs or fibers forming part of the substance of anything, and lying smoothly in one direction; the pile; -- as, the nap of cotton flannel or of broadcloth.

2. pl. The loops which are cut to make the pile, in velvet. Knight.

Nap, v. t. To raise, or put, a nap on.

Nape (?), n. [Perh. akin to knap a knop.] The back part of the neck. Spenser.

Nape"-crest` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An African bird of the genus Schizorhis, related to the plantain eaters.

Na"per*y (?), n.; pl. Naperies (#). [OF. naperie, fr. nape a tablecloth, F. nappe, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa. See Map, and cf. Apron, Napkin.] Table linen; also, linen clothing, or linen in general. [Obs.] Gayton.

Na"pha wa`ter (?). [Sp. nafa, from Ar. napha odor.] A perfume distilled from orange flowers.

Na"phew (?), n. (Bot.) See Navew.

Naph"tha (?), n. [L. naphtha, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, fr.Ar. nafth, nifth.] 1. (Chem.) The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called crude petroleum, mineral oil, or rock oil. Specifically: That portion of the distillate obtained in the refinement of petroleum which is intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine, and has a specific gravity of about 0.7, -- used as a solvent for varnishes, as a carburetant, illuminant, etc.

2. (Chem.) One of several volatile inflammable liquids obtained by the distillation of certain carbonaceous materials and resembling the naphtha from petroleum; as, Boghead naphtha, from Boghead coal (obtained at Boghead, Scotland); crude naphtha, or light oil, from coal tar; wood naphtha, from wood, etc.

This term was applied by the earlier chemical writers to a number of volatile, strong smelling, inflammable liquids, chiefly belonging to the ethers, as the sulphate, nitrate, or acetate of ethyl. Watts.

Naphtha vitrioli [NL., naphtha of vitriol] (Old Chem.), common ethyl ether; -- formerly called sulphuric ether. See Ether.

Naph"tha*late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of naphthalic acid; a phthalate. [Obs.]

Naph"tha*lene (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline aromatic hydrocarbon, C10H8, analogous to benzene, and obtained by the distillation of certain bituminous materials, such as the heavy oil of coal tar. It is the type and basis of a large number of derivatives among organic compounds. Formerly called also naphthaline.

Naphthalene red (Chem.), a dyestuff obtained from certain diazo derivatives of naphthylamine, and called also magdala red. -- Naphthalene yellow (Chem.), a yellow dyestuff obtained from certain nitro derivatives of naphthol.

Naph`tha*len"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to , or derived from, naphthalene; -- used specifically to designate a yellow crystalline substance, called naphthalenic acid and also hydroxy quinone, and obtained from certain derivatives of naphthol.

Naph*tha"lic (?), a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, naphthalene; -- used specifically to denote any one of a series of acids derived from naphthalene, and called naphthalene acids. (b) Formerly, designating an acid probably identical with phthalic acid.

Naph*thal"i*dine (?), n. [Naphthalene + toluidine.] (Chem.) Same as Naphthylamine.

{ Naph"tha*lin (?), Naph"tha*line (?), } n. [F. naphthaline.] (Chem.) See Naphthalene.

Naph"tha*lize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To mingle, saturate, or impregnate, with naphtha.

Naph*thaz"a*rin (?), n. [Naphthalene + alizarin.] (Chem.) A dyestuff, resembling alizarin, obtained from naphthoquinone as a red crystalline substance with a bright green, metallic luster; -- called also naphthalizarin.

Naph"thene (?), n. (Chem.) A peculiar hydrocarbon occuring as an ingredient of Caucasian petroleum.

Naph"thide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of naphthalene or its radical with a metallic element; as, mercuric naphthide.

Naph*tho"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, naphthalene; -- used specifically to designate any one of a series of carboxyl derivatives, called naphthoic acids.

Naph"thol (?), n. [Naphthalene + -ol.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of hydroxyl derivatives of naphthalene, analogous to phenol. In general they are crystalline substances with a phenol (carbolic) odor.

Naphthol blue, Naphthol orange, Naphthol yellow (Chem.), brilliant dyestuffs produced from certain complex nitrogenous derivatives of naphthol or naphthoquinone.

Naph`tho*qui"none (?), n. [Naphthalene + quinone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, C10H6O2, analogous to quinone, obtained by oxidizing naphthalene with chromic acid.

Naph"thyl (?), n. [Naphthalene + -yl.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical regarded as the essential residue of naphthalene.

Naph`thyl*am"ine (?), n. (Chem.) One of two basic amido derivatives of naphthalene, C10H7.NH2, forming crystalline solids.

{ Na*pie"ri*an, Na*pe"ri*an , } (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Napier, or Naper.

Naperian logarithms. See under Logarithms.

{ Na"pi*er's bones` (?), Na"pi*er's rods` (?) }. A set of rods, made of bone or other material, each divided into nine spaces, and containing the numbers of a column of the multiplication table; -- a contrivance of Baron Napier, the inventor of logarithms, for facilitating the operations of multiplication and division.

Na"pi*form (?), a. [L. napus turnip + -form: cf. F. napiforme. Cf. Navew.] (Bot.) Turnip-shaped; large and round in the upper part, and very slender below.

Nap"kin (?), n. [Dim. of OF. nape a tablecloth, cloth, F. nappe, L. mappa. See Napery.] 1. A little towel, or small cloth, esp. one for wiping the fingers and mouth at table.

2. A handkerchief. [Obs.] Shak.

Napkin pattern. See Linen scroll, under Linen. -- Napkin ring, a ring of metal, ivory, or other material, used to inclose a table napkin.

Nap"less, a. Without nap; threadbare. Shak.

Na"ples yel"low (?). See under Yellow.

Na*po"le*on (?), n. [From the Emperor Napoleon 1.] A French gold coin of twenty francs, or about $3.86.

Na*po`le*on"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Napoleon I., or his family; resembling, or having the qualities of, Napoleon I. Lowell.

Na*po"le*on*ist (?), n. A supporter of the dynasty of the Napoleons.

Nappe (?), n. [F. nappe cloth, sheet. See Napery.] (Geom.) Sheet; surface; all that portion of a surface that is continuous in such a way that it is possible to pass from any one point of the portion to any other point of the portion without leaving the surface. Thus, some hyperboloids have one nappe, and some have two.

Nap"pi*ness (?), n. [From 2d Nappy.] The quality of having a nap; abundance of nap, as on cloth.

Nap"ping (?), n. 1. The act or process of raising a nap, as on cloth.

2. (Hat Making) A sheet of partially felted fur before it is united to the hat body. Knight.

Nap"py (?), a. [From 1st Nap.] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy; as, to feel nappy.

2. Tending to cause sleepiness; serving to make sleepy; strong; heady; as, nappy ale. [Obs.] Wyatt.

Nap"py, a. [From 3d Nap.] Having a nap or pile; downy; shaggy. Holland.

Nap"py, n.; pl. Nappies (#). [OE. nap, AS. hnæp cup, bowl. See Hanaper.] A round earthen dish, with a flat bottom and sloping sides. [Written also nappie.]

Nap"-tak`ing (?), n. A taking by surprise; an unexpected onset or attack. Carew.

||Na*pu" (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A very small chevrotain ||(Tragulus Javanicus), native of Java. It is about the size of a hare, ||and is noted for its agility in leaping. Called also Java musk deer, ||pygmy musk deer, and deerlet.

||Na"pus (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A kind of turnip. See Navew.

Nar"ce*ine (?), n. [L. narce numbness, torpor, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;: cf. F. narcéïne.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in small quantities in opium, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a bitter astringent taste. It is a narcotic. Called also narceia.

Nar*cis"sine (?), a. Of or pertaining to Narcissus.

Nar*cis"sus (?), n.; pl. Narcissuses (#). [L. narcissus, and (personified) Narcissus, Gr. na`rkissos, Na`rkissos, fr. na`rkh torpor, in allusion to the narcotic properties of the flower. Cf. Narcotic.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of endogenous bulbous plants with handsome flowers, having a cup-shaped crown within the six-lobed perianth, and comprising the daffodils and jonquils of several kinds.

2. (Classical Myth.) A beautiful youth fabled to have been enamored of his own image as seen in a fountain, and to have been changed into the flower called Narcissus.

||Nar*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. na`rkwsis. See Narcotic.] (Med.) ||Privation of sense or consciousness, due to a narcotic.

Nar*cot"ic (?), a. [F. narcotique, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; to benumb, na`rkh numbness, torpor.] (Med.) Having the properties of a narcotic; operating as a narcotic.

-- Nar*cot"ic*ness, n.

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Nar*cot"ic (?), n. (Med.) A drug which, in medicinal doses, generally allays morbid susceptibility, relieves pain, and produces sleep; but which, in poisonous doses, produces stupor, coma, or convulsions, and, when given in sufficient quantity, causes death. The best examples are opium (with morphine), belladonna (with atropine), and conium.

Nercotykes and opye (opium) of Thebes.

Chaucer.

Nar*cot"ic*al (?), a. Narcotic.

-- Nar*cot"ic*al*ly, adv.

Nar"co*tine (?), n. [Cf. F. narcotine. Cf. Cotarnine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium, and extracted as a white crystalline substance, tasteless and less poisonous than morphine; -- called also narcotia.

Nar`co*tin"ic (?), a. Pertaining to narcotine.

Nar"co*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. narcotisme.] Narcosis; the state of being narcotized. G. Eliot.

Nar"co*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narcotized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Narcotizing (?).] To imbue with, or subject to the influence of, a narcotic; to put into a state of narcosis.

Nard (?), n. [AS., fr. L. nardus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;; cf. Heb. nêrd, Per. nard, Scr. nalada.] 1. (Bot.) An East Indian plant (Nardostachys Jatamansi) of the Valerian family, used from remote ages in Oriental perfumery.

2. An ointment prepared partly from this plant. See Spikenard.

3. (Bot.) A kind of grass (Nardus stricta) of little value, found in Europe and Asia.

Nard"ine (?), a. [L. nardinus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;.] Of or pertaining to nard; having the qualities of nard.

||Nar*doo" (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian name for Marsilea Drummondii, a ||four-leaved cryptogamous plant, sometimes used for food.

Nare (?), n. [L. naris.] A nostril. [R.] B. Jonson.

||Na"res (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of naris nostril.] (Anat.) The nostrils ||or nasal openings, -- the anterior nares being the external or proper ||nostrils, and the posterior nares, the openings of the nasal cavities ||into the mouth or pharynx.

{ Nar"gile (?), Nar"gi*leh (?), } n. [Per. nrghl, prop., a cocoanut; prob. so called because first made of a cocoanut.] An apparatus for smoking tobacco. It has a long flexible tube, and the smoke is drawn through water.

||Nar"i*ca (?), n. (Zoöl.) The brown coati. See Coati.

Nar"i*form (?), a. [L. naris nostril + -form. See Nose.] Formed like the nose.

Nar"ine (?), a. Of or belonging to the nostrils.

Nar"ra*ble (?), a. [L. narrabilis, fr. narrare to narrate.] Capable of being narrated or told. [Obs.]

Nar`ra*gan"setts (?), n. pl.; sing. Narragansett (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited the shores of Narragansett Bay.

Nar*rate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Narrating.] [L. narratus, p. p. of narrare to narrate, prob. for gnarigare, fr. gnarus knowing. See Ignore, Know.] To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story; to relate the particulars of; to go through with in detail, as an incident or transaction; to give an account of.

Syn. -- To relate; recount; detail; describe.

Nar*ra"tion (?), n. [L. narratio: cf. F. narration.] 1. The act of telling or relating the particulars of an event; rehearsal; recital.

2. That which is related; the relation in words or writing of the particulars of any transaction or event, or of any series of transactions or events; story; history.

3. (Rhet.) That part of a discourse which recites the time, manner, or consequences of an action, or simply states the facts connected with the subject.

Syn. -- Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; description; explanation; detail; narrative; story; tale; history. See Account.

Nar"ra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. narratif.] 1. Of or pertaining to narration; relating to the particulars of an event or transaction.

2. Apt or inclined to relate stories, or to tell particulars of events; story-telling; garrulous.

But wise through time, and narrative with age.

Pope.

Nar"ra*tive, n. That which is narrated; the recital of a story; a continuous account of the particulars of an event or transaction; a story.

Cyntio was much taken with my narrative.

Tatler.

Syn. -- Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; narration; story; tale. See Account.

Nar"ra*tive*ly, adv. In the style of narration.

Nar*ra"tor (?), n. [L.] One who narrates; one who relates a series of events or transactions.

Nar"ra*to*ry (?), a. Giving an account of events; narrative; as, narratory letters. Howell.

Narre (?), a. Nearer. [Obs.] Spenser.

Nar"row (?), a. [Compar. Narrower (?); superl. Narrowest.] [OE. narwe, naru, AS. nearu; akin to OS. naru, naro.] 1. Of little breadth; not wide or broad; having little distance from side to side; as, a narrow board; a narrow street; a narrow hem.

Hath passed in safety through the narrow seas.

Shak.

2. Of little extent; very limited; circumscribed.

The Jews were but a small nation, and confined to a narrow compass in the world.

Bp. Wilkins.

3. Having but a little margin; having barely sufficient space, time, or number, etc.; close; near; -- with special reference to some peril or misfortune; as, a narrow shot; a narrow escape; a narrow majority. Dryden.

4. Limited as to means; straitened; pinching; as, narrow circumstances.

5. Contracted; of limited scope; illiberal; bigoted; as, a narrow mind; narrow views. "A narrow understanding." Macaulay.

6. Parsimonious; niggardly; covetous; selfish.

A very narrow and stinted charity.

Smalridge.

7. Scrutinizing in detail; close; accurate; exact.

But first with narrow search I must walk round This garden, and no corner leave unspied.

Milton.

8. (Phon.) Formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate; or (according to Bell) by a tense condition of the pharynx; -- distinguished from wide; as (ve) and (fd), etc., from (ll) and (ft), etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 13.

Narrow is not unfrequently prefixed to words, especially to participles and adjectives, forming compounds of obvious signification; as, narrow-bordered, narrow- brimmed, narrow-breasted, narrow-edged, narrow- faced, narrow-headed, narrow-leaved, narrow- pointed, narrow-souled, narrow-sphered, etc.

Narrow gauge. (Railroad) See Note under Gauge, n., 6.

Nar"row (?), n.; pl. Narrows (&?;). A narrow passage; esp., a contracted part of a stream, lake, or sea; a strait connecting two bodies of water; -- usually in the plural; as, The Narrows of New York harbor.

Near the island lay on one side the jaws of a dangerous narrow.

Gladstone.

Nar"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narrowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Narrowing.] [AS. nearwian.] 1. To lessen the breadth of; to contract; to draw into a smaller compass; to reduce the width or extent of. Sir W. Temple.

2. To contract the reach or sphere of; to make less liberal or more selfish; to limit; to confine; to restrict; as, to narrow one's views or knowledge; to narrow a question in discussion.

Our knowledge is much more narrowed if we confine ourselves to our own solitary reasonings.

I. Watts.

3. (Knitting) To contract the size of, as a stocking, by taking two stitches into one.

Nar"row, v. i. 1. To become less broad; to contract; to become narrower; as, the sea narrows into a strait.

2. (Man.) Not to step out enough to the one hand or the other; as, a horse narrows. Farrier's Dict.

3. (Knitting) To contract the size of a stocking or other knit article, by taking two stitches into one.

Nar"row*er (?), n. One who, or that which, narrows or contracts. Hannah More.

Nar"row*ing, n. 1. The act of contracting, or of making or becoming less in breadth or extent.

2. The part of a stocking which is narrowed.

Nar"row*ly, adv. [AS. nearulice.] 1. With little breadth; in a narrow manner.

2. Without much extent; contractedly.

3. With minute scrutiny; closely; as, to look or watch narrowly; to search narrowly.

4. With a little margin or space; by a small distance; hence, closely; hardly; barely; only just; -- often with reference to an avoided danger or misfortune; as, he narrowly escaped.

5. Sparingly; parsimoniously.

Nar"row-mind`ed (?), a. Of narrow mental scope; illiberal; mean. -- Nar"row- mind`ed*ness, n.

Nar"row*ness, n. [AS. nearunes.] The condition or quality of being narrow.

Nart (?). [For ne art.] Art not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Nar"thex (?), n. [L., giant fennel, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Bot.) A tall ||umbelliferous plant (Ferula communis). See Giant fennel, under ||Fennel.

2. (Arch.) The portico in front of ancient churches; sometimes, the atrium or outer court surrounded by ambulatories; -- used, generally, for any vestibule, lobby, or outer porch, leading to the nave of a church.

Nar"wal (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Narwhal.

Nar"we (?), a. Narrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nar"whal (?), n. [Sw. or Dan. narvhal; akin to Icel. nhvalr, and E. whale. the first syllable is perh. from Icel. nr corpse, dead body, in allusion to the whitish color its skin. See Whale.] [Written also narwhale.] (Zoöl.) An arctic cetacean (Monodon monocerous), about twenty feet long. The male usually has one long, twisted, pointed canine tooth, or tusk projecting forward from the upper jaw like a horn, whence it is called also sea unicorn, unicorn fish, and unicorn whale. Sometimes two horns are developed, side by side.

Nas (näz). [For ne was.] Was not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nas. [Contr. fr. ne has.] Has not. [Obs.] Spenser.

Na"sal (n"zal), a. [F., from L. nasus the nose. See Nose.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nose.

2. (Phon.) Having a quality imparted by means of the nose; and specifically, made by lowering the soft palate, in some cases with closure of the oral passage, the voice thus issuing (wholly or partially) through the nose, as in the consonants m, n, ng (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 20, 208); characterized by resonance in the nasal passage; as, a nasal vowel; a nasal utterance.

Nasal bones (Anat.), two bones of the skull, in front of the frontals. -- Nasal index (Anat.), in the skull, the ratio of the transverse the base of the aperture to the nasion, which latter distance is taken as the standard, equal to 100.

Na"sal, n. 1. An elementary sound which is uttered through the nose, or through both the nose and the mouth simultaneously.

2. (Med.) A medicine that operates through the nose; an errhine. [Archaic]

3. (Anc. Armor) Part of a helmet projecting to protect the nose; a nose guard.

4. (Anat.) One of the nasal bones.

5. (Zoöl.) A plate, or scale, on the nose of a fish, etc.

Na*sal"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. nasalité.] The quality or state of being nasal.

Na`sal*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of nasalizing, or the state of being nasalized.

Na"sal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nasalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nasalizing (?).] To render nasal, as sound; to insert a nasal or sound in.

Na"sal*ize, v. t. To utter words or letters with a nasal sound; to speak through the nose.

Na"sal*ly, adv. In a nasal manner; by the nose.

Nas"cal (?), n. [F. nascale.] (Med.) A kind of pessary of medicated wool or cotton, formerly used.

Nas"cen*cy (?), n. [L. nascentia. See Nascent.] State of being nascent; birth; beginning; origin.

Nas"cent (?), a. [L. nascens, -entis, p. pr. nasci to be born. See Nation, and cf. Naissant.] 1. Commencing, or in process of development; beginning to exist or to grow; coming into being; as, a nascent germ.

Nascent passions and anxieties.

Berkley.

2. (Chem.) Evolving; being evolved or produced.

Nascent state (Chem.), the supposed instantaneous or momentary state of an uncombined atom or radical just separated from one compound acid, and not yet united with another, -- a hypothetical condition implying peculiarly active chemical properties; as, hydrogen in the nascent state is a strong reducer.

Nase"ber`ry (?), n. [Sp. nispero medlar and naseberry tree, fr. L. mespilus. See Medlar.] (Bot.) A tropical fruit. See Sapodilla. [Written also nisberry.]

Nash (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Firm; stiff; hard; also, chilly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Nas`i*cor"nous (?), a. [L. nasus nose + cornu horn: cf. F. nasicorne.] (Zoöl.) Bearing a horn, or horns, on the nose, as the rhinoceros.

Nas"i*form (?), a. [L. nasus nose + -form. See Nose, and cf. Nariform.] Having the shape of a nose.

||Na*si*on (?), n. [NL., fr. L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) The middle point ||of the nasofrontal suture.

Na"so- (&?;). [L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) A combining form denoting pertaining to, or connected with, the nose; as, nasofrontal.

Na"so*buc"cal (?), a. [Naso + buccal.] (Anat.) Connected with both the nose and the mouth; as, the nasobuccal groove in the skate.

Na`so*fron"tal (?), a. [Naso- + frontal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nose and the front of the head; as, the embryonic nasofrontal process which forms the anterior boundary of the mouth.

Na`so*lach"ry*mal (?), a. [Naso- + lachrymal.] (Anat.) Connected with the lachrymal apparatus and the nose; as, the nasolachrymal, or lachrymal duct.

{ Na`so*pal"a*tal (?), Na`so*pal"a*tine (?) }, a. [Naso- + palatal.] (Anat.) Connected with both the nose and the palate; as, the nasopalatine or incisor, canal connecting the mouth and the nasal chamber in some animals; the nasopalatine nerve.

Na`so*phar`yn*ge"al (? or &?;), a. [Naso- + pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both throat and nose; as, a nasopharyngeal polypus.

Na`so*sep"tal (?), a. [Naso- + septal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the internasal septum.

Na`so*tur"bi*nal (?), a. [Naso- + turbinal.] (Anat.) Connected with, or near, both the turbinal and the nasal bones; as, the nasalturbinal bone, made up of the uppermost lammelæ of the ethmoturbinal, and sometimes united with the nasal. -- n. The nasoturbinal bone.

Nas"sa (?), n.; pl. E. Nassas (#), L. NassÆ (#). [From L. nassa a kind of basket, in allusion to the reticulation of some species.] (Zoöl.) Any species of marine gastropods, of the genera Nassa, Tritia, and other allied genera of the family Nassidæ; a dog whelk. See Illust. under Gastropoda.

-- nas"soid (#), a.

Nas"ti*ly (?), adv. In a nasty manner.

Nas"ti*ness, n. The quality or state of being nasty; extreme filthness; dirtiness; also, indecency; obscenity.

The nastiness of Plautus and Aristophanes.

Dryden.

Nas*tur"tion (?), n. [See Nasturtium.] (Bot.) Same as Nasturtium.

Nas*tur"tium (?), n. [L. nasturtium, for nasitortium, fr. nasus nose + torquere, tortum, to twist, torture, in allusion to the causing one to make a wry face by its pungent taste. See Nose of the face, and Torture.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, having white or yellowish flowers, including several species of cress. They are found chiefly in wet or damp grounds, and have a pungent biting taste.

2. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Tropæolum, geraniaceous herbs, having mostly climbing stems, peltate leaves, and spurred flowers, and including the common Indian cress (Tropæolum majus), the canary-bird flower (T. peregrinum), and about thirty more species, all natives of South America. The whole plant has a warm pungent flavor, and the fleshy fruits are used as a substitute for capers, while the leaves and flowers are sometimes used in salads.

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Nas"ty (?), a. [Compar. Nastier (&?;); superl. Nastiest.] [For older nasky; cf. dial. Sw. naskug, nasket.] 1. Offensively filthy; very dirty, foul, or defiled; disgusting; nauseous.

2. Hence, loosely: Offensive; disagreeable; unpropitious; wet; drizzling; as, a nasty rain, day, sky.

3. Characterized by obscenity; indecent; indelicate; gross; filthy.

Syn. -- Nasty, Filthy, Foul, Dirty. Anything nasty is usually wet or damp as well as filthy or dirty, and disgusts by its stickiness or odor; but filthy and foul imply that a thing is filled or covered with offensive matter, while dirty describes it as defiled or sullied with dirt of any kind; as, filthy clothing, foul vapors, etc.

Na"sute (?), a. [L. nasutus, fr. nasus the nose.] 1. Having a nice sense of smell. [Obs.] Evelyn.

2. Critically nice; captious. [Obs.] auden.

Na"sut*ness, n. Quickness of scent; hence, nice discernment; acuteness. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Nat (?), adv. Not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nat [For ne at.] Not at; nor at. [Obs.] haucer.

Na"tal (?), a. [L. natalis, fr. natus, p. p. of nasci to be born: cf. F. natal. See Nation, and cf. Noel.] 1. Of or pertaining to one's birth; accompying or dating from one's birth; native.

Princes' children took names from their natal places.

Camden.

Propitious star, whose sacred power Presided o'er the monarch's natal hour.

Prior.

2. (Actrol.) Presiding over nativity; as, natal Jove.

Syn. -- Native, natural. See Native.

{ Na`ta*li"tial (?), Na`ta*li"tious (?) }, a. [L. natalitius, from natalis. See Natal.] Of or pertaining to one's birth or birthday, or one's nativity. [Obs.] "Natalitial poplar." Evelyn. "Natalitious fire." W. Cartwright.

Na*tal"o*in (?), n. [From Natal aloes.] (Chem.) A bitter crystalline substance constituting the essential principle of Natal aloes. Cf. Aloon.

Na*tal" plum` (?). (Bot.) The drupaceous fruit of two South African shrubs of the genus Arduina (A. bispinosa and A. grandiflora).

Na"tals (?), n. pl. One's birth, or the circumstances attending it. [Obs.] Fitz- Geffry.

Na"tant (?), a. [L. natans, - antis, from swim, v. intens. fr. nare to swim: cf. F. natant.] 1. (Bot.) Floating in water, as the leaves of water lilies, or submersed, as those of many aquatic plants.

2. (Her.) Placed horizontally across the field, as if swimming toward the dexter side; said of all sorts of fishes except the flying fish.

Na"tant*ly (?), adv. In a floating manner; swimmingly.

Na*ta"tion (?), n. [L. natatio, fr. natare to swim: cf. F. natation. See Natant.] The act of floating on the water; swimming. Sir T. Browne.

||Na`ta*to"res (?), n. pl. [L. natator a swimmer.] (Zoöl.) The swimming ||birds.

They were formerly united into one order, which is now considered an artificial group.

Na`ta*to"rial (?), a. Inclined or adapted to swim; swimming; as, natatorial birds.

Na`ta*to"ri*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Adapted for swimming; -- said of the legs of certain insects.

||Na`ta*to"rium (?), n. [L.] A swimming bath.

Na"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. natatorius.] Adapted for swimming or floating; as, natatory organs.

Natch (?), n. [OF. nache fesse, LL. natica, from L. natis the rump, buttocks. Cf. Aitchbone.] The rump of beef; esp., the lower and back part of the rump.

Natch bone, the edgebone, or aitchbone, in beef.

Natch"ez (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly lived near the site of the city of Natchez, Mississippi. In 1729 they were subdued by the French; the survivors joined the Creek Confederacy.

Natch"nee (?), n. (Bot.) An annual grass (Eleusine coracona), cultivated in India as a food plant.

||Na"tes (?), n. pl. [L., the buttocks.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The buttocks. ||(b) The two anterior of the four lobes on the dorsal side of the ||midbrain of most mammals; the anterior optic lobes.

2. (Zoöl.) The umbones of a bivalve shell.

Nath (?). [Contr. fr. ne hath,] hath not. [Obs.]

Nath"less (?), adv. [OE. natheles, na the les, not the less, AS. n never. See Na, The, conj., and cf. Nevertheless.] Nevertheless. [Archaic] Chaucer. Milton. E. Arnold.

Nath"more` (?), adv. [OE. na the more.] Not the more; never the more. [Obs.] penser.

Nat"i*ca (?), n.; pl. Naticas (&?;), L. NaticÆ (- s). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods belonging to Natica, Lunatia, Neverita, and other allied genera (family Naticidæ.) They burrow beneath the sand, or mud, and drill other shells.

Nat"i*coid (?), a. [Natica + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to Natica, or the family Naticidæ.

Na"tion (?), n. [F. nation, L. natio nation, race, orig., a being born, fr. natus, p. p. of nasci, to be born, for gnatus, gnasci, from the same root as E. kin. &radic;44. See Kin kindred, and cf. Cognate, Natal, Native.] 1. (Ethnol.) A part, or division, of the people of the earth, distinguished from the rest by common descent, language, or institutions; a race; a stock.

All nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues.

Rev. vii. 9.

2. The body of inhabitants of a country, united under an independent government of their own.

A nation is the unity of a people.

Coleridge.

Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation.

F. S. Key.

3. Family; lineage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. (a) One of the divisions of university students in a classification according to nativity, formerly common in Europe. (b) (Scotch Universities) One of the four divisions (named from the parts of Scotland) in which students were classified according to their nativity.

5. A great number; a great deal; -- by way of emphasis; as, a nation of herbs. Sterne.

Five nations. See under Five. -- Law of nations. See International law, under International, and Law.

Syn. -- people; race. See People.

Na"tion*al (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. national.] 1. Of or pertaining to a nation; common to a whole people or race; public; general; as, a national government, language, dress, custom, calamity, etc.

2. Attached to one's own country or nation.

National anthem, a popular song or hymn which has become by general acceptance the recognized musical expression of the patriotic sentiment of a nation; as, "God save the King" is called the national anthem of England. -- National bank, the official common name of a class of banking corporations established under the laws of the United States. -- National flag. See under Flag. -- National guard, a body of militia, or a local military organization, as in Paris during the French Revolution, or as certain bodies of militia in other European countries and in the United States. -- National salute, a salute consisting of as many guns as there are States in the Union. [U.S.]

Na"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. The state of being national; national attachment; nationality.

2. An idiom, trait, or character peculiar to any nation.

3. National independence; the principles of the Nationalists.

Na"tion*al*ist, n. One who advocates national unity and independence; one of a party favoring Irish independence.

Na`tion*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Nationalities (#). [Cf. F. nationalité.] 1. The quality of being national, or strongly attached to one's own nation; patriotism.

2. The sum of the qualities which distinguish a nation; national character.

3. A race or people, as determined by common language and character, and not by political bias or divisions; a nation.

the fulfillment of his mission is to be looked for in the condition of nationalities and the character of peoples.

H. W. Beecher.

4. Existence as a distinct or individual nation; national unity and integrity.

5. The state or quality of belonging to or being connected with a nation or government by nativity, character, ownership, allegiance, etc.

Na`tion*al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of nationalizing, or the state of being nationalized.

Na"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nationalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nationalizing (?).] [Cf. F. nationaliser.] To make national; to make a nation of; to endow with the character and habits of a nation, or the peculiar sentiments and attachment of citizens of a nation.

Na"tion*al*ly, adv. In a national manner or way; as a nation. "The jews . . . being nationally espoused to God by covenant." South.

Na"tion*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being national; nationality. Johnson.

Na"tive (?), a. [F. natif, L. nativus, fr. nasci, p. p. natus. See Nation, and cf. Naïve, Nelf a serf.] 1. Arising by birth; having an origin; born. [Obs.]

Anaximander's opinion is, that the gods are native, rising and vanishing again in long periods of times.

Cudworth.

2. Of or pertaining to one's birth; natal; belonging to the place or the circumstances in which one is born; -- opposed to foreign; as, native land, language, color, etc.

3. Born in the region in which one lives; as, a native inhabitant, race; grown or originating in the region where used or sold; not foreign or imported; as, native oysters, or strawberries.

4. Original; constituting the original substance of anything; as, native dust. Milton.

5. Conferred by birth; derived from origin; born with one; inherent; inborn; not acquired; as, native genius, cheerfulness, simplicity, rights, etc.

Courage is native to you.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).

6. Naturally related; cognate; connected (with). [R.]

the head is not more native to the heart, . . . Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father.

Shak.

7. (Min.) (a) Found in nature uncombined with other elements; as, native silver. (b) Found in nature; not artificial; as native sodium chloride.

Native American party. See under American, a. -- Native bear (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Native bread (Bot.), a large underground fungus, of Australia (Mylitta australis), somewhat resembling a truffle, but much larger. -- Native devil. (Zoöl.) Same as Tasmanian devil, under Devil. -- Native hen (Zoöl.), an Australian rail (Tribonyx Mortierii). -- Native pheasant. (Zoöl.) See Leipoa. -- Native rabbit (Zoöl.), an Australian marsupial (Perameles lagotis) resembling a rabbit in size and form. -- Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Native thrush (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird (Pachycephala olivacea); -- called also thickhead. -- Native turkey (Zoöl.), the Australian bustard (Choriotis australis); -- called also bebilya.

Syn. -- Natural; natal; original; congential. -- Native, Natural, Natal. natural refers to the nature of a thing, or that which springs therefrom; native, to one's birth or origin; as, a native country, language, etc.; natal, to the circumstances of one's birth; as, a natal day, or star. Native talent is that which is inborn; natural talent is that which springs from the structure of the mind. Native eloquence is the result of strong innate emotion; natural eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or artificial.

Na"tive (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, is born in a place or country referred to; a denizen by birth; an animal, a fruit, or vegetable, produced in a certain region; as, a native of France.

2. (Stock Breeding) Any of the live stock found in a region, as distinguished from such as belong to pure and distinct imported breeds. [U.S.]

Na"tive*ly, adv. By natural or original condition; naturally; originally.

Na"tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being native.

Na"tiv*ism (?), n. 1. The disposition to favor the native inhabitants of a country, in preference to immigrants from foreign countries.

2. (Philos.) The doctrine of innate ideas, or that the mind possesses forms of thought independent of sensation.

Na"tiv*ist (?), n. An advocate of nativism.

Na`tiv*is"tic (?), a. Relating to nativism.

Na*tiv"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Nativies (#). [F. nativité, L. nativitas. See Native, and cf. NaïvetÉ.] 1. The coming into life or into the world; birth; also, the circumstances attending birth, as time, place, manner, etc. Chaucer.

I have served him from the hour of my nativity.

Shak.

Thou hast left . . . the land of thy nativity.

Ruth ii. 11.

These in their dark nativity the deep Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame.

Milton.

2. (Fine Arts) A picture representing or symbolizing the early infancy of Christ. The simplest form is the babe in a rude cradle, and the heads of an ox and an ass to express the stable in which he was born.

3. (Astrol.) A representation of the positions of the heavenly bodies as the moment of one's birth, supposed to indicate his future destinies; a horoscope.

The Nativity, the birth or birthday of Christ; Christmas day. -- To cast, or calculate, one's nativity (Astrol.), to find out and represent the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth.

Nat"ka (?), a. (Zoöl.) A species of shrike.

Na"tri*um (?), n. [NL. See Natron.] (Chem.) The technical name for sodium.

Na"tro*lite (?; 277), n. [Natron + -lite: cf. F. natrolithe.] (Min.) A zeolite occuring in groups of glassy acicular crystals, and in masses which often have a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and soda.

Na"tron (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. natron, Ar. natrn, nitrn. Cf. Niter, Anatron.] (Min.) Native sodium carbonate. [Written also anatron.]

Nat"ter (?), v. i. [Cf. Icel. knetta to grumble.] To find fault; to be peevish. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

Nat"ter*jack` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European toad (Bufo calamita), having a yellow line along its back.

Nat"ty (?), a. [Cf. Neat clean.] Neat; tidy; spruce. [Colloq.]

-- Nat"ti*ly, adv. -- Nat"ti*ness, n.

Nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.

With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.

Macaulay.

2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death.

What can be more natural than the circumstances in the behavior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day?

Addison.

3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural science; history, theology.

I call that natural religion which men might know . . . by the mere principles of reason, improved by consideration and experience, without the help of revelation.

Bp. Wilkins.

4. Conformed to truth or reality; as: (a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a natural gesture, tone, etc. (b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; -- said of anything copied or imitated; as, a portrait is natural.

5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to one's position; not unnatural in feelings.

To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . . He wants the natural touch.

Shak.

6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. "Natural friends." J. H. Newman.

7. Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.

8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.

The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God.

1 Cor. ii. 14.

9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some system, in which the base is 1; -- said or certain functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken in arcs whose radii are 1.

<! p. 965 !>

10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. Chaucer.

-- Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas. etc. -- Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. -- Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of botany, zoölogy, geology, mineralogy, paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zoölogy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. -- Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. -- Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. -- Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order. -- Natural person. (Law) See under person, n. -- Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called physics, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. -- Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale -- Natural science, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. -- Natural selection (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See Darwinism. -- Natural system (Bot. & Zoöl.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology.

It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions.

Gray.

-- Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3. -- Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel, under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, § 17.

Syn. -- See Native.

Nat"u*ral (?; 135), n. 1. A native; an aboriginal. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

2. pl. Natural gifts, impulses, etc. [Obs.] Fuller.

3. One born without the usual powers of reason or understanding; an idiot. "The minds of naturals." Locke.

4. (Mus.) A character [] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it, and to restore the unaltered note.

Nat"u*ral*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. naturalisme.] 1. A state of nature; conformity to nature.

2. (Metaph.) The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influences; also, any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by one intelligent will.

Nat"u*ral*ist, n. [Cf. F. naturaliste.] 1. One versed in natural science; a student of natural history, esp. of the natural history of animals.

2. One who holds or maintains the doctrine of naturalism in religion. H. Bushnell.

Nat`u*ral*is"tic (?), a. 1. Belonging to the doctrines of naturalism.

2. Closely resembling nature; realistic. "Naturalistic bit of pantomime." W. D. Howells.

Nat`u*ral"i*ty (?), n. [L. naturalitas: cf. F. naturalité.] Nature; naturalness. [R.]

Nat`u*ral*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. naturalisation.] The act or process of naturalizing, esp. of investing an alien with the rights and privileges of a native or citizen; also, the state of being naturalized.

Nat"u*ral*ize (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Naturalized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Naturalizing (#).] [Cf. F. naturaliser. See Natural.] 1. To make natural; as, custom naturalizes labor or study.

2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject.

3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one's own; as, to naturalize foreign words.

4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions.

Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate.

Hawthorne.

Nat"u*ral*ize, v. i. 1. To become as if native.

2. To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws, to the exclusion of the supernatural.

Infected by this naturalizing tendency.

H. Bushnell.

Nat"u*ral*ly, adv. In a natural manner or way; according to the usual course of things; spontaneously.

Nat"u*ral*ness, n. The state or quality of being natural; conformity to nature.

Na"ture (?; 135), n. [F., fr. L. natura, fr. natus born, produced, p. p. of nasci to be born. See Nation.] 1. The existing system of things; the world of matter, or of matter and mind; the creation; the universe.

But looks through nature up to nature's God.

Pope.

Nature has caprices which art can not imitate.

Macaulay.

2. The personified sum and order of causes and effects; the powers which produce existing phenomena, whether in the total or in detail; the agencies which carry on the processes of creation or of being; -- often conceived of as a single and separate entity, embodying the total of all finite agencies and forces as disconnected from a creating or ordering intelligence.

I oft admire How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit Such disproportions.

Milton.

3. The established or regular course of things; usual order of events; connection of cause and effect.

4. Conformity to that which is natural, as distinguished from that which is artificial, or forced, or remote from actual experience.

One touch of nature makes the whole world kin.

Shak.

5. The sum of qualities and attributes which make a person or thing what it is, as distinct from others; native character; inherent or essential qualities or attributes; peculiar constitution or quality of being.

Thou, therefore, whom thou only canst redeem, Their nature also to thy nature join, And be thyself man among men on earth.

Milton.

6. Hence: Kind, sort; character; quality.

A dispute of this nature caused mischief.

Dryden.

7. Physical constitution or existence; the vital powers; the natural life. "My days of nature." Shak.

Oppressed nature sleeps.

Shak.

8. Natural affection or reverence.

Have we not seen The murdering son ascend his parent's bed, Through violated nature foce his way?

Pope.

9. Constitution or quality of mind or character.

A born devil, on whose nature Nurture can never stick.

Shak.

That reverence which is due to a superior nature.

Addison.

Good nature, Ill nature. see under Good and Ill. -- In a state of nature. (a) Naked as when born; nude. (b) In a condition of sin; unregenerate. (c) Untamed; uncvilized. -- Nature printng, a process of printing from metallic or other plates which have received an impression, as by heavy pressure, of an object such as a leaf, lace, or the like. -- Nature worship, the worship of the personified powers of nature. -- To pay the debt of nature, to die.

Na"ture, v. t. To endow with natural qualities. [Obs.]

He [God] which natureth every kind.

Gower.

Na"tured (?; 135), a. Having (such) a nature, temper, or disposition; disposed; -- used in composition; as, good-natured, ill-natured, etc.

Na"ture*less (?), a. Not in accordance with nature; unnatural. [Obs.] Milton.

Na"tur*ism (?), n. (Med.) The belief or doctrine that attributes everything to nature as a sanative agent.

Na"tur*ist, n. One who believes in, or conforms to, the theory of naturism. Boyle.

Na*tu"ri*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being produced by nature. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Na"tur*ize (?), v. t. To endow with a nature or qualities; to refer to nature. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Nau"frage (?; 48), n. [F., fr. L. naufragium; navis + frangere.] Shipwreck; ruin. [Obs.] acon.

Nau"fra*gous (?), a. [L. naufragus. See Naufrage.] causing shipwreck. [Obs.] r. Taylor.

Naught (?), n. [OE. naught, nought, naht, nawiht, AS. n&?;wiht, n&?;uht, n&?;ht; ne not + &?; ever + wiht thing, whit; hence, not ever a whit. See No, adv. Whit, and cf. Aught, Not.] 1. Nothing. [Written also nought.]

Doth Job fear God for naught?

Job i. 9.

2. The arithmetical character 0; a cipher. See Cipher.

To set at naught, to treat as of no account; to disregard; to despise; to defy; to treat with ignominy. "Ye have set at naught all my counsel." Prov. i. 25.

Naught, adv. In no degree; not at all. Chaucer.

To wealth or sovereign power he naught applied.

Fairfax.

Naught, a. 1. Of no value or account; worthless; bad; useless.

It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer.

Prov. xx. 14.

Go, get you to your house; begone, away! All will be naught else.

Shak.

Things naught and things indifferent.

Hooker.

2. Hence, vile; base; naughty. [Obs.]

No man can be stark naught at once.

Fuller.

Naugh"ti*ly (?), adv. In a naughty manner; wickedly; perversely. Shak.

Naugh"ti*ness, n. The quality or state of being naughty; perverseness; badness; wickedness.

I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart.

1 Sam. xvii. 28.

Naught"ly (?), adv. Naughtily; wrongly. [Obs.]

because my parents naughtly brought me up.

Mir. for Mag.

Naugh"ty (?), a. [Compar. Naughtier (?); superl. Naughtiest.] 1. Having little or nothing. [Obs.]

[Men] that needy be and naughty, help them with thy goods.

Piers Plowman.

2. Worthless; bad; good for nothing. [Obs.]

The other basket had very naughty figs.

Jer. xxiv. 2.

3. hence, corrupt; wicked. [Archaic]

So shines a good deed in a naughty world.

Shak.

4. Mischievous; perverse; froward; guilty of disobedient or improper conduct; as, a naughty child.

This word is now seldom used except in the latter sense, as applied to children, or in sportive censure.

Nau"ma*chy (?), n. [L. naumachia, Gr. &?;; &?; ship + &?; fight, battle, &?; to fight.] 1. A naval battle; esp., a mock sea fight.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A show or spectacle representing a sea fight; also, a place for such exhibitions.

||Nau"pli*us (?), n.; pl. Nauplii (#). [L., a kind of shellfish, fr. ||Gr. &?; ship + &?; to sail.] (Zoöl.) A crustacean larva having three ||pairs of locomotive organs (corresponding to the antennules, antennæ, ||and mandibles), a median eye, and little or no segmentation of the ||body.

Nau`ro*pom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; ship + &?; inclination + -meter.] (Naut.) An instrument for measuring the amount which a ship heels at sea.

Naus"co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; ship + - scopy: cf. F. nauscopie.] (Naut.) The power or act of discovering ships or land at considerable distances.

Nau"se*a (? or &?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; ship. See Nave of a church, and cf. Noise.] Seasickness; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; squeamishness of the stomach; loathing.

Nau"se*ant (?), n. [L. nauseans, p. pr. Of nauseare.] (Med.) A substance which produces nausea.

Nau"se*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nauseated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nauseating.] [L. nauseare, nauseatum, fr. nausea. See Nausea.] To become squeamish; to feel nausea; to turn away with disgust.

Nau"se*ate, v. t. 1. To affect with nausea; to sicken; to cause to feel loathing or disgust.

2. To sicken at; to reject with disgust; to loathe.

The patient nauseates and loathes wholesome foods.

Blackmore.

Nau`se*a"tion (?), n. The act of nauseating, or the state of being nauseated.

Nau"se*a*tive (? or &?;), a. Causing nausea; nauseous.

Nau"seous (?; 277), a. [L. nauseosus.] Causing, or fitted to cause, nausea; sickening; loathsome; disgusting; exciting abhorrence; as, a nauseous drug or medicine. -- Nau"seous*ly, adv. -- Nau"seous*ness, n.

The nauseousness of such company disgusts a reasonable man.

Dryden.

||Nautch (?), n. [Hind. nch, fr. Skr. ntya dance.] An entertainment ||consisting chiefly of dancing by professional dancing (or Nautch) ||girls. [India]

Nau"tic (?), a. [See Nautical.] Nautical.

Nau"tic*al (?), a. [L. nauticus, Gr. naytiko`s, fr. nay`ths a seaman, sailor, fr. nay^s ship: cf. F. nautique. See Nave of a church.] Of or pertaining to seamen, to the art of navigation, or to ships; as, nautical skill.

Syn. -- Naval; marine; maritime. See Naval.

Nautical almanac. See under Almanac. -- Nautical distance, the length in nautical miles of the rhumb line joining any two places on the earth's surface. -- nautical mile. See under Mile.

Nau"tic*al*ly, adv. In a nautical manner; with reference to nautical affairs.

Nau"ti*form (?), a. [Gr. nay^s ship + -form.] Shaped like the hull of a ship.

Nau"ti*lite (?), n. (paleon.) A fossil nautilus.

Nau"ti*loid (?), a. [Nautilus + -oid: cf. F. nautiloïde.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the nautilus; shaped like a nautilus shell. -- n. A mollusk, or shell, of the genus Nautilus or family Nautilidæ.

Nau"ti*lus (?), n.; pl. E. Nautiluses (#), L. Nautili (#). [L., fr. Gr. nayti`los a seaman, sailor, a kind of shellfish which was supposed to be furnished with a membrane which served as a sail; fr. nay^s ship. See Nave of a church.] 1. (Zoöl.) The only existing genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopods. About four species are found living in the tropical Pacific, but many other species are found fossil. The shell is spiral, symmetrical, and chambered, or divided into several cavities by simple curved partitions, which are traversed and connected together by a continuous and nearly central tube or siphuncle. See Tetrabranchiata.

The head of the animal bears numerous simple tapered arms, or tentacles, arranged in groups, but not furnished with suckers. The siphon, unlike, that of ordinary cephalopods, is not a closed tube, and is not used as a locomotive organ, but merely serves to conduct water to and from the gill cavity, which contains two pairs of gills. The animal occupies only the outer chamber of the shell; the others are filled with gas. It creeps over the bottom of the sea, not coming to the surface to swim or sail, as was formerly imagined.

2. The argonaut; -- also called paper nautilus. See Argonauta, and Paper nautilus, under Paper.

3. A variety of diving bell, the lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled, by the occupants.

Na"va*joes (?), n. pl.; sing. Navajo (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians inhabiting New Mexico and Arizona, allied to the Apaches. They are now largely engaged in agriculture.

Na"val (?), a. [L. navalis, fr. navis ship: cf. F. naval. See Nave of a church.] Having to do with shipping; of or pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of ships; as, naval forces, successes, stores, etc.

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Naval brigade, a body of seamen or marines organized for military service on land. -- Naval officer. (a) An officer in the navy. (b) A high officer in some United States customhouses. -- Naval tactics, the science of managing or maneuvering vessels sailing in squadrons or fleets.

Syn. -- Nautical; marine; maritime. -- Naval, Nautical. Naval is applied to vessels, or a navy, or the things which pertain to them or in which they participate; nautical, to seamen and the art of navigation. Hence we speak of a naval, as opposed to a military, engagement; naval equipments or stores, a naval triumph, a naval officer, etc., and of nautical pursuits or instruction, nautical calculations, a nautical almanac, etc.

Na"vals (?), n. pl. Naval affairs. [Obs.]

Na"varch (?), n. [L. navarchus, Gr. nay`archo`s; nay^s ship + 'archo`s chief.] (Gr. Antiq.) The commander of a fleet. Mitford.

Na"varch*y (?), n. [Gr. nayarchi`a.] Nautical skill or experience. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

Na`var*rese" (? or &?;), a. Of or pertaining to Navarre. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Navarre; the people of Navarre.

Nave (nv), n. [AS. nafu; akin to D. naaf, G. nabe, OHG. naba, Icel. nöf, Dan. nav, Sw. naf, Skr. nbhi nave and navel: cf. L. umbo boss of a shield. &radic;260. Cf. Navel.] 1. The block in the center of a wheel, from which the spokes radiate, and through which the axle passes; -- called also hub or hob.

2. The navel. [Obs.] hak.

Nave, n. [F. nef, fr. L. navis ship, to which the church was often likened; akin to Gr. nay`archo`s, Skr. nus, and perh. to AS. naca boat, G. nachen, Icel. nökkvi; cf. L. nare to swim, float. Cf. Nausea, Nautical, Naval.] (Arch.) The middle or body of a church, extending from the transepts to the principal entrances, or, if there are no transepts, from the choir to the principal entrance, but not including the aisles.

Na"vel (n"v'l), n. [AS. nafela, fr. nafu nave; akin to D. navel, G. nabel, OHG. nabolo, Icel. nafli, Dan. navle, Sw. nafle, L. umbilicus, Gr. 'omfalo`s, Skr. nbhla. &radic;260. See Nave hub, and cf. Omphalic, Nombril, Umbilical.] 1. (Anat.) A mark or depression in the middle of the abdomen; the umbilicus. See Umbilicus.

2. The central part or point of anything; the middle.

Within the navel of this hideous wood, Immured in cypress shades, a sorcerer dwells.

Milton.

3. (Gun.) An eye on the under side of a carronade for securing it to a carriage.

Navel gall, a bruise on the top of the chine of the back of a horse, behind the saddle. Johnson. -- Navel point. (Her.) Same as Nombril.

Na"vel-string` (?), n. The umbilical cord.

Na"vel*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A European perennial succulent herb (Cotyledon umbilicus), having round, peltate leaves with a central depression; -- also called pennywort, and kidneywort.

Na"vew (?), n. [OE. navel, naveau, a dim. fr. L. napus navew. Cf. Napiform.] (Bot.) A kind of small turnip, a variety of Brassica campestris. See Brassica. [Writen also naphew.]

Na*vic"u*lar (?), a. [L. navicularius, fr. navicula, dim. of navis ship: cf. F. naviculaire.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a boat or ship.

2. Shaped like a boat; cymbiform; scaphoid; as, the navicular glumes of most grasses; the navicular bone.

Navicular bone. (Anat.) (a) One of the middle bones of the tarsus, corresponding to the centrale; -- called also scaphoid. (b) A proximal bone on the radial side of the carpus; the scaphoid. -- Navicular disease (Far.), a disease affecting the navicular bone, or the adjacent parts, in a horse's foot.

Na*vic"u*lar, n. (Anat.) The navicular bone.

Nav`i*ga*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. navigabilité.] The quality or condition of being navigable; navigableness.

Nav"i*ga*ble (?), a. [L. navigabilis: cf. F. navigable. See Navigate.] Capable of being navigated; deep enough and wide enough to afford passage to vessels; as, a navigable river.

By the common law, a river is considered as navigable only so far as the tide ebbs and flows in it. This is also the doctrine in several of the United States. In other States, the doctrine of the civil law prevails, which is, that a navigable river is a river capable of being navigated, in the common sense of the term. Kent. Burrill.

-- Nav"i*ga*ble*ness, n. -- Nav"i*ga*bly, adv.

Nav"i*gate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Navigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Navigating.] [L. navigatus, p. p. of navigare, v.t. & i.; navis ship + agere to move, direct. See Nave, and Agent.] To journey by water; to go in a vessel or ship; to perform the duties of a navigator; to use the waters as a highway or channel for commerce or communication; to sail.

The Phenicians navigated to the extremities of the Western Ocean.

Arbuthnot.

Nav"i*gate, v. t. 1. To pass over in ships; to sail over or on; as, to navigate the Atlantic.

2. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing; to conduct (ships) upon the water by the art or skill of seamen; as, to navigate a ship.

Nav`i*ga"tion (?), n. [L. navigatio: cf. F. navigation.] 1. The act of navigating; the act of passing on water in ships or other vessels; the state of being navigable.

2. (a) the science or art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to another, including, more especially, the method of determining a ship's position, course, distance passed over, etc., on the surface of the globe, by the principles of geometry and astronomy. (b) The management of sails, rudder, etc.; the mechanics of traveling by water; seamanship.

3. Ships in general. [Poetic] Shak.

Aërial navigation, the act or art of sailing or floating in the air, as by means of ballons; aëronautic. -- Inland navigation, Internal navigation, navigation on rivers, inland lakes, etc.

Nav"i*ga`tor (?), n. One who navigates or sails; esp., one who direct the course of a ship, or one who is skillful in the art of navigation; also, a book which teaches the art of navigation; as, Bowditch's Navigator.

Na*vig"er*ous (?), a. [L. naviger; navis ship + gerere to bear.] Bearing ships; capable of floating vessels. [R.] Blount.

Nav"vy (?), n.; pl. Navies (#). [Abbreviated fr. navigator.] Originally, a laborer on canals for internal navigation; hence, a laborer on other public works, as in building railroads, embankments, etc. [Eng.]

Na"vy (?); n.; pl. Navies (#). [ OF. navie, fr. L. navis ship. See Nave of a church.] 1. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchantmen, or so many as sail in company. "The navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir." 1 kings x. 11.

2. The whole of the war vessels belonging to a nation or ruler, considered collectively; as, the navy of Italy.

3. The officers and men attached to the war vessels of a nation; as, he belongs to the navy.

Navy bean. see Bean. -- Navy yard, a place set apart as a shore station for the use of the navy. It often contains all the mechanical and other appliences for building and equipping war vessels and training their crews.

||Na*wab" (?), n. [See Nabob.] A deputy ruler or viceroy in India; ||also, a title given by courtesy to other persons of high rank in the ||East.

Nawl (?), n. [See Nall.] An awl. [Obs.] usser.

Nay (?), adv. [Icel. nei; akin to E. no. See No, adv.] 1. No; -- a negative answer to a question asked, or a request made, now superseded by no. See Yes.

And eke when I say "ye," ne say not "nay."

Chaucer.

I tell you nay; but except ye repent, ye shall all likewisr perish.

Luke xiii. 3.

And now do they thrust us out privily? nay, verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out.

Acts xvi. 37.

He that will not when he may, When he would he shall have nay.

Old Prov.

Before the time of Henry VIII. nay was used to answer simple questions, and no was used when the form of the question involved a negative expression; nay was the simple form, no the emphatic. Skeat.

2. Not this merely, but also; not only so, but; -- used to mark the addition or substitution of a more explicit or more emphatic phrase.

Nay in this sense may be interchanged with yea. "Were he my brother, nay, my kingdom's heir." Shak.

Nay, n.; pl. Nays (&?;). 1. Denial; refusal.

2. a negative vote; one who votes in the negative.

It is no nay, there is no denying it. [Obs.] haucer.

Nay, v. t. & i. To refuse. [Obs.] Holinshed.

||Na*yaur" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A specied of wild sheep (Ovis Hodgsonii), ||native of Nepaul and Thibet. It has a dorsal mane and a white ruff ||beneath the neck.

Nayt (?), v. t. [Icel. neita.] To refuse; to deny. [Obs.] "He shall not nayt ne deny his sin." Chaucer.

Nay"ward (?), n. The negative side. [R.]

Howe'er you lean to the nayward.

Shak.

Nay"word` (?), n. A byword; a proverb; also, a watchword. [Obs.] hak.

Naz`a*rene" (?), n. [L. Nazarenus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Nazareth.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Nazareth; -- a term of contempt applied to Christ and the early Christians.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Judaizing Christians in the first and second centuries, who observed the laws of Moses, and held to certain heresies.

Naz"a*rite (?), n. A Jew bound by a vow to lave the hair uncut, to abstain from wine and strong drink, and to practice extraordinary purity of life and devotion, the obligation being for life, or for a certain time. The word is also used adjectively.

Naz"a*rite*ship, n. The state of a Nazarite.

Naz`a*rit"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a Nazarite, or to Nazarites.

Naz"a*ri*tism (?; 277), n. The vow and practice of a Nazarite.

Naze (?), n. [See Ness.] A promontory or headland.

Naz"i*rite (?), n. A Nazarite.

Ne (?), adv. [AS. ne. See No.] Not; never. [Obs.]

He never yet no villany ne said.

Chaucer.

Ne was formerly used as the universal adverb of negation, and survives in certain compounds, as never (= ne ever) and none (= ne one). Other combinations, now obsolete, will be found in the Vocabulary, as nad, nam, nil. See Negative, 2.

Ne, conj. [See Ne, adv.] Nor. [Obs.] Shak.

No niggard ne no fool.

Chaucer.

Ne . . . ne, neither . . . nor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Neaf (?), n. See 2d Neif. Shak.

Neal (?), v. t. To anneal. [R.] Chaucer.

Neal, v. i. To be tempered by heat. [R.] Bacon.

Neap (?), n. [Cf. Neb, Nape.] The tongue or pole of a cart or other vehicle drawn by two animals. [U.S.]

Neap (?), a. [As. npfld neap flood; cf. hnipian to bend, incline.] Low.

Neap tides, the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur in the second and fourth quarters of the moon; -- opposed to spring tides.

Neap, n. A neap tide.

High springs and dead neaps.

Harkwill.

Neaped (?), a. (Naut.) Left aground on the height of a spring tide, so that it will not float till the next spring tide; -- called also beneaped.

Ne`a*pol"i*tan (?), a. [L. Neapolitanus, fr. Neapolis Naples, Gr. &?;, lit., New town.] Of of pertaining to Naples in Italy. -- n. A native or citizen of Naples.

Near (nr), adv. [AS. neár, compar. of neáh nigh. See Nigh.] 1. At a little distance, in place, time, manner, or degree; not remote; nigh.

My wife! my traitress! let her not come near me.

Milton.

2. Nearly; almost; well-nigh. "Near twenty years ago." Shak. "Near a fortnight ago." Addison.

Near about the yearly value of the land.

Locke.

3. Closely; intimately. Shak.

Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. -- To come near to, to want but little of; to approximate to. "Such a sum he found would go near to ruin him." Addison.

-- Near the wind (Naut.), close to the wind; closehauled.

Near (?), a. [Compar. Nearer (?); superl. Nearest.] [See Near, adv.] 1. Not far distant in time, place, or degree; not remote; close at hand; adjacent; neighboring; nigh. "As one near death." Shak.

He served great Hector, and was ever near, Not with his trumpet only, but his spear.

Dryden.

2. Closely connected or related.

She is thy father's near kinswoman.

Lev. xviii. 12.

3. Close to one's interests, affection, etc.; touching, or affecting intimately; intimate; dear; as, a near friend.

4. Close to anything followed or imitated; not free, loose, or rambling; as, a version near to the original.

5. So as barely to avoid or pass injury or loss; close; narrow; as, a near escape.

6. Next to the driver, when he is on foot; in the Unted States, on the left of an animal or a team; as, the near ox; the near leg. See Off side, under Off, a.

7. Immediate; direct; close; short. "The nearest way." Milton.

8. Close-fisted; parsimonious. [Obs. or Low, Eng.]

Near may properly be followed by to before the thing approached'; but more frequently to is omitted, and the adjective or the adverb is regarded as a preposition. The same is also true of the word nigh.

Syn. -- Nigh; close; adjacent; proximate; contiguous; present; ready; intimate; dear.

Near, prep. Adjacent to; close by; not far from; nigh; as, the ship sailed near the land. See the Note under near, a.

Near, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neared (?); p. pr. & vb. n Nearing.] [See Near, adv.] To approach; to come nearer; as, the ship neared the land.

Near, v. i. To draw near; to approach.

A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist! And still it neared, and neared.

Coleridge.

Ne*arc"tic (?), a. [Neo + arctic.] Of or pertaining to a region of the earth's surface including all of temperate and arctic North America and Greenland. In the geographical distribution of animals, this region is marked off as the habitat certain species.

Near"hand` (?), a. & adv. Near; near at hand; closely. [Obs. or Scot.] Bacon.

Near"-legged` (?), a. Having the feet so near together that they interfere in traveling. Shak.

Near"ly, adv. In a near manner; not remotely; closely; intimately; almost.

Near"ness, n. The state or quality of being near; -- used in the various senses of the adjective.

Near"sight`ed (?), a. Seeing distinctly at short distances only; shortsighted. -- Near"sight`ed*ness, n. See Myopic, and Myopia.

Neat (?), n. sing. & pl. [AS. neát; akin to OHG. n&?;z, Icel. naut, Sw. nöt, Dan. nöd, and to AS. neótan to make use of, G. geniessen, Goth. niutan to have a share in, have joy of, Lith. nauda use, profit.] (Zoöl.) Cattle of the genus Bos, as distinguished from horses, sheep, and goats; an animal of the genus Bos; as, a neat's tongue; a neat's foot. Chaucer.

Wherein the herds[men] were keeping of their neat.

Spenser.

The steer, the heifer, and the calf Are all called neat.

Shak.

A neat and a sheep of his own.

Tusser.

Neat's-foot, an oil obtained by boiling the feet of neat cattle. It is used to render leather soft and pliable.

Neat, a. [See neat, n.] Of or pertaining to the genus Bos, or to cattle of that genus; as, neat cattle.

Neat, a. [Compar. Neater (?); superl. Neatest.] [OE. nett, F. nett, fr. L. nitidus, fr. nitere to shine. Cf. Nitid, Net, a., Natty.] 1. Free from that which soils, defiles, or disorders; clean; cleanly; tidy.

If you were to see her, you would wonder what poor body it was that was so surprisingly neat and clean.

Law.

2. Free from what is unbecoming, inappropriate, or tawdry; simple and becoming; pleasing with simplicity; tasteful; chaste; as, a neat style; a neat dress.

3. Free from admixture or adulteration; good of its kind; as, neat brandy. "Our old wine neat." Chapman.

4. Excellent in character, skill, or performance, etc.; nice; finished; adroit; as, a neat design; a neat thief.

5. With all deductions or allowances made; net. [In this sense usually written net. See Net, a., 3.]

neat line (Civil Engin.), a line to which work is to be built or formed. -- Neat work, work built or formed to neat lines.

Syn. -- Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce.

'Neath (? or &?;), prep. & adv. An abbreviation of Beneath. [Poetic]

Neat"herd` (?), n. A person who has the care of neat cattle; a cowherd. Dryden.

Neat"house` (?), n. A building for the shelter of neat cattle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger.

Neat"i*fy (?), v. t. [Neat, a. + -fy.] To make neat. [Obs.] olland.

Neat"ly, adv. In a neat manner; tidily; tastefully.

neat"ness, n. The state or quality of being neat.

Neat"ress (?), n. [From neat cattle.] A woman who takes care of cattle. [R.] Warner.

Neb (?), n. [AS. nebb head, face; akin to D. neb, Icel. nef, beak of a bird, nose, Dan. næb beak, bill, Sw. näbb, näf, and prob. also to D. sneb, snavel, bill, beak, G. schnabel, Dan. & Sw. snabel, and E. snap. Cf. Nib, Snap, Snaffle.] The nose; the snout; the mouth; the beak of a bird; a nib, as of a pen. [Also written nib.] Shak.

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||Ne*ba"li*a (?), n. [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ||small marine Crustacea, considered the type of a distinct order ||(Nebaloidea, or Phyllocarida.)

Neb"-neb` (?), n. Same as Bablh.

Neb"u*la (?), n.; pl. Nebulæ (#). [L., mist, cloud; akin to Gr. &?;, &?;, cloud, mist, G. nebel mist, OHG. nebul, D. nevel, Skr. nabhas cloud, mist. Cf. Nebule.] 1. (Astron.) A faint, cloudlike, self- luminous mass of matter situated beyond the solar system among the stars. True nebulæ are gaseous; but very distant star clusters often appear like them in the telescope.

2. (Med.) (a) A white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea. (b) A cloudy appearance in the urine. [Obs.]

Neb"u*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to nebulæ; of the nature of, or resembling, a nebula.

Nebular hypothesis, an hypothesis to explain the process of formation of the stars and planets, presented in various forms by Kant, Herschel, Laplace, and others. As formed by Laplace, it supposed the matter of the solar system to have existed originally in the form of a vast, diffused, revolving nebula, which, gradually cooling and contracting, threw off, in obedience to mechanical and physical laws, succesive rings of matter, from which subsequently, by the same laws, were produced the several planets, satellites, and other bodies of the system. The phrase may indicate any hypothesis according to which the stars or the bodies of the solar system have been evolved from a widely diffused nebulous form of matter.

Neb"u*la`ted (?), a. Clouded with indistinct color markings, as an animal.

Neb`u*la"tion (?), n. The condition of being nebulated; also, a clouded, or ill-defined, color mark.

Neb"ule (?), n. [Cf. F. nébule. See nebula.] A little cloud; a cloud. [Obs.]

O light without nebule.

Old Ballad.

{ ||Né`bu`lé" (?), Neb"u*ly (?) }, a. [F. nébulé.] (Her.) Composed of successive short curves supposed to resemble a cloud; -- said of a heraldic line by which an ordinary or subordinary may be bounded.

Neb`u*li*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) The act or process of nebulizing; atomization.

Neb"u*lize (?), v. t. [See Nebula.] To reduce (as a liquid) to a fine spray or vapor; to atomize.

Neb"u*li`zer (?), n. An atomizer.

Neb"u*lose` (?), a. Nebulous; cloudy. Derham.

Neb`u*los"i*ty (?), n. [L. nebulositas: cf. F. nébulosité] 1. The state or quality of being nebulous; cloudiness; haziness; mistiness; nebulousness.

The nebulosity . . . of the mother idiom.

I. Disraeli.

2. (Astron.) (a) The stuff of which a nebula is formed. (b) A nebula.

Neb"u*lous (?), a. [L. nebulosus: cf. F. nébuleux. See Nebula.] 1. Cloudy; hazy; misty.

2. (Astron.) Of, pertaining to, or having the appearance of, a nebula; nebular; cloudlike.

-- Neb"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Neb"u*lous*ness, n.

Neb"u*ly, n. (Her. & Arch.) A line or a decoration composed of successive short curves or waves supposed to resemble a cloud. See Nébulé

Nec`es*sa"ri*an (?), n. [Cf. F. nécessarien. See Necessary.] An advocate of the doctrine of philosophical necessity; a necessitarian.

Nec`es*sa"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to necessarianism.

Nec`es*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of philosophical necessity; necessitarianism. Hixley.

Nec"es*sa*ri*ly (?), adv. In a necessary manner; by necessity; unavoidably; indispensably.

Nec"es*sa*ri*ness, n. The quality of being necessary.

Nec"es*sa*ry (?), a. [L. necessarius, from necesse unavoidable, necessary; of uncertain origin: cf. F. nécessaire.] 1. Such as must be; impossible to be otherwise; not to be avoided; inevitable.

Death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.

Shak.

2. Impossible to be otherwise, or to be dispensed with, without preventing the attainment of a desired result; indispensable; requisite; essential. "'T is necessary he should die." Shak.

A certain kind of temper is necessary to the pleasure and quiet of our minds.

Tillotson.

3. Acting from necessity or compulsion; involuntary; -- opposed to free; as, whether man is a necessary or a free agent is a question much discussed.

Nec"es*sa*ry, n.; pl. Necessaries (&?;). 1. A thing that is necessary or indispensable to some purpose; something that one can not do without; a requisite; an essential; -- used chiefly in the plural; as, the necessaries of life.

2. A privy; a water-closet.

3. pl. (Law) Such things, in respect to infants, lunatics, and married women, as are requisite for support suitable to station.

Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and existence of things, especially as applied to the actings or choices of the will; -- opposed to libertarian.

Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of necessitarianism.

Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of philosophical necessity; the doctrine that results follow by invariable sequence from causes, and esp. that the will is not free, but that human actions and choices result inevitably from motives; determinism. M. Arnold.

Ne*ces"si*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necessitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Necessitating (?).] [Cf. L. necessitatus, p. p. of necessitare, and F. nécessiter. See Necessity.] 1. To make necessary or indispensable; to render unavoidable.

Sickness [might] necessitate his removal from the court.

South.

This fact necessitates a second line.

J. Peile.

2. To reduce to the necessity of; to force; to compel.

The Marquis of Newcastle, being pressed on both sides, was necessitated to draw all his army into York.

Clarendon.

Ne*ces`si*tat"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. nécessitation.] The act of making necessary, or the state of being made necessary; compulsion. [R.] bp. Bramhall.

Ne*ces"si*tied (?), a. In a state of want; necessitous. [Obs.] Shak.

Ne*ces"si*tous (?), a. [Cf. F. nécessiteux.] 1. Very needy or indigent; pressed with poverty.

Necessitous heirs and penurious parents.

Arbuthnot.

2. Narrow; destitute; pinching; pinched; as, necessitous circumstances.

-- Ne*ces"si*tous*ly, adv. -- Ne*ces"si*tous*ness, n.

Ne*ces"si*tude (?), n. [L. necessitudo, fr. necesse. See Necessray.] 1. Necessitousness; want. Sir M. Hale.

2. Necessary connection or relation.

Between kings and their people, parents and their children, there is so great a necessitude, propriety, and intercourse of nature.

Jer. Taylor.

Ne*ces"si*ty (?), n.; pl. Necessities (#). [OE. necessite, F. nécessité, L. necessitas, fr. necesse. See Necessary.] 1. The quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or absolutely requisite; inevitableness; indispensableness.

2. The condition of being needy or necessitous; pressing need; indigence; want.

Urge the necessity and state of times.

Shak.

The extreme poverty and necessity his majesty was in.

Clarendon.

3. That which is necessary; a necessary; a requisite; something indispensable; -- often in the plural.

These should be hours for necessities, Not for delights.

Shak.

What was once to me Mere matter of the fancy, now has grown The vast necessity of heart and life.

Tennyson.

4. That which makes an act or an event unavoidable; irresistible force; overruling power; compulsion, physical or moral; fate; fatality.

So spake the fiend, and with necessity, The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds.

Milton.

5. (Metaph.) The negation of freedom in voluntary action; the subjection of all phenomena, whether material or spiritual, to inevitable causation; necessitarianism.

Of necessity, by necessary consequence; by compulsion, or irresistible power; perforce.

Syn. -- See Need.

Neck (?), n. [OE. necke, AS. hnecca; akin to D. nek the nape of the neck, G. nacken, OHG. nacch, hnacch, Icel. hnakki, Sw. nacke, Dan. nakke.] 1. The part of an animal which connects the head and the trunk, and which, in man and many other animals, is more slender than the trunk.

2. Any part of an inanimate object corresponding to or resembling the neck of an animal; as: (a) The long slender part of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd. (b) A long narrow tract of land projecting from the main body, or a narrow tract connecting two larger tracts. (c) (Mus.) That part of a violin, guitar, or similar instrument, which extends from the head to the body, and on which is the finger board or fret board.

3. (Mech.) A reduction in size near the end of an object, formed by a groove around it; as, a neck forming the journal of a shaft.

4. (Bot.) the point where the base of the stem of a plant arises from the root.

Neck and crop, completely; wholly; altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.] -- Neck and neck (Racing), so nearly equal that one cannot be said to be before the other; very close; even; side by side. -- Neck of a capital. (Arch.) See Gorgerin. -- Neck of a cascabel (Gun.), the part joining the knob to the base of the breech. -- Neck of a gun, the small part of the piece between the chase and the swell of the muzzle. -- Neck of a tooth (Anat.), the constriction between the root and the crown. -- Neck or nothing (Fig.), at all risks. -- Neck verse. (a) The verse formerly read to entitle a party to the benefit of clergy, said to be the first verse of the fifty-first Psalm, "Miserere mei," etc. Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, a verse or saying, the utterance of which decides one's fate; a shibboleth.

These words, "bread and cheese," were their neck verse or shibboleth to distinguish them; all pronouncing "broad and cause," being presently put to death.

Fuller.

-- Neck yoke. (a) A bar by which the end of the tongue of a wagon or carriage is suspended from the collars of the harnesses. (b) A device with projecting arms for carrying things (as buckets of water or sap) suspended from one's shoulders. -- On the neck of, immediately after; following closely. "Commiting one sin on the neck of another." W. Perkins. -- Stiff neck, obstinacy in evil or wrong; inflexible obstinacy; contumacy. "I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck." Deut. xxxi. 27. -- To break the neck of, to destroy the main force of. "What they presume to borrow from her sage and virtuous rules . . . breaks the neck of their own cause." Milton. -- To harden the neck, to grow obstinate; to be more and more perverse and rebellious. Neh. ix. 17. -- To tread on the neck of, to oppress; to tyrannize over.

Neck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Necking.] (Mech.) To reduce the diameter of (an object) near its end, by making a groove around it; -- used with down; as, to neck down a shaft.

Neck"ar nut` (?). (Bot.) See Nicker nut.

Neck"band` (?), n. A band which goes around the neck; often, the part at the top of a garment.

Neck"cloth` (?; 115), n. A piece of any fabric worn around the neck.

Necked (?), a. 1. Having (such) a neck; -- chiefly used in composition; as, stiff- necked.

2. (Naut.) Cracked; -- said of a treenail.

Neck"er*chief (?), n. [For neck kerchief.] A kerchief for the neck; -- called also neck handkerchief.

Neck"ing, n. Same as Neckmold.

Neck"lace (?; 48), n. 1. A string of beads, etc., or any continuous band or chain, worn around the neck as an ornament.

2. (Naut.) A rope or chain fitted around the masthead to hold hanging blocks for jibs and stays.

neck"laced (?), a. Wearing a necklace; marked as with a necklace.

The hooded and the necklaced snake.

Sir W. Jones.

neck"land (?), n. A neck of land. [Obs.]

neck"let (?), n. A necklace. E. Anold.

{ Neck"mold`, Neck"mould` } (?), n. (Arch.) A small convex molding surrounding a column at the junction of the shaft and capital. Weale.

Neck"plate` (?), n. See Gorget, 1 and 2.

Neck"tie` (?), n. A scarf, band, or kerchief of silk, etc., passing around the neck or collar and tied in front; a bow of silk, etc., fastened in front of the neck.

Neck"wear` (?), n. A collective term for cravats, collars, etc. [Colloq. or trade name]

Neck"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An American annual weed (veronica peregrina), with small white flowers and a roundish pod. (b) The hemp; -- so called as furnishing ropes for hanging criminals. Dr. prior.

||Nec`ro*bi*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; dead + &?; way of life, fr. ||&?; life.] (Biol. & Med.) The death of a part by molecular ||disintegration and without loss of continuity, as in the processes of ||degeneration and atrophy. Virchow.

Nec`ro*bi*ot"ic (?), a. (Biol. & Med.) Of or pertaining to necrobiosis; as, a necrobiotic metamorphosis.

Ne*crol"a*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; a dead person + &?; to worship.] The worship of the dead; manes worship. H. Spenser.

Nec"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a corpse + -lite.] (Min.) Same as Necronite.

{ Nec`ro*log"ic (?), Nec`ro*log"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. nécrologique.] Of or pertaining to necrology; of the nature of necrology; relating to, or giving, an account of the dead, or of deaths.

Ne*crol"o*gist (?), n. One who gives an account of deaths.

Ne*crol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Necrologies (#). [Gr. &?; a dead person + - logy: cf. F. nécrologie. See Necromancy.] An account of deaths, or of the dead; a register of deaths; a collection of obituary notices.

Nec"ro*man`cer (?), n. One who practices necromancy; a sorcerer; a wizard.

Nec"ro*man`cy (?), n. [OE. nigromaunce, nigromancie, OF. nigromance, F. nécromance, nécromancie, from L. necromantia, Gr. &?;; &?; a dead body (akin to L. necare to kill, Skr. na(&?;) to perish, vanish) + &?; divination, fr. &?; diviner, seer, akin to E. mania. See Mania, and cf. Internecine, Noxious. The old spelling is due to confusion with L. niger black. Hence the name black art.] The art of revealing future events by means of a pretended communication with the dead; the black art; hence, magic in general; conjuration; enchantment. See Black art.

This palace standeth in the air, By necromancy placèd there.

Drayton.

Nec`ro*man"tic (?), n. Conjuration. [R.]

With all the necromantics of their art.

Young.

{ Nec`ro*man"tic (?), Nec`ro*man"tic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to necromancy; performed by necromancy. -- Nec`ro*man"tic*al*ly, adv.

Nec"ro*nite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a dead body.] (Min.) Fetid feldspar, a mineral which, when struck, exhales a fetid odor.

Ne*croph"a*gan (?), a. [See Necrophagous.] (Zoöl.) Eating carrion. -- n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a tribe (Necrophaga) of beetles which, in the larval state, feed on carrion; a burying beetle.

Ne*croph"a*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?; eating corpses; &?; a dead body + &?; to eat: cf. F. nécrophage.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Necrophaga; eating carrion. See Necrophagan.

Nec`ro*pho"bi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a dead body + &?; to fear.] An exaggerated fear of death or horror of dead bodies.

Nec"ro*phore (?), n. [Gr. &?; a dead body + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of beetles of the genus Necrophorus and allied genera; -- called also burying beetle, carrion beetle, sexton beetle.

Ne*crop"o*lis (?), n.; pl. Necropolises (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; a dead body, adj., dead + &?; city.] A city of the dead; a name given by the ancients to their cemeteries, and sometimes applied to modern burial places; a graveyard.

Nec"rop*sy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a dead body + &?; sight: cf. F. nécropsie.] (Med.) A post-mortem examination or inspection; an autopsy. See Autopsy.

{ Nec`ro*scop"ic (?), Nec`ro*scop"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?; a dead body + -scope.] Or or relating to post-mortem examinations.

Ne*crose" (?), v. t. & i. (Med.) To affect with necrosis; to undergo necrosis. Quain.

Ne*crosed" (?), a. (Med.) Affected by necrosis; dead; as, a necrosed bone. Dunglison.

<! p. 968 !>

||Ne*cro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make dead, to ||mortify, &?; a dead body.] 1. (med.) Mortification or gangrene of ||bone, or the death of a bone or portion of a bone in mass, as opposed ||to its death by molecular disintegration. See Caries.

2. (Bot.) A disease of trees, in which the branches gradually dry up from the bark to the center.

Ne*crot"ic (?), a. (Med.) Affected with necrosis; as, necrotic tissue; characterized by, or producing, necrosis; as, a necrotic process.

Nec"tar (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth. & Poetic) The drink of the gods (as ambrosia was their food); hence, any delicious or inspiring beverage.

2. (Bot.) A sweetish secretion of blossoms from which bees make honey.

Nec*ta"re*al (?), a. 1. Nectareous.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a nectary.

Nec*ta"re*an (?), a. [L. nectareus: cf. F. nectaréen.] Resembling nectar; very sweet and pleasant. "nectarean juice." Talfourd.

Nec"tared (?), a. Imbued with nectar; mingled with nectar; abounding with nectar. Milton.

Nec*ta"re"ous (?), a. Of, pertaining to, containing, or resembling nectar; delicious; nectarean. Pope.

-- Nec*ta"re*ous*ly, adv. -- Nec*ta"re*ous*ness, n.

Nec*ta"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the nectary of a plant.

Nec"ta*ried (?), a. Having a nectary.

Nec`tar*if"er*ous (?), a. [L. nectar nectar + -ferous: cf. F. nectarifère.] (Bot.) Secreting nectar; -- said of blossoms or their parts.

Nec"tar*ine (?), a. Nectareous. [R.] Milton.

Nec"tar*ine, n. [Cf. F. nectarine. See Nectar.] (Bot.) A smooth- skinned variety of peach.

Spanish nectarine, the plumlike fruit of the West Indian tree Chrysobalanus Icaco; -- also called cocoa plum. it is made into a sweet conserve which a largely exported from Cuba.

Nec"tar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nectarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nectarizing (?).] To mingle or infuse with nectar; to sweeten. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Nec"tar*ous (?), a. Nectareous. Milton.

Nec"ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Nectaries (#). [From Nectar: cf. F. nectaire.] (Bot.) That part of a blossom which secretes nectar, usually the base of the corolla or petals; also, the spur of such flowers as the larkspur and columbine, whether nectariferous or not. See the Illustration of Nasturtium.

||Nec`to*ca"lyx (?), n.; pl. Nectocalyces (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ||swimming + &?; a calyx.] (Zoöl.) (a) The swimming bell or umbrella of ||a jellyfish of medusa. (b) One of the zooids of certain Siphonophora, ||having somewhat the form, and the essential structure, of the bell of ||a jellyfish, and acting as a swimming organ.

{ Nec"to*sac, Nec"to*sack } (?), n. [Gr. &?; swimming + E. sac, sack.] (Zoöl.) The cavity of a nectocalyx.

Nec"to*stem (?), n. [Gr. &?; swimming + E. stem.] (Zoöl.) That portion of the axis which bears the nectocalyces in the Siphonophora.

Ned"der (?), n. [See Adder.] (Zoöl.) An adder. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Ned"dy (?), n.; pl. Neddies (&?;). (Zoöl.) A pet name for a donkey.

||Nee (?), p. p., fem. [F., fr. L. nata, fem. of natus, p. p. of nasci ||to be born. See Nation.] Born; -- a term sometimes used in ||introducing the name of the family to which a married woman belongs ||by birth; as, Madame de Staël, née Necker.

Need (?), n. [OE. need, neod, nede, AS. neád, nd; akin to D. nood, G. not, noth, Icel. nauðr, Sw. & Dan. nöd, Goth. naups.] 1. A state that requires supply or relief; pressing occasion for something; necessity; urgent want.

And the city had no need of the sun.

Rev. xxi. 23.

I have no need to beg.

Shak.

Be governed by your needs, not by your fancy.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Want of the means of subsistence; poverty; indigence; destitution. Chaucer.

Famine is in thy cheeks; Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes.

Shak.

3. That which is needful; anything necessary to be done; (pl.) necessary things; business. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. Situation of need; peril; danger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Exigency; emergency; strait; extremity; necessity; distress; destitution; poverty; indigence; want; penury. -- Need, Necessity. Necessity is stronger than need; it places us under positive compulsion. We are frequently under the necessity of going without that of which we stand very greatly in need. It is also with the corresponding adjectives; necessitous circumstances imply the direct pressure of suffering; needy circumstances, the want of aid or relief.

Need (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Needed; p. pr. & vb. n. Needing.] [See Need, n. Cf. AS. n&?;dan to force, Goth. nau&?;jan.] To be in want of; to have cause or occasion for; to lack; to require, as supply or relief.

Other creatures all day long Rove idle, unemployed, and less need rest.

Milton.

With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, generally in a negative sentence expressing requirement or obligation, and in this use it undergoes no change of termination in the third person singular of the present tense. "And the lender need not fear he shall be injured." Anacharsis (Trans. ).

Need, v. i. To be wanted; to be necessary. Chaucer.

When we have done it, we have done all that is in our power, and all that needs.

Locke.

Need, adv. Of necessity. See Needs. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Need"er (?), n. One who needs anything. Shak.

Need"ful (?), a. 1. Full of need; in need or want; needy; distressing. [Archaic] Chaucer.

The needful time of trouble.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

2. Necessary for supply or relief; requisite.

All things needful for defense abound.

Dryden.

-- Need"ful*ly, adv. -- Need"ful*ness, n.

Need"i*ly (?), adv. [From Needy.] In a needy condition or manner; necessarily. Chaucer.

Need"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being needy; want; poverty; indigence.

Nee"dle (?), n. [OE. nedle, AS. n&?;dl; akin to D. neald, OS. ndla, G. nadel, OHG. ndal, ndala, Icel. nl, Sw. nål, Dan. naal, and also to G. nähen to sew, OHG. njan, L. nere to spin, Gr. &?;, and perh. to E. snare: cf. Gael. & Ir. snathad needle, Gael. snath thread, G. schnur string, cord.] 1. A small instrument of steel, sharply pointed at one end, with an eye to receive a thread, -- used in sewing. Chaucer.

In some needles(as for sewing machines) the eye is at the pointed end, but in ordinary needles it is at the blunt end.

2. See Magnetic needle, under Magnetic.

3. A slender rod or wire used in knitting; a knitting needle; also, a hooked instrument which carries the thread or twine, and by means of which knots or loops are formed in the process of netting, knitting, or crocheting.

4. (Bot.) One of the needle-shaped secondary leaves of pine trees. See Pinus.

5. Any slender, pointed object, like a needle, as a pointed crystal, a sharp pinnacle of rock, an obelisk, etc.

Dipping needle. See under Dipping. -- Needle bar, the reciprocating bar to which the needle of a sewing machine is attached. -- Needle beam (Arch.), to shoring, the horizontal cross timber which goes through the wall or a pier, and upon which the weight of the wall rests, when a building is shored up to allow of alterations in the lower part. -- Needle furze (Bot.), a prickly leguminous plant of Western Europe; the petty whin (Genista Anglica). -- Needle gun, a firearm loaded at the breech with a cartridge carrying its own fulminate, which is exploded by driving a slender needle, or pin, into it. -- Needle loom (Weaving), a loom in which the weft thread is carried through the shed by a long eye- pointed needle instead of by a shuttle. -- Needle ore (Min.), acicular bismuth; a sulphide of bismuth, lead, and copper occuring in acicular crystals; -- called also aikinite. -- Needle shell (Zoöl.), a sea urchin. -- Needle spar (Min.), aragonite. -- Needle telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are given by the deflections of a magnetic needle to the right or to the left of a certain position. -- Sea needle (Zoöl.), the garfish.

Nee"dle, v. t. To form in the shape of a needle; as, to needle crystals.

Nee"dle, v. i. To form needles; to crystallize in the form of needles.

Nee"dle*book` (?), n. A book- shaped needlecase, having leaves of cloth into which the needles are stuck.

Nee"dle*case` (?), n. A case to keep needles.

Nee"dle*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European great pipefish (Siphostoma, or Syngnathus, acus); -- called also earl, and tanglefish. (b) The garfish.

nee"dle*ful (?), n.; pl. needlefuls (&?;). As much thread as is used in a needle at one time.

Nee"dle-pointed` (?), a. Pointed as needles.

Nee"dler (?), n. One who makes or uses needles; also, a dealer in needles. Piers Plowman.

Nee"dless (?), a. 1. Having no need. [Obs.]

Weeping into the needless stream.

Shak.

2. Not wanted; unnecessary; not requisite; as, needless labor; needless expenses.

3. Without sufficient cause; groundless; causeless. "Needless jealousy." Shak.

-- Need"less*ly, adv. -- Need"less*ness, n.

Nee"dle*stone` (?), n. (Min.) Natrolite; -- called also needle zeolite.

Nee"dle*wom`an (?), n.; pl. Needlewomen (&?;). A woman who does needlework; a seamstress.

Nee"dle*work` (?), n. 1. Work executed with a needle; sewed work; sewing; embroidery; also, the business of a seamstress.

2. The combination of timber and plaster making the outside framework of some houses.

Nee"dly (?), a. Like a needle or needles; as, a needly horn; a needly beard. R. D. Blackmore.

Need"ly (?), adv. [AS. ndlice. See Need.] Necessarily; of necessity. [Obs.] hak.

Need"ment (?), n. Something needed or wanted. pl. Outfit; necessary luggage. [Archaic] Spenser.

Carrying each his needments.

Wordsworth.

Needs (?), adv. [Orig. gen. of need, used as an adverb. Cf. -wards.] Of necessity; necessarily; indispensably; -- often with must, and equivalent to of need.

A man must needs love mauger his head.

Chaucer.

And he must needs go through Samaria.

John iv. 4.

He would needs know the cause of his reulse.

Sir J. Davies.

Needs"cost` (?), adv. Of necessity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Needs"ly, adv. Of necessity. [Obs.] Drayton.

Need"y (?), a. [Compar. Needier (?); superl. Neediest.] 1. Distressed by want of the means of living; very poor; indigent; necessitous.

Thou shalt open thy hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy in thy land.

Deut. xv. 11.

Spare the blushes of needly merit.

Dr. T. Dwight.

2. Necessary; requisite. [Obs.]

Corn to make your needy bread.

Shak.

{ Neeld (?), Neele (?) }, n. [See Needle.] A needle. [Obs.] Shak.

Neel"ghau (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Nylghau.

Neem" tree` (?). [Hind. nm.] (Bot.) An Asiatic name for Melia Azadirachta, and M. Azedarach. See Margosa.

Neer (?), adv. & a. Nearer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ne'er (? or ?), adv. a contraction of Never.

Neese (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neesed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Neesing.] [OE. nesen; akin to D. niezen, G. niesen, Icel. hnjsa.] To sneeze. [Obs.] [Written also neeze.]

Nees"ing (?), n. Sneezing. [Obs.] "By his neesings a light doth shine." Job xli. 18.

||Ne` ex"e*at (?). [L. ne exeat regno let him not go out of the ||kingdom.] (Law) A writ to restrain a person from leaving the country, ||or the jurisdiction of the court. The writ was originally applicable ||to purposes of state, but is now an ordinary process of courts of ||equity, resorted to for the purpose of obtaining bail, or security to ||abide a decree. Kent.

Nef (?; F. &?;), n. [F. See Nave.] The nave of a church. Addison.

{ Ne"fand (?), Ne*fan"dous (?) }, a. [L. nefandus not to be spoken; ne not + fari to speak.] Unfit to speak of; unmentionable; impious; execrable. [Obs.] "Nefand adominations." Sheldon. "Nefandous high treason." Cotton Mather.

Ne*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. nefarius, fr. nefas crime, wrong; ne not + fas divine law; akin to fari to speak. See No, adv., and Fate.] Wicked in the extreme; abominable; iniquitous; atrociously villainous; execrable; detestably vile.

Syn. -- Iniquitous; detestable; horrible; heinious; atrocious; infamous; impious. See Iniquitous.

-- Ne*fa"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Ne*fa"ri*ous*ness, n.

||Ne"fasch (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Distichodus. Several ||large species inhabit the Nile.

Ne"fast (?), a. [L. nefastus.] Wicked. [R.]

Ne*ga"tion (?), n. [L. negatio, fr. negare to say no, to deny; ne not + the root of aio I say; cf. Gr. &?;, Skr. ah to say; cf. F. négation. See No, adv., and cf. Adage, Deny, Renegade.] 1. The act of denying; assertion of the nonreality or untruthfulness of anything; declaration that something is not, or has not been, or will not be; denial; -- the opposite of affirmation.

Our assertions and negations should be yea and nay.

Rogers.

2. (Logic) Description or definition by denial, exclusion, or exception; statement of what a thing is not, or has not, from which may be inferred what it is or has.

Neg"a*tive (?), a. [F. négatif, L. negativus, fr. negare to deny. See Negation.] 1. Denying; implying, containing, or asserting denial, negation or refusal; returning the answer no to an inquiry or request; refusing assent; as, a negative answer; a negative opinion; -- opposed to affirmative.

If thou wilt confess, Or else be impudently negative.

Shak.

Denying me any power of a negative voice.

Eikon Basilike.

Something between an affirmative bow and a negative shake.

Dickens.

2. Not positive; without affirmative statement or demonstration; indirect; consisting in the absence of something; privative; as, a negative argument; a negative morality; negative criticism.

There in another way of denying Christ, . . . which is negative, when we do not acknowledge and confess him.

South.

3. (Logic) Asserting absence of connection between a subject and a predicate; as, a negative proposition.

4. (Photog.) Of or pertaining to a picture upon glass or other material, in which the lights and shades of the original, and the relations of right and left, are reversed.

5. (Chem.) Metalloidal; nonmetallic; - - contracted with positive or basic; as, the nitro group is negative.

This word, derived from electro-negative, is now commonly used in a more general sense, when acidiferous is the intended signification.

Negative crystal. (a) A cavity in a mineral mass, having the form of a crystal. (b) A crystal which has the power of negative double refraction. See refraction. -- negative electricity (Elec.), the kind of electricity which is developed upon resin or ebonite when rubbed, or which appears at that pole of a voltaic battery which is connected with the plate most attacked by the exciting liquid; -- formerly called resinous electricity. Opposed to positive electricity. Formerly, according to Franklin's theory of a single electric fluid, negative electricity was supposed to be electricity in a degree below saturation, or the natural amount for a given body. see Electricity. -- Negative eyepiece. (Opt.) see under Eyepiece. -- Negative quantity (Alg.), a quantity preceded by the negative sign, or which stands in the relation indicated by this sign to some other quantity. See Negative sign (below). -- Negative rotation, right-handed rotation. See Right-handed, 3. -- Negative sign, the sign -, or minus (opposed in signification to +, or plus), indicating that the quantity to which it is prefixed is to be subtracted from the preceding quantity, or is to be reckoned from zero or cipher in the opposite direction to that of quanties having the sign plus either expressed or understood; thus, in a - b, b is to be substracted from a, or regarded as opposite to it in value; and -10° on a thermometer means 10° below the zero of the scale.

<! p. 969 !>

Neg"a*tive, n. [Cf. F. négative.] 1. A proposition by which something is denied or forbidden; a conception or term formed by prefixing the negative particle to one which is positive; an opposite or contradictory term or conception.

This is a known rule in divinity, that there is no command that runs in negatives but couches under it a positive duty.

South.

2. A word used in denial or refusal; as, not, no.

In Old England two or more negatives were often joined together for the sake of emphasis, whereas now such expressions are considered ungrammatical, being chiefly heard in iliterate speech. A double negative is now sometimes used as nearly or quite equivalent to an affirmative.

No wine ne drank she, neither white nor red.

Chaucer.

These eyes that never did nor never shall So much as frown on you.

Shak.

3. The refusal or withholding of assents; veto.

If a kind without his kingdom be, in a civil sense, nothing, then . . . his negative is as good as nothing.

Milton.

4. That side of a question which denies or refuses, or which is taken by an opposing or denying party; the relation or position of denial or opposition; as, the question was decided in the negative.

5. (Photog.) A picture upon glass or other material, in which the light portions of the original are represented in some opaque material (usually reduced silver), and the dark portions by the uncovered and transparent or semitransparent ground of the picture.

A negative is chiefly used for producing photographs by means of the sun's light passing through it and acting upon sensitized paper, thus producing on the paper a positive picture.

6. (Elect.) The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.

Negative pregnant (Law), a negation which implies an affirmation.

Neg"a*tive (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Negatived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Negativing.] 1. To prove unreal or untrue; to disprove.

The omission or infrequency of such recitals does not negative the existence of miracles.

Paley.

2. To reject by vote; to refuse to enact or sanction; as, the Senate negatived the bill.

3. To neutralize the force of; to counteract.

Neg"a*tive*ly, adv. 1. In a negative manner; with or by denial. "He answered negatively." Boyle.

2. In the form of speech implying the absence of something; -- opposed to positively.

I shall show what this image of God in man is, negatively, by showing wherein it does not consist, and positively, by showing wherein it does consist.

South.

Negatively charged or electrified (Elec.), having a charge of the kind of electricity called negative.

{ Neg"a*tive*ness, Neg`a*tiv"i*ty } (?), n. The quality or state of being negative.

Neg"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. negatorius: cf. F. négatorie.] Expressing denial; belonging to negation; negative. Carlyle.

||Neg"i*noth (?), n. pl. [Heb. ngnth.] (Script.) Stringed instruments. ||Dr. W. Smith.

To the chief musician on Neginoth.

Ps. iv. 9heading).

Neg*lect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neglected; p. pr. & vb. n. Neglecting.] [L. neglectus, p. p. of neglegere (negligere) to disregard, neglect, the literal sense prob. neing, not to pick up; nec not, nor (fr. ne not + - que, a particle akin to Goth. -h, -uh, and prob. to E. who; cf. Goth. nih nor) + L. legere to pick up, gather. See No, adv., Legend, Who.] 1. Not to attend to with due care or attention; to forbear one's duty in regard to; to suffer to pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc.; to omit; to disregard; to slight; as, to neglect duty or business; to neglect to pay debts.

I hope My absence doth neglect no great designs.

Shak.

This, my long suffering and my day of grace, Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.

Milton.

2. To omit to notice; to forbear to treat with attention or respect; to slight; as, to neglect strangers.

Syn. -- To slight; overlook; disregard; disesteem; contemn. See Slight.

Neg*lect", n. [L. neglectus. See Neglect, v.] 1. Omission of proper attention; avoidance or disregard of duty, from heedlessness, indifference, or willfulness; failure to do, use, or heed anything; culpable disregard; as, neglect of business, of health, of economy.

To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame, Or our neglect, we lost her as we came.

Milton.

2. Omission if attention or civilities; slight; as, neglect of strangers.

3. Habitual carelessness; negligence.

Age breeds neglect in all.

Denham.

4. The state of being disregarded, slighted, or neglected.

Rescue my poor remains from vile neglect.

Prior.

Syn. -- Negligence; inattention; disregard; disesteem; remissness; indifference. See Negligence.

Neg*lect"ed*ness, n. The state of being neglected.

Neg*lect"er (?), n. One who neglects. South.

Neg*lect"ful (?), a. Full of neglect; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive; indifferent. Pope.

A cold and neglectful countenance.

Locke.

Though the Romans had no great genius for trade, yet they were not entirely neglectful of it.

Arbuthnot.

-- Neg*lect"ful*ly, adv. -- Neg*lect"ful*ness, n.

Neg*lect"ing*ly, adv. Carelessly; heedlessly. Shak.

Neg*lec"tion (?), n. [L. neglectio.] The state of being negligent; negligence. [Obs.] Shak.

Neg*lect"ive (?), a. Neglectful. [R.] "Neglective of their own children." Fuller.

Neg`li*gee" (?), n. [F. négligé, fr. négliger to neglect, L. negligere. See Neglect.] An easy, unceremonious attire; undress; also, a kind of easy robe or dressing gown worn by women.

Neg"li*gence (?), n. [F. négligence, L. negligentia.] The quality or state of being negligent; lack of due diligence or care; omission of duty; habitual neglect; heedlessness.

2. An act or instance of negligence or carelessness.

remarking his beauties, . . . I must also point out his negligences and defects.

Blair.

3. (Law) The omission of the care usual under the circumstances, being convertible with the Roman culpa. A specialist is bound to higher skill and diligence in his specialty than one who is not a specialist, and liability for negligence varies acordingly.

Contributory negligence. See under Contributory.

Syn. -- Neglect; inattention; heedlessness; disregard; slight. -- Negligence, Neglect. These two words are freely interchanged in our older writers; but a distinction has gradually sprung up between them. As now generally used, negligence is the habit, and neglect the act, of leaving things undone or unattended to. We are negligent as a general trait of character; we are guilty of neglect in particular cases, or in reference to individuals who had a right to our attentions.

Neg"li*gent (?), a. [F. négligent, L. negligens,p. pr. of negligere. See Neglect.] Apt to neglect; customarily neglectful; characterized by negligence; careless; heedless; culpably careless; showing lack of attention; as, disposed in negligent order. "Be thou negligent of fame." Swift.

He that thinks he can afford to be negligent is not far from being poor.

Rambler.

Syn. -- Careles; heedless; neglectful; regardless; thoughtless; indifferent; inattentive; remiss.

Neg"li*gent*ly (?), adv. In a negligent manner.

Neg"li*gi*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. négligible, négligeable.] That may neglected, disregarded, or left out of consideration.

Within very negligible limits of error.

Sir J. Herschel.

Ne*goce" (?), n. [F. négoce. See Negotiate.] Business; occupation. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ne*go`ti*a*bil"i*ty (? or ?), n. [Cf. F. négociabilité.] The quality of being negotiable or transferable by indorsement.

Ne*go"ti*a*ble (? or ?), a. [Cf. F. négotiable. See Negotiate.] Capable of being negotiated; transferable by assignment or indorsement to another person; as, a negotiable note or bill of exchange.

Negotiable paper, any commercial paper transferable by sale or delivery and indorsement, as bills of exchange, drafts, checks, and promissory notes.

Ne*go"ti*ant (?), n. [L. negotians, prop. p. pr. of negotiari: cf. F. négociant.] A negotiator. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Ne*go"ti*ate (?), v. i. [L. negotiatus, p. p. of negotiari, fr. negotium business; nec not + otium leisure. Cf. Neglect.] 1. To transact business; to carry on trade. [Obs.] Hammond.

2. To treat with another respecting purchase and sale or some business affair; to bargain or trade; as, to negotiate with a man for the purchase of goods or a farm.

3. To hold intercourse respecting a treaty, league, or convention; to treat with, respecting peace or commerce; to conduct communications or conferences.

He that negotiates between God and man Is God's ambassador.

Cowper.

4. To intrigue; to scheme. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ne*go"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Negotiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Negotiating (?).] 1. To carry on negotiations concerning; to procure or arrange for by negotiation; as, to negotiate peace, or an exchange.

Constantinople had negotiated in the isles of the Archipelago . . . the most indispensable supplies.

Gibbon.

2. To transfer for a valuable consideration under rules of commercial law; to sell; to pass.

The notes were not negotiated to them in the usual course of business or trade.

Kent.

Ne*go`ti*a"tion (?), n. [L. negotiatio: cf. F. négociation.] 1. The act or process of negotiating; a treating with another respecting sale or purchase. etc.

2. Hence, mercantile business; trading. [Obs.]

Who had lost, with these prizes, forty thousand pounds, after twenty years' negotiation in the East Indies.

Evelyn.

3. The transaction of business between nations; the mutual intercourse of governments by diplomatic agents, in making treaties, composing difference, etc.; as, the negotiations at Ghent.

An important negotiation with foreign powers.

Macaulay.

Ne*go"ti*a`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. négociateur.] One who negotiates; a person who treats with others, either as principal or agent, in respect to purchase and sale, or public compacts.

Ne*go"ti*a*to*ry (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to negotiation.

Ne*go`ti*a"trix (?), n. [L.] A woman who negotiates. Miss Edgeworth.

Ne*go`ti*os"i*ty (?), n. [L. negotiositas.] The state of being busy; multitude of business. [Obs.]

Ne*go"tious (?), a. [L. negotiosus.] Very busy; attentive to business; active. [R.] D. Rogers.

Ne*go"tious*ness, n. The state of being busily occupied; activity. [R.] D. Rogers.

Ne"gress (?), n.; pl. Negresses (&?;). [Cf. F. négrese, fem. of négre a negro. See Negro.] A black woman; a female negro.

||Ne*gri"ta (?), n. [Sp., blackish, fem. of negrito, dim. of negro ||black.] (Zoöl.) A blackish fish (Hypoplectrus nigricans), of the ||Sea-bass family. It is a native of the West Indies and Florida.

Ne*grit"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to negroes; composed of negroes. Keary.

Ne*gri"tos (?), n. pl.; sing Negrito (&?;). [Sp., dim. of negro black.] (Ethnol.) A degraded Papuan race, inhabiting Luzon and some of the other east Indian Islands. They resemble negroes, but are smaller in size. They are mostly nomads.

Ne"gro (?), n.; pl. Negroes (&?;). [Sp. or Pg. negro, fr. negro black, L. niger; perh. akin to E. night.] A black man; especially, one of a race of black or very dark persons who inhabit the greater part of tropical Africa, and are distinguished by crisped or curly hair, flat noses, and thick protruding lips; also, any black person of unmixed African blood, wherever found.

Ne"gro, a. Of or pertaining to negroes; black.

Negro bug (Zoöl.), a minute black bug common on the raspberry and blackberry. It produced a very disagreeable flavor. -- negro corn, the Indian millet or durra; -- so called in the West Indies. see Durra. McElrath.

-- Negro fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous fly (Psila rosæ) which, in the larval state, is injurious to carrots; -- called also carrot fly. -- Negro head (Com.), Cavendish tobacco. [Cant] McElrath.

-- Negro monkey (Zoöl.), the moor monkey.

Ne"groid (?), a. [Negro + - oid.] 1. Characteristic of the negro.

2. Resembling the negro or negroes; of or pertaining to those who resemble the negro.

Ne"gro*loid (?), a. See Negroid.

Ne"gus (?), n. A beverage made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon juice; -- so called, it is said, from its first maker, Colonel Negus.

||Ne"hi*loth (?), n. pl. [Heb.] (Script.) A term supposed to mean, ||perforated wind instruments of music, as pipes or flutes. Ps. v. ||(heading).

Ne*hush"tan (?), n. [Heb.] A thing of brass; -- the name under which the Israelites worshiped the brazen serpent made by Moses. 2 Kings xviii. 4.

{ Neif, Neife } (nf), n. [OF. neïf, naïf, a born serf, fr. L. nativus born, imparted by birth. See Native.] A woman born in the state of villeinage; a female serf. Blackstone.

{ Neif, Neaf (nf), } n. [Icel. hnefi; akin to Dan. næve, Sw. näfve.] The fist. [Obs.] "I kiss thy neif." "Give me your neaf." Shak.

Neigh (n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neighed (nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Neighing.] [OE. neien, AS. hngan, prob. of imitative origin; cf. MHG. ngen, Icel. hneggja, gneggja, Sw. gnägga. Cf. Nag a horse.] 1. To utter the cry of the horse; to whinny.

2. To scoff or sneer; to jeer. [Obs.]

Neighed at his nakedness.

Beau. & Fl.

Neigh, n. The cry of a horse; a whinny.

Neigh"bor (n"br), n. [OE. neighebour, AS. neáhgebr; neáh nigh + gebr a dweller, farmer; akin to D. nabuur, G. nachbar, OHG. nhgibr. See Nigh, and Boor.] [Spelt also neighbour.] 1. A person who lives near another; one whose abode is not far off. Chaucer.

Masters, my good friends, mine honest neighbors.

Shak.

2. One who is near in sympathy or confidence.

Buckingham No more shall be the neighbor to my counsel.

Shak.

3. One entitled to, or exhibiting, neighborly kindness; hence, one of the human race; a fellow being.

Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbor unto him that fell among the thieves?

Luke x. 36.

The gospel allows no such term as "stranger;" makes every man my neighbor.

South.

Neigh"bor, a. Near to another; adjoining; adjacent; next; neighboring. "The neighbor cities." Jer. l. 40. "The neighbor room." Shak.

neigh"bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neighbored (?); p. pr. & vb. n Neighboring.] 1. To adjoin; to border on; tobe near to.

Leisurely ascending hills that neighbor the shore.

Sandys.

2. To associate intimately with. [Obs.] Shak.

Neigh"bor, v. i. To dwell in the vicinity; to be a neighbor, or in the neighborhood; to be near. [Obs.]

A copse that neighbors by.

Shak.

Neigh"bor*hood (?), n. [Written also neighbourhood.] 1. The quality or condition of being a neighbor; the state of being or dwelling near; proximity.

Then the prison and the palace were in awful neighborhood.

Ld. Lytton.

2. A place near; vicinity; adjoining district; a region the inhabitants of which may be counted as neighbors; as, he lives in my neighborhood.

3. The inhabitants who live in the vicinity of each other; as, the fire alarmed all the neiborhood.

4. The disposition becoming a neighbor; neighborly kindness or good will. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- Vicinity; vicinage; proximity. -- Neighborhood, Vicinity. Neighborhood is Anglo- Saxon, and vicinity is Latin. Vicinity does not commonly denote so close a connection as neighborhood. A neighborhood is a more immediate vicinity. The houses immediately adjoining a square are in the neighborhood of that square; those which are somewhat further removed are also in the vicinity of the square.

Neigh"bor*ing, a. Living or being near; adjacent; as, the neighboring nations or countries.

Neigh"bor*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being neighborly.

Neigh"bor*ly, a. [Also written neighbourly.] Appropriate to the relation of neighbors; having frequent or familiar intercourse; kind; civil; social; friendly. -- adv. In a neighborly manner.

Judge if this be neighborly dealing.

Arbuthnot.

Neigh"bor*ship, n. The state of being neighbors. [R.] J. Bailie.

||Neis"hout (?), n. [From D. niezen to sneeze + hout wood.] (Bot.) The ||mahogany-like wood of the South African tree Pteroxylon utile, the ||sawdust of which causes violent sneezing (whence the name). Also ||called sneezewood.

Nei"ther (? or ?; 277), a. [OE. neiter, nother, nouther, AS. nwðer, nhwæðer; n never, not + hwæðer whether. The word has followed the form of either. See No, and Whether, and cf. Neuter, Nor.] Not either; not the one or the other.

Which of them shall I take? Both? one? or neither? Neither can be enjoyed, If both remain alive.

Shak.

He neither loves, Nor either cares for him.

Shak.

Nei"ther, conj. not either; generally used to introduce the first of two or more coördinate clauses of which those that follow begin with nor.

Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king.

1 Kings xxii. 31.

Hadst thou been firm and fixed in thy dissent, Neither had I transgressed, nor thou with me.

Milton.

When she put it on, she made me vow That I should neither sell, nor give, nor lose it.

Shak.

Neither was formerly often used where we now use nor. "For neither circumcision, neither uncircumcision is anything at all." Tyndale. "Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it." Gen. iii. 3. Neither is sometimes used colloquially at the end of a clause to enforce a foregoing negative (nor, not, no). "He is very tall, but not too tall neither." Addison. " ‘I care not for his thrust' ‘No, nor I neither.'" Shak.

Not so neither, by no means. [Obs.] Shak.

||Ne*lum"bo (?), n. [Ceylonese word.] (Bot.) A genus of great water ||lilies. The North American species is Nelumbo lutea, the Asiatic is ||the sacred lotus, N. speciosa. [Written also Nelumbium.]

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Nem"a*line (?), a. [L. nema thread, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to spin.] (Min.) Having the form of threads; fibrous.

Nem"a*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; thread + -lite: cf. F. némalite.] (Min.) A fibrous variety of brucite.

||Nem`a*tel"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Nemathelminthes.

||Nem`a*the"ci*um (? or &?;), n.; pl. Nemathecia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ||a thread + &?; a box.] (Bot.) A peculiar kind of fructification on ||certain red algæ, consisting of an external mass of filaments at ||length separating into tetraspores.

{ ||Nem`a*thel*min"thes (?), ||Nem`a*tel*min"thes (?) }, n. pl. [NL. See Nemato-, and Helminthes.] (Zoöl.) An ordr of helminths, including the Nematoidea and Gordiacea; the roundworms. [Written also Nematelminthea.]

Nem"a*to- (?). A combining form from Gr. nh^ma, nh`matos, a thread.

Nem"a*to*blast (?), n. [Nemato- + -blast.] (Biol.) A spermatocyte or spermoblast.

||Nem`a*to*ca"lyx (?), n.; pl. Nematocalyces (#), E. -calyxes (#). [NL. ||See Nemato-, and Calyx.] (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of cups, or ||calicles, found upon hydroids of the family Plumularidæ. They contain ||nematocysts. See Plumularia.

||Nem`a*toc"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a thread + ke`ras ||horn.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of dipterous insects, having long antennæ, ||as the mosquito, gnat, and crane fly; -- called also Nemocera.

Nem"a*to*cyst (?), n. [Nemato- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) A lasso cell, or thread cell. See Lasso cell, under Lasso.

Nem"a*tode (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Nematoid.

Nem"a*to*gene (?), n. [Nemato- + root of Gr. &?; to be born.] (Zoöl.) One of the dimorphic forms of the species of Dicyemata, which produced vermiform embryos; -- opposed to rhombogene.

Nem`a*tog"nath (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Nematognathi.

||Nem`a*tog"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL. See nemato-, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) ||An order of fishes having barbels on the jaws. It includes the ||catfishes, or siluroids. See Siluroid.

Nem"a*toid (?), a. [Nemato- + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Nematoidea. -- n. One of the Nematoidea. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Nem`a*toi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, thread + -oid.] ||(Zoöl.) An order of worms, having a long, round, and generally smooth ||body; the roundworms. They are mostly parasites. Called also ||Nematodea, and Nematoda.

The trichina, stomach worm, and pinworm of man belong to this group. See also Vinegar eel, under Vinegar, and Gapeworm.

Nem`a*toid"e*an (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Nematoid.

||Nem`a*toph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a thread + &?; to ||bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Cœlenterata.

Ne"me*an (n"m*an; 277), a. [L. Nemeus, fr. Nemea, Gr. Neme`h.] Of or pertaining to Nemea, in Argolis, where the ancient Greeks celebrated games, and Hercules killed a lion.

Ne*mer"te*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Nemertina. -- n. One of the Nemertina.

||Ne*mer"tes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. nhmerth`s unerring.] (Zoöl.) A genus ||of Nemertina.

Ne*mer"ti*an (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Nemertean.

Ne*mer"tid (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Nemertean.

||Ne*mer"ti*da (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Nemertina.

||Nem`er*ti"na (nm`r*t"n), n. pl. [NL. See Nemrtes.] (Zoöl.) An order ||of helminths usually having a long, slender, smooth, often ||bright-colored body, covered with minute vibrating cilia; -- called ||also Nemertea, Nemertida, and Rhynchocœla.

The mouth is beneath the head, and the straight intestine at the posterior end. They have a very singular long tubular proboscis, which can be everted from a pore in the front of the head. Their nervous system and blood vessels are well developed. Some of the species become over one hundred feet long. They are mostly marine and seldom parasitic; a few inhabit fresh water. The two principal divisions are Anopla and Enopla.

Nem"e*sis (nm"*ss), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ne`mesis, orig., distribution, fr. ne`mein to distribute. See Nomad.] (Class. Myth.) The goddess of retribution or vengeance; hence, retributive justice personified; divine vengeance.

This is that ancient doctrine of nemesis who keeps watch in the universe, and lets no offense go unchastised.

Emerson.

Ne*moph"i*list (?), n. [See Nemophily.] One who is fond of forest or forest scenery; a haunter of the woods. [R.]

Ne*moph"i*ly (?), n. [Gr. ne`mos wooded pasture, glade + filei^n to love.] Fondness for forest scenery; love of the woods. [R.]

Nem"o*ral (?), a. [L. nemoralis, fr. nemus, nemoris, a wood or grove: cf. F. némoral.] Of or pertaining to a wood or grove. [R.]

Nem"o*rous (?), a. [L. nemorosus.] Woody. [R.]

Paradise itself was but a kind of nemorous temple.

Evelyn.

Nemp"ne (?), v. t. [AS. nemnan to name or call. See Name, v.] To name or call. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nempt (?), p. p. of Nempne. Called; named. [Obs.]

Nems (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ichneumon.

||Ne"ni*a (?), n. [L. nenia, naenia.] A funeral song; an elegy.

Nen"u*phar (?), n. [F. nénufar: cf. Sp. nenúfar, It. nenufár; all fr. Per. nl&?;far.] (Bot.) The great white water lily of Europe; the Nymphæa alba.

Ne"o- (&?;). [Gr. &?; youthful, new. See New.] A prefix meaning new, recent, late; and in chemistry designating specifically that variety of metameric hydrocarbons which, when the name was applied, had been recently classified, and in which at least one carbon atom in connected directly with four other carbon atoms; -- contrasted with normal and iso-; as, neopentane; the neoparaffins. Also used adjectively.

||Ne`o*car"i*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; new + &?;, &?;, a kind of ||crustacean.] (Zoöl.) The modern, or true, Crustacea, as distinguished ||from the Merostomata.

Ne"o*cene (?), a. [Neo- + Gr. &?; new.] (Geol.) More recent than the Eocene, that is, including both the Miocene and Pliocene divisions of the Tertiary.

Ne`o-Chris*tian"i*ty (? or ?), n. [Neo- + Christianity.] Rationalism.

Ne`o*co"mi*an (?), n. [From Neocomium, the Latin name of Neuchatel, in Switzerland, where these rocks occur.] (Geol.) A term applied to the lowest deposits of the Cretaceous or chalk formation of Europe, being the lower greensand.

Ne`o*co"mi*an, a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lower greensand.

Ne`o*cos"mic (?), a. [Neo- + cosmic.] Of or pertaining to the universe in its present state; specifically, pertaining to the races of men known to history.

Ne*oc"ra*cy (?), n. [Neo-+ - cracy, as in aristocracy.] Government by new or inexperienced hands; upstart rule; raw or untried officials.

Ne*od"a*mode (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; new + &?;, dh`mos, the people + &?; shape.] In ancient Sparta, one of those Helots who were freed by the state in reward for military service. Milford.

Ne`o*dym"i*um (?), n. [NL. Dee Neo- , and Didymium.] (Chem.) An elementary substance which forms one of the constituents of didymium. Symbol Nd. Atomic weight 140.8.

Ne`o*gæ"an (?), a. [Neo- + Gr. &?; earth.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the New World, or Western Hemisphere.

Ne*og"a*mist (?), n. [Gr. &?; newly married.] A person recently married.

Ne"o*gen (?), n. [Neo- + - gen.] (Chem.) An alloy resembling silver, and consisting chiefly of copper, zinc, and nickel, with small proportions of tin, aluminium, and bismuth. Ure.

Ne*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Neo- + -graphy.] A new method or system of writing.

Ne`o-Lat"in (?), a. [Neo- + Latin.] Applied to the Romance languages, as being mostly of Latin origin.

Ne`o*lith"ic (?), a. [Neo- + -lith + -ic.] (Archæol. & Geol.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, an era characterized by late remains in stone.

The Neolithic era includes the latter half of the "Stone age;" the human relics which belong to it are associated with the remains of animals not yet extinct. The kitchen middens of Denmark, the lake dwellings of Switzerland, and the stockaded islands, or "crannogs," of the British Isles, belong to this era.

Lubbock.

Ne`o*lo*gi*an (?), a. Neologic; neological.

Ne`o*lo"gi*an, n. A neologist.

Ne`o*lo"gi*an*ism (?), n. Neologism.

{ Ne`o*log"ic (?), Ne`o*log"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. néologique.] Of or pertaining to neology; employing new words; of the nature of, or containing, new words or new doctrines.

A genteel neological dictionary.

Chesterfield.

Ne`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. In a neological manner.

Ne*ol"o*gism (?), n. [Cf. F. néologisme.] 1. The introduction of new words, or the use of old words in a new sense. Mrs. Browning.

2. A new word, phrase, or expression.

3. A new doctrine; specifically, rationalism.

Ne*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. néologiste.] 1. One who introduces new words or new senses of old words into a language.

2. An innovator in any doctrine or system of belief, especially in theology; one who introduces or holds doctrines subversive of supernatural or revealed religion; a rationalist, so- called.

{ Ne*ol`o*gis"tic (?), Ne*ol`o*gis"tic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to neology; neological.

Ne*ol`o*gi*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of neologizing.

Ne*ol"o*gize (?), v. i. 1. To introduce or use new words or terms or new uses of old words.

2. To introduce innovations in doctrine, esp. in theological doctrine.

Ne*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Neo- + - logy: cf. F. néologie.] 1. The introduction of a new word, or of words or significations, into a language; as, the present nomenclature of chemistry is a remarkable instance of neology.

2. A new doctrine; esp. (Theol.), a doctrine at variance with the received interpretation of revealed truth; a new method of theological interpretation; rationalism.

||Ne`o*me"ni*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; new + mh`n month.] The ||time of the new moon; the beginning of the month in the lunar ||calendar.

||Ne`o*me*noi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Neomenia, a representative ||genus (See Neomenia) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of vermiform ||gastropod mollusks, without a shell, belonging to the Isopleura.

Ne"o*morph (?), n. [Neo- + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) A structure, part, or organ developed independently, that is, not derived from a similar structure, part, or organ, in a preexisting form.

Ne"o*nism (?), n. Neologism.

Ne`o*no"mi*an (?), n. [Neo- + Gr. &?; law.] One who advocates adheres to new laws; esp. one who holds or believes that the gospel is a new law.

Ne`o*no"mi*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Neonomians, or in accordance with their doctrines.

Ne`o*no"mi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines or belief of the neonomians.

Ne"o*phyte (?), n. [L. neophytis, Gr. &?;, prop., newly planted; &?; new + &?; grown, &?; that which has grown, a plant, fr. &?; to grow: cf. F. néophyte. See New, and Be.] 1. A new convert or proselyte; -- a name given by the early Christians, and still given by the Roman Catholics, to such as have recently embraced the Christian faith, and been admitted to baptism, esp. to converts from heathenism or Judaism.

2. A novice; a tyro; a beginner in anything.

||Ne`o*pla"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; new + &?; to form, mold.] ||(Physiol. & Med.) Growth or development of new material; neoplasty.

Ne"o*plasm (?), n. [See Neoplasia.] (Physiol. & Med.) A new formation or tissue, the product of morbid action.

Ne`o*plas"tic (?), a. (Physiol. & Med.) Of or pertaining to neoplasty, or neoplasia.

Ne"o*plas`ty (?), n. [See Neoplasia.] (Physiol. & Med.) Restoration of a part by granulation, adhesive inflammation, or autoplasty.

Ne`o*pla"ton"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Neoplatonism or the Neoplatonists.

Ne`o*pla`to*ni"cian (?), n. A Neoplatonist.

Ne`o*pla"to*nism (?), n. [Neo- + Platonism.] A pantheistic eclectic school of philosophy, of which Plotinus was the chief (A. D. 205-270), and which sought to reconcile the Platonic and Aristotelian systems with Oriental theosophy. It tended to mysticism and theurgy, and was the last product of Greek philosophy.

Ne`o*pla"to*nist (?), n. One who held to Neoplatonism; a member of the Neoplatonic school.

Ne`o*ra"ma (? or ?), n. [Gr. &?; temple + &?; a view.] A panorama of the interior of a building, seen from within.

Ne*os"sine (?), n. [Gr. neossia` a bird's nest.] The substance constituting the edible bird's nest.

Ne`os*sol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a young bird + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The study of young birds.

{ Ne`o*ter"ic (?), Ne`o*ter"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. neotericus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, compar. of &?; young, new.] Recent in origin; modern; new. "Our neoteric verbs." Fitzed. Hall.

Some being ancient, others neoterical.

Bacon.

Ne`o*ter"ic, n. One of modern times; a modern.

Neo`ter"ic*al*ly (?), adv. Recently; newly.

Ne*ot"er*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?; innovation] An innovation or novelty; a neoteric word or phrase.

Ne*ot"er*ist, n. One ho introduces new word&?; or phrases. Fitzed Hall.

Ne*ot"er*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neoterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Neoterized.] [Gr. &?; to innovate.] To innovate; to coin or introduce new words.

Freely as we of the nineteenth century neoterize.

fized. Hall.

Ne`o*trop"ic*al (?), a. [Neo- + tropical.] (Geog. & Zoöl.) Belonging to, or designating, a region of the earth's surface which comprises most of South America, the Antilles, and tropical North America.

Ne`o*zo"ic (?), a. [Neo- + Gr. &?; life.] (Geol.) More recent than the Paleozoic, -- that is, including the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Nep (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. Nepeta.] (Bot.) Catnip.

||Ne"pa (?), n. [L. nepa scorpion.] (Zoöl.) A genus of aquatic ||hemipterous insects. The species feed upon other insects and are ||noted for their voracity; -- called also scorpion bug and water ||scorpion.

Nep`au*lese" (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to Nepaul, a kingdom in Northern Hindostan. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Nepaul.

Ne*pen"the (?), n. [Fr. Gr. &?; removing all sorrow; hence, an epithet of an Egyptian drug which lulled sorrow for the day; &?; not + &?; sorrow, grief.] A drug used by the ancients to give relief from pain and sorrow; -- by some supposed to have been opium or hasheesh. Hence, anything soothing and comforting.

Lulled with the sweet nepenthe of a court.

Pope.

Quaff, O quaff this kind nepenthe.

Poe.

Ne*pen"thes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Nepenthe.] 1. Same as Nepenthe. Milton.

2. (Bot.) A genus of climbing plants found in India, Malaya, etc., which have the leaves prolonged into a kind of stout tendril terminating in a pitcherlike appendage, whence the plants are often called pitcher plants and monkey- cups. There are about thirty species, of which the best known is Nepenthes distillatoria. See Pitcher plant.

||Nep"e*ta (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants, including the ||catnip and ground ivy.

Neph"a*lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; soberness, fr. &?; sober, &?; to drink no wine: cf. F. néphalisme.] Total abstinence from spirituous liquor.

<! p. 971 !>

Neph"a*list (?), n. [Cf. F. néphaliste.] One who advocates or practices nephalism.

{ Neph"e*line (?), Neph"e*lite (?) }, n. [gr. &?; cloud: cf. F. néphéline. Cf. Nebula.] (Min.) A mineral occuring at Vesuvius, in glassy hexagonal crystals; also elsewhere, in grayish or greenish masses having a greasy luster, as the variety elæolite. It is a silicate of aluminia, soda, and potash.

Neph`e*lo*dom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cloud + &?; way + -meter.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for reckoning the distances or velocities of clouds.

Neph`e*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cloud + -meter.] An instrument for measuring or registering the amount of cloudiness.

Neph"ew (nf"; in England nv"; 277), n. [OE. neveu, nevou, nevu, fr. F. neveu, OF. also, nevou, L. nepos; akin to AS. nefa, D. neef, G. neffe, OHG. nevo, Icel. nefi a kinsman, Gr. ne`podes, pl., brood, young, Skr. nept grandson, descendant. &radic;262. Cf. Niece, Nepotism.] 1. A grandson or grandchild, or remoter lineal descendant. [Obs.]

But if any widow have children or nephews [Rev. Ver. grandchildren].

1 Tim. v. 4.

If naturalists say true that nephews are often liker to their grandfathers than to their fathers.

Jer. Taylor.

2. A cousin. [Obs.] Shak.

3. The son of a brother or a sister, or of a brother-in-law or sister-in-law. Chaucer.

||Neph"i*lim (?), n. pl. [Heb. nphlm.] Giants. Gen. vi. 4. Num. xiii. ||33.

Neph"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cloud + -scope.] (Meteorol.) An instrument for observing the clouds and their velocity.

{ ||Ne*phral"gi*a (?), Ne*phral"gy (?) }, n. [NL. nephralgia, fr. Gr. &?; a kidney + &?; pain: cf. F. néphralgie.] (Med.) Neuralgia of the kidneys; a disease characterized by pain in the region of the kidneys without any structural lesion of the latter. Quain.

Ne*phrid"i*al (?), a. (Zoöl. & Anat.) Of or pertaining to a nephridium.

||Ne*phrid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Nephridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; of the ||kidneys.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) A segmental tubule; one of the tubules of ||the primitive urinogenital organs; a segmental organ. See Illust. ||under Loeven's larva.

Neph"rite (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. néphrite. See Nephritis.] (Min.) A hard compact mineral, of a dark green color, formerly worn as a remedy for diseases of the kidneys, whence its name; kidney stone; a kind of jade. See Jade.

{ Ne*phrit"ic (?), Ne*phrit"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. nephriticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. néphrétique. See Nephritis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the kidneys or urinary organs; renal; as, a nephritic disease.

2. (Med.) (a) Affected with a disease of the kidneys; as, a nephritic patient. (b) Relieving disorders of the kidneys; affecting the kidneys; as, a nephritic medicine.

Nephritic stone (Min.), nephrite; jade. See Nephrite.

Ne*phrit"ic, n. (Med.) A medicine adapted to relieve or cure disease of the kidneys.

Ne*phri"tis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; a kidney.] (Med.) An inflammation of the kidneys.

neph`ro*lith"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; a kidney + -lith + ic.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to gravel, or renal calculi. Dunglison.

Ne*phrol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kidney + -logy.] A treatise on, or the science which treats of, the kidneys, and their structure and functions.

Neph"ro*stome (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kidney + mouth.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) The funnel-shaped opening of a nephridium into the body cavity.

Ne*phrot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; a kidney + &?; to cut: cf. F. néphrotomie.] (Surg.) Extraction of stone from the kidney by cutting.

Nep"o*tal (?), a. Of or relating to a nephew.

Ne*pot"ic (?), a. [See nepotism.] Of or pertaining to nepotism.

The nepotic ambition of the ruling pontiff.

Milman.

Nep"o*tism (?; 277), n. [L. nepus, nepotus, nephew: cf. F. népotisme. See Nephew.] Undue attachment to relations; favoritism shown to members of one's family; bestowal of patronage in consideration of relationship, rather than of merit or of legal claim.

From nepotism Alexander V. was safe; for he was without kindred or relatives. But there was another perhaps more fatal nepotism, which turned the tide of popularity against him -- the nepotism of his order.

Milman.

Nep"o*tist (?), n. One who practices nepotism.

Nep"tune (?), n. [L. Neptunus.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The son of Saturn and Ops, the god of the waters, especially of the sea. He is represented as bearing a trident for a scepter.

2. (Astron.) The remotest known planet of our system, discovered -- as a result of the computations of Leverrier, of Paris -- by Galle, of Berlin, September 23, 1846. Its mean distance from the sun is about 2,775,000,000 miles, and its period of revolution is about 164,78 years.

Neptune powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin, -- used in blasting. -- Neptune's cup (Zoöl.), a very large, cup-shaped, marine sponge (Thalassema Neptuni).

Nep*tu"ni*an (?), a. [L. Neptunius belonging to Neptune: cf. F. neptunien.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ocean or sea.

2. (Geol.) Formed by water or aqueous solution; as, Neptunian rocks.

Neptunian races (Ethnol.), the Malay and Polynesian races. -- Neptunian theory (Geol.), the theory of Werner, which referred the formation of all rocks and strata to the agency of water; -- opposed to the Plutonic theory.

{ Nep*tu"ni*an (?), Nep"tu*nist (?) }, n. [Cf. F. neptinien, neptuniste.] (Geol.) One who adopts the Neptunian theory.

Nep*tu`ni*cen"tric (?), a. [Neptune + centric.] (Astron.) As seen from Neptune, or having Neptune as a center; as, Neptunicentric longitude or force.

Nep*tu"ni*um (?), n. [NL.] A new metallic element, of doubtful genuineness and uncertain identification, said to exist in certain minerals, as columbite. Hermann.

Ner (?), adv. & a. Nearer. [Obs.] See Nerre.

Nere (?). [Contr. fr. ne were.] Were not. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ne"re*id (?), n.; pl. E. Nereids (#), L. Nereides (#). [L. Nereis, -idis, Gr. Nhrei:`s Nhrhi:`s, i:`dos, a daughter of Nereus, a nymph of the sea, fr. Nhrey`s Nereus, an ancient sea god; akin to nhro`s wet, Skr. nra water, cf. Gr. na`ein to flow.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sea nymph, one of the daughters of Nereus, who were attendants upon Neptune, and were represented as riding on sea horses, sometimes with the human form entire, and sometimes with the tail of a fish.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of Nereis. The word is sometimes used for similar annelids of other families.

Ne`re*id"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any annelid resembling Nereis, or of the family Lycoridæ or allied families.

||Ne"re*is (? or ?), n.; pl. Nereides (#). [L.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A ||Nereid. See Nereid.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus, including numerous species, of marine chætopod annelids, having a well- formed head, with two pairs of eyes, antennæ, four pairs of tentacles, and a protrusile pharynx, armed with a pair of hooked jaws.

Ne"re*ites (?), n. pl. (Paleon.) Fossil tracks of annelids.

||Ne`re*o*cys"tis (?), n. [NL. See Nereid, and Cyst.] (Bot.) A genus of ||gigantic seaweeds.

Nereocystis Lutkeana, of the North Pacific, has a stem many fathoms long, terminating in a great vesicle, which is crowned with a tuft of long leaves. The stem is used by the Alaskans for fishing lines.

Nerf"ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) The id.

||Ne*ri"ta (?), n. [L., a sort of sea mussel, Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Zoöl.) A ||genus of marine gastropods, mostly natives of warm climates.

Ner"ite (? or ?; 277), n. (Zoöl.) Any mollusk of the genus Nerita.

||Ner`i*ti"na (?), n. (Zoöl.) A genus including numerous species of ||shells resembling Nerita in form. They mostly inhabit brackish water, ||and are often delicately tinted.

Ne"ro (?), n. A Roman emperor notorious for debauchery and barbarous cruelty; hence, any profligate and cruel ruler or merciless tyrant. -- Ne*ro"ni*an (#), a.

Ner"o*li (?), n. [F. néroli, said to be from the name of an Italian princess.] (Chem.) An essential oil obtained by distillation from the flowers of the orange. It has a strong odor, and is used in perfumery, etc.

Neroli camphor (Chem.), a white crystalline waxy substance, tasteless and odorless, obtained from beroli oil; -- called also auradin.

Ner"re (?), adv. & a. [See Near.] Nearer. [Obs.] [Written also neer, ner.] Chaucer.

Never the neer, never the nearer; no nearer. [Obs.]

Nerv"ate (?), a. (Bot.) Nerved.

Ner*va"tion (?), n. The arrangement of nerves and veins, especially those of leaves; neuration.

The outlines of the fronds of ferns, and their nervation, are frail characters if employed alone for the determination of existing genera.

J. D. Hooker.

Nerve (?), n. [OE. nerfe, F. nerf, L. nervus, akin to Gr. &?; sinew, nerve; cf. &?; string, bowstring; perh. akin to E. needle. Cf. Neuralgia.] 1. (Anat.) One of the whitish and elastic bundles of fibers, with the accompanying tissues, which transmit nervous impulses between nerve centers and various parts of the animal body.

An ordinary nerve is made up of several bundles of nerve fibers, each bundle inclosed in a special sheath (the perineurium) and all bound together in a connective tissue sheath and framework (the epineurium) containing blood vessels and lymphatics.

2. A sinew or a tendon. Pope.

3. Physical force or steadiness; muscular power and control; constitutional vigor.

he led me on to mightiest deeds, Above the nerve of mortal arm.

Milton.

4. Steadiness and firmness of mind; self- command in personal danger, or under suffering; unshaken courage and endurance; coolness; pluck; resolution.

5. Audacity; assurance. [Slang]

6. (Bot.) One of the principal fibrovascular bundles or ribs of a leaf, especially when these extend straight from the base or the midrib of the leaf.

7. (Zoöl.) One of the nervures, or veins, in the wings of insects.

Nerve cell (Anat.), one of the nucleated cells with which nerve fibers are connected; a ganglion cell. -- Nerve fiber (Anat.), one of the fibers of which nerves are made up. These fibers are either medullated or nonmedullated. in both kinds the essential part is the translucent threadlike axis cylinder which is continuous the whole length of the fiber. -- Nerve stretching (Med.), the operation of stretching a nerve in order to remedy diseases such as tetanus, which are supposed to be influenced by the condition of the nerve or its connections.

Nerve (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nerved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nerving.] To give strength or vigor to; to supply with force; as, fear nerved his arm.

Nerved (?), a. 1. Having nerves of a special character; as, weak- nerved.

2. (Bot.) Having nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins. Gray.

Nerve"less (?), a. 1. Destitute of nerves.

2. Destitute of strength or of courage; wanting vigor; weak; powerless.

A kingless people for a nerveless state.

Byron.

Awaking, all nerveless, from an ugly dream.

Hawthorne.

Nerve"less*ness, n. The state of being nerveless.

Nerve"-shak`en (?), a. Affected by a tremor, or by a nervous disease; weakened; overcome by some violent influence or sensation; shocked.

Ner`vi*mo"tion (?), n. [Nerve + motion.] (Physiol.) The movement caused in the sensory organs by external agents and transmitted to the muscles by the nerves. Dunglison.

Ner`vi*mo"tor (?), n. [Nerve + motor.] (Physiol.) Any agent capable of causing nervimotion. Dunglison.

Nerv"ine (?; 277) a. [L. nervinus made of sinews: cf.F. nervin. See Nerve.] (Med.) Having the quality of acting upon or affecting the nerves; quieting nervous excitement. -- n. A nervine agent.

Ner`vo*mus"cu*lar (?), a. [Nerve + muscular.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to both nerves and muscles; of the nature of nerves and muscles; as, nervomuscular energy.

Ner*vose" (?), a. [See Nervous.] (Bot.) Same as Nerved.

Ner*vos"i*ty (?), n. [L. nervositas strength.] Nervousness. [R.]

Nerv"ous (?), a. [L. nervosus sinewy, vigorous: cf. F. nerveux. See Nerve.] 1. possessing nerve; sinewy; strong; vigorous. "Nervous arms." Pope.

2. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind; characterized by strength in sentiment or style; forcible; spirited; as, a nervous writer.

3. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; as, nervous excitement; a nervous fever.

4. Having the nerves weak, diseased, or easily excited; subject to, or suffering from, undue excitement of the nerves; easily agitated or annoyed.

Poor, weak, nervous creatures.

Cheyne.

5. Sensitive; excitable; timid.

Our aristocratic class does not firmly protest against the unfair treatment of Irish Catholics, because it is nervous about the land.

M. Arnold.

Nervous fever (Med.), a low form of fever characterized by great disturbance of the nervous system, as evinced by delirium, or stupor, disordered sensibility, etc. -- Nervous system (Anat.), the specialized coördinating apparatus which endows animals with sensation and volition. In vertebrates it is often divided into three systems: the central, brain and spinal cord; the peripheral, cranial and spinal nerves; and the sympathetic. See Brain, Nerve, Spinal cord, under Spinal, and Sympathetic system, under Sympathetic, and Illust. in Appendix. -- Nervous temperament, a condition of body characterized by a general predominance of mental manifestations. Mayne.

Nerv"ous*ly, adv. In a nervous manner.

Nerv"ous*ness, n. State or quality of being nervous.

Nerv"ure (?), n. [F. See Nerve.] 1. (Bot.) One of the nerves of leaves.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the chitinous supports, or veins, in the wings of incests.

Nerv"y (?), a. [Compar. Nervier (?); superl. - iest.] Strong; sinewy. "His nervy knees." Keats.

Nes"cience (?), n. [L. nescientia, fr. nesciens, p. pr. of nescire not to know; ne not + scire to know.] Want of knowledge; ignorance; agnosticism.

God fetched it about for me, in that absence and nescience of mine.

Bp. Hall.

Nese (?), n. Nose. [Obs.] Piers plowman.

Nesh (?), a. [AS. hnesc, hnæsc, akin to Goth. hnasqus.] Soft; tender; delicate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ness (?), n. [AS. næs, ns; akin to Icel. nes, Sw. näs, Dan. næs, and E. nose. &radic; 261. See Nose.] A promontory; a cape; a headland. Hakluyt.

Ness is frequently used as a suffix in the names of places and promontories; as, Sheerness.

-ness (&?;). [AS. -ness, -nyss, - nys; akin to OS. -nissi, nussi, D. -nis, OHG. -nissa, -nass, -nuss, G. - nis, -niss, Goth. -inasus.] A suffix used to form abstract nouns expressive of quality or state; as, goodness, greatness.

Ness"ler*ize (?), v. t. [From Nessler, the chemist.] (Chem.) To treat or test, as a liquid, with a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide and potassium hydroxide, which is called Nessler's solution or Nessler's test, and is used to detect the presence of ammonia.

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Nest (?), n. [AS. nest; akin to D. & G. nest, Sw. näste, L. nidus, for nisdus, Skr. n&?;a resting place, nest; cf. Lith. lizdas, Arm. neiz, Gael. & Ir. nead. Prob. from the particle ni down, Skr. ni + the root of E. sit, and thus orig., a place to sit down in. &radic; 264. See Nether, and Sit, and cf. Eyas, Nidification, Nye.] 1. The bed or receptacle prepared by a fowl for holding her eggs and for hatching and rearing her young.

The birds of the air have nests.

Matt. viii. 20.

2. Hence: the place in which the eggs of other animals, as insects, turtles, etc., are laid and hatched; a snug place in which young animals are reared. Bentley.

3. A snug, comfortable, or cozy residence or situation; a retreat, or place of habitual resort; hence, those who occupy a nest, frequent a haunt, or are associated in the same pursuit; as, a nest of traitors; a nest of bugs.

A little cottage, like some poor man's nest.

Spenser.

4. (Geol.) An aggregated mass of any ore or mineral, in an isolated state, within a rock.

5. A collection of boxes, cases, or the like, of graduated size, each put within the one next larger.

6. (Mech.) A compact group of pulleys, gears, springs, etc., working together or collectively.

Nest egg, an egg left in the nest to prevent the hen from forsaking it, and to induce her to lay more in the same place; hence, figuratively, something laid up as the beginning of a fund or collection. Hudibras.

Nest (?), v. i. To build and occupy a nest.

The king of birds nested within his leaves.

Howell.

Nest, v. t. To put into a nest; to form a nest for.

From him who nested himself into the chief power.

South.

Nest"ful (?), n.; pl. Nestfuls (&?;). As much or many as will fill a nest.

Nes"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nestled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nestling (?).] [AS. nestlian.] 1. To make and occupy a nest; to nest. [Obs.]

The kingfisher . . . nestles in hollow banks.

L'Estrange.

2. To lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest; to cuddle up; to settle, as in a nest; to harbor; to take shelter.

Their purpose was to fortify in some strong place of the wild country, and there nestle till succors came.

Bacon.

3. To move about in one's place, like a bird when shaping the interior of her nest or a young bird getting close to the parent; as, a child nestles.

Nes"tle, v. t. To house, as in a nest.

2. To cherish, as a bird her young.

Nes"tling (?). n. 1. A young bird which has not abandoned the nest. Piers Plowman.

2. A nest; a receptacle. [Obs.] Bacon.

Nes"tling, a. Newly hatched; being yet in the nest.

Nes"tor (?), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of parrots with gray heads. of New Zeland and papua, allied to the cockatoos. See Kaka.

Nes*to"ri*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople in the fifth century, who has condemned as a heretic for maintaining that the divine and the human natures were not merged into one nature in Christ (who was God in man), and, hence, that it was improper to call Mary the mother of God though she might be called the mother of Christ; also, one of the sect established by the followers of Nestorius in Persia, India, and other Oriental countries, and still in existence. Opposed to Eutychian.

Nes*to"ri*an, a. 1. Of or relating to the Nestorians.

2. Relating to, or resembling, Nestor, the aged warrior and counselor mentioned by Homer; hence, wise; experienced; aged; as, Nestorian caution.

Nes*to"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines of the Nestorian Christians, or of Nestorius.

Net (nt), n. [AS. net; akin to D. net, OS. net, netti, OHG. nezzi, G. netz, Icel. & Dan. net, Sw. nät, Goth. nati; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fabric of twine, thread, or the like, wrought or woven into meshes, and used for catching fish, birds, butterflies, etc.

2. Anything designed or fitted to entrap or catch; a snare; any device for catching and holding.

A man that flattereth his neighbor spreadeth a net for his feet.

Prov. xxix. 5.

In the church's net there are fishes good or bad.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Anything wrought or woven in meshes; as, a net for the hair; a mosquito net; a tennis net.

4. (Geom.) A figure made up of a large number of straight lines or curves, which are connected at certain points and related to each other by some specified law.

Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Netted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Netting.] 1. To make into a net; to make in the style of network; as, to net silk.

2. To take in a net; to capture by stratagem or wile.

And now I am here, netted and in the toils.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To inclose or cover with a net; as, to net a tree.

Net, v. i. To form network or netting; to knit.

Net, a. [F. See Neat clean.] 1. Without spot; pure; shining. [Obs.]

Her breast all naked as net ivory.

Spenser.

2. Free from extraneous substances; pure; unadulterated; neat; as, net wine, etc. [R.]

3. Not including superfluous, incidental, or foreign matter, as boxes, coverings, wraps, etc.; free from charges, deductions, etc; as, net profit; net income; net weight, etc. [Less properly written nett.]

Net tonnage (Naut.), the tonnage of a vessel after a deduction from the gross tonnage has been made, to allow space for crew, machinery, etc.

Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Netted; p. pr. & vb. n. Netting.] To produce or gain as clear profit; as, he netted a thousand dollars by the operation.

Net"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An astrophyton.

Neth"er (n"r), a. [OE. nethere, neithere, AS. niðera, fr. the adv. niðer downward; akin to neoðan below, beneath, D. neder down, G. nieder, Sw. nedre below, nether, a. & adv., and also to Skr. ni down. &radic;201. Cf. Beneath.] Situated down or below; lying beneath, or in the lower part; having a lower position; belonging to the region below; lower; under; -- opposed to upper.

'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires.

Milton.

This darksome nether world her light Doth dim with horror and deformity.

Spenser.

All my nether shape thus grew transformed.

Milton.

Neth"er*more` (n"r*mr`), a. Lower, nether. [Obs.] Holland.

Neth"er*most` (-mst`), a. [AS. niðemest. See Nether, and cf. Aftermost.] Lowest; as, the nethermost abyss. Milton.

||Neth"i*nim (?), n. pl. [Heb., pl. of nthn given, granted, a slave of ||the temple, fr. nthan to give.] (jewish Antiq.) Servants of the ||priests and Levites in the menial services about the tabernacle and ||temple.

Net"i*fy (?), v. t. [Net, a. + -fy.] To render neat; to clean; to put in order. [R.] Chapman.

Net"ting (?), n. [From Net, n.] 1. The act or process of making nets or network, or of forming meshes, as for fancywork, fishing nets, etc.

2. A piece of network; any fabric, made of cords, threads, wires, or the like, crossing one another with open spaces between.

3. (Naut.) A network of ropes used for various purposes, as for holding the hammocks when not in use, also for stowing sails, and for hoisting from the gunwale to the rigging to hinder an enemy from boarding. Totten.

Netting needle, a kind of slender shuttle used in netting. See Needle, n., 3.

Net"ting, n. Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Net"tle (?), n. [AS. netele; akin to D. netel, G. nessel, OHG. nezzïla, nazza, Dan. nelde, nälde, Sw. nässla; cf, Lith. notere.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Urtica, covered with minute sharp hairs containing a poison that produces a stinging sensation. Urtica gracitis is common in the Northern, and U. chamædryoides in the Southern, United States. the common European species, U. urens and U. dioica, are also found in the Eastern united States. U. pilulifera is the Roman nettle of England.

The term nettle has been given to many plants related to, or to some way resembling, the true nettle; as: Australian nettle, a stinging tree or shrub of the genus Laportea (as L. gigas and L. moroides); -- also called nettle tree. -- Bee nettle, Hemp nettle, a species of Galeopsis. See under Hemp. -- Blind nettle, Dead nettle, a harmless species of Lamium. -- False nettle (Bæhmeria cylindrica), a plant common in the United States, and related to the true nettles. -- Hedge nettle, a species of Stachys. See under Hedge. -- Horse nettle (Solanum Carolinense). See under Horse. -- nettle tree. (a) Same as Hackberry. (b) See Australian nettle (above). -- Spurge nettle, a stinging American herb of the Spurge family (Jatropha urens). -- Wood nettle, a plant (Laportea Canadensis) which stings severely, and is related to the true nettles.

Nettle cloth, a kind of thick cotton stuff, japanned, and used as a substitute for leather for various purposes. -- Nettle rash (Med.), an eruptive disease resembling the effects of whipping with nettles. -- Sea nettle (Zoöl.), a medusa.

Net"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nettled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Nettling (?).] To fret or sting; to irritate or vex; to cause to experience sensations of displeasure or uneasiness not amounting to violent anger.

The princes were so nettled at the scandal of this affront, that every man took it to himself.

L'Estrange.

Net"tle*bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) the European whitethroat. [Prov. Eng.]

Net"tler (?), n. One who nettles. [R.] Milton.

Net"tles (?), n. pl. [See Knittle.] (Naut.) (a) The halves of yarns in the unlaid end of a rope twisted for pointing or grafting. (b) Small lines used to sling hammocks under the deck beams. (c) Reef points.

Net"tling (?), n. (Rope Making) (a) A process (resembling splicing) by which two ropes are joined end to end so as to form one rope. (b) The process of tying together the ends of yarns in pairs, to prevent tangling.

Net"tling, p. pr. & a. Stinging; irritating.

Nettling cell (Zoöl.), a lasso cell. See under Lasso.

Net"ty (?), a. Like a net, or network; netted. [R.]

Net"-veined` (?), a. Having veins, or nerves, reticulated or netted; as, a net-veined wing or leaf.

Net"work` (?), n. 1. A fabric of threads, cords, or wires crossing each other at certain intervals, and knotted or secured at the crossings, thus leaving spaces or meshes between them.

2. Any system of lines or channels interlacing or crossing like the fabric of a net; as, a network of veins; a network of railroads.

Neu"rad (?), adv. [Gr. &?; nerve + L. ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the neural side; -- opposed to hæmad.

Neu"ral (?), a. [Gr. &?; nerve.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) relating to the nerves or nervous system; taining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the neural, or cerebro-spinal, axis; -- opposed to hemal. As applied to vertebrates, neural is the same as dorsal; as applied to invertebrates it is usually the same as ventral. Cf. Hemal.

Neural arch (Anat.), the cartilaginous or bony arch on the dorsal side of the centrum of the vertebra in a segment of the spinal skeleton, usually inclosing a segment of the spinal cord.

Neu*ral"gi*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; nerve + &?; pain. See nerve.] (Med.) A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very acute pain, exacerbating or intermitting, which follows the course of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be seated in the nerve. It seems to be independent of any structural lesion. Dunglison.

Neu*ral"gic (?), a. Of or pertaining to, or having the character of, neuralgia; as, a neuralgic headache.

Neu*ral"gy (?), n. Neuralgia.

Neu*rap`o*phys"i*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a neurapophysis.

||Neu`ra*poph"y*sis (?), n.; pl. Neurapophyses (#). [NL. See Neuro-, ||and Apophysis.] (Anat.) (a) One of the two lateral processes or ||elements which form the neural arch. (b) The dorsal process of the ||neural arch; neural spine; spinous process.

||Neu*ras`the*ni"a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; nerve + &?; weakness.] ||(Med.) A condition of nervous debility supposed to be dependent upon ||impairment in the functions of the spinal cord.

Neu*ra"tion (?), n. (Biol.) The arrangement or distribution of nerves, as in the leaves of a plant or the wings of an insect; nervation.

Neu*rax"is (?), n. [Neuro- + axis.] (Anat.) See Axis cylinder, under Axis.

Neu`ren*ter"ic (?), a. [Neuro- + enteric.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the neuron and the enteron; as, the neurenteric canal, which, in embroys of many vertebrates, connects the medullary tube and the primitive intestine. See Illust. of Ectoderm.

Neu"ri*din (?), n. [From Neurine.] (Physiol. Chem.) a nontoxic base, C5H14N2, found in the putrescent matters of flesh, fish, decaying cheese, etc.

||Neu`ri*lem"ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; nerve + &?; peel, skin.] ||(Anat.) (a) The delicate outer sheath of a nerve fiber; the primitive ||sheath. (b) The perineurium.

Neu*ril"i*ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; nerve.] (Physiol.) The special properties and functions of the nerves; that capacity for transmitting a stimulus which belongs to nerves. G. H. Lewes.

Neu"rine (? or ?), n. [Gr. &?; a nerve.] (Physiol. Chem.) A poisonous organic base (a ptomaine) formed in the decomposition of protagon with boiling baryta water, and in the putrefaction of proteid matter. It was for a long time considered identical with choline, a crystalline body originally obtained from bile. Chemically, however, choline is oxyethyl- trimethyl-ammonium hydroxide, while neurine is vinyl-trimethyl- ammonium hydroxide. [Written also neurin.]

Neu"rism (?), n. [Gr. &?; nerve.] (Biol.) Nerve force. See Vital force, under Vital.

||Neu*ri"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; nerve + -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of a nerve.

Neu"ro- (&?;). [Gr. ney^ron nerve.] (Anat.) A combining denoting a nerve, of or pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system.

Neu`ro-cen"tral (?), a. [Neuro- + central.] (Anat.) Between the neural arch and the centrum of a vertebra; as, the neurocentral suture. Huxley.

Neu"ro*chord (?), n., Neu`ro*chor"dal (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) See Neurocord.

Neu*roc"i*ty (?), n. (Physiol.) Nerve force.

Neu"ro*cœle (?), n. [Neuro- + Gr. koi^los a hollow.] (Anat.) The central canal and ventricles of the spinal cord and brain; the myelencephalic cavity.

Neu"ro*cord (?), n. [Neuro- + cord.] (Zoöl.) A cordlike organ composed of elastic fibers situated above the ventral nervous cord of annelids, like the earthworm. -- Neu`ro*cor"dal (#), a.

Neu`ro-ep`i*der"mal (?), a. [Neuro- + epidermal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or giving rise to, the central nervous system and epidermis; as, the neuroepidermal, or epiblastic, layer of the blastoderm.

||Neu*rog"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ney^ron ligament + &?; glue.] ||(Anat.) The delicate connective tissue framework which supports the ||nervous matter and blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord.

Neu*rog"ra*phy (?), n. [Neuro- + -graphy.] (Anat.) A description of the nerves. Dunglison.

Neu`ro*ker"a*tin (?), n. [Neuro- + keratin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance, resembling keratin, present in nerve tissue, as in the sheath of the axis cylinder of medullated nerve fibers. Like keratin it resists the action of most chemical agents, and by decomposition with sulphuric acid yields leucin and tyrosin.

Neu`ro*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to neurology.

Neu*rol"o*gist (?), n. One who is versed in neurology; also, one skilled in the treatment of nervous diseases.

Neu*rol"o*gy (?), n. [Neuro- + -logy.] The branch of science which treats of the nervous system.

||Neu*ro"ma (?), n. [NL. See Neuro- , and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor ||developed on, or connected with, a nerve, esp. one consisting of ||new-formed nerve fibers.

Neu"ro*mere (?), n. [Neuro- + -mere.] (Anat.) A metameric segment of the cerebro-spinal nervous system.

Neu`ro*mus"cu*lar (?), a. [Neuro- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Nervomuscular.

||Neu"ron (?), n.; pl. Neura (#). [NL., from Gr. ney^ron nerve.] ||(Anat.) The brain and spinal cord; the cerebro- spinal axis; ||myelencephalon. B. G. Wilder.

Neu`ro*path"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to neuropathy; of the nature of, or suffering from, nervous disease.

Neu*rop"a*thy (?), n. [Neuro- + Gr. &?;, &?;, to suffer.] (Med.) An affection of the nervous system or of a nerve.

Neu"ro*pod (?), n. [Neuro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) A neuropodous animal. G. Rolleston.

||Neu`ro*po"di*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a nerve + &?;, dim. of ||&?;, &?;, the foot.] (Zoöl.) The ventral lobe or branch of a ||parapodium.

Neu*rop"o*dous (?), a. [Neuro- + -pod + -ous.] (Zoöl.) Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the neural side, as in most invertebrates; -- opposed to hæmapodous. G. Rolleston.

Neu"ro*pore (?), n. [Neuro- + pore.] (Anat.) An opening at either end of the embryonic neural canal.

Neu*rop"ter (n*rp"tr), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Neuroptera.

||Neu*rop"te*ra (-t*r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ney^ron nerve + ptero`n a ||wing, fr. pte`sqai to fly.] (Zoöl.) An order of hexapod insects ||having two pairs of large, membranous, net-veined wings. The mouth ||organs are adapted for chewing. They feed upon other insects, and ||undergo a complete metamorphosis. The ant-lion, hellgamite, and ||lacewing fly are examples. Formerly, the name was given to a much ||more extensive group, including the true Neuroptera and the ||Pseudoneuroptera.

<! p. 973 !>

Neu*rop"ter*al (n*rp"tr*al), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Neuroptera.

Neu*rop"ter*an (-an), n. (Zoöl.) A neuropter.

||Neu*rop"te*ris (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a nerve + &?; a kind of ||fern.] (Paleon.) An extensive genus of fossil ferns, of which species ||have been found from the Devonian to the Triassic formation.

Neu*rop"ter*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Neuropteral.

Neu`ro*sen*sif"er*ous (?), a. [neuro- + sensiferous.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or forming, both nerves and sense organs.

||Neu*ro"sis (?), n.; pl. Neuroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; nerve.] ||(Med.) A functional nervous affection or disease, that is, a disease ||of the nerves without any appreciable change of nerve structure.

Neu`ro*skel"e*tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the neuroskeleton. [R.] Owen.

Neu`ro*skel"e*ton (?), n. [Neuro- + skeleton.] (Anat.) The deep-seated parts of the vertebrate skeleton which are in relation with the nervous axis and locomotion. Owen.

Neu"ro*spast (?), n. [L. neurospaston, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; drawn by strings.] A puppet. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Neu*rot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; nerve.] 1. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; nervous; as, a neurotic disease.

2. Useful in disorders of, or affecting, the nerves.

Neu*rot"ic, n. 1. A disease seated in the nerves.

2. (Med.) Any toxic agent whose action is mainly directed to the great nerve centers.

Neurotic as a class include all those poisons whose mains action is upon the brain and spinal cord. They may be divided three orders: (a) Cerebral neurotics, or those which affect the brain only. (b) Spinal neurotics, or tetanics, those which affect the spinal cord. (c) Cerebro-spinal neurotics, or those which affect both brain and spinal cord.

Neu"ro*tome (?), n. [See Neurotomy.] 1. An instrument for cutting or dissecting nerves.

2. (Anat.) A neuromere.

Neu`ro*tom"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to neurotomy.

Neu*rot"o*mist (?), n. One who skilled in or practices neurotomy.

Neu*rot"o*my (?), n. [Neuro- + Gr. &?; to cut.] 1. The dissection, or anatomy, of the nervous system.

2. (Med.) The division of a nerve, for the relief of neuralgia, or for other purposes. Dunglison.

||Neu"ru*la (?), n. [NL., dim. of Gr. &?; a nerve.] (Zoöl.) An embryo ||or certain invertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is ||first developed.

Neu"ter (?), a. [L., fr. ne not + uter whether; akin to E. whether. See No, and Whether, and cf. Neither.] 1. Neither the one thing nor the other; on neither side; impartial; neutral. [Archaic]

In all our undertakings God will be either our friend or our enemy; for Providence never stands neuter.

South.

2. (Gram.) (a) Having a form belonging more especially to words which are not appellations of males or females; expressing or designating that which is of neither sex; as, a neuter noun; a neuter termination; the neuter gender. (b) Intransitive; as, a neuter verb.

3. (Biol.) Having no generative organs, or imperfectly developed ones; sexless. See Neuter, n., 3.

Neu"ter, n. 1. A person who takes no part in a contest; one who is either indifferent to a cause or forbears to interfere; a neutral.

The world's no neuter; it will wound or save.

Young.

2. (Gram.) (a) A noun of the neuter gender; any one of those words which have the terminations usually found in neuter words. (b) An intransitive verb.

3. (Biol.) An organism, either vegetable or animal, which at its maturity has no generative organs, or but imperfectly developed ones, as a plant without stamens or pistils, as the garden Hydrangea; esp., one of the imperfectly developed females of certain social insects, as of the ant and the common honeybee, which perform the labors of the community, and are called workers.

Neu"tral (?), a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See Neuter.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent.

The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes