Chapter 94

Lod"i*cule (?), n. [L. lodicula. dim, of lodix, lodicis, a coverlet: cf. F. lodicule.] (Bot.) One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses.

Loel"ling*ite (?), n. [So called from Lölling, in Austria.] (Min.) A tin-white arsenide of iron, isomorphous with arsenopyrite.

Loess (?), n. [G. löss.] (Geol.) A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers.

Loev"en's lar"va (?). [Named after the Swedish zoölogist, S. F. Löven, who discovered it.] (Zoöl.) The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius.

Loffe (?), v. i. To laugh. [Obs.] Shak.

Loft (?), n. [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper room; akin to AS. lyft air, G. luft, Dan. loft loft, Goth. luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & n. ] That which is lifted up; an elevation. Hence, especially: (a) The room or space under a roof and above the ceiling of the uppermost story. (b) A gallery or raised apartment in a church, hall, etc.; as, an organ loft. (c) A floor or room placed above another; a story.

Eutychus . . . fell down from the third loft.

Acts xx. 9.

On loft, aloft; on high. Cf. Onloft. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loft, a. Lofty; proud. [R. & Obs.] Surrey.

Loft"i*ly (?), adv. [From Lofty.] In a lofty manner or position; haughtily.

Loft"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being lofty.

Loft"y (?), a. [Compar. Loftier (?); superl. Loftiest.] [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up; having great height; towering; high.

See lofty Lebanon his head advance.

Pope.

2. Fig.: Elevated in character, rank, dignity, spirit, bearing, language, etc.; exalted; noble; stately; characterized by pride; haughty.

The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.

Is. lvii. 15.

Lofty and sour to them that loved him not

. Shak.

Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.

Milton.

Syn. -- Tall; high; exalted; dignified; stately; majestic; sublime; proud; haughty. See Tall.

Log (?), n. [Heb. lg.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing 2.37 gills. W. H. Ward.

Log (?), n. [Icel. lg a felled tree, log; akin to E. lie. See Lie to lie prostrate.] 1. A bulky piece of wood which has not been shaped by hewing or sawing.

2. [Prob. the same word as in sense 1; cf. LG. log, lock, Dan. log, Sw. logg.] (Naut.) An apparatus for measuring the rate of a ship's motion through the water.

The common log consists of the log-chip, or logship, often exclusively called the log, and the log line, the former being commonly a thin wooden quadrant of five or six inches radius, loaded with lead on the arc to make it float with the point up. It is attached to the log line by cords from each corner. This line is divided into equal spaces, called knots, each bearing the same proportion to a mile that half a minute does to an hour. The line is wound on a reel which is so held as to let it run off freely. When the log is thrown, the log-chip is kept by the water from being drawn forward, and the speed of the ship is shown by the number of knots run out in half a minute. There are improved logs, consisting of a piece of mechanism which, being towed astern, shows the distance actually gone through by the ship, by means of the revolutions of a fly, which are registered on a dial plate.

3. Hence: The record of the rate of ship's speed or of her daily progress; also, the full nautical record of a ship's cruise or voyage; a log slate; a log book.

4. A record and tabulated statement of the work done by an engine, as of a steamship, of the coal consumed, and of other items relating to the performance of machinery during a given time.

5. (Mining) A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave.

Log board (Naut.), a board consisting of two parts shutting together like a book, with columns in which are entered the direction of the wind, course of the ship, etc., during each hour of the day and night. These entries are transferred to the log book. A folding slate is now used instead. -- Log book, or Logbook (Naut.), a book in which is entered the daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, with notes on the weather and incidents of the voyage; the contents of the log board. Log cabin, Log house, a cabin or house made of logs. -- Log canoe, a canoe made by shaping and hollowing out a single log. -- Log glass (Naut.), a small sandglass used to time the running out of the log line. -- Log line (Naut.), a line or cord about a hundred and fifty fathoms long, fastened to the log-chip. See Note under 2d Log, n., 2. -- Log perch (Zoöl.), an ethiostomoid fish, or darter (Percina caprodes); -- called also hogfish and rockfish. -- Log reel (Naut.), the reel on which the log line is wound. -- Log slate. (Naut.) See Log board (above). -- Rough log (Naut.), a first draught of a record of the cruise or voyage. -- Smooth log (Naut.), a clean copy of the rough log. In the case of naval vessels this copy is forwarded to the proper officer of the government. -- To heave the log (Naut.), to cast the log-chip into the water; also, the whole process of ascertaining a vessel's speed by the log.

Log, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Logged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Logging (?).] (Naut.), To enter in a ship's log book; as, to log the miles run. J. F. Cooper.

Log, v. i. 1. To engage in the business of cutting or transporting logs for timber; to get out logs. [U.S.]

2. To move to and fro; to rock. [Obs.]

Log"an (?), n. A rocking or balanced stone. Gwill.

Log`a*œd"ic (lg`*d"k), a. [Gr. logaoidiko`s; lo`gos discourse, prose + 'aoidh` song.] (Gr. Pros.) Composed of dactyls and trochees so arranged as to produce a movement like that of ordinary speech.

Log"a*rithm (lg"*r'm), n. [Gr. lo`gos word, account, proportion + 'ariqmo`s number: cf. F. logarithme.] (Math.) One of a class of auxiliary numbers, devised by John Napier, of Merchiston, Scotland (1550-1617), to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of addition and subtraction in place of multiplication and division. The relation of logarithms to common numbers is that of numbers in an arithmetical series to corresponding numbers in a geometrical series, so that sums and differences of the former indicate respectively products and quotients of the latter; thus,

Hence, the logarithm of any given number is the exponent of a power to which another given invariable number, called the base, must be raised in order to produce that given number. Thus, let 10 be the base, then 2 is the logarithm of 100, because 102 = 100, and 3 is the logarithm of 1,000, because 103 = 1,000.

Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the difference between a logarithm and the number ten. -- Binary logarithms. See under Binary. -- Common logarithms, or Brigg's logarithms, logarithms of which the base is 10; -- so called from Henry Briggs, who invented them. -- Gauss's logarithms, tables of logarithms constructed for facilitating the operation of finding the logarithm of the sum of difference of two quantities from the logarithms of the quantities, one entry of those tables and two additions or subtractions answering the purpose of three entries of the common tables and one addition or subtraction. They were suggested by the celebrated German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (died in 1855), and are of great service in many astronomical computations. -- Hyperbolic, or Napierian, logarithms, those logarithms (devised by John Speidell, 1619) of which the base is 2.7182818; -- so called from Napier, the inventor of logarithms. -- Logistic or Proportionallogarithms., See under Logistic.

{ Log`a*rith*met"ic (?), Log"a*rith*met"ic*al (?), } a. See Logarithmic.

Log`a*rith*met"ic*al*ly, adv. Logarithmically.

{ Log`a*rith"mic (?), Log`a*rith"mic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. logarithmique.] Of or pertaining to logarithms; consisting of logarithms.

Logarithmic curve (Math.), a curve which, referred to a system of rectangular coördinate axes, is such that the ordinate of any point will be the logarithm of its abscissa. -- Logarithmic spiral, a spiral curve such that radii drawn from its pole or eye at equal angles with each other are in continual proportion. See Spiral.

Log`a*rith"mic*al*ly, adv. By the use of logarithms.

Log"-chip` (?), n. (Naut.) A thin, flat piece of board in the form of a quadrant of a circle attached to the log line; -- called also log-ship. See 2d Log, n., 2.

Log"cock` (?), n. The pileated woodpecker.

Loge (?), n. [F. See Lodge.] A lodge; a habitation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Log"gan (?), n. See Logan.

Log"gat (?), n. [Also written logget.] 1. A small log or piece of wood. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. pl. An old game in England, played by throwing pieces of wood at a stake set in the ground. [Obs.] Shak.

Logge (?), n. & v. See Lodge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Logged (?), a. Made slow and heavy in movement; water-logged. Beaconsfield.

Log"ger (?), n. One engaged in logging. See Log, v. i. [U.S.] Lowell.

Log"ger*head` (?), n. [Log + head.] 1. A blockhead; a dunce; a numskull. Shak. Milton.

2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar.

3. (Naut.) An upright piece of round timber, in a whaleboat, over which a turn of the line is taken when it is running out too fast. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

4. (Zoöl.) A very large marine turtle (Thalassochelys caretta, or caouana), common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, from Brazil to Cape Cod; -- called also logger-headed turtle.

5. (Zoöl.) An American shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus), similar to the butcher bird, but smaller. See Shrike.

To be at loggerheads, To fall to loggerheads, or To go to loggerheads, to quarrel; to be at strife. L' Estrange.

Log"ger*head`ed, a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

A rabble of loggerheaded physicians.

Urquhart.

Log"ger*heads` (?), n. (Bot.) The knapweed.

||Log"gia (?), n. [It. See Lodge.] (Arch.) A roofed open gallery. It ||differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming ||more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; ||from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an ||out-of-door sitting-room. || Log"ging (?), n. The business of felling trees, cutting them into logs, and transporting the logs to sawmills or to market.

Log"ic (?), n. [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. logikh` (sc. te`chnh), fr. logiko`s belonging to speaking or reason, fr. lo`gos speech, reason, le`gein to say, speak. See Legend.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted; the science of the formation and application of general notions; the science of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and systematic arrangement; correct reasoning.

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Logic is the science of the laws of thought, as thought; that is, of the necessary conditions to which thought, considered in itself, is subject.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Logic is distinguished as pure and applied. "Pure logic is a science of the form, or of the formal laws, of thinking, and not of the matter. Applied logic teaches the application of the forms of thinking to those objects about which men do think." Abp. Thomson.

2. A treatise on logic; as, Mill's Logic.

Log"ic*al (lj"*kal), a. [Cf. F. logique, L. logicus, Gr. logiko`s.] 1. Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as, logical subtilties. Bacon.

2. According to the rules of logic; as, a logical argument or inference; the reasoning is logical. Prior.

3. Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning; as, he is a logical thinker. Addison.

Log`i*cal"i*ty (?), n. Logicalness.

Log"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a logical manner; as, to argue logically.

Log"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being logical.

Lo*gi"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. logicien.] A person skilled in logic. Bacon.

Each fierce logician still expelling Locke.

Pope.

Log"ics (?), n. See Logic.

{ Lo*gis"tic (?), Lo*gis"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; skilled in calculating, &?; to calculate, fr. lo`gos word, number, reckoning: cf. F. logistique.] 1. Logical. [Obs.] Berkeley.

2. (Math.) Sexagesimal, or made on the scale of 60; as, logistic, or sexagesimal, arithmetic.

Logistic, or Proportional, logarithms, certain logarithmic numbers used to shorten the calculation of the fourth term of a proportion of which one of the terms is a given constant quantity, commonly one hour, while the other terms are expressed in minutes and seconds; -- not now used.

Lo*gis"tics (?), n. 1. (Mil.) That branch of the military art which embraces the details of moving and supplying armies. The meaning of the word is by some writers extended to include strategy. H. L. Scott.

2. (Math.) A system of arithmetic, in which numbers are expressed in a scale of 60; logistic arithmetic.

Log"man (?), n.; pl. Logmen (&?;). A man who carries logs. Shak.

Log`o*dæd"a*ly (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Logos, and Dædal.] Verbal legerdemain; a playing with words. [R.] Coleridge.

Log"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. lo`gos word + -gram.] A word letter; a phonogram, that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word; as, |, i. e., t, for it. Cf. Grammalogue.

Lo*gog"ra*pher (?), n. 1. A chronicler; one who writes history in a condensed manner with short simple sentences.

2. One skilled in logography.

{ Log`o*graph"ic (?), Log`o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; of writing speeches: cf. F. logographique.] Of or pertaining to logography.

Lo*gog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a writing of speeches; lo`gos word, speech + &?; to write: cf. F. logographie.] 1. A method of printing in which whole words or syllables, cast as single types, are used.

2. A mode of reporting speeches without using shorthand, -- a number of reporters, each in succession, taking down three or four words. Brande & C.

Log"o*griph (?), n. [Gr. lo`gos word + gri^fos a fishing net, a dark saying, a riddle: F. logogriphe.] A sort of riddle in which it is required to discover a chosen word from various combinations of its letters, or of some of its letters, which form other words; -- thus, to discover the chosen word chatter form cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc. B. Jonson.

Lo*gom"a*chist (?), n. [See Logomachy.] One who contends about words.

Lo*gom"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; lo`gos word + &?; fight, battle, contest: cf. F. logomachie.] 1. Contention in words merely, or a contention about words; a war of words.

The discussion concerning the meaning of the word " justification" . . . has largely been a mere logomachy.

L. Abbott.

2. A game of word making.

Log`o*met"ric (?), a. [Gr. lo`gos word, ratio + &?; measure.] (Chem.) Serving to measure or ascertain chemical equivalents; stoichiometric. [R.]

||Log"os (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the word or form which expresses a ||thought, also, the thought, fr. &?; to speak.] 1. A word; reason; ||speech. H. Bushell. || 2. The divine Word; Christ.

Log"o*thete (?), [LL. logotheta, fr. Gr. &?;; lo`gos word, account + &?; to put.] An accountant; under Constantine, an officer of the empire; a receiver of revenue; an administrator of a department.

Log"o*type (?), n. [Gr. lo`gos word + -type.] (Print.) A single type, containing two or more letters; as, æ, Æ, , , , etc.; -- called also ligature.

Log"roll` (?), v. i. & t. To engage in logrolling; to accomplish by logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.]

Log"roll`er (?), n. One who engages in logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.]

The jobbers and logrollers will all be against it.

The. Nation.

Log"roll`ing, n. 1. (Logging) The act or process of rolling logs from the place where they were felled to the stream which floats them to the sawmill or to market. In this labor neighboring camps of loggers combine to assist each other in turn. Longfellow. [U.S.]

2. Hence: A combining to assist another in consideration of receiving assistance in return; -- sometimes used of a disreputable mode of accomplishing political schemes or ends. [Cant, U.S.]

Log"-ship (?), n. (Naut.) A part of the log. See Log-chip, and 2d Log, n., 2.

Log"wood` (?) n. [So called from being imported in logs.] The heartwood of a tree (Hæmatoxylon Campechianum), a native of South America, It is a red, heavy wood, containing a crystalline substance called hæmatoxylin, and is used largely in dyeing. An extract from this wood is used in medicine as an astringent. Also called Campeachy wood, and bloodwood.

-lo*gy (?). [Gr. &?;, fr. lo`gos word, discourse, fr. &?; to speak. See Logic.] A combining form denoting a discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; as, theology, geology, biology, mineralogy.

Lo"gy, a. [From D. log.] Heavy or dull in respect to motion or thought; as, a logy horse. [U.S.]

Porcupines are . . . logy, sluggish creatures.

C. H. Merriam.

Lo"hock (?), n. (Med.) See Loch, a medicine.

Loi"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; plague.] Of or pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders.

Loin (?), n. [OE. loine, OF. logne, F. longe, from (assumed) LL. lumbea, L. lumbus join. Cf. Lends, Lumbar, Nombles.] That part of a human being or quadruped, which extends on either side of the spinal column between the hip bone and the false ribs. In human beings the loins are also called the reins. See Illust. of Beef.

||Loir (?), n. [F., fr. L. glis, gliris.] (Zoöl.) A large European ||dormouse (Myoxus glis). || Loi"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loitered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loitering.] [D. leuteren to delay, loiter; cf; Prov. G. lottern to be louse, lotter louse, slack, unsettled, vagrant, OHG. lotar.] 1. To be slow in moving; to delay; to linger; to be dilatory; to spend time idly; to saunter; to lag behind.

Sir John, you loiter here too long.

Shak.

If we have loitered, let us quicken our pace.

Rogers.

2. To wander as an idle vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarry.

Loi"ter*er (?), n. 1. One who loiters; an idler.

2. An idle vagrant; a tramp. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Loi"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a loitering manner.

{ Lok (lk), Lo"ki (l"k), } n. [Icel. Loki, perh. akin to lokka, locka to allure, entice.] (Scandinavian Myth.) The evil deity, the author of all calamities and mischief, answering to the Ahriman of the Persians.

||Lo*ka"o (?), n. A green vegetable dye imported from China. || Loke (lk), n. [See Lock a fastening.] A private path or road; also, the wicket or hatch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Lok"o*rys (?), n. Liquorice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Lo*li"go (?), n. [L., cuttle fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cephalopods, ||including numerous species of squids, common on the coasts of America ||and Europe. They are much used for fish bait. || Loll (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lolling.] [Cf. Icel. lolla to act lazily, loll, lolla, laziness, OD. lollen to sit over the fire, and E. lull. Cf. Lill, Lull.] 1. To act lazily or indolently; to recline; to lean; to throw one's self down; to lie at ease.

Void of care, he lolls supine in state.

Dryden.

2. To hand extended from the mouth, as the tongue of an ox or a log when heated with labor or exertion.

The triple porter of the Stygian seat, With lolling tongue, lay fawning at thy feet.

Dryden.

3. To let the tongue hang from the mouth, as an ox, dog, or other animal, when heated by labor; as, the ox stood lolling in the furrow.

Loll, v. t. To let hang from the mouth, as the tongue.

Fierce tigers couched around and lolled their fawning tongues.

Dryden.

Lol"lard (?), n. [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from Walter Lolhardus, a German; cf. LG. & D. lollen to mumble, to hum, sing in a murmuring strain; hence, OD. lollaerd a mumbler, i. e., of prayers or psalms, which was prob. the origin of the name. See Loll, Lull.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a sect of early reformers in Germany. (b) One of the followers of Wyclif in England. [Called also Loller.]

By Lollards all know the Wyclifities are meant, so called from Walter Lollardus, one of their teachers in Germany.

Fuller.

{ Lol"lard*ism (?), Lol"lard*y (?), } n. The doctrines or principles of the Lollards.

Loll"er (?), n. [See Loll.] 1. One who lolls.

2. An idle vagabond. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

3. A Lollard.

Loll"ing*ly, adv. In a lolling manner. Buckle.

Lol"li*pop (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Prov. E. loll to soothe + pope a mixed liquor.] A kind of sugar confection which dissolves easily in the mouth. Thackeray.

Lol"lop (?), v. i. [From Loll.] To move heavily; to lounge or idle; to loll. [Low.] Charles Reade.

||Lo"ma (?), n.; pl. Lomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a fringe.] ||(Zoöl.) A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap. || Lo*mat"i*nous (?), a. [See Loma.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with lobes or flaps.

Lom"bard (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy, or the inhabitants of Lombardy.

Lom"bard, n. [F. lombard, fr. the Longobardi or Langobardi, i. e., Longbeards, a people of Northern Germany, west of the Elbe, and afterward in Northern Italy. See Long, and Beard, and cf. Lumber.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Lombardy.

2. A money lender or banker; -- so called because the business of banking was first carried on in London by Lombards.

3. Same as Lombard-house.

A Lombard unto this day signifying a bank for usury or pawns.

Fuller.

4. (Mil.) A form of cannon formerly in use. Prescott.

Lombard Street, the principal street in London for banks and the offices of note brokers; hence, the money market and interest of London.

Lom`bard*eer" (?; 277), n. A pawnbroker. [Obs.] Howell.

{ Lom"bard-house (?), Lom"bar-house` (?), } [F. or D. lombard. See Lombard, n.] 1. A bank or a pawnbroker's shop.

2. A public institution for lending money to the poor at a moderate interest, upon articles deposited and pledged; -- called also mont de piété.

Lom*bar"dic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy of the Lombards.

Lombardic alphabet, the ancient alphabet derived from the Roman, and employed in the manuscript of Italy. -- Lombardic architecture, the debased Roman style of architecture as found in parts of Northern Italy. F. G. Lee. Lombardy poplar. (Bot.) See Poplar.

Lo"ment (?), n. [L. lomentum a mixture of bean meal and rice, used as a cosmetic wash, bean meal, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) An elongated pod, consisting, like the legume, of two valves, but divided transversely into small cells, each containing a single seed.

Lo`men*ta"ceous (?), a. [From Loment.] (Bot.) Of the nature of a loment; having fruits like loments.

Lom"o*nite (?), n. Same as Laumontite.

Lomp"ish (?), a. Lumpish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lond (?), n. Land. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lon"don (?), n. The capital city of England.

London paste (Med.), a paste made of caustic soda and unslacked lime; -- used as a caustic to destroy tumors and other morbid enlargements. -- London pride. (Bot.) (a) A garden name for Saxifraga umbrosa, a hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a native of high lands in Great Britain. (b) A name anciently given to the Sweet William. Dr. Prior. -- London rocket (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (Sisymbrium Irio) which sprung up in London abundantly on the ruins of the great fire of 1667.

Lon"don*er (-r), n. A native or inhabitant of London. Shak.

Lon"don*ism (?), n. A characteristic of Londoners; a mode of speaking peculiar to London.

Lon"don*ize (?), v. i. To impart to (one) a manner or character like that which distinguishes Londoners.

Lon"don*ize, v. i. To imitate the manner of the people of London.

Lone (?), n. A lane. See Loanin. [Prov. Eng.]

Lone, a. [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Being without a companion; being by one's self; also, sad from lack of companionship; lonely; as, a lone traveler or watcher.

When I have on those pathless wilds a appeared, And the lone wanderer with my presence cheered.

Shenstone.

2. Single; unmarried, or in widowhood. [Archaic]

Queen Elizabeth being a lone woman.

Collection of Records (1642).

A hundred mark is a long one for a poor lone woman to bear.

Shak.

3. Being apart from other things of the kind; being by itself; also, apart from human dwellings and resort; as, a lone house. " A lone isle." Pope.

By a lone well a lonelier column rears.

Byron.

4. Unfrequented by human beings; solitary.