Chapter 56

Ju"rel (?), n. (Zoöl.) A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; -- called also hardtail, horse crevallé, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel.

{ Ju*rid"ic (?), Ju*rid"ic*al (?), } a. [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.] Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as, juridical law. "This juridical sword." Milton.

The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies.

Burke.

Juridical days, days on which courts are open.

Ju*rid*ic*al*ly, adv. In a juridical manner.

Ju`ris*con"sult (?), n. [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law) A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist.

Ju`ris*dic"tion (?), n. [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.]

1. (Law) The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as, certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission.

2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority.

To live exempt From Heaven's high jurisdiction.

Milton.

You wrought to be a legate; by which power You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops.

Shak.

3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority.

Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau.

Ju`ris*dic"tion*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.] Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as, jurisdictional rights. Barrow.

Ju`ris*dic"tive (?), a. Having jurisdiction. Milton.

Ju`ris*pru"dence (?), n. [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.] The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice.

The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy.

J. Warton.

Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine.

Ju`ris*pru"dent (?), a. [See Jurisprudence.] Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West.

Ju`ris*pru"dent, n. [Cf. F. jurisprudent.] One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju`ris*pru*den"tial (?), a. Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart.

Ju`rist (?), n. [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.] One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law.

It has ever been the method of public jurists to &?;raw a great part of the analogies on which they form the law of nations from the principles of law which prevail in civil community.

Burke.

{ Ju*ris"tic (?), Ju*ris"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] "Juristic ancestry." Lowell.

Ju"ror (?), n. [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. (Law) A member of a jury; a juryman.

I shall both find your lordship judge and juror.

Shak.

2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc.

Ju"ry (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) For temporary use; -- applied to a temporary contrivance.

Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. -- Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use.

Ju"ry (?), n.; pl. Juries (#). [OF. jurée an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.]

1. (Law) A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest.

The jury, passing on the prisoner's life.

Shak.

2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as, the art jury gave him the first prize.

Jury of inquest, a coroner's jury. See Inquest.

Ju"ry*man (?), n.; pl. Jurymen (&?;). One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror.

Ju"ry-rigged` (?), a. (Naut.) Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a.

Jus"si (?), n. A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made.

Just (?), a. [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.]

1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; -- said both of persons and things. "O just but severe law!" Shak.

There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not.

Eccl. vii. 20.

Just balances, just weights, . . . shall ye have.

Lev. xix. 36.

How should man be just with God?

Job ix. 2.

We know your grace to be a man. Just and upright.

Shak.

2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as, a just statement; a just inference.

Just of thy word, in every thought sincere.

Pope.

The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship To meet his grace just distance 'tween our armies.

Shak.

He was a comely personage, a little above just stature.

Bacon.

Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat.

Jer. Taylor.

When all The war shall stand ranged in its just array.

Addison.

Their named alone would make a just volume.

Burton.

3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as, just judge.

Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves.

Tillotson.

Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole.

Syn. -- Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular.

Just, adv. 1. Precisely; exactly; -- in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated.

And having just enough, not covet more.

Dryden.

The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast.

Sir P. Sidney.

To-night, at Herne's oak, just 'twixt twelve and one.

Shak.

2. Closely; nearly; almost.

Just at the point of death.

Sir W. Temple.

3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as, he just missed the train; just too late.

A soft Etesian gale But just inspired and gently swelled the sail.

Dryden.

Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago.

Just, v. i. [See Joust.] To joust. Fairfax.

Just, n. A joust. Dryden.

Jus"tice (?), n. [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.]

1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness.

Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne.

Ps. ixxxix. 11.

The king-becoming graces, As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, . . . I have no relish of them.

Shak.

2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as, the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice.

3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one's conduct or motives.

This even-handed justice Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice To our own lips.

Shak.

4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as, the justice of a claim.

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5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice.

This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade.

Bed of justice. See under Bed. - - Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. -- Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc.

Syn. -- Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. -- Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity).

Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

Jus"tice (?), v. t. To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon.

Jus"tice*a*ble (?), a. Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward.

Jus"tice*hood (?), n. Justiceship. B. Jonson.

Jus"tice*ment (?), n. Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson.

Jus"ti*cer (?), n. One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] "Some upright justicer." Shak.

Jus"tice*ship (?), n. The office or dignity of a justice. Holland.

Jus*ti"ci*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.] Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey.

Jus*ti"ci*ar (?), n. Same as Justiciary.

Jus*ti"ci*a*ry (?), n. [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law) An old name for the judges of the higher English courts.

The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king's absence.

Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland.

{ Jus"ti*co (?), Jus"ti*coat` (?) }, n. [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.] Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

Jus"ti*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just.

Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men.

Milton.

Syn. -- Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable.

-- Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness, n. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*bly, adv.

Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.]

1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification.

I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue.

Shak.

2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer.

3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements.

Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.

Rom. iv. 25.

In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience.

Milton.

4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

Jus*tif"i*ca*tive (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. justificatif.] Having power to justify; justificatory.

Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.] One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.

Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry (?; 277), a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

Jus"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves.

Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites.

Strype.

That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.

Rom. iii. 26.

Jus"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying (?).] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.]

1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty.

That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men.

Milton.

Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government.

E. Everett.

2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear.

I can not justify whom the law condemns.

Shak.

3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve.

By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses.

Acts xiii. 39.

4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4.

Syn. -- To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

Jus"ti*fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly.

2. (Law) To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety.

Jus*tin"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

Jus"tle (?), v. i. [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.] To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak.

The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways.

Nahum ii. 4.

Jus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Justling (?).] To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle.

We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while.

Addison.

Jus"tle, n. An encounter or shock; a jostle.

Just"ly (?), adv. [From Just, a.] In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed." Shak.

Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame.

South.

Just"ness, n. The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause.

In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action.

Dryden.

Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

Jut (jt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] [A corruption of jet.]

1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building. "In jutting rock and curved shore." Wordsworth.

It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem.

Sir T. Browne.

2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer." Mason.

Jut, n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection.

2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.

Jute (jt), n. [Hind. jt, Skr. ja matted hair; cf. jaa matted hair, fibrous roots.] The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

Jutes (jts), n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.) Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

Jut"land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

Jut"land*ish, a. Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

Jut"ting (?), a. Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. -- Jut"ting*ly, adv.

Jut"ty (?), n. [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.] A projection in a building; also, a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak.

Jut"ty, v. t. & i. To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju"ve*nal (?), n. [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.] A youth. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju`ve*nes"cence (?), n. A growing young.

Ju`ve*nes"cent (?), a. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.] Growing or becoming young.

Ju"ve*nile (?; 277), a. [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvénile, juvénil. See Young.]

1. Young; youthful; as, a juvenile appearance. "A juvenile exercitation." Glanvill.

2. Of or pertaining to youth; as, juvenile sports.

Syn. -- Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful.

Ju"ve*nile, n. A young person or youth; -- used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronté.

Ju"ve*nile*ness, n. The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

Ju`ve*nil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Juvenilities (#). [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvénilité.]

1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill.

2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill.

Ju"vi*a (?), n. (Bot.) A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

||Ju*wan"sa (?), n. (Bot.) The camel's thorn. See under Camel. || Ju*wise" (?), n. [Obs.] Same as Juise. Chaucer.

Jux`ta*pose" (?), v. t. [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.] To place in juxtaposition. Huxley.

Jux`ta*pos"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham.

Jux`ta*po*si"tion (?), n. [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.] A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words.

Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition.

Glanvill.

Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity.

Hare.

Jym"old (jm"ld), a. [Obs.] See Gimmal.

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K.

K, (k), the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, is nonvocal consonant. The form and sound of the letter K are from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Phœnician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h (which see).

In many words of one syllable k is used after c, as in crack, check, deck, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked, checked, decked, cracking; since without it, c, before the vowels e and i, would be sounded like s. Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick, publick, republick; but now it is omitted.

See Guide to Pronunciation , §§ 240, 178, 179, 185.

Kaa"ma (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Kab"a*la (?), n. See Cabala.

Ka*bas"sou (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Cabassou.

Ka*bob" (?), n. & v. t. See Cabob, n. & v. t.

Ka*book" (?), n. (min.) A clay ironstone found in Ceylon.

Ka*byle" (?), n. [Ar. qabla.] (Ethnol.) A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber.

Kad"der (?), n. [Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) The jackdaw.

{ Ka"di (?), Ka`di*as"ter (?), } n. A Turkish judge. See Cadi.

Ka*fal" (?), n. (Bot.) The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron, which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood.

{ Kaf"fir (kf"fr), Ka"fir (kä"fr), } n. [Ar. kfir infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; -- a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour.] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre.]

Kaffir corn (Bot.), a Cape Colony name for Indian millet.

Kaf"fle (?), n. See Coffle.

||Ka"fi*lah (?), n. See Cafila. || Kaf"tan (?), n & v. See Caftan.

Kage (?), n. A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work.

||Ka"gu (?), n. (Zoöl.) A singular, crested, grallatorial bird ||(Rhinochetos jubatus), native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, ||paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely ||barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern. || Ka`gu*an" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The colugo.

||Ka"ha"ni (?), n. A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant. || Ka*hau" (?), n. [Native name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A long-nosed monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey. [Written also kaha.]

Kail (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1.

2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.]

3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also, a dinner. [Scot.]

Kail yard, a kitchen garden. [Scot.]

||Kai`ma*cam" (?), n. Same as Caimacam. || Kain (?), n. (Scots Law) Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord. Wharton (Law Dict.).