Chapter 55

Ju"gu*lar (?), a. [L. jugulum the collar bone, which joins together the shoulders and the breast, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join: cf. F. jugulaire. See Join.]

1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck; as, the jugular vein. (b) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein; as, the jugular foramen.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the ventral fins beneath the throat; -- said of certain fishes.

Ju"gu*lar, n. [Cf. F. jugulaire. See Jugular, a.]

1. (Anat.) One of the large veins which return the blood from the head to the heart through two chief trunks, an external and an internal, on each side of the neck; -- called also the jugular vein.

2. (Zoöl.) Any fish which has the ventral fins situated forward of the pectoral fins, or beneath the throat; one of a division of fishes (Jugulares).

Ju"gu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jugulating (?).] [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. jugulatum. See Jugular.] To cut the throat of. [R.] Jacob Bigelow.

||Ju"gu*lum (?), n.; pl. Jugula (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) The lower throat, or ||that part of the neck just above the breast. || ||Ju"gum (?), n.; pl. L. Juga (#), E. Jugums (#). [L., a yoke, ridge.] ||(Bot.) (a) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of ||umbelliferous plants. (b) A pair of the opposite leaflets of a ||pinnate plant. || <! p. 805 !>

Juice (js), n. [OE. juse, F. jus broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; akin to Skr. ysha.] The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance; the sap or part which can be expressed from fruit, etc.; the fluid part which separates from meat in cooking.

An animal whose juices are unsound.

Arbuthnot.

The juice of July flowers.

B. Jonson.

The juice of Egypt's grape.

Shak.

Letters which Edward Digby wrote in lemon juice.

Macaulay.

Cold water draws the juice of meat.

Mrs. Whitney.

Juice (js), v. t. To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Fuller.

Juice"less, a. Lacking juice; dry. Dr. H. More.

Jui"ci*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being juicy; succulence plants.

Jui"cy (?), a. [Compar. Juicier; superl. Juiciest.] A bounding with juice; succulent. Bacon.

Ju*ise" (?), n. [OF. juise. L. judicium. See Judicial.] Judgment; justice; sentence. [Obs.]

Up [on] pain of hanging and high juise.

Chaucer.

Ju"jube (j"jb), n. [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. zi`zyfon, Per. zzfn, zizafn, zayzafn.] The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species of small trees, of the genus Zizyphus, especially the Z. jujuba, Z. vulgaris, Z. mucronata, and Z. Lotus. The last named is thought to have furnished the lotus of the ancient Libyan Lotophagi, or lotus eaters.

Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, a confection made of gum arabic sweetened.

Juke (?), v. i. [from Scottish jouk to bow.] To bend the neck; to bow or duck the head. [Written also jook and jouk.]

The money merchant was so proud of his trust that he went juking and tossing of his head.

L' Estrange.

Juke, n. The neck of a bird. [Prov. Eng.]

Juke, v. i. [F. juc a roost, perch, jucher to roost, to perch.] To perch on anything, as birds do. [Obs.]

Ju*la"ceous (?), a. [See Julus.] (Bot.) Like an ament, or bearing aments; amentaceous.

Ju"lep (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. julb, jullb, fr. Per. gulb rose water and julep; gul rose + b water.]

1. A refreshing drink flavored with aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.), a sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. Milton.

Honey in woods, juleps in brooks.

H. Vaughan.

2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint; -- called also mint julep. [U.S.]

Jul"ian (?; 277) a. [L. Julianus, fr. Julius. Cf. July, Gillian.] Relating to, or derived from, Julius Cæsar.

Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Cæsar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days. -- Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b. c. -- Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B. C., when the first years of these several cycles would coincide, so that if any year of the period be divided by 28, 19, or 15, the remainder will be the year of the corresponding cycle. The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years. -- Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar.

||Ju`li*enne" (?), n. [F.] A kind of soup containing thin slices or ||shreds of carrots, onions, etc. || Ju"li*form (?), a. [Julus + - form.] (Bot.) Having the shape or appearance of a julus or catkin.

||Ju"lus (?), n.; pl.Juli (#). [Of the same origin as iulus.] (Bot.) A ||catkin or ament. See Ament. || Ju*ly" (?), n.; pl. Julies (#). [L. Julius; -- named from Caius Julius Cæsar, who was born in this month: cf. F. Juillet.] The seventh month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

This month was called Quintilis, or the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar, in which March was the first month of the year.

Ju*ly"-flow`er (?), n. See Gillyflower.

Ju"mart (?), n. [F.] The fabled offspring of a bull and a mare. Locke.

Jum"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jumbling (?).] [Prob. fr. jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.] To mix in a confused mass; to put or throw together without order; -- often followed by together or up.

Why dost thou blend and jumble such inconsistencies together?

Burton.

Every clime and age Jumbled together.

Tennyson.

Jum"ble, v. i. To meet or unite in a confused way; to mix confusedly. Swift.

Jum"ble, n. 1. A confused mixture; a mass or collection without order; as, a jumble of words.

2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring- shaped.

Jum"ble*ment (?), n. Confused mixture. [Low]

Jum"bler (?), n. One who confuses things.

Jum"bling*ly (?), adv. In a confused manner.

Ju"ment (?), n. [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.] A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.]

Fitter for juments than men to feed on.

Burton.

Jump (?), n. [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl. A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century.

Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.]

1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one's self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap.

Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square.

Shak.

2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. "The jumping chariots." Nahum iii. 2.

A flock of geese jump down together.

Dryden.

3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; -- followed by with. "It jumps with my humor." Shak.

To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as, a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance.

Jump (?), v. t. 1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as, to jump a stream.

2. To cause to jump; as, he jumped his horse across the ditch.

3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.]

To jump a body with a dangerous physic.

Shak.

4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset.

5. (Quarrying) To bore with a jumper.

To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. -- To jump one's bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.]

Jump, n. 1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. "To advance by jumps." Locke.

2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.]

Our fortune lies Upon thisjump.

Shak.

3. The space traversed by a leap.

4. (Mining) A dislocation in a stratum; a fault.

5. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry.

From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] -- Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. -- Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as, a jump-seat wagon.

Jump, a. Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] "Jump names." B. Jonson.

Jump, adv. Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak.

Jump"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, jumps.

2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen.

3. A rude kind of sleigh; -- usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper.

4. (Zoöl.) The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese.

5. (Eccl.) A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions.

6. (Horology) spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece.

Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bounty jumper. See under Bounty.

Jump"er, n. [See 1st Jump.] A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys.

Jump"ing, p. a. & vb. n. of Jump, to leap.

Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. -- Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. -- Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. -- Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidæ, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. -- Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. -- Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. -- Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. -- Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradæ; -- so called because it leaps upon its prey.

Jump"weld` (?), v. t. See Buttweld, v. t.

Jun*ca"ceous (?), a. [See Juncate.] (Bot.) Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceæ), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type.

Jun"cate (?), n. See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser.

Jun"cite (?), n. [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.) A fossil rush.

Jun"co (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; -- called also snowbird, or blue snowbird.

Jun"cous (?), a. [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.] Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson.

Junc"tion (?), n. [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.]

1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as, the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths.

2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross.

Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. -- Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another.

Junc"ture (jk"tr; 135), n. [L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.] 1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] "Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts." Eikon Basilike.

2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as, the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle.

3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. "Extraordinary junctures." Addison.

In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer?

Berkeley.

June (?), n. [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.] The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days.

And what is so rare as a day in June? Then, if ever, come perfect days.

Lowell.

June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; -- so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvæ of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. -- June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix.

June"a*ting (?), n. A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.]

June"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; -- also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; -- also called shad bush, and shad tree.

||Jun`ger*man"ni*a (?), n.; pl. Jungermanniæ (#). [NL. Named after ||Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of hepatic ||mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants ||of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceæ. || Jun"gle (j"g'l), n. [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja&?;gala desert.] A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil.

The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate.

Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. -- Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. -- Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. -- Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as, the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India. The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition.

Jun"gly (-gl), a. Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle.

Jun"ior (jn"yr; 277), a. [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.]

1. Less advanced in age than another; younger.

Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father.

2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as, a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain.

3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as, the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2.

4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life.

Our first studies and junior endeavors.

Sir T. Browne.

Jun"ior, n. 1. A younger person.

His junior she, by thirty years.

Byron.

2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years' course.

Jun*ior"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being junior.

Ju"ni*per (?), n. [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.) Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferæ.

The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc.

Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner.

Ju"ni*per*in (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries.

Ju"ni*per*ite (?), n. (Paleon.) One of the fossil Coniferæ, evidently allied to the juniper.

<! p. 806 !>

Junk (?), n. A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.]

1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships.

2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers.

3. (Naut.) Hard salted beef supplied to ships.

Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. -- Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. -- Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. -- Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. -- Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship's tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. -- Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. -- Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.) A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters.

||Jun"ker (?), n. [G. Cf. Yonker.] A young German noble or squire; ||esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia. || Jun"ker*ism (?), n. The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun"ket (?), n. [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.]

1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food.

How Faery Mab the junkets eat.

Milton.

Victuals varied well in taste, And other junkets.

Chapman.

2. A feast; an entertainment.

A new jaunt or junket every night.

Thackeray.

Jun"ket, v. i. To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; -- sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost.

Job's children junketed and feasted together often.

South.

Jun"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.] To give entertainment to; to feast.

The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors.

Walpole.

Jun"ket*ing, n. A feast or entertainment; a revel.

All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors.

W. Irving.

The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar.

South.

Jun"ket*ries (?), n. pl. Sweetmeats. [Obs.]

Ju"no (j"n), n.; pl. Junos (-nz). [L.]

1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera.

Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes.

Shak.

2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids.

Bird of Juno, the peacock.

Jun"ta (jn"t), n.; pl. Juntas (-tz). [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.] A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

Jun"to (-t), n.; pl. Juntos (-tz). [Sp. junto united. See Junta.] A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as, a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians.

The puzzling sons of party next appeared, In dark cabals and mighty juntos met.

Thomson.

Jup"ar*tie (?), n. Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju`pa*ti" palm` (?). (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia tædigera), used by the natives for many purposes.

Jupe (?), n. Same as Jupon.

Ju"pi*ter (?), n. [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.]

1. (Rom. Myth.) The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus.

2. (Astron.) One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth's mean distance being taken as unity.

Jupiter's beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); -- so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. -- Jupiter's staff (Bot.), the common mullein; -- so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms.

{ Ju*pon" (?), Jup*pon" (?), } n. [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.]

1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden.

2. A petticoat. Halliwell.

Ju"ra (?), n. [F. & L.] 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland.

2. (Geol.) The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

Ju"ral (?), a. [L. jus, juris, right.]

1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.]

By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective "moral" we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties.

Whewell.

2. (Law) Of or pertaining to jurisprudence.

||Ju`ra*men"tum (?), n.; pl. Juramenta (&?;). [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. ||Law) An oath. || Ju*ras"sic (?), a. (Geol.) Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias, Oölite, and Wealden; -- named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. -- n. The Jurassic period or formation; -- called also the Jura.

Ju"rat (?), n. [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill.

2. (Law) The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier.

Ju"ra*to*ry (?), a. [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.] Relating to or comprising an oath; as, juratory caution. Ayliffe.

Ju`ra-tri"as (?), n. (Geol.) A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. -- Ju`ra-tri*as"sic (#), a.

Jur*dic"ci*on (jr*dk"s*n), n. Jurisdiction. [Obs.]

Jur"don (jûr"dn), n. Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer.