Chapter 53

2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as, the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation.

A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel, Must glove this hand.

Shak.

To tear thee joint by joint.

Milton.

3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as, a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg.

4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting.

5. (Geol.) A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification.

6. (Arch.) The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as, a thin joint.

7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together.

Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. -- Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. -- Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. -- Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. -- Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. -- Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. -- Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. -- Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. -- Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. "The time is out of joint." Shak.

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Joint (joint), a. [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.]

1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as, joint action.

2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together.

I read this joint effusion twice over.

T. Hook.

3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as, joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. "Joint tenants of the world." Donne.

4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as, joint property; a joint bond.

A joint burden laid upon us all.

Shak.

Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. -- Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as, a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. "Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared." Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. -- Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. "By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions." Barclay (Digest). -- Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. "Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session." Journal H. of R., U. S. -- Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. -- Joint stock, stock held in company. -- Joint- stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. -- Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. -- Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy.

Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.]

1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as, to joint boards.

Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood.

Pope.

2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine.

Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar.

Shak.

3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate.

The fingers are jointed together for motion.

Ray.

4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. "He joints the neck." Dryden.

Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting.

Holland.

Joint, v. i. To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as, the stones joint, neatly.

Joint"ed, a. Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as, a jointed doll; jointed structure. "The jointed herbage." J. Philips. -- Joint"ed*ly, adv.

Joint"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, joints.

2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for planing the edges of barrel staves.

3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork.

Joint"-fir` (?), n. (Bot.) A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; -- called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California.

Joint"ing, n. The act or process of making a joint; also, the joints thus produced.

Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. -- Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. -- Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces.

Joint"less, a. Without a joint; rigid; stiff.

Joint"ly, adv. In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; not separately.

Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow.

Shak.

Joint"ress (?), n. (Law) A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.] Blackstone.

Join"ture (?), n. [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.]

1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.]

2. (Law) An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower.

The jointure that your king must make, Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised.

Shak.

Join"ture (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.] To settle a jointure upon.

Join"ture*less, a. Having no jointure.

Join"tur*ess, n. See Jointress. Bouvier.

Joint"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.

Joint"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.

Joist (joist), n. [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gésir. See Gist.] (Arch.) A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; -- called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a.

Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.] To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.

Joke, n. [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.]

1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as, to crack good-natured jokes.

And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.

Pope.

Or witty joke our airy senses moves To pleasant laughter.

Gay.

2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport.

Inclose whole downs in walls, 't is all a joke.

Pope.

In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. -- Practical joke. See under Practical.

Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.] To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as, to joke a comrade.

Joke, v. i. [L. jocari.] To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest.

He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.

Jok"er (?), n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests; a humorist; a wag.

2. (Card Playing) See Best bower, under 2d Bower.

Jok"ing*ly, adv. In a joking way; sportively.

{ Jole, Joll } (?), v. t. & n. Same as Jowl. Shak.

Jol*if" (?), a. [See Jolly.] Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jol`li*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.]

We have had a jollification or so together.

Sir W. Scott.

Jol"li*ly (?), adv. In a jolly manner.

Jol"li*ment (?), n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jol"li*ness, n. Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.

Jol"li*ty (?), n. [From Jolly: cf. OF. jolieté, joliveté.] Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer.

All now was turned to jollity and game.

Milton.

He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it.

Sir P. Sidney.

Syn. -- Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.

Jol"ly (jl"l), a. [Compar. Jollier (-l*r); superl. Jolliest.] [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. jl yule, Christmas feast. See Yule.]

1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful.

Like a jolly troop of huntsmen.

Shak.

"A jolly place," said he, "in times of old! But something ails it now: the spot is cursed."

Wordsworth.

2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety.

And with his jolly pipe delights the groves.

Prior.

Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear.

Fairfax.

3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. "A jolly cool wind." Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.]

Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit.

Spenser.

The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions.

W. Irving.

Jol"ly-boat` (?), n. [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.) A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.

Jol"ly*head (?), n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jolt (jlt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and originally meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as, the coach jolts.

Jolt, v. t. To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as, the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.

Jolt, n. A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground.

The first jolt had like to have shaken me out.

Swift.

Jolt"er (?), n. One who, or that which, jolts.

{ Jolt"er*head`, Jolt"head` } (?), n. [See Jolt, Jowl.] A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.

Jolt"ing*ly, adv. In a jolting manner.

Jolt"y (?), a. That jolts; as, a jolty coach. [Colloq.]

Jo"nah (?), n. The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious.

Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.

Jo*ne"sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Jones.

The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones.

{ Jon"gleur (?), Jon"gler (?), } n. [F. jongleur. See Juggler.]

1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour.

Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur's verse.

J R. Green.

2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton.

{ Jon"quil, Jon"quille }, n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona.

Jo"ram (?), n. See Jorum.

{ Jor"dan (?), Jor"den (?), } n. [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.]

1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell.

2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Jo"rum (?), n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.] A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby.

Jo"seph (?), n. An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman's riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.

Jo"seph's flow"er (?). (Bot.) A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.

Jo"so (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small gudgeon.

Joss (?), n. [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.] A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. "Critic in jars and josses." Colman (1761).

Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. -- Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; -- burned by the Chinese before an idol.

Jos"sa (?), interj. A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still." [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jos"tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling (?).] [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.] To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. "Bullies jostled him." Macaulay.

Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other.

I. Taylor.

Jos"tle, v. i. To push; to crowd; to hustle.

None jostle with him for the wall.

Lamb.

Jos"tle, n. A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference.

The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization.

The Nation.

Jos"tle*ment (?), n. Crowding; hustling.

Jot (?), n. [L. iota, Gr. &?; the name of the letter (E. i, Heb. y&?;d), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.] An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n.

Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

Matt. v. 18.

Neither will they bate One jot of ceremony.

Shak.

Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.] To set down; to make a brief note of; -- usually followed by down.

Jot"ter (?), n. 1. One who jots down memoranda.

2. A memorandum book.

Jougs (?), n. [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.] An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott.

Jou"is*sance (?), n. [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jouk (?), v. i. See Juke.

Joul (?), v. t. See Jowl.

Joule (jl), n. [From the distinguished English physicist, James P. Joule.] (Physics.) A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds.

Joule's equivalent. See under Equivalent, n.

Jounce (jouns), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced (jounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing (joun"sng).] [Cf. Jaunce.] To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.

Jounce, n. A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.

Jour"nal (?), a. [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.] Daily; diurnal. [Obs.]

Whiles from their journal labors they did rest.

Spenser.

Jour"nal, n. [F. journal. See Journal, a.]

1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc.; a periodical; a magazine.

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2. That which has occurred in a day; a day's work or travel; a day's journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson.

3. (Mach.) That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box.

Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.

Jour"nal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. journalisme.]

1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.]

2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as, political journalism.

Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm.

Ed. Rev.

Jour"nal*ist, n. [Cf. F. journaliste.]

1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle.

2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison.

Jour"nal*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as, journalistic literature or enterprise.

Jour"nal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Journalizing (?).] To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson.

Jour"nal*ize, v. i. to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist.

Jour"ney (?), n.; pl. Journeys (#). [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day's journey, OF. jornée, jurnée, a day, a day's work of journey, F. journée, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.]

1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer.

We have yet large day, for scarce the sun Hath finished half his journey.

Milton.

2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively, a passage through life.

The good man . . . is gone a long journey.

Prov. vii. 19.

We must all have the same journey's end.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

Syn. -- Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. -- Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Jour"ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.] To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance.

Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south.

Gen. xii. 9.

Jour"ney, v. t. To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] "I journeyed many a land." Sir W. Scott.

Jour"ney-bat`ed (?), a. Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak.

Jour"ney*er (?), n. One who journeys.

Jour"ney*man (?), n.; pl. Journeymen (&?;). Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; -- distinguished from apprentice and from master workman.

I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well.

Shak.

Jour"ney*work` (?), n. Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade.

Joust (?), v. i. [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.] To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.]

For the whole army to joust and tourney.

Holland.

Joust, n. [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.] A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.]

Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament.

Milton.

Joust"er, n. One who jousts or tilts.

Jove (?), n. [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.]

1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter.

2. (Astron.) The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope.

3. (Alchemy) The metal tin.

Bird of Jove, the eagle.

Jo"vi*al (?), a. [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.]

1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.]

Our jovial star reigned at his birth.

Shak.

The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets.

Sir T. Browne.

2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] "The heavens always joviall." Spenser.

3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth- inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as, a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem.

Be bright and jovial among your guests.

Shak.

His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian.

Dryden.

This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence. Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc.

Syn. -- Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious.

Jo"vi*al*ist (?), n. One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall.

Jo`vi*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. jovialité.] The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert.

Jo"vi*al*ly (?), adv. In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson.

Jo"vi*al*ness, n. Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt.

Jo"vi*al*ty (?), n. Joviality. [R.] Barrow.

Jo"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet).

Jo`vi*cen"tric (?), a. [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.) Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed from Jupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind.

Jo*vin"ian*ist (?), n. (Script. Hist.) An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time.

Jowl (?), n. [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.] The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.]

Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. "I will go with thee cheek by jole." Shak. " Sits cheek by jowl." Dryden.

Jowl, v. t. To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.]

How the knave jowls it to the ground.

Shak.

Jowl"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A dog with large jowls, as the beagle.

Jow"ter (?), n. A mounted peddler of fish; -- called also jouster. [Obs.] Carew.