Chapter 28

In*her"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inheriting.] [OE. enheriten to inherit, to give a heritage to, OF. enheriter to appoint as an heir, L. inhereditare; pref. in- in + hereditare to inherit, fr. heres heir. See Heir.]

1. (Law) To take by descent from an ancestor; to take by inheritance; to take as heir on the death of an ancestor or other person to whose estate one succeeds; to receive as a right or title descendible by law from an ancestor at his decease; as, the heir inherits the land or real estate of his father; the eldest son of a nobleman inherits his father's title; the eldest son of a king inherits the crown.

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2. To receive or take by birth; to have by nature; to derive or acquire from ancestors, as mental or physical qualities; as, he inherits a strong constitution, a tendency to disease, etc.

Prince Harry is valiant; for the cold blood he did naturally inherit of his father he hath . . . manured . . . with good store of fertile sherris.

Shak.

3. To come into possession of; to possess; to own; to enjoy as a possession.

But the meek shall inherit the earth.

Ps. xxxvii. 11.

To bury so much gold under a tree, And never after to inherit it.

Shak.

4. To put in possession of. [R.] Shak.

In*her"it (?), v. i. To take or hold a possession, property, estate, or rights by inheritance.

Thou shalt not inherit our father's house.

Judg. xi. 2.

In*her`it*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being inheritable or descendible to heirs. Jefferson.

In*her"it*a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being inherited; transmissible or descendible; as, an inheritable estate or title. Blackstone.

2. Capable of being transmitted from parent to child; as, inheritable qualities or infirmities.

3. [Cf. OF. enheritable, inheritable.] Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiving by descent; capable of succeeding to, as an heir.

By attainder . . . the blood of the person attainted is so corrupted as to be rendered no longer inheritable.

Blackstone.

The eldest daughter of the king is also alone inheritable to the crown on failure of issue male.

Blackstone.

Inheritable blood, blood or relationship by which a person becomes qualified to be an heir, or to transmit possessions by inheritance.

In*her"it*a*bly, adv. By inheritance. Sherwood.

In*her"it*ance (?), n. [Cf. OF. enheritance.]

1. The act or state of inheriting; as, the inheritance of an estate; the inheritance of mental or physical qualities.

2. That which is or may be inherited; that which is derived by an heir from an ancestor or other person; a heritage; a possession which passes by descent.

When the man dies, let the inheritance Descend unto the daughter.

Shak.

3. A permanent or valuable possession or blessing, esp. one received by gift or without purchase; a benefaction.

To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away.

1 Pet. i. 4.

4. Possession; ownership; acquisition. "The inheritance of their loves." Shak.

To you th' inheritance belongs by right Of brother's praise; to you eke 'longs his love.

Spenser.

5. (Biol.) Transmission and reception by animal or plant generation.

6. (Law) A perpetual or continuing right which a man and his heirs have to an estate; an estate which a man has by descent as heir to another, or which he may transmit to another as his heir; an estate derived from an ancestor to an heir in course of law. Blackstone.

The word inheritance (used simply) is mostly confined to the title to land and tenements by a descent. Mozley & W.

Men are not proprietors of what they have, merely for themselves; their children have a title to part of it which comes to be wholly theirs when death has put an end to their parents' use of it; and this we call inheritance.

Locke.

In*her"it*or (?), n. One who inherits; an heir.

Born inheritors of the dignity.

Milton.

In*her"it*ress (?), n. A heiress. Milman.

In*her"it*rix (?), n. Same as Inheritress. Shak.

In*herse" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Inhearse.

In*he"sion (?), n. [L. inhaesio. See Inhere.] The state of existing, of being inherent, in something; inherence. A. Baxter.

Constant inhesion and habitual abode.

South.

In`hi*a"tion (?), n. [L. inhiatio, fr. inhiare to gape; pref. in- + hiare to gape.] A gaping after; eager desire; craving. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In*hib"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhibiting.] [L. inhibitus, p. p. of inhibere; pref. in- in + habere to have, hold. See Habit.]

1. To check; to hold back; to restrain; to hinder.

Their motions also are excited or inhibited . . . by the objects without them.

Bentley.

2. To forbid; to prohibit; to interdict.

All men were inhibited, by proclamation, at the dissolution, so much as to mention a Parliament.

Clarendon.

Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one.

Ayliffe.

In`hi*bi"tion (?), n. [L. inhibitio: cf. F. inhibition.]

1. The act of inhibiting, or the state of being inhibited; restraint; prohibition; embargo.

2. (Physiol.) A stopping or checking of an already present action; a restraining of the function of an organ, or an agent, as a digestive fluid or ferment, etc.; as, the inhibition of the respiratory center by the pneumogastric nerve; the inhibition of reflexes, etc.

3. (Law) A writ from a higher court forbidding an inferior judge from further proceedings in a cause before; esp., a writ issuing from a higher ecclesiastical court to an inferior one, on appeal. Cowell.

In*hib"i*tor (?), n. [NL.] That which causes inhibitory action; esp., an inhibitory nerve.

In*hib"i*to*ry (?), a. [LL. inhibitorius: cf. F. inhibitoire.] Of or pertaining to, or producing, inhibition; consisting in inhibition; tending or serving to inhibit; as, the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric on the respiratory center.

I would not have you consider these criticisms as inhibitory.

Lamb.

Inhibitory nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which modify, inhibit, or suppress a motor or secretory act already in progress.

In*hib"i*to*ry-mo"tor (?), a. (Physiol.) A term applied to certain nerve centers which govern or restrain subsidiary centers, from which motor impressions issue. McKendrick.

In*hive" (?), v. t. To place in a hive; to hive.

In*hold" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inheld (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inholding.] To have inherent; to contain in itself; to possess. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In*hold"er, n. An inhabitant. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*hoop" (?), v. t. To inclose in a hoop, or as in a hoop. [R.] Shak.

In*hos"pi*ta*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + hospitable: cf. L. inhospitalis.]

1. Not hospitable; not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests; as, an inhospitable person or people.

Have you no touch of pity, that the poor Stand starved at your inhospitable door?

Cowper.

2. Affording no shelter or sustenance; barren; desert; bleak; cheerless; wild. "Inhospitable wastes." Blair.

-- In*hos"pi*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*hos"pi*ta*bly, adv.

In*hos`pi*tal"i*ty (?), n. [L. inhospitalitas: cf. F. inhospitalité. See In- not, and Hospitality.] The quality or state of being inhospitable; inhospitableness; lack of hospitality. Bp. Hall.

In*hu"man (?), a. [L. inhumanus: cf. F. inhumain. See In- not, and Human.]

1. Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to a human being; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling; as, an inhuman person or people.

2. Characterized by, or attended with, cruelty; as, an inhuman act or punishment.

Syn. -- Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; merciless; savage; barbarous; brutal; ferocious; ruthless; fiendish.

In`hu*man"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Inhumanities (#). [L. inhumanitas: cf. F. inhumanité.] The quality or state of being inhuman; cruelty; barbarity.

Man's inhumanity to man Makes countless thousands mourn.

Burns.

In*hu"man*ly (?), adv. In an inhuman manner; cruelly; barbarously.

In*hu"mate (?), v. t. [L. inhumatus, p. p. of inhumare to inhume; pref. in- in + humare to cover with earth. See Humation, and cf. Inhume.] To inhume; to bury; to inter. Hedge.

In`hu*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inhumation.]

1. The act of inhuming or burying; interment.

2. (Old Chem.) The act of burying vessels in warm earth in order to expose their contents to a steady moderate heat; the state of being thus exposed.

3. (Med.) Arenation.

In*hume" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inhuming.] [Cf. F. inhumer. See Inhumate.]

1. To deposit, as a dead body, in the earth; to bury; to inter.

Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain, Inhume the natives in their native plain.

Pope.

2. To bury or place in warm earth for chemical or medicinal purposes.

||In"i*a (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia ||Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout. || In"i*al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the inion.

In`im*ag"i*na*ble (?), a. Unimaginable; inconceivable. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

In*im"i*cal (?; 277), a. [L. inimicalis, fr. inimicus unfriendly, hostile; pref. in- not + amicus friendly. See Amity.]

1. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy; unfriendly; unfavorable; -- chiefly applied to private, as hostile is to public, enmity.

2. Opposed in tendency, influence, or effects; antagonistic; inconsistent; incompatible; adverse; repugnant.

We are at war with a system, which, by its essence, is inimical to all other governments.

Burke.

In*im`i*cal"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being inimical or hostile; hostility; unfriendliness. [R.]

In*im"i*cal*ly (?), adv. In an inimical manner.

In*im`i*ci"tious (?), a. [L. inimicitia enmity. See Inimical.] Inimical; unfriendly. [R.] Sterne.

In*im"i*cous (?), a. [L. inimicus.] Inimical; hurtful. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In*im`i*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inimitable; inimitableness. Norris.

In*im"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. inimitabilis: cf. F. inimitable. See In- not, and Imitable.] Not capable of being imitated, copied, or counterfeited; beyond imitation; surpassingly excellent; matchless; unrivaled; exceptional; unique; as, an inimitable style; inimitable eloquence. "Inimitable force." Dryden.

Performing such inimitable feats.

Cowper.

-- In*im"i*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*im"i*ta*bly, adv.

||In"i*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ini`on the back of the head.] (Anat.) ||The external occipital protuberance of the skull. || In*iq"ui*tous (?), a. [From Iniquity.] Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; as, an iniquitous bargain; an iniquitous proceeding.

Demagogues . . . bribed to this iniquitous service.

Burke.

Syn. -- Wicked; wrong; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; criminal. -- Iniquitous, Wicked, Nefarious. Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous is stronger, denoting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach of the most sacred obligations, and points more directly to the intrinsic badness of the deed.

In*iq"ui*tous*ly, adv. In an iniquitous manner; unjustly; wickedly.

In*iq"ui*ty (?), n.; pl. Iniquities (#). [OE. iniquitee, F. iniquité, L. iniquitas, inequality, unfairness, injustice. See Iniquous.]

1. Absence of, or deviation from, just dealing; want of rectitude or uprightness; gross injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; as, the iniquity of bribery; the iniquity of an unjust judge.

Till the world from his perfection fell Into all filth and foul iniquity.

Spenser.

2. An iniquitous act or thing; a deed of injustice or unrighteousness; a sin; a crime. Milton.

Your iniquities have separated between you and your God.

Is. lix. 2.

3. A character or personification in the old English moralities, or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice and sometimes of another. See Vice.

Acts old Iniquity, and in the fit Of miming gets the opinion of a wit.

B. Jonson.

In*i"quous (?), a. [L. iniquus; pref. in- not + aequus. See Equal.] Iniquitous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In*ir"ri*ta*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + irritable: cf. F. inirritable.] Not irritable; esp. (Physiol.), incapable of being stimulated to action, as a muscle. -- In*ir`ri*ta*bil"i*ty (#), n.

In*ir"ri*ta*tive (?), a. Not accompanied with excitement; as, an inirritative fever. E. Darwin.

In*isle" (?), v. t. [Cf. Enisled.] To form into an island; to surround. [Obs.] Drayton.

In*i"tial (?), a. [L. initialis, from initium a going in, entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin; pref. in- in + ire to go: cf. F. initial. See Issue, and cf. Commence.]

1. Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as, the initial symptoms of a disease.

2. Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as, the initial letters of a name.

In*i"tial, n. The first letter of a word or a name.

In*i"tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initialed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Initialing.] To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials. [R.]

In*i"tial*ly, adv. In an initial or incipient manner or degree; at the beginning. Barrow.

In*i"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Initiating (?).] [L. initiatus, p. p. of initiare to begin, fr. initium beginning. See Initial.]

1. To introduce by a first act; to make a beginning with; to set afoot; to originate; to commence; to begin or enter upon.

How are changes of this sort to be initiated?

I. Taylor.

2. To acquaint with the beginnings; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce.

Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our industry.

Dr. H. More.

To initiate his pupil into any part of learning, an ordinary skill in the governor is enough.

Locke.

3. To introduce into a society or organization; to confer membership on; especially, to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites or ceremonies.

The Athenians believed that he who was initiated and instructed in the mysteries would obtain celestial honor after death.

Bp. Warburton.

He was initiated into half a dozen clubs before he was one and twenty.

Spectator.

In*i"ti*ate, v. i. To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative. [R.] Pope.

In*i"ti*ate (?), a. [L. initiatus, p. p.]

1. Unpracticed; untried; new. [Obs.] "The initiate fear that wants hard use." Shak.

2. Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted.

To rise in science as in bliss, Initiate in the secrets of the skies.

Young.

Initiate tenant by courtesy (Law), said of a husband who becomes such in his wife's estate of inheritance by the birth of a child, but whose estate is not consummated till the death of the wife. Mozley & W.

In*i"ti*ate, n. One who is, or is to be, initiated.

In*i`ti*a"tion (?), n. [L. initiatio: cf. F. initiation.]

1. The act of initiating, or the process of being initiated or introduced; as, initiation into a society, into business, literature, etc. "The initiation of courses of events." Pope.

2. The form or ceremony by which a person is introduced into any society; mode of entrance into an organized body; especially, the rite of admission into a secret society or order.

Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initiation into sacred mysteries.

Broome.

In*i"ti*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. initiatif.] Serving to initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary.

In*i"ti*a*tive, n. [Cf. F. initiative.]

1. An introductory step or movement; an act which originates or begins.

The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come.

I. Taylor.

2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as, the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives.

In*i"ti*a`tor (?), n. [L.] One who initiates.

In*i"ti*a*to*ry (?), a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as, an initiatory step. Bp. Hall.

2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary.

Some initiatory treatises in the law.

Herbert.

Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together.

J. M. Mason.

In*i"ti*a*to*ry, n. An introductory act or rite. [R.]

In*i"tion (?), n. [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.] Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton.

In*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr. & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. in- in + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.]

1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as, to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe.

2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill.

Cæsar also, then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs.

Milton.

3. To cast or throw; -- with on. [R.]

And mound inject on mound.

Pope.

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4. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as, to inject the blood vessels.

In*jec"tion (?), n. [L. injectio : cf. F. injection.] 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; -- applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc.

2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne.

3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection.

4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser.

Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. -- Injection condenser. See under Condenser. -- Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine.

In*ject"or (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, injects.

2. (Mach.) A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; -- also called Giffard's injector, from the inventor.

In*jel"ly (?), v. t. To place in jelly. [R.]

In*join" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin.

In*joint (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To join; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In*joint, v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.

In`ju*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. injucunditas. See In- not, and Jocund.] Unpleasantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In*ju"di*ca*ble (?), a. Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey.

In`ju*di"cial (?), a. Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.]

In`ju*di"cious (?), a. [Pref. in- not + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as, an injudicious adviser.

An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory.

A. Murphy.

2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as, an injudicious measure.

Syn. -- Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent.

In`ju*di"cious*ly, adv. In an injudicious manner.

In`ju*di"cious*ness, n. The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock.

In*junc"tion (?), n. [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting.

2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction.

For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered, The high injunction, not to taste that fruit.

Milton.

Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority.

South.

3. (Law) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ.

It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell. Story.

In"jure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also, to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; -- used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind.

When have I injured thee? when done thee wrong?

Shak.

Syn. -- To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor.

In"jur*er (?), n. One who injures or wrongs.

||In*ju"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Injurie (#). [L.] (Law) Injury; invasion of ||another's rights. || In*ju"ri*ous (?), a. [L. injuriousus, injurius; cf. F. injurieux. See Injury.] 1. Not just; wrongful; iniquitous; culpable. [Obs.] Milton.

Till the injurious Roman did extort This tribute from us, we were free.

Shak.

2. Causing injury or harm; hurtful; harmful; detrimental; mischievous; as, acts injurious to health, credit, reputation, property, etc.

Without being injurious to the memory of our English Pindar.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Harmful; hurtful; pernicious; mischievous; baneful; deleterious; noxious; ruinous; detrimental.

In*ju"ri*ous*ly, adv. In an injurious or hurtful manner; wrongfully; hurtfully; mischievously.

In*ju"ri*ous*ness, n. The quality of being injurious or hurtful; harmfulness; injury.

In"ju*ry (?), n.; pl. Injuries (#). [OE. injurie, L. injuria, fr. injurius injurious, wrongful, unjust; pref. in- not + jus, juris, right, law, justice: cf. F. injure. See Just, a.] Any damage or hurt done to a person or thing; detriment to, or violation of, the person, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of an individual; that which injures, or occasions wrong, loss, damage, or detriment; harm; hurt; loss; mischief; wrong; evil; as, his health was impaired by a severe injury; slander is an injury to the character.

For he that doeth injury shall receive that that he did evil.

Wyclif(Col. iii. 25).

Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling on trifling arguments.

I. Watts.

Riot ascends above their loftiest towers, And injury and outrage.

Milton.

Injury in morals and jurisprudence is the intentional doing of wrong. Fleming.

Syn. -- Harm; hurt; damage; loss; impairment; detriment; wrong; evil; injustice.

In*jus"tice (?), n. [F. injustice, L. injustitia. See In- not, and Justice, and cf. Unjust.] 1. Want of justice and equity; violation of the rights of another or others; iniquity; wrong; unfairness; imposition.

If this people [the Athenians] resembled Nero in their extravagance, much more did they resemble and even exceed him in cruelty and injustice.

Burke.

2. An unjust act or deed; a sin; a crime; a wrong.

Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without being discovered, or at least without being punished.

Swift.

Ink (k), n. (Mach.) The step, or socket, in which the lower end of a millstone spindle runs.

Ink, n. [OE. enke, inke, OF. enque, F. encre, L. encaustum the purple red ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; burnt in, encaustic, fr. &?; to burn in. See Encaustic, Caustic.] 1. A fluid, or a viscous material or preparation of various kinds (commonly black or colored), used in writing or printing.

Make there a prick with ink.

Chaucer.

Deformed monsters, foul and black as ink.

Spenser.