Chapter 72

Gram, n. [Pg. gr?o grain. See Grain.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of the chick- pea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also, other similar seeds there used for food.

Gram, Gramme (?), n. [F. gramme, from Gr. ? that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. ? to write. See Graphic.] The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4.

Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. -- Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

Gra"ma grass` (?). [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya.

Gram"a*rye (?), n. [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.] Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott.

Gra*mash"es (?), n. pl. [See Gamashes.] Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings.

Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth.

Sir W. Scott.

Grame (?), n. [See Gram, a.] 1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gra*mer"cy (?), interj. [F. grand- merci. See Grand, and Mercy.] A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks.

Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight.

Spenser.

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Gram"i*na"ceous (?), a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as, graminaceous plants.

Gra*min"e*al (?), a. Gramineous.

Gra*min"e*ous (?), a. [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, graminis, grass.] (Bot.) Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass, n., 2.

Gram"i*ni*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Bearing leaves resembling those of grass.

Gram"i*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. gramen, graminis, grass + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; -- said of horses, cattle, and other animals.

Gram"ma*logue (grm"m*lg), n. [Gr. gra`mma letter + lo`gos word. Cf. Logogram.] (Phonography) Literally, a letter word; a word represented by a logogram; as, it, represented by |, that is, t. Pitman.

Gram"mar (?), n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr &?;, fem. of &?; skilled in grammar, fr. &?; letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical, Gramarye.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use and application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing.

The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence. Bain.

2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar.

The original bad grammar and bad spelling.

Macaulay.

3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing.

4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as, a grammar of geography.

Comparative grammar, the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. -- Grammar school. (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States.

When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University.

Mass. Records (1647).

(b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught.

Gram"mar, v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Gram*ma"ri*an (?), n. [Cf. F. grammairien.] 1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist.

"The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever." Brande & C.

2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.

Gram*ma"ri*an*ism (?), n. The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.]

Gram"mar*less (?), a. Without grammar.

Gram"mates (?), n. pl. [From Gr. &?; letters, written rules.] Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.] Ford.

Gram*mat"ic (?), a. Grammatical.

Gram*mat"ic*al (?), a. [L. grammaticus, grammaticalis; Gr. &?; skilled in grammar, knowing one's letters, from &?; a letter: cf. F. grammatical. See Grammar.] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as, a grammatical rule.

2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as, the sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not grammatical.

--Gram*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Gram*mat"ic*al*ness, n.

Gram*mat"icas"ter (?), n. [LL.] A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender.

My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster.

B. Jonson.

Gram*mat"i*ca"tion (?), n. A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.] Dalgarno.

Gram*mat"i*cism (?), n. A point or principle of grammar. Abp. Leighton.

Gram*mat"i*cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grammaticized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing (?).] To render grammatical. Fuller.

Gram"ma*tist (?), n. [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. &?;, from &?; to teach the letters, to be a scribe: cf. F. grammatiste. See Grammatical.] A petty grammarian. [R] Tooke.

Gramme (?), n. Same as Gram the weight.

Gramme" ma*chine" (?). (Elec.) A kind of dynamo-electric machine; -- so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme. Knight.

Gram"pus (?), n.; pl. Grampuses (#). [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez, or Pg. gran peixe, all fr. L. grandis piscis. See Grand, and Fish. the animal.] 1. (Zoˆl.) A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus, esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish. The California grampus is G. Stearnsii.

2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.]

{ Gra*nade" (?), Gra*na"do (?), } n. See Grenade.

||Gran`a*dil"la (?), n. [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade, ||Garnet.] (Bot.) The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. ||Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is ||as large as a child's head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of ||Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Gran"a*ry (?), n.; pl. Granaries (#). [L. granarium, fr. granum grain. See Garner.] A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornhouse; also (Fig.), a region fertile in grain.

The exhaustless granary of a world.

Thomson.

Gran"ate (?), n. See Garnet.

Gra*na"tin (?), n. [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.) Mannite; -- so called because found in the pomegranate.

Gran"a*tite (?), n. See Staurolite.

Grand (?), a. [Compar. Grander (?); superl. Grandest.] [OE. grant, grount, OF. grant, F. grand, fr. L. grandis; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave, a. Cf. Grandee.] 1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as, a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. "Our grand foe, Satan." Milton.

Making so bold . . . to unseal Their grand commission.

Shak.

2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as, a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception.

They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached masters of the grand style.

M. Arnold.

3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as, a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc.

4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; -- generalIy used in composition; as, grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc.

What cause Mov'd our grand parents, in that happy state, Favor'd of Heaven so highly, to fall off From their Creator.

Milton.

Grand action, a pianoforte action, used in grand pianos, in which special devices are employed to obtain perfect action of the hammer in striking and leaving the string. -- Grand Army of the Republic, an organized voluntary association of men who served in the Union army or navy during the civil war in the United States. The order has chapters, called Posts, throughout the country. -- Grand cross. (a) The highest rank of knighthood in the Order of the Bath. (b) A knight grand cross. -- Grand cordon, the cordon or broad ribbon, identified with the highest grade in certain honorary orders; hence, a person who holds that grade. -- Grand days (Eng. Law), certain days in the terms which are observed as holidays in the inns of court and chancery (Candlemas, Ascension, St. John Baptist's, and All Saints' Days); called also Dies non juridici. -- Grand duchess. (a) The wife or widow of a grand duke. (b) A lady having the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. (c) In Russia, a daughter of the Czar. -- Grand duke. (a) A sovereign duke, inferior in rank to a king; as, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (b) In Russia, a son of the Czar. (c) (Zoˆl.) The European great horned owl or eagle owl (Bubo maximas). -- Grand- guard, or Grandegarde, a piece of plate armor used in tournaments as an extra protection for the left shoulder and breast. -- Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. -- Grand jury (Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to examine into accusations against persons charged with crime, and if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court; -- called also grand inquest. -- Grand juryman, a grand juror. -- Grand larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. -- Grand lodge, the chief lodge, or governing body, among Freemasons and other secret orders. -- Grand master. (a) The head of one of the military orders of knighthood, as the Templars, Hospitallers, etc. (b) The head of the order of Freemasons or of Good Templars, etc. -- Grand paunch, a glutton or gourmand. [Obs.] Holland. -- Grand pensionary. See under Pensionary. -- Grand piano (Mus.), a large piano, usually harp-shaped, in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated, increasing the power, and all the mechanism is introduced in the most effective manner, regardless of the size of the instrument. -- Grand relief (Sculp.), alto relievo. -- Grand Seignior. See under Seignior. -- Grand stand, the principal stand, or erection for spectators, at a, race course, etc. -- Grand vicar (Eccl.), a principal vicar; an ecclesiastical delegate in France. -- Grand vizier. See under Vizier.

Syn. -- Magnificent; sublime; majestic; dignified; elevated; stately; august; pompous; lofty; eralted; noble. -- Grand, Magnificent, Sublime. Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty; magnificent is applied to anything which is imposing from its splendor; sublime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an overhanging precipice is sublime. "Grandeur admits of degrees and modifications; but magnificence is that which has already reached the highest degree of superiority naturally belonging to the object in question." Crabb.

Gran"dam (?), n. [F. grande, fem. of grand + dame. See Grand, and Dame.] An old woman; specifically, a grandmother. Shak.

Grand"aunt" (?), n. [Cf. F. grand'tante.] The aunt of one's father or mother.

Grand"child" (?), n. A son's or daughter's child; a child in the second degree of descent.

Grand"daugh"ter (?), n. The daughter of one's son or daughter.

Grand"-du"cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a grand duke. H. James.

Gran*dee" (?), n. [Sp. grande. See Grand.] A man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king's presence.

Gran*dee"ship, n. The rank or estate of a grandee; lordship. H. Swinburne.

Gran"deur (?), n. [F., fr. grand. See Grand.] The state or quality of being grand; vastness; greatness; splendor; magnificence; stateliness; sublimity; dignity; elevation of thought or expression; nobility of action.

Nor doth this grandeur and majestic show Of luxury . . . allure mine eye.

Milton.

Syn. -- Sublimity; majesty; stateliness; augustness; loftiness. See Sublimity.

Gran*dev"i*ty (?), n. [L. grandaevitas.] Great age; long life. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Gran*de"vous (?), a. [L. grandaevus; grandig grand+ aevum lifetime, age.] Of great age; aged; longlived. [R.] Bailey.

Grand"fa"ther (?), n. A father's or mother's father; an ancestor in the next degree above the father or mother in lineal ascent.

Grandfather longlegs. (Zoˆl.) See Daddy longlegs.

Grand"fa"ther*ly, a. Like a grandfather in age or manner; kind; benignant; indulgent.

He was a grandfatherly sort of personage.

Hawthorne.

Gran*dif"ic (?), a. [L. grandificus; grandis grand + facere to make.] Making great. [R.] Bailey.

Gran*dil"o*quence (?), n. The use of lofty words or phrases; bombast; -- usually in a bad sense.

The sin of grandiloquence or tall talking.

Thackeray,

Gran*dil"o*quent (?), a. [L. grandis grand + logui to speak.] Speaking in a lofty style; pompous; bombastic.

Gran*dil"o*quous (?), a. [L. grandiloquus; grandis grand + loqui to apeak.] Grandiloquent.

Gran"di*nous (?), a. [L. grandinosus, fr. qrando, grandinis, hail.] Consisting of hail; abounding in hail. [R.] Bailey.

Gran"di*ose" (?), a. [F. grandiose, It. grandioso. See Grand.] 1. Impressive or elevating in effect; imposing; splendid; striking; -- in a good sense.

The tone of the parts was to be perpetually kept down in order not to impair the grandiose effect of the whole.

M. Arnold.

The grandiose red tulips which grow wild.

C. Kingsley.

2. Characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor; flaunting; turgid; bombastic; -- in a bad sense; as, a grandiose style.

Gran"di*os"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. grandiositÈ, It. grandiosit‡.] The state or quality of being grandiose,

Grand"i*ty (?), n. [L. granditas: cf. OF. granitÈ. See Grand.] Grandness. [Obs.] Camden.

Grand"ly, adv. In a grand manner.

{ Grand"ma" (?), Grand"mam*ma" (?), } n. A grandmother.

Grand" mer"cy (?). See Gramercy. [Obs.]

Grand"moth"er (?), n. The mother of one's father or mother.

Grand"moth"er*ly, a. Like a grandmother in age or manner; kind; indulgent.

Grand"neph"ew (?), n. The grandson of one's brother or sister.

Grand"ness, n. Grandeur. Wollaston.

Grand"niece" (?), n. The granddaughter of one's brother or sister.

{ Grand"pa" (?), Grand"pa*pa" (?), } n. A grandfather.

Grand"sire" (?), n. [OF. grantsire. See Grand, and Sire.] Specifically, a grandfather; more generally, any ancestor.

Grand"son" (?), n. A son's or daughter's son.

Grand"un"cle (?), n. [Cf. F. grand- oncle.] A father's or mother's uncle.

Grane (?), v. & n. See Groan. [Obs.]

Grange (?), n. [F. grange barn, LL. granea, from L. granum grain. See Grain a kernel.] 1. A building for storing grain; a granary. [Obs.] Milton.

2. A farmhouse, with the barns and other buildings for farming purposes.

And eke an officer out for to ride, To see her granges and her bernes wide.

Chaucer.

Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking maid.

Tennyson.

3. A farmhouse of a monastery, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were deposited. [Obs.]

4. A farm; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbors.

5. An association of farmers, designed to further their interests, and particularly to bring producers and consumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct commercial relations, without intervention of middlemen or traders. The first grange was organized in 1867. [U. S.]

Gran"ger (?), n. 1. A farm steward. [Obs.]

2. A member of a grange. [U. S.]

Gran"ger*ism (?), n. [So called from the Rev. James Granger, whose "Biographical History of England" (1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.] The practice of illustrating a particular book by engravings collected from other books.

Gran"ger*ite (?), n. One who collects illustrations from various books for the decoration of one book.

Gran"ger*ize (?), v. t. & i. To collect (illustrations from books) for decoration of other books. G. A. Sala.

Gra*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. qranifer; granum grain + ferre to bear: cf. F. granifËre.] Bearing grain, or seeds like grain. Humble.

Gran"i*form (?), a. [L. granum grain + -form; cf. F. graniforme.] Formed like of corn.

||Gra*nil"la (?), n. [Sp., small seed.] Small grains or dust of ||cochineal or the coccus insect.

Gran"ite (?), n. [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] (Geol.) A crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefore in being destitute of a schistose structure.

Varieties containing hornblende are common. See also the Note under Mica.

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Gneissoid granite, granite in which the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. -- Graphic granite, granite consisting of quartz and feldspar without mica, and having the quartz crystals so arranged in the transverse section like oriental characters. -- Porphyritic granite, granite containing feldspar in distinct crystals. -- Hornblende granite, or Syenitic granite, granite containing hornblende as well as mica, or, according to some authorities hornblende replacing the mica. -- Granite ware. (a) A kind of stoneware. (b) A Kind of ironware, coated with an enamel resembling granite.

Gran"ite State. New Hampshire; -- a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

Gra*nit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. granitique.] 1. Like granite in composition, color, etc.; having the nature of granite; as, granitic texture.

2. Consisting of granite; as, granitic mountains.

Gra*nit"ic*al (?), a. Granitic.

Gra*nit`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Granite + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act or the process of forming into granite. Humble.

Gra*nit"i*form (?), a. [Granite + -form.] (Geol.) Resembling granite in structure or shape.

Gran"i*toid (?), a. [Granite + -oid: cf. F. granitoÔde.] Resembling granite in granular appearance; as, granitoid gneiss; a granitoid pavement.

Gra*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. granum grain + vorare to devour: cf. F. granivore.] Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as, granivorous birds. Gay.

Gran"nam (?), n. A grandam. [Colloq.]

Gran"ny (?), n. A grandmother; a grandam; familiarly, an old woman.

Granny's bend, or Granny's knot (Naut.), a kind of insecure knot or hitch; a reef knot crossed the wrong way.

Gran`o*lith"ic (?), n. [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) + -lith + -ic.] A kind of hard artificial stone, used for pavements.

Grant (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granted; p. pr. & vb. n. Granting.] [OE. graunten, granten, OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, yield, LL. creantare to promise, assure, for (assumed LL.) credentare to make believe, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere to believe. See Creed, Credit.] 1. To give over; to make conveyance of; to give the possession or title of; to convey; -- usually in answer to petition.

Grant me the place of this threshing floor.

1 Chrcn. xxi. 22.

2. To bestow or confer, with or without compensation, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to give.

Wherefore did God grant me my request.

Milton.

3. To admit as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved; to yield belief to; to allow; to yield; to concede.

Grant that the Fates have firmed by their decree.

Dryden.

Syn.-- To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; allow; concede. See Give.

Grant, v. i. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Grant, n. [OE. grant, graunt, OF. graant, creant, promise, assurance. See Grant, v. t.] 1. The act of granting; a bestowing or conferring; concession; allowance; permission.

2. The yielding or admission of something in dispute.

3. The thing or property granted; a gift; a boon.

4. (Law) A transfer of property by deed or writing; especially, au appropriation or conveyance made by the government; as, a grant of land or of money; also, the deed or writing by which the transfer is made.

Formerly, in English law, the term was specifically applied to transfrrs of incorporeal hereditaments, expectant estates, and letters patent from government and such is its present application in some of the United States. But now, in England the usual mode of transferring realty is by grant; and so, in some of the United States, the term grant is applied to conveyances of every kind of real property. Bouvier. Burrill.

Grant"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being granted.

Gran*tee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a grant or conveyance is made.

His grace will not survive the poor grantee he despises.

Burke.

Grant"er (?), n. One who grants.

Grant"or (?), n. (Law) The person by whom a grant or conveyance is made.

Gran"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. granulaire. See Granule.] Consisting of, or resembling, grains; as, a granular substance.

Granular limestone, crystalline limestone, or marble, having a granular structure.

Gran"u*lar*ly (?), adv. In a granular form.

Gran"u*la*ry (?), a. Granular.

Gran"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating (?).] [See Granule.] 1. To form into grains or small masses; as, to granulate powder, sugar, or metal.

2. To raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface.

Gran"u*late, v. i. To collect or be formed into grains; as, cane juice granulates into sugar.

{ Gran"u*late (?), Gran"u*la`ted (?), } a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, grains; crystallized in grains; granular; as, granulated sugar.

2. Having numerous small elevations, as shagreen.

Granulated steel, a variety of steel made by a particular process beginning with the granulation of pig iron.

Gran`u*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. granulation.] 1. The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as, the granulation of powder and sugar.

2. The state of being granulated.

3. (Med.) (a) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing. (b) The act or process of the formation of such prominences.

Gran"ule (?), n. [L. granulum, dim. of granum grain: cf. F. granule. See Grain a kernel.] A little grain a small particle; a pellet.

Gran`u*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Granule + -ferous.] Full of granulations.

Gra*nu"li*form (?), a. [Granule + -form.] (Min.) Having a granular structure; granular; as, granuliform limestone.

Gran"u*lite (?), n. [From Granule.] (Geol.) A whitish, granular rock, consisting of feldspar and quartz intimately mixed; -- sometimes called whitestone, and leptynite.

Gran"u*lose` (?), n. [From Granule.] (Physiol. Chem.) The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. Unlike cellulose, it is colored blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments.

Gran"u*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. granuleux.] Full of grains; abounding with granular substances; granular.