Chapter 61

2. (Arch. & Engin.) A main beam; a stright, horizontal beam to span an opening or carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc.; hence, a framed or built-up member discharging the same office, technically called a compound girder. See Illusts. of Frame, and Doubleframed floor, under Double.

Bowstring girder, Box girder, etc. See under Bowstring, Box, etc. -- Girder bridge. See under Bridge. -- Lattice girder, a girder consisting of longitudinal bars united by diagonal crossing bars. -- Half-lattice girder, a girder consisting of horizontal upper and lower bars connected by a series of diagonal bars sloping alternately in opposite directions so as to divide the space between the bars into a series of triangles. Knight. -- Sandwich girder, a girder consisting of two parallel wooden beams, between which is an iron plate, the whole clamped together by iron bolts.

Gird"ing, n. That with which one is girded; a girdle.

Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth.

Is. iii. 24.

Gir"dle (?), n. A griddle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Gir"dle, n. [OE. gurdel, girdel, AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan; akin to D. gordel, G. g¸rtel, Icel. gyr&?;ill. See Gird, v. t., to encircle, and cf. Girth, n.]

1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses; a circumference; a belt; esp., a belt, sash, or article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; a cestus.

Within the girdle of these walls.

Shak.

Their breasts girded with golden girdles.

Rev. xv. 6.

2. The zodiac; also, the equator. [Poetic] Bacon.

From the world's girdle to the frozen pole.

Cowper.

That gems the starry girdle of the year.

Campbell.

3. (Jewelry) The line ofgreatest circumference of a brilliant-cut diamond, at which it is grasped by the setting. See Illust. of Brilliant. Knight.

4. (Mining) A thin bed or stratum of stone. Raymond.

5. (Zoˆl.) The clitellus of an earthworm.

Girdle bone (Anat.), the sphenethmoid. See under Sphenethmoid. -- Girdle wheel, a spinning wheel. -- Sea girdle (Zoˆl.), a ctenophore. See Venus's girdle, under Venus. -- Shoulder, Pectoral, ∧ Pelvic, girdle. (Anat.) See under Pectoral, and Pelvic. -- To have under the girdle, to have bound to one, that is, in subjection.

Gir"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Girdling (?).] 1. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak.

2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in.

Those sleeping stones, That as a waist doth girdle you about.

Shak.

3. To make a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc.) through the bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.]

Gir"dler (?), n. 1. One who girdles.

2. A maker of girdles.

3. (Zoˆl.) An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvÊ.

Gir"dle*stead (?), n. [Girdle + stead place.]

1. That part of the body where the girdle is worn. [Obs.]

Sheathed, beneath his girdlestead.

Chapman.

2. The lap. [R.]

There fell a flower into her girdlestead.

Swinburne.

Gire (?), n. [Obs.] See Gyre.

Gir"kin (?), n. [Obs.] See Gherkin.

Girl (?), n. [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a girl (in sense 1): cf. LG. gˆr child.]

1. A young person of either sex; a child. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a young maiden.

3. A female servant; a maidservant. [U. S.]

4. (Zoˆl.) A roebuck two years old. [Prov. Eng.]

Girl"hood (?), n. State or time of being a girl.

Girl"ish, a. Like, or characteristic of, a girl; of or pertaining to girlhood; innocent; artless; immature; weak; as, girlish ways; girlish grief. -- Girl"ish*ly, adv. -- Girl"ish*ness, n.

Gir"lond (?), n. [See Garland, n.] A garland; a prize. [Obs.] Chapman.

Girn (?), v. i. [See Grin, n.] To grin. [Obs.]

Gi*ron"dist (?), n. [F. Girondiste.] A member of the moderate republican party formed in the French legislative assembly in 1791. The Girondists were so called because their leaders were deputies from the department of La Gironde.

Gi*ron"dist, a. Of or pertaining to the Girondists. [Written also Girondin.]

Gir"rock (?), n. [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zoˆl.) A garfish. Johnson.

Girt (?), imp. & p. p. of Gird.

Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted; p. pr. & vb. n. Girting.] [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.] To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as, to girt a tree.

We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk, And girt thee with the sword.

Shak.

Girt, a. (Naut.) Bound by a cable; -- used of a vessel so moored by two anchors that she swings against one of the cables by force of the current or tide.

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Girt (grt), n. Same as Girth.

Girth (grth), n. [Icel. gjˆr girdle, or ger girth; akin to Goth. gaÌrda girdle. See Gird to girt, and cf. Girdle, n.] 1. A band or strap which encircles the body; especially, one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a horse.

2. The measure round the body, as at the waist or belly; the circumference of anything.

He's a lu sty, jolly fellow, that lives well, at least three yards in the girth.

Addison.

3. A small horizontal brace or girder.

Girth, v. t. [From Girth, n., cf. Girt, v. t.] To bind as with a girth. [R.] Johnson.

Girt"line` (?), n. (Naut.) A gantline.

Hammock girtline, a line rigged for hanging out hammocks to dry.

Gis*arm" (?), n. [OF. gisarme, guisarme.] (MediÊval Armor) A weapon with a scythe-shaped blade, and a separate long sharp point, mounted on a long staff and carried by foot soldiers.

Gise (?), v. t. [See Agist.] To feed or pasture. [Obs.]

Gise (?), n. Guise; manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Gis"le (?), n. [AS. gsel; akin to G. geisel, Icel. gsl.] A pledge. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson.

{ Gis*mon"dine (?), Gis*mon"dite (?), } n. [From the name of the discoverer, Gismondi.] (Min.) A native hydrated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first noticed near Rome.

Gist (?), n. [OF. giste abode, lodgings, F. gÓte, fr. gÈsir to lie, L. jac&?;re, prop., to be thrown, hence, to lie, fr. jac&?;re to throw. In the second sense fr. OF. gist, F. gÓt, 3d pers. sing. ind. of gÈsir to lie, used in a proverb, F., c'est l‡ que gÓt le liËvre, it is there that the hare lies, i. e., that is the point, the difficulty. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Agist, Joist, n., Gest a stage in traveling.] 1. A resting place. [Obs.]

These quails have their set gists; to wit, ordinary resting and baiting places.

Holland.

2. The main point, as of a question; the point on which an action rests; the pith of a matter; as, the gist of a question.

Git (?), n. (Founding) See Geat.

Gite (?), n. A gown. [Obs.]

She came often in a gite of red.

Chaucer.

Gith (?), n. [Prov. E., corn cockle; cf. W. gith corn cockle.] (Bot.) The corn cockle; also anciently applied to the Nigella, or fennel flower.

Git"tern (?), n. [OE. giterne, OF. guiterne, ultimately from same source as E. guitar. See Guitar, and cf. Cittern.] An instrument like a guitar. "Harps, lutes, and giternes." Chaucer.

Git"tern, v. i. To play on gittern. Milton.

Git"tith (?), n. [Heb.] A musical instrument, of unknown character, supposed by some to have been used by the people of Gath, and thence obtained by David. It is mentioned in the title of Psalms viii., lxxxi., and lxxxiv. Dr. W. Smith.

Giust (jst), n. [Obs.] Same as Joust. Spenser.

||Gius"to (?), a. [It., fr. L. justus. See Just, a.] (Mus.) In just, ||correct, or suitable time.

Give (gv), v. t. [imp. Gave (gv); p. p. Given (gv"'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Giving.] [OE. given, yiven, yeven, AS. gifan, giefan; akin to D. geven, OS. gean, OHG. geban, G. geben, Icel. gefa, Sw. gifva, Dan. give, Goth. giban. Cf. Gift, n.] 1. To bestow without receiving a return; to confer without compensation; to impart, as a possession; to grant, as authority or permission; to yield up or allow.

For generous lords had rather give than pay.

Young.

2. To yield possesion of; to deliver over, as property, in exchange for something; to pay; as, we give the value of what we buy.

What shall a man give in exchange for his soul ?

Matt. xvi. 26.

3. To yield; to furnish; to produce; to emit; as, flint and steel give sparks.

4. To communicate or announce, as advice, tidings, etc.; to pronounce; to render or utter, as an opinion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, etc.

5. To grant power or license to; to permit; to allow; to license; to commission.

It is given me once again to behold my friend.

Rowe.

Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine.

Pope.

6. To exhibit as a product or result; to produce; to show; as, the number of men, divided by the number of ships, gives four hundred to each ship.

7. To devote; to apply; used reflexively, to devote or apply one's self; as, the soldiers give themselves to plunder; also in this sense used very frequently in the past participle; as, the people are given to luxury and pleasure; the youth is given to study.

8. (Logic & Math.) To set forth as a known quantity or a known relation, or as a premise from which to reason; -- used principally in the passive form given.

9. To allow or admit by way of supposition.

I give not heaven for lost.

Mlton.

10. To attribute; to assign; to adjudge.

I don't wonder at people's giving him to me as a lover.

Sheridan.

11. To excite or cause to exist, as a sensation; as, to give offense; to give pleasure or pain.

12. To pledge; as, to give one's word.

13. To cause; to make; -- with the infinitive; as, to give one to understand, to know, etc.

But there the duke was given to understand That in a gondola were seen together Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica.

Shak.

To give away, to make over to another; to transfer.

Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses during our lives, is given away from ourselves.

Atterbury.

-- To give back, to return; to restore. Atterbury. -- To give the bag, to cheat. [Obs.]

I fear our ears have given us the bag.

J. Webster.

-- To give birth to. (a) To bear or bring forth, as a child. (b) To originate; to give existence to, as an enterprise, idea. -- To give chase, to pursue. -- To give ear to. See under Ear. -- To give forth, to give out; to publish; to tell. Hayward. -- To give ground. See under Ground, n. -- To give the hand, to pledge friendship or faith. -- To give the hand of, to espouse; to bestow in marriage. -- To give the head. See under Head, n. -- To give in. (a) To abate; to deduct. (b) To declare; to make known; to announce; to tender; as, to give in one's adhesion to a party. -- To give the lie to (a person), to tell (him) that he lies. -- To give line. See under Line. -- To give off, to emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. -- To give one's self away, to make an inconsiderate surrender of one's cause, an unintentional disclosure of one's purposes, or the like. [Colloq.] -- To give out. (a) To utter publicly; to report; to announce or declare.

One that gives out himself Prince Florizel.

Shak.

Give out you are of Epidamnum.

Shak.

(b) To send out; to emit; to distribute; as, a substance gives out steam or odors. -- To give over. (a) To yield completely; to quit; to abandon. (b) To despair of. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one's self).

The Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice.

Grew.

-- To give place, to withdraw; to yield one's claim. -- To give points. (a) In games of skill, to equalize chances by conceding a certain advantage; to allow a handicap. (b) To give useful suggestions. [Colloq.] -- To give rein. See under Rein, n. -- To give the sack. Same as To give the bag. -- To give and take. (a) To average gains and losses. (b) To exchange freely, as blows, sarcasms, etc. -- To give time (Law), to accord extension or forbearance to a debtor. Abbott. -- To give the time of day, to salute one with the compliment appropriate to the hour, as "good morning." "good evening", etc. -- To give tongue, in hunter's phrase, to bark; -- said of dogs. -- To give up. (a) To abandon; to surrender. "Don't give up the ship."

He has . . . given up For certain drops of salt, your city Rome.

Shak.

(b) To make public; to reveal.

I'll not state them By giving up their characters.

Beau. & Fl.

(c) (Used also reflexively.) -- To give up the ghost. See under Ghost. -- To give one's self up, to abandon hope; to despair; to surrender one's self. -- To give way. (a) To withdraw; to give place. (b) To yield to force or pressure; as, the scaffolding gave way. (c) (Naut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. (d) (Stock Exchange). To depreciate or decline in value; as, railroad securities gave way two per cent. -- To give way together, to row in time; to keep stroke.

Syn. -- To Give, Confer, Grant. To give is the generic word, embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privileges; as, to confer the order of knighthood; and hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have been withheld; as, to confer a favor. To grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way dependent or inferior.

Give (?), v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts.

2. To yield to force or pressure; to relax; to become less rigid; as, the earth gives under the feet.

3. To become soft or moist. [Obs.] Bacon .

4. To move; to recede.

Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.

Daniel.

5. To shed tears; to weep. [Obs.]

Whose eyes do never give But through lust and laughter.

Shak.

6. To have a misgiving. [Obs.]

My mind gives ye're reserved To rob poor market women.

J. Webster.

7. To open; to lead. [A Gallicism]

This, yielding, gave into a grassy walk.

Tennyson.

To give back, to recede; to retire; to retreat.

They gave back and came no farther.

Bunyan.

-- To give in, to yield; to succumb; to acknowledge one's self beaten; to cease opposition.

The Scots battalion was enforced to give in.

Hayward.

This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases.

Pope.

-- To give off, to cease; to forbear. [Obs.] Locke. -- To give on or upon. (a) To rush; to fall upon. [Obs.] (b) To have a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward; to open upon; to front; to face. [A Gallicism: cf. Fr. donner sur.]

Rooms which gave upon a pillared porch.

Tennyson.

The gloomy staircase on which the grating gave.

Dickens.

-- To give out. (a) To expend all one's strength. Hence: (b) To cease from exertion; to fail; to be exhausted; as, my feet being to give out; the flour has given out. -- To give over, to cease; to discontinue; to desist.

It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame.

Addison.

-- To give up, to cease from effort; to yield; to despair; as, he would never give up.

Giv"en (?), p. p. & a. from Give, v.

1. (Math. & Logic) Granted; assumed; supposed to be known; set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise.

2. Disposed; inclined; -- used with an adv.; as, virtuously given. Shak.

3. Stated; fixed; as, in a given time.

Given name, the Christian name, or name given by one's parents or guardians, as distinguished from the surname, which is inherited. [Colloq.]

Giv"er (?), n. One who gives; a donor; a bestower; a grantor; one who imparts or distributes.

It is the giver, and not the gift, that engrosses the heart of the Christian.

Kollock.

Gives (?), n. pl. [See Give, n.] Fetters.

Giv"ing (?), n. 1. The act of bestowing as a gift; a conferring or imparting.

2. A gift; a benefaction. [R.] Pope.

3. The act of softening, breaking, or yielding. "Upon the first giving of the weather." Addison.

Giving in, a falling inwards; a collapse. -- Giving out, anything uttered or asserted; an outgiving.

His givings out were of an infinite distance From his true meant design.

Shak.

Giz"zard (?), n. [F. gÈsier, L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry. Cf. Gigerium.]

1. (Anat.) The second, or true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is crushed and ground, after being softened in the glandular stomach (crop), or lower part of the esophagus; the gigerium.

2. (Zoˆl.) (a) A thick muscular stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (b) A stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, as in certain insects and mollusks.

Gizzard shad (Zoˆl.), an American herring (Dorosoma cepedianum) resembling the shad, but of little value. -- To fret the gizzard, to harass; to vex one's self; to worry. [Low] Hudibras. -- To stick in one's gizzard, to be difficult of digestion; to be offensive. [Low]

||Gla*bel"la (?), n.; pl. Glabell&?; (#). [NL., fr. L. glabellus ||hairless, fr. glaber bald.] (Anat.) The space between the eyebrows, ||also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the ||mesophryon. -- Gla*bel"lar (#), a.

||Gla*bel"lum (?), n.; pl. Glabella (#). [NL. See Glabella.] (Zoˆl.) ||The median, convex lobe of the head of a trilobite. See Trilobite.

Gla"brate (?), a. [L. glabrare, fr. glaber smooth.] (Bot.) Becoming smooth or glabrous from age. Gray.

{ Gla"bre*ate (?), Gla"bri*ate (?), } v. t. [See Glabrate.] To make smooth, plain, or bare. [Obs.]

Glab"ri*ty (?), n. [L. glabritas.] Smoothness; baldness. [R.]

Gla"brous (?), a. [L. glaber; cf. Gr. &?; hollow, smooth, &?; to hollow.] Smooth; having a surface without hairs or any unevenness.

Gla"cial (?), a. [L. glacialis, from glacies ice: cf. F. glacial.] 1. Pertaining to ice or to its action; consisting of ice; frozen; icy; esp., pertaining to glaciers; as, glacial phenomena. Lyell.

2. (Chem.) Resembling ice; having the appearance and consistency of ice; -- said of certain solid compounds; as, glacial phosphoric or acetic acids.

Glacial acid (Chem.), an acid of such strength or purity as to crystallize at an ordinary temperature, in an icelike form; as acetic or carbolic acid. -- Glacial drift (Geol.), earth and rocks which have been transported by moving ice, land ice, or icebergs; bowlder drift. -- Glacial epoch or period (Geol.), a period during which the climate of the modern temperate regions was polar, and ice covered large portions of the northern hemisphere to the mountain tops. -- Glacial theory or hypothesis. (Geol.) See Glacier theory, under Glacier.

Gla"cial*ist, n. One who attributes the phenomena of the drift, in geology, to glaciers.

Gla"ci*ate (?), v. i. [L. glaciatus, p. p. of glaciare to freeze, fr. glacies ice.] To turn to ice.

Gla"ci*ate, v. t. 1. To convert into, or cover with, ice.

2. (Geol.) To produce glacial effects upon, as in the scoring of rocks, transportation of loose material, etc.

Glaciated rocks, rocks whose surfaces have been smoothed, furrowed, or striated, by the action of ice.

Gla`ci*a"tion (?), n. 1. Act of freezing.

2. That which is formed by freezing; ice.

3. The process of glaciating, or the state of being glaciated; the production of glacial phenomena.

Gla"cier (?), n. [F. glacier, fr. glace ice, L. glacies.] An immense field or stream of ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down a mountain slope or valley, as in the Alps, or over an extended area, as in Greenland.

The mass of compacted snow forming the upper part of a glacier is called the firn, or nÈvÈ; the glacier proper consist of solid ice, deeply crevassed where broken up by irregularities in the slope or direction of its path. A glacier usually carries with it accumulations of stones and dirt called moraines, which are designated, according to their position, as lateral, medial, or terminal (see Moraine). The common rate of flow of the Alpine glaciers is from ten to twenty inches per day in summer, and about half that in winter.

Glacier theory (Geol.), the theory that large parts of the frigid and temperate zones were covered with ice during the glacial, or ice, period, and that, by the agency of this ice, the loose materials on the earth's surface, called drift or diluvium, were transported and accumulated.

Gla"cious (?), a. Pertaining to, consisting of or resembling, ice; icy. Sir T. Browne.

Gla"cis (?), n. [F. glacis; -- so named from its smoothness. See Glacier.] A gentle slope, or a smooth, gently sloping bank; especially (Fort.), that slope of earth which inclines from the covered way toward the exterior ground or country (see Illust. of Ravelin).

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Glad (?), a. [Compar. Gladder (?); superl. Gladdest (?).] [AS. glÊd bright, glad; akin to D. glad smooth, G. glatt, OHG. glat smooth, shining, Icel. gla&?;r glad, bright, Dan. & Sw. glad glad, Lith. glodas smooth, and prob. to L. glaber, and E. glide. Cf. Glabrous.]

1. Pleased; joyous; happy; cheerful; gratified; -- opposed to sorry, sorrowful, or unhappy; -- said of persons, and often followed by of, at, that, or by the infinitive, and sometimes by with, introducing the cause or reason.

A wise son maketh a glad father.

Prov. x. 1.

He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished.

Prov. xvii. 5.

The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood.

Dryden.

He, glad of her attention gained.

Milton.

As we are now glad to behold your eyes.

Shak.

Glad am I that your highness is so armed.

Shak.

Glad on 't, glad of it. [Colloq.] Shak.

2. Wearing a gay or bright appearance; expressing or exciting joy; producing gladness; exhilarating.

Her conversation More glad to me than to a miser money is.

Sir P. Sidney.

Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day.

Milton.

Syn. -- Pleased; gratified; exhilarated; animated; delighted; happy; cheerful; joyous; joyful; cheering; exhilarating; pleasing; animating. -- Glad, Delighted, Gratified. Delighted expresses a much higher degree of pleasure than glad. Gratified always refers to a pleasure conferred by some human agent, and the feeling is modified by the consideration that we owe it in part to another. A person may be glad or delighted to see a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by his visits.

Glad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladding.] [AS. gladian. See Glad, a., and cf. Gladden, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to gladden; to exhilarate. Chaucer.

That which gladded all the warrior train.

Dryden.

Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man.

Pope.

Glad, v. i. To be glad; to rejoice. [Obs.] Massinger.

Glad"den (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladdened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gladdening (?).] [See Glad, v. t.] To make glad; to cheer; to please; to gratify; to rejoice; to exhilarate.

A secret pleasure gladdened all that saw him.

Addison.

Glad"den, v. i. To be or become glad; to rejoice.

The vast Pacific gladdens with the freight.

Wordsworth.

Glad"der (?), n. One who makes glad. Chaucer.

Glade (?), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to glad, a.; cf. also W. golead, goleuad, a lighting, illumination, fr. goleu light, clear, bright, goleu fwlch glade, lit., a light or clear defile.]

1. An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest.

There interspersed in lawns and opening glades.

Pope.

2. An everglade. [Local, U. S.]

3. An opening in the ice of rivers or lakes, or a place left unfrozen; also, smooth ice. [Local, U. S.]

Bottom glade. See under Bottom. -- Glade net, in England, a net used for catching woodcock and other birds in forest glades.

Gla"den (?), n. [AS. glÊdene, cf. L. gladius a sword. Cf. Gladiole.] (Bot.) Sword grass; any plant with sword-shaped leaves, esp. the European Iris fútidissima. [Written also gladwyn, gladdon, and glader.]

Glad"eye` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The European yellow-hammer.

Glad"ful (?), a. Full of gladness; joyful; glad. [R.] -- Glad"ful*ness, n. [R.] Spenser.

It followed him with gladful glee.

Spenser.

Glad"i*ate (?), a. [L. gladius sword.] (Bot.) Sword-shaped; resembling a sword in form, as the leaf of the iris, or of the gladiolus.

Glad"i*a`tor (?), n. [L., fr. gladius sword. See Glaive.] 1. Originally, a swordplayer; hence, one who fought with weapons in public, either on the occasion of a funeral ceremony, or in the arena, for public amusement.